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I^arbarli CoUegt librara
FROM THE
J. HUNTINGTON WOLCOTT FUND
Enublished by Roger Wolcott (H. U. 1870), in memory
of his father, for " the purchase of books of per-
manent value, the preference to be given to
works of History, Political Economy,
and Sociology." (Letter of Rog^
Wolcott, June 1, 1891.)
Received
,^.
ULC...
.».at,...i^..o.3..
THE
JUDICIAL DICTIONARY.
^'t^orb^ ace tti^ inni'# couttmi^» tbep bo but cecfcon bp tbetit; but tbei^ ace
tbe monep of fooI^.'»
HoBBES* Lbviathax, Pt. 1, ch. 4.
" ll^ott nece^^acy it i# to bnott tbe ^gnificadoit of ttocb#."
Ck>. LiTT. 325 a.
^' f# not tbe fubge bounb to fcnittB tbe meaning of an ioocb# In tbe CntfiA
language?"
Per Maktiit, B., HilU ▼. London Ga$ Co,, 27 L. J. Ex. 63.
'* ?Befinttlon tf afmajg^ pericufoifar plenum opuji aleor.''
Per Wills, J., Swantea Imp. Co, v. Swantta Urban Authoritif, 61 L. J. M. C. 125.
'* St i# not nece^^acp to go into tbe becibation of ttotb^, foe tbat #oct of tea.-
Waning ttoulb not a^^ in tbe abmini^ation of fu^dce.**
Per Kun>BB8LBT, Y. C, Barrett ▼. White, 24 L. J. Ch. 726.
'* legaf befinition^ ace, foe tbe mo#t pact, inbucttbe genecaltsadon^ becitaeb fcom
fubtdal eq^edence.**
Mickle y, MiUs, 1 GnnVs CaBes (Pa.)> 328.
** JUdtbec i# a ?Bictionacp a bab bort to ceab. tf bece i^ no cant in it, no epce^^
of ejcplanadon, anb it i^ fun of ^ugsejfdon."
Emeuson.
"*^ben 9 ujle a mocb,' — ^umptp ?Bumpt9 ^atb, in catbec a ^ocnfuf tone,—
*it mean^ tu^ ttbat S cbooife it to mean, neitbec moce noc le^^.'
***(tbe quejfdon i^,* ^aib Xfice,— 'ttbetbec pou can mahe ttocb^ mean #o manp
biffecent tbingjf 1'
«<<^be quejfdon i^,* #aib i^mptp ?Bumptp,— 'ivbicb i# to be tbe ma^tec?
«bat»#an.»"
Through thb Looking Glass, ch. 6.
^^%t i# of tbe utmost impoctance tbat in an pact^ of tbe ^Bmpice ttbece ^Bngft^b
%am pcebail^, Sntecpcetadon ^boulb be, a^ neadp a^ po^^ble, tbe #ame.>*
Per Pbivt Council, Trimble v. HUl, 5 App. Cs. 845 ; 49 L. J. P. C. 51.
THE
OF
WORDS AND PHRASES JUDICIALLY INTERPRETED,
TO WHICH HAS BBBlf ADDED
STATUTORY DEFINITIONS.
BT
F. STROUD,
OF Lincoln's inn^ babristbr-at-law,
BEOOBDER OF TEWKESBURY.
SECOND EDITION.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
SWEET AND MAXWELL, Lijcixro, 3, CHANCERY LANE,
STEVENS AND SONS, Limited, 119 & 120, CHANCERY LANE.
BOSTON, U. 8. A.: THE BOSTON BOOK CO.
1903.
All righu reterved.
■; DUG 12 \: '; i
c0ptb]0bt» 1903, bt
Frederick Stroud
A
UNIVERSITY PRESS • JOHN WILSON
AND SON • CAMBRIDGE, U. 8. A.
jfrunl> anb WSiiit,
(Sbtx, BxCt in all iiinsB, tnll of fmiBt counsel nxCb steatifaet conrage,
f!IS!)o tooit an affectfonate interest tn tg{0 enteqirfse,
But fD!)O0e too eatiB tieat^ ^a0 taken atoag ft0 cbarm,
{0 teberentls anti lobfnglg
tfajfter, 1890.
y^
PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.
Good, or bad, it is believed that this book is unique. It had no
predecessor and has no rival. Its Idea is, not only that it may be
of frequent practical utility to the EngUshnspeaking lawyer but,
that it may become the authoritative Interpreter of the English of
Affairs for the British Empire ; and, incidentally, forge a link in
the golden chain of common interest and community of feeling
which binds together its various peoples.
The decisions of the English Judges are, and will remain, the
central source whence this authoritative exposition must come,
though Irish, Scotch, and Colonial, decisions should harmonize and
amplify. To formulate the English judicial interpretations from
the earliest times down to the end of the Nineteenth Century and
therewith to blend the statutory definitions of the High Court of
Parliament has been the endeavour of this edition ; incorporating
a not inconsiderable treatment of Irish decisions, and some from
Scotland and the United States.
To Lord Lindley sincerest thanks are tendered for the use so
kindly allowed of his MS. Word-Book, containing a list of many
words and phrases judicially interpreted, with the names of the cases
in which such interpretations were to be found ; also to Mr. Justice
Gainsford-Bruce for a like courtesy; also to Mr. J. H. Redman for
the MS. Word-Book of the late Mr. W. R. Cole, and to Mr. A. R.
Rudall for his MS. Word-Book.
viii PBEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
To the late Sir Henry Jenkyns, K.C.B., and to Sir Courtenay
P. Ilbert, K.C.S.I., warm thanks are due for their great aid in
reference to the statutory interpretations, — aid so kindly obtained
by the Lord Chancellor.
A deep obligation has also been incurred to many Members of
the Bar for their criticisms, suggestions, and notes of cases, to all
of whom grateful thanks are tendered, especially mentioning, Mr.
J. B. Matthews, Mr. E. A. Scratchley, Mr. G. Broke Freeman, Mr.
F. B. Pabner, Mr. P. F. Wheeler, and Mr. R. A. McCall, K.C.
To tiiC first two named and to the Author's soils, Mr. Lewis
Stroua, and Mr. Herbert Stroud, the work is exceptionally indebted
for their care in revising the proof sheets.
It is in contemplation to issue periodical Supplements, so as to
keep the book up to date and further develope its Idea. To this
end, aid and suggestions from those intimately acquainted with the
judicial literature and decisions of Scotland, of Ireland, and of the
British Dominions beyond the Seas, would be highly esteemed.
The Preface to the First Edition is here reprinted, the explana-
tions in which are adopted, except that Statutory Definitions are
now brought within the scope of the work. It is not pretended
that every such definition is cited, still less that they are all set out
at length ; but it is believed that, approximately, all of practical
utility, down to the end of the Nineteenth Century, are referred
to, whilst many are given fully or blended with judicial inter-
pretations.
The principle of cross references (by simply printing words
referred to in Small Capitals) previously adopted, has been, in
this edition, very extensively and carefully elaborated.
To make^ conciseness still more brief a number of grammalogues
have been invented. These are purposely bizarre, for their better
remembrance; their explanation will be found in the Table of
Abbreviations.
Again hearty thanks are given to Mr. R. Riches, Librarian of the
Inns of Court Bar Library, for his numerous suggestions; and also
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. ix
to Mr. R. A. Riches, Assistant Librarian, for his careful verification
of the many thousands of references herein contained.
A sincere acknowledgement is also recorded of the diligent ser-
vices rendered by the Author's clerk, Mr. E. T. Osborne, especially
in getting the "copy " ready for the printer.
One further word in sending off this endeavour : — the ambition
of the book is that it may be a living entity to business people in
the various societies forming the British Empire. The first edition
obtained considerable success; that the work, in its varied and much
extended form, may prove a much nearer approach to its .rimal
motive, is the earnest hope of one who has laboured strenuously
for the accomplishment of its Idea.
2, Nbw Court, Lincoln's Inn,
Easter, 1903.
PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
This work in no sense competes with, nor does it cover the same
ground as, the Law Lexicons of Jacob, Tomlins, Wharton, or Sweet.
As its name imports, it is a Dictionary of the English Language
(in its phrases as well as single words), so far as that language has
received interpretation by the Judges.
Its chief aim is that it may be a practical companion to the
English-speaking lawyer, not only in the Mother Country, but also
in the Colonies and Dependencies of the Queen. The hope is also
indulged that it may be not without utility to the man of business,
nor without interest to the student of word-lore.
Its few archaisms will, possibly, be excused ; for " Of all these
you shall read in ancient bookes, charters, deeds and records : and
to the end that our student should not be discouraged for want of
knowledge when he meeteth with them, we have armed him with
the signification of them, to the end he may proceed in his reading
with alacrity, and set upon and know how to worke into with delight
these rough mines of hidden treasure " (Co. Litt. 5 b, 6 a).
Interpretation Clauses in Acts of Parliament are not, as a rule,
within its scope, imless when themselves judicially interpreted.
But in some few instances of general importance this rule has been
departed from, whilst the important Interpretation Act of 1889 is
given in extenso in the Appendix.
In many instances where a word, or phrase, has been determined
in a special sense, or brevity seemed preferable to a lengthy
definition, only a reference to the authorities has been given.
xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
Whenever available, the very words of a judicial exposition
have been given. And so, when a convenient definition has been
found in a work of repute, — e,g. Jarman on Wills ; Elphinstone,
Norton and Clarke on the Interpretation of Deeds; Mr. Justice
Stephen's Digest of the Criminal Law, — such definition has been
adopted.
Where a statute is cited as having been interpreted, it must
not be assumed that the statute is unrepealed. A judicial inter-
pretation once delivered is a permanent possession ; and though its
immediate utility will be diminished by the repeal of the statute on
which it was founded, it none the less should find a place here, as
an authority on the same word when used in pari materia^ or as
furnishing a guide to interpreting similar expressions.
The printing of a word or phrase in Small Capitals is an
indication to refer to such word or phrase in its alphabetical place
in the Dictionary.
The references to each case have, since the sheets were in type,
been verified by Mr. R. Riches, the Librarian of the Inns of Court
Bar Library, Royal Courts of Justice, whose well-known ability
and experience will be accepted as a guarantee of accuracy.
For the Tables of Cases and Statutes I am indebted to my son,
Mr. Lewis Stroud.
Projected more than twenty years ago, and prosecuted at such
intervals as could be obtained from an active professional life, this
book will, I fear, offend by omissions, inequalities, and, possibly,
worse faults. Yet merely to lay the foundations, search for the
materiids, and bit by bit build up the Vocabulary, has been, of
itself, a task the difficulty and labour of which may well soften
criticism and excuse imperfections.
It is, however, impossible to rise from these labours without a
deepened admiration for the Judges of our land. It is extraordi-
nary that so many minds, working through so many centuries,
and upon such various matters, should have been able so bar-
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xiii
moniously to lay down the law for such an expansive and ever-
widening civilization as that of the British Empire. And probably
in no sphere of their duties has the work of the Judges been more
distinguished than in their dealing with the composite subtleties
of English Diction. To study that work, though involving labour,
has brought delight; and this attempt to systematize its results
will, it is hoped, be usef uL
2, New Coubt, Lincoln's Inn,
rthAprilj 1890.
CONTENTS.
PAGB
TABLE OF CASES xvii
TABLE OF STATUTES Cxlvii
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS CXCvii
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS CCxix
e §ittianar5 1
APPENDIX, CONTAINING INTERPRETATION ACT, 1889 .... 2291
TABLE GF CASES.
A.
Puge
A.&B,,Re 1804
A- B. & Co, iftf 476
Aalije. Tlie 1261
Aaron's Reefs p. TwUs . 691, 692, 1290,
1594
Abailam v. Abadam 484
Ahhoti, Ex p.. Re GourlAy ... 1816
, Rt 1462, 1747
V, Andrews 660
V. Bates 719, 1249
u. Fearj 66
V. Middleton 239, 528
V, Minister for Lands . . . 1762
V. Wolsey 12, 1681
Abdy, Re 686
Abell V. Heathcote 1414
Aberdare v. Hammett .... 698
Aberdeen Arctic Co i?. Sutter . 676, 703
Aberdeen Commercial Co v. G. N.
Scotland Ky 1161,2070
Aberdein, /2e 1324
Aberystwith Pier Co v. Cooper 263, 589
Abinger v. Ashton 189
Ablett 17. Basliam 1784
Ableyr. Dale 2141
Abraham I*. Al man 1532
Abram v. Aldridge 46
Abrams v. Winshup 1956
Abrey v. Newman 187
AbsoD V. Fenton 899
Abstainers Insroe, Re 256
Accidental & Mar Insrce v. Mer-
cati 1492
Accomac, The . . . 588, 1246, 1200
Ackerman v. Barrows 669
Ackers v. Howard .... 618, 1862
Ackland v, Lutley 778, 781
V. Paynter 8
Ackroyd v. Smith . • 110
Acraman v. Hemiman 1165
V. Morrice 826
Acton u. Batten . . . 672, 1886, 1848
V. Blandell . . 494, 976, 2118, 2223
V. Crawley, Re Crawley 1865, 2015
Adam v. Newbigging . . . 079, 1744
Adam Eyton, Lim., Re ... . 679
Adams, Re 2129
P.Adams 145,608
r. Barry 1077
V. Batley 459, 1819
V. Bostock 1210
r. Bromley 227,637
V. Cattley 1986
p. Dunseath 689
VOL. I.
Page
Adams V.Ford 969,1835
17. G. N. of Scotland Ry . . 414
p. Q. W. Ry 589
V. Gibney 503
p. Graham 809
p. Grane 1616
p. London & Blackwall Ry . 2095
p. Mackenzie 2073
p. Malkin 1808
p. Royal Mail Steam Packet
Co 2162
Adams & Kensington, Re . . 646, 1530,
1532, 1583
Adams & Lambert's Case . . 300,384
Adams and Perry, Re . 291, 1078, 1079,
1459
Adamson p. Edinburgh, & :. Ry . 1647
p. Newcastle Steamship Insrce 252,
2066
Addey p. Woolley 2059
Addington p. Mellor 1903
Adey p. Trinity House . . 2062, 2009
Adkin p. Friend 276
Adkins v. North Metrop. Tram-
ways 1918
Adney p. Greatrex 1264
Aerated Bread Co p. Grigg . 774, 2164
p. Shepherd 1267
Affleck p. James 1007
African Gold Co, ^c 391
African Merchants p. British &
Foreign Mar Insrce 1934
Agence Havas Co, Re 1694
Aggs p. Nicholson 741, 1024, 1854, 1867
Agnew p. Fowler 188
p. Jobson 1628
p. Usher 51, 621
Agricola, Tlie 330
Aiken, Re 1077
Aikshaw, The 1510
Ailesbury, Re 130, 695
V. Pattison 1772
Ailesbury & Iveagli 1843
Ainley p. Kirkheaton .... 328, 713
Ainsley p. Nicholson 317
Ainslie, /&2 .... 696,1392,2252
Airey p. Bower 806
Aitchinson v. Lohre 1786
Aitken p. Batclielor 1959
Aiton p. Stephen .... 170,1114
Ajello p. Worsley .... 1149, 2129
Akeroyd, Re 488, 1851
Akers p. Howard 1852
Aktieselkab Helios p. Ekman . 73, 1190
Alabama p. Georgia 172
Alabama, &c Ry, Re 486
xvm
TABLE OF CASES.
Alabaster v. Harnesa . . . 850, 1140
Albano, The 962
Albert t;. Grosvenor Inyeatment Co 488
Albion Life Assrce, Re ... . 136
Alciiin, Be 890
p. Wells 1089
Alcock V. Leeuw 6
V. Sutcliflfe 123
Alcoy V. Greenhill .... 1344,1722
Alder v. Lawless 686, 102 L
Alderman v. Neale 177
AldersoD, Re 7
V. Elgey 1231
Alderton v. Archer 276
Aldous V. Cornwall 1169
Aldrich t^. Cooper 1167
Aldrldge V. Feme 1378
Alexander, Re 716» 1988
, The 1261
V. Alexander 144
u. Burke 1243
r. Burnhill 1874
V. Jenkins 846
V. Jones * . 689
t'. Kirkpatrick 646
0. Mackenzie 1460
' V. Polk 49
V. Simpson 1789
V. Sizer 1812
V, Vanderzee ... 1847, 1871
V. Wolsey 86
Alexandra rulace, Re, Goodson's
Case 322
Alexandre v. Alexandre .... 886
Alexiadi v. Robinson 912
Alger V. Parrott 1476
Alhambra, The 1247,1778
Alina, The 466, 1869
Alison, Re, Johnson v. Mounspy 674, 1228
V. Bums 1427
Allam, Ex p.. Re Munday 1 72, 1296, 2103
Allan V. Backhouse 1717
V. James 1069, 1393
— V. Liverpool 1121
Allaway v. Waffstnff ... 946, 1992
Allbutt V. Gen. Medical Council 963, 980,
1027
Allcard v. Skinner 2126
V. Walker .... 643, 986, 993
Allchurch v. Hendon . . . 1120, 1826
Allcroft V. London Bp . 814, 1177, 1343.
1668
Allday u. G. W. By 976
Allen, 7?« 287,1437,2120
I'. Allen 867,874
V. Ayre 228
V. Cameron 1089
V. Coltart 1977
V. Eaton 1632
r. Flicker 1337
V. Flood 881, 880, 1000, 1148, 1149,
1963
V. Fulham 1272
V. Gold Reefs 1186
V. Grogan 62
V. London Co. Co 805
V. Maddock 1726
V. Norris 380
Allen r. Pullay 1682
r.SeaAssrce .... 1864,1857
p. Sharp .... 467, 888, 1883
p. Sparkhall 1877
V. Sugrue 2073
V. Taylor 266
V. Thompson ... 622, 809, 2148
17. Thorp 664
V. Tunbridge 1498
AUerton Co v. Falk 1246
Alleyne v. Darcy 1818
AUgood V. Blake 1869
V. Gibson 728
AUhusen v. Brooking 2184
V. Ealing, &c, Ry 896
V. Whitiell 948
Alliance Mar Insrce, /?€.... 401
AUinson v. Gen. Medical Council . 968
Allison f*. Bristol Mar Insrce . . 46
p. Haydon .... 97, 801, 1992
p. SUrk 177
Allkins p. Jupe 2268
Allport p. Nutt 1961
AU8op,Exp 1883
p. Day 1676
AUum p. Dickinson 127, 298, 2011, 2014.
2166
Alma Spinning Co, Re 1287, 1642, 1864
AIne Holme, The .... 621, 2162
Alnutt, Re, Pott v. Brassey . . . 1828
•^— p. Ashenden 10
Alpine, Re 696
Alps, The 773
Alsace and Lorraii.e, The . . . 1944
Alsager v. Currie 1236
Alsbury, Re, Sugdt n v. Alsbury . 948
Alsopp.Bell 476
Alston, /?e 1644
Alt p. Gregory 187
Altham's Case .... 31, 16S6, 1979
Alton p. Parker 1376
Altree p. Altree 926, 1817
Alty p. FarrtU 1489
Amalgamated Syndicates, Re . . 1084
Ambler p. Bradford 1606
American Braided Wire Co p.
Thompson 968
American Must Co v. Hendry . . 1877
American Tobacco Co p. Guest 817, 079
Amerique, The 610
Amersham p. London 2280
Ames, Re 961
, Re, AAes v. Taylor . . . 1670
p. Cadogan 180
p. Colnaghi 1969
p. Taylor, /?e Ames .... 1670
Amesbury p. Wilts Justices . . . 1143
Amherst, Re 66, 146, 2088
Ammerman v. Digges 780
Amner p. Clark 977
Amor, Exp. 1930
Amos, Re, Carrier p. Price . . . 1623
p. Chadwick 2085
p. Smith 1436
Amstell p. Lesser 1741
Ancketill v. Baylis 1120
Ancona i\ Rogers 1616
p. Waddell 66
TABLE OF CASES.
XIX
Page
Anctil V. Manofacturera' Life Insrce 950,
Andaluflian, The .... 1681» 1866
Anderson, Re 664
F. Anderaon . . 1860, 1367, 1726
». Berkley 2240
p. Butler's Co 1716
r. Carlisle Horse Clothing
Co 270
V. Commercial Union Assur-
ance 1698
c. Dawson 2261
V. Hay 1827
». L. & N. W. Ry 1480
V. Morice ... 106, 260, 1008, 1872
c. Oppeuheimer 1640
V. Pignet 1794
I?. Vicary 1315
Anderson's Case 390
Anderton v. Birkenhead .... 558
Anderton and Milner, Re . . 2155, 2177
Andrew v, Aitken 1774
p. Andrew 488, 490, 529, 779, 1253,
2234
— rv. Hancock 1438
V. St. OUve 1351
V. Southouse 1759
Andrew Wilson, The 1981
Andrewes v. Nott Bower .... 1723
Andrews v. Deeks 870
tr. Denton 1096
V Partington 319
u. Stvnip 2248
Andros, 6e 804, 1278
Androvin v. Poilblanc 2133
Anelay r. Lewis 32
Angell V. Felgate 19
V, Paddington 894
Angela, Re 1939
Angerstein, /?« .... 34,632.866
Anglesea Colliery Co.Re . , . . 896
Anglo-African S. S. Co. Re . . . 2277
Anglo-Argentine Agency v. Tem-
perley Co ... 486. 802, 808, 1942
Anglo-Austrian Printing Co, Re . 1632,
2097
Anglo-Austrian Union, Re . 1632 2097
Anglo-Colonial Syndicate. Re . . 188
Anglo-Continental Corp. Re . 1994, 2252
Anglo-Dan ubian Steam Nav. Co, Re 1649,
1722
Anglo-Italian Bank v. Davies . . 497
Angus r. Clifford 1079
V, Dalton 1242
Ann, Re 475
Annaly v. Trade Co 1604
Annesley v. Woodhouse .... 182
Annison v. Blofield 77
Anon. 306, 395,547, 848, 863. 1258, 1282,
1506, 1667, 1701, 1927, 2190, 2197
Aneley v. Cotton 1396
Anstee, Re . . - 739
Anthers, Exp. ...... . 1810
Anthony, i2« ....... 1230
r. Halstead 1(J41
V. Seger 884, 606
Antil V. Godwin 1378,2012
Antisell v. Doyle 1685
Page
Antony v. Cardenham 1889
Aplin V. Porritt 565
ApolUnaris Co, i2e . . 57,351,696,697
Apothecaries Co v. Allen .... 97
V. Greenough 97
». Jones 651, 1627
V. Lotinga .... 97, 301, 1992
u. Nottingham 97
». Eoby 74
V. Warburton 97
V. Welch 97
Applebee, Re 812
Appleby v. Horseley Co ... . 154
t;. Mvers 918
Appleford v. Judkins 964
Appleyard v. Lambeth . . . 1197, 1849
Aptborpe v. Peter Schoenhofen Co 265
Aquila,The 510
Arbenz, Re 697
Arbib and Class, Re . , , . 1108, 1751
Arch V. Bentinck 1911
Archbold v. Austin-Gourlay ... 68
Archbold and Charters, Re . . , 2150
Archer v. Baynes 166
V. Hudson 2125
V. James 1438
V. Jegone 2044
r. Kelly .... 628,1518,1850
Archer and Caledon, Re . . , . 2076
Archibald o. Hartley 561
P.Wright 547,1073
Arden, Re 2259
V. Boyce . 671
Arding v. Economic Printing Co . 244.
918, 1872, 1878, 2013, 2014
Ardree Osy ter Co v. Ullman . . . 1662
Argentine, The 458
Argos, The Cargo ex 166
Aris V. Orchard 275
Arkell, /fe 716
V. Fletcher 701, 1062
Arkwright i;. Evans 1391
V. Gell .... 1002, 1768, 1907
r. Newbold 763
Arlett V. Ellis 847, 1193
Armitage, Re 948
V. Askham, Re Fenton ... 49
r. Gordon 518
V. Haigh 16, 1840
— V. Moore 1673
Armitt v. Breame 461
Armstrong, Re 185, 420, 1000, 1624, 1582,
1826
V. Armstrong . 183, 367, 604, 1074
V. Bowdidge 1629
V. Cahill 593
V. Christiani 1294
w. Clavering 1832
r. Eldridge 1862
V. Hunt 1422
V. London Co. Co. . . 340, 1949
Armstrong Co v. Hotchkiss Co . . 14, 78
Armytage v. Armytage .... 1734
V. Wilkinson 2183
Arnell v. Lond. & N. W. Ry . 466, 1601,
2108
V. Regent's Canal Co 231, 1428, 1601,
lt)10
XX
TABLE OF CASES.
Puge
Arnison, Ex p 1975
V. Smith 1912, 1961
Araold,£:j:|).,/2« Wright. ... 891
, Re 660, 1780
t;. Arnold 217, 608, 924, 1367, 1582
V. Blades, Re Turner . . . 2049
V. Congreve 834
r. Diintdale 911
V. Kayess, Re Taber .... 1380
V, Stratton 1690
Arnot V. United African Lands 362
Arnott V. Tyrrell 102
Arnould v. Grinstead 1008
Arn8\»y v. Woodward . . . 2193, 2208
Arrogpe v. Rarr 321
Arrow v. Mellish 137, 2042
Arrow Co v. 'J yne Commrs . 1398, 1708,
1718
Arrowsmith, Re 1220
. 1800,2199
. 1272,1949
95, 105, 1970
580
Art Union v. Savoy .
Arter v. Hammersmith
Arthur v. Mackinnon
r. Walker . .
Arthur Average Assn, Re 793, 1919, 1920
Artistic Colour Printing Co, Re . 1562
Arton, Re 1504
Arundel's Case 2178
Arundell v. Bell 828, 1586
Asch V. Financial News . . 1059, 2074
Asfar V. Blundell . . 158, 1570, 1916
Ash, Re 991
V. Lynn 1643
Ashburner v. Sewell 2063
r. Wilson 1837,1906
Aslibury v. Ellis 7, 1438
Ashbury Co v. Rich6 . . . 804, 1187
Ashby r. Hincks 1358
V. While 976
V. Wilson 832, 1788
Ashcroft v\ Crow Co 2162
V. Foulkes 1683
V. Morrin 1212
Ashdown v. Curtis 722
Ashendon v. L. B. & S. By . . . 1667
Asher V. Calcraft 214
Ashford v. Haines 1862
Ashforth v. Bedford .... 779, 1347
Ashling V. Boon 152
Ashmore u. Cox 918,2211
V. Horton 7
Ashton, Re . 994, 1119, 1264, 1265, 1511
». Ashton 2062, 2217
». Blackshaw 1166
V. Breviit 1063
t'. Dawson 568
V. Stock 861, 1669
Ash win, /?c 439
Asiiworth V. Heyworth . . 592, 1873
u. Outram 1829
y, Bedford 779,1347
Askew V. Askew 2000
V. Booth 1624, 1795
V, Woodhend 49
Aspinall v. Sutton 2091
Asplin r. Blackman 1 1 70
Assets Development Co v. Close . 1912
Assicurazione General! v. Bessie
Morris Co 1520
Astbury «7. Astbury . . .28,24,1434
V, Beasley 4(5
V. Henderson 767
Asten V. Asten 197
Astley V. Essex 750, 792
V Manchester, S. & L. By . 548
r. NewTivoli .... 1490,2117
V. Weldon 1105
Astley and Tyldesley Co, Re . . 361
Aston V. Aston 1303, 1481
V, Hurwitz 1913
Astor V. Union Insrce 1892
Atcberley v. Du Moulin .... 628
V. Vernon 1659
Atherstone v. Bostock 1652
Atherton r. Crowlhir 1082
Athlumney, Re 851
Athill V. Athill 332
Atkins, Re 544, 1515
V. Davis 970
Atkinson, Re . 182, 287, 598, 620, 1513,
1741, 1945, 2025, 2239
r. Bell 106,825
V. Collard 968, 1835
V. Elliott 1286
V. King 1963
V. L'Estrange 862
V. Morris 519
V. Pilsworth 781
V. Bnleigh 2047
V. Sellers 201, 2092
Atkyns v. Kinnler . . 553, 1105, 2164
Atlantic Insrce v. Huth .... 1256
Atlas, The 211
Attenborough, Ex p.. Re Cunning-
ham 1864
». Henschell 1878
V. St. Katharine's Docks 293, 1172
V. Thompson 1783
Atterbury v. Fairmanner .... 1907
A-G.. Exp 1370
V. Aberdare 1966
V. Ailesbury 645
V. Alexander 1787
r. Anderson 1539
V. Anon 870
V. Bagot 1626
V. Bailey 1921
V. Baker 1534
V. Barren 254
V. Barry 1399
V, Beech 1426
u. Bidder 736,1480
r. Birkbeck 281, 1015
V. Black 1673, 2028
V. Booth 812
V. Boultbee 458
V. Bournemouth . . 363, 714, 1964,
1975
V. Bowyer 296
V. Brackenbury 805
W.Bradbury 1274
V. Bradlaugh . 80, 439, 1008, 1960
V. Braybrooke .... 1538, 1966
V. Brecon 1762
V. Brentwood School . . . 760
V. Brighton Supply Assn . . 878
V. Brown 1966
TABLE OF CASES.
XXI
A-O.
Brunning 645
Bunce 1530
Burridge 747
CaWert 697
Cambridge . 899,024,021,1164
Cardiff 1600
Carlton Bank . . . 1326, 1677
Cast Plate Glass Co . . . 1926
CecU 1278
Chambers . 507, 014, 1246, 1875
Chapman . 241. 1426, 2116, 2201
Christ Church, Oxford 602, 1142
Churchill 1468
Clarke 970, 1506
Clarkson 1843
Clifton 815
Cole .... 1298,1299,1800
Comber 1350,22.30
Conduit Co 457
Coote 1732,2021
CouUon 1842
Croydon 1654
Dakin 1771
Dardier 1689
Deeping St Nicholas . . 1403
DePreviUe 1426
Dobree . . 180, 202, 570, 1622
Dodd 1474
Dodington 211, 549, 1426, 1474.
1842,2117
Donaldson 1421
Dorking 2161
Dowling 1533
Kastlake 297
Edison Telephone Co 402, 1193,
2019, 2091
Edwards . . 781, 026, 1790, 1878
Ellis .... 1476,2100,2201
Emerson . . . 747, 1042, 1846
Ewelme Hosp. . . 50, 405, 1156
Exeter 1506
Fairley 1843
Fitqohn 666
Fletcher 188
Flojer 1638,2116
Foster 969, 1654
FumessRy 700
GaskiU 267
Gibbs 2165
Gilbert 1968
Gosling 1426,2201
Grey 1426
Gutch 1503
Hallett 855
Hamilton 1414
Uanmer 847,2210
Hanwell 2136
Harley . . . 1010,1267,2099
Hatch 2003
Hawkins 1622
Haj 856
Hertford 1019
Heywood 003
Higgins 024
Homer ... 036, 1162, 1247
Hughes 522
Jackson 767,1078
Jacobs-Smith . 1621,2200,2202
A-G. V. Jewish Colonization Associ-
ation 567,1686
V. Johnstone 1706
r. Kenifeck 2141
V. Kissane 488, 439
V. Lamplough 2223
o.Le Revert 242
V. Lewin 870
V. Littledale 1066
». Load. & N. W. Ry . . . 2111
V. London Co. Co 2087
V, London Parochial Charities 1838,
2116
V.Lonsdale 816,1708
V. Loscombe 1306
V. Loyd 1471
V. McLean .... 170, 580, 1732
V. Magdalen Coll 1464
V. Mander 786, 1966
e;. Manchester . . 1800, 1302, 1639
V. Margate Pier Co . . 1606, 2064
V. Maule 1846
r. Merthyr Tydvil . 610, 006, 1768,
1070
V. Metropolitan Ry . 300, 074, 1255
V, Meyrick 1830
p. Middleton 1066
u. Mid. Ry 1282
V. Mitchell 1633
V. Monteflore 649, 622
V. Moore 430, 2004
V. Morgan 1204, 1366
V. Mylchreest 1203
r.Nash 1798
V. New York Breweries Co 42, 663,
1516
V. Northumberland . . 1607, 1877
V Owen 1842
V. Oxford, &c, Ry 177
I?. Parker 969,1406,1801
V Parmenter 747
V. Parsons 602, 636
u. Partington 646
p. Pearce 1602
— V. Pearson 815
V. Penrhyn 1684
V, Pougett 672
v. Powis 247
V. Radloff 439
• V. Rathdonnell 1221
u. Reeve 014
p. Reveley 783
V. Robertson 1966
V. Robson 362
V. Rowe 566
u. Rufford 1271
V. Saggers 1575
p. Sr. John's Hosp. Bath . . 598
p. Sefton 180,2174
p. Sewell 476
V. Shield 483
p. Sibthorp .... 640. 707, 1966
V. Sillem . . 08, 633, 740, 084, 1626
p. Smith 30
r. Smith-Marriott 1221
p. Smythe 1533,2116
p. Stamford 710
p. Strange 947
xxu
TABLE OF CASES.
Pt«e
AG. v. Sudeley 746,1760
r. Sunderland 1496
r. Swansea 1762
V. Terry 1600
V. Tewkesbury .... 18, 622
V. Tod-Heatley 1300
r.Tomline . . . 747,1201,1202
V. Tongue 2084
p. Trueman 684
V. Tynemouth . . 1081, 1862, 1601
V, Vigor 864
r. Walker 833,1252
p. Walthamstow 2247
V. Wandsworth Bd of Works 1272
V. Wax Chandlers Co . . 866. 1254
V. Webster 295, 816
V. Welsh Granite Go . . . 1202
V. Wendt 2201
V. Westminster Chambers
Assn 563, 660, 896, 1256
r. Whiteley 767
V. Widnes Ry 678
V. Wilkinson 1506
V. Wolvenon 1220, 127.3. 1441, 1966
V. Wood 184, 993, 1962
V. Woolhouse 2084
V. Worcester 767
V. Worrall . . 184. 627, 812, 1474
V. Wright 1224
V. Wyndham .... 548, 1781
V. Yarmouth . 82, HI, 1627, 1710.
2147
A-G. British Columbia o. A-G. Can-
ada 1204, 1608, 1772
A-G. British Honduras v. Bristowe 604
A-G. Canada ». A-G. Ontario . 164,669,
1246, 1438, 1606. 1765, 1804, 2106
A-G. Hong Kong v. Kwok-a-Sing . 437,
1482 1789
A-G. Ireland r. Apothecaries' Hall ' 1184
A-G. Isle of Man v. Mylchreest . . 496
A-G. Jersey v. Le Moignan . . . 127
A-G. New South Wales v. Love . 42
V. Rennie 1084
V. Walters 10G2
A-G. New Zealand v. Edwards . . 1026
A-G. Ontario ». Mercer . 639, 1754, 1772,
2031
A-G. Quebec v. Reed 584
AG. Straits Settlements v. Wemyss 317
Attree r. Attree 1743
V. Hawe 470, 996
Attwater, £:t p 163
Attwood V. Case .... 33, 618, 1609
V. Emery 1520, 1664
V. Munnings 1450
Atwood V. Monger 1591
Aubert v. Gray 1 746
Aubrey v. Fisher 2056
Auckland v. Westminster Bd of
Works 226,2168
Audsley v, Horn 806
Aulton V. Roberts 559
Austen, Re 1162
r. Boys 828.1686
Auster v, Powell 8*91
Attsterberry v. Oldham 878, 1778.2111
Austin V. Austin .... 684, 720, 1142
Austin V. Cull e9
V. Drewe 720
V, Manchester Ry .... 1606
». Olsen 1418
Austin Friars, The 1657
Australasian Insrce o. Jackson . . 168
Australasian Nay. Co i*. Morse 1254, 1266
Australian Agricultural Co t*. Saun-
ders 990,2090
Australian Bank, i?« 1034
Australian NaT. Co, /?«... . 1830
Australian Newspn per Co i;. Bennett 80
Australian Wine Importers & Mason 248
Authen,Exp 1810
Automatic Weighing Machine Co
V. International Hygienic Socy . 1962
Autothreptic Co & Hook, /2e . . 1690
Ayards v. Rhodes 160
Ayeland v. Lucas 679
Ayeline v. Whisson 1880
AyeriU, fl« 320
Ayery, Re 724, 764
v. Bowden 1281,2-211
t\ Langford 2084
V. Wood 786
Ayis V. Newman. Re Cartwright . 2219
Ayison i;. Simpson .... 821, 1277
Ay\e,Re 303
Aylesf. Cox 182,409,638
». S. E. Ry 1776
Aylesbury Ry v. Thompson . . . 2069
Aylesford, Re 951, 1056
i;. G.W. Ry 476
V. Morris 668. 764, 2123
r.Poulett 790
Aylesford Peerage 169
Aylnier, i?« 248
Ayr S. S. Co v. Glasgow & S. W. Ry 2163
Ayrton v, Abbott .... 1322, 1369
Azemar v. CaselU . . 1134,1790,2214
B.
B., Re, Ex p. Caucasian Corp . . 316
B. A. S., /?e 1068
Babbington v. O'Connor .... 1886
Baber v. Harris 836
Bache t;. Billingham 479
Backhouse v. Bishopwearmouth . 208
V. Mellor 2143
Backweirs Case 1174
Backwell r. Child 852
Bacon v. Bacon 336
r. Cosby 1968
Bacup V, Smith 1889
Badcock v. Badcock 867
V. Cumberland Gap Park Co . 1784
r. Hunt 917, 1651
Baddeley p. Baddeley 1840
V. Denton 870
V. Gingell 2256
Badeley v. Consolidated Bank 1026, 1416
Badham v. Marris 696
w. Mee 1141
r. Williams 1356
Badische, &c v. Basle Works 2149, 2177
Badley r. Cuckfleld ' "
TABLE OF CASES.
XXIU
Baenelman v. Bailey 1872
Ba^ge V. Whitehead 1319
Baggett 27. Meux 646, 953
Baglan Uali Colliery Co ... . 944
Baglehole v. Walters 704
Barley r. MoUard .... 803, 1264
BagnaUtown & W. Uj 2122
Bagot, Re 1742
V. Bagot 1340,1841
V. Legge 1966
Bagott 9. Orr 1394, 1864
Bagshawe v. Canning 1000
Bagsliawes v. Deacon 8
Bagster, fxp 98
Baile v. Baile .... 616, 1686, 1686
Bailee r. SunderUnd Eg Socy . . 1861
Bailey, Re 618, 2288
V. Barnes 840, 1376
». Bowen 983
V. Bryant 689
u. Finch 1236
r. Jamieson 877, 1606
V. Johnson 1236, 1764
V. Kalamazoo Co 1478
r. Skinner .... 266, 889, 1061
V. Sweeting 1289
V. Uniyersal Provident Assn . 1863
r. WaUon 1684
V, Wright 1277
Bailey and Isle of Thanet Ry . . 366
BaiUie V. Goodwui 264,689
Baily, Re 1901
V. Bonlt 321
V. De Crespigny .... 131, 133
Bain r. A-G 1418
V. Free Church of Scotland . 1613
Bainbridge. yZe 981
,i2e, J^arp. Fletcher .... 809
V. Ashburton 1669
V. Bainbridge 477
p. Cream 468
V. Smith 931
Baines v. Bromley 417
p. Lumley 1712
p.Ottey 1082
p. Swainson 66
Baird v. Tunbridge Weils 897, 686, 878,
1908, 1909, 1949
Baird's Trustees v. Lord Advocate 294
Baker, Re, Nichols r. Baker 1174, 1177
, Re, Pursey v. HoUoway . . 1401
-^— V. Ambrose 1419
V. Coombes 1614
o. Dening 1881
V. Gray 1684, 2162
V. GreenhiU . . . 1407, 1410, 1434
p. Herd 1723
p. Lee 610, 816. 887
p. Lucas 2044
p. Martin 2100
p. Monmouth 72
r. Nottingham Bank . . . 12HI
p. Oakea 426,428
p. Pierce 1480
p. Portsmouth 1948
p. Rawson 248, 641
p. Richardson 1839
p. Sebright ....... 2218
Page
Baker p. Stephens 260,626
p. Sutton 1704
p. Towry 1948
p. Wall 1276
p. White 1469, 1460
p. WilUams 1362, 2177
p. Yorkshire Ineree .... 1969
Bake well p. Unite* I Insrce . . . 1892
Balagh&t Gold Co, Re 983
Baldwin, Re, Ex p. Fobs . . . 824, 826
p. Baldwin 293
p. Cock 1349
p. Dover Jus 1273
Balkis Co, Re 486, 1806
Ball, Re 2269
, Re, Slatterley p. Ball . 1074, 1076
P.Maxwell 1427
p. Plummer 677
p. Ray 1300
p. Stanley 1663
Ballance, Re 690, 1748
-^— p. Lamphier 2067
Ballantyne v. Mackinnon . . 1466, 1809
Ballard, i?e 771
p. Dyson 2224
V. Tomlinson 1966
Ballinger p. Ferris 202
Bamberger p. The Commercial Credit 262
BsLmtoTd.Exp 267,2163
p. Tumley . . . 1298, 1299, 1800
Banbury p. Page 1301
Banbury Peerage 169
Bancroft p. Mitchell 437
Banda and Kirwee Booty 34, 186, 207,
407, 1021
Bandy p. Cartwright 603
Bangor Bp p. Parry . . . 2196, 2197
Bank of Africa p. Colonial Gov-
ernment 814
Bank of Bengal p. Macleod . 1262, 1496
Bank of China p. American Trading
Co 718
Bank of England p. Anderson . 190, 210
p. Vagfiano 191, 712
Bank of India p. Wilson 691, 1627, 2078
Bank of Ireland p. McCarthy ... 68
Bank of London, Re 2140
Bank of New South Wales v. Camp-
bell 333
p. Piper 1046
Bank of Scotland p. Cunningham . 1182
Bank of S. Australia p. Abrahams 1682,
1684
Bank of Syria, 72e . . . . 1642, 1806
Bankes p. Le Desfiencer . . 1693, 1962
Bankruptcy Notice, Re . , . 662, 716
Banks, /;« 698
p. Braithwaite 321, 322
p. Hollings worth 780
p. Small 649
Bann Navigation, Re, Ezp. Olpherts 1361
Bannatyne p. Ferguson .... 722
Banner, £Jx p., /Ze Key worth . . 1816
Bannerman, Re 483
Bannister p. Hyde 8, 1616
Bannon v. Hanrahan . . . 690, 1303
Banque d'Hochelaga p Jodion . . 16G6
Baptist Trustees p. Whitwell . . 1672
XXIV
TABLE OF CASES.
Barber, /?«... 180, 1077, 1091, 2142
, Re, Ex p. Stanford . . . 182, 926
t;. Barber 1912
V, Blaiberg 1357
V. Gamson 1645
V. Grace .... 218, 1642, 1992
0. Mackrell 1709
V. Meyerstein 1973
V. Penley 1300
V, Waite 2150
u. WaWuck 724
Barclay, JFx p 734
17. Maskelyne 032, 984
». Pearson 1128
Barcore, The 456
Barcroft v. Murpliy 1641
Bardin, /?e 1966
Bardswell 0. Bardswell .... 1631
Bareham, Re 49
Barfleld, i?e 1861
Bargate v. Sliortridge 636
Barhafn v. Marris 997
Baring, Re 1316
0. Abingdon ... 846, 807, 867
V. Ashburton 757
V. Corrie 222. 686
V. Inl. UcY 1016
Baring-Gould v, Sliarpington Syn-
dicate 62,260,626,2114
Barker, Re . 60, 368, 674, 691, 868, 1688,
2129
V. Allan 636
V. Edger 714
r. Faulkner 2229
V. Greenwood .... 1267, 1469
V. Highley 1872
r. McAndrew 842, 1260, 1779, 2204
17. N. Staffordshire Ry . . . 1159
w. Palmer 1865
I'. Sniark 494
V. Windle 2046
V. Young 1349
Barksdale v. Gilliat 485
Barkshire v. Grubb .... 2132, 2226
Bark worth v. Young . . . 1164, 1289
Barlow, Re, Ex p. Thornber . 1660, 2133
^ — V. Osborne 1417
V. Rhodes 109, 2226
V. Ross 595, 677, 1762
V. St. Mary Abbotts 226, 230. 805,
926, 940, 1269, 2168
V, Teal 242, 1891
V. Terrett 673
Barnaby v. Tassell 648
Barnacle v. Clark 362
Barnard v. Faber .... 364, 2216
V. Pillow 2278
0. Wieland 432
Barnard & Roaenthall, Rf, Ex p.
Evans 1661
Barnardo v. Ford 1350
Barnes, Ex p, . . . 763, 908, 1033, 1968
V. Akroyd 1301
V, Barnes 336
V. Chipp 15:^5
V. Dowling 2260
V. Edleston 1759
V, Forsyth 1900
Barnes v. Glenton 1437
V. Grant 15:^1
V. Loach 2132
r. Maltby 818
V. Marshall 275
V. Patch 642, 694
V. Peterson 272
». Shore 1657,1612
V, Southsea Ry 895
». Toye 1249
i;. Ward 1800
V. Youngs 1976
Barnett v. Allen . . 106, 196, 800. 1062.
1669. 2190
r. Blake 66, 291
— t;. Eaatnian 472
r. Eccles 785
V. Hickmott 445, 590
V. Howard 1028
1;. King 1090
v.Laskey .... 245,321,1964
Barnewall, /2e 1267
Barney. Re 1389, 1721
Barnsley's Case 2141
Barr, Re 284
V. Kingsford 1671
Barraclough v. Brown . . . 1393, 1708
V. Oreenhough .... 362, 1976
V, Shillito 1018, 1014
Barran v. Lomas 766
Barrett v. Burden 64
Barraud v. Archer 710
Barret t;. Barret 2216
V. Glubb 413
Barrett v, Bedford 1267
V. Birmingham 24
t;.Day . . . 318,680,968,2061
— V. Jermy 76
V. Markham .... 2094,2256
V. Stockton, &c, Ry . . . . 1609
V, White 1216, 1705
Barrett & Elers v. Day .... 778
Barretto v. Young 2260
Barrington's Case 171
Barrington v. Liddell .... 477, 626
Barron v. Willis 2125
Barrow r. Bell 1944
1;. Isaacs. . . . 1210,2140,2157
V. Methold 1638
V. Wadkin 66
u. Williams 1069
Barrsv. Lea 790
Barry v. Arnaud 2276
D.Harding 1818
V. Mid. G. W. Ry .... 1357
V, Parry 782
Barry Ry v. Taff Vale Ry 684, 1129. 1349
Barsham, Re 1729
©.Bullock 876
Barsht v. Tagg 1379
Barstow's Case 190
Bartell i;. Gray 2121
Bartholomay Co v. Wyatt . . 265, 746
Bartholomew v. Freeman .... 826
Bartlett u. Bartlett 376
V. Crittenden 1618
V. Fonl's Co 1935
r. Gibbs 1248
TABLE OF CASES.
XXV
Bartlett v. Holmes 1542
r. Kirwood 2283
V. Salmon 841
V, Vinor 2194
Bartley v. Lees 146
Barton v. Birminghsm .... 1091
V. Bricknell 650
p. Glover 1106
V. Plggott 1820
V. Vanheytlmysen .... 1621
Bnrtonshill Coal Co t;. McGaire . 348
Barton-upon-Uumber Water Co, /?e 2122
Bar well «. Winterstoke .... 637
Basliam v. Smith 786
Bashford r. Cliaplin 1101
Baaing v. Basing 515
Basnett c. Moxon 2115
Bass V. Gregory 595
Bassano r. Bradley . 88, 89, 1563, 2063,
2174
Basset r. St. Leyan 871
Bassett's Case 1711
Bassett r. CoUis 1007
9. Nosworthy 816
V, Tong 960
Baster v. London & County Print-
ing Works 752
Bastifel v, Llojd .... 139* 1247
Batclieldor v. Yates, Re Yates . 95, 186,
1817, 1820.
Batchelor v. Bigger 1378
V. Middleton 24
Bate V. Amharst 1337
Bateman r. Bluck 877
r. Faber 647, 948, 1448
». Hotchkin 2252
r. Poplar 573,1840
Bateman and Parker, Re 89
Bater and Birkenhead, Re . , . 785
Bates V. Bates 1487, 1971
V. Donaldson 2140
0. Kesterton 1843
V. McCormick 565
V. Moore 481
Bateson v. Gosling 1708
V. Oddy 846
Bath V. Berwick-on-Tweed ... 307
p. Sutton 810
Bath anil Wells Bp, Exp. ... 1841
Bathard r. London Sewers Cummrs 1249
Bathe, /2« .' 428
Bathurst v. Errington .... 607, 608
V. Stanley 708
Batt,/2« 697,1617,1974
r. Dunnett 1617, 1974
V. Price 1561
Batteley r, Windle 2146
Batten, /?«, ^z p. Milne . . .58.1169
0. Dartmouth Commrs . . 339, 844
V. Gedye 1405
P. Wedgwood Co 1662
Batterbury v. Vyse 886
Battersby, Re 694
p. Kirk 880
P.Nicholson 1427
Battersea p. Commrs of Sewers . 1003
p. Palmer 1273,1947
Battbyany r. Bouch 180
Batthyany v. Walford 1041
Battishill p. Reed 624
Battison p. Hobson ... 34, 408, 1098
Batty p. Marriott .... 796, 1961
Baum, Re, Exp, Cooper .... 1677
Baumgarten, /^6 '2037
BaumwoU Manufnctur v. Furness . 1392
Bavins p. Lond. & S. W. Bank . . 2115
Bawden, Re 1748
p. London, Ac, Assrce . . . 1870
Bawtreo p. Great N. W. Central Ry 1254
Baxendale p. G. W. Ry . . . . 2128
p. Lucas 927
p. N. Devon Ry 2128
Baxter, Re 10, 588
— p. France 957
p. Langley . 627, 1528, 1569, 1704
p. Spencer 1469
Bay ley p. Boulcott 871
p. Chadwick 280
p. G. W. Ry 109, 1758. 2182, 2226
p. Lancashire & Yorkshire Ky 1478
p. Wilkinson 955
Baylis, Ex p., Re European Bank-
ing Co 4.34
, Re 60, 989, 1337, 1436
p.Jiggins 127,2014
p. Lintott 892
p. Tyssen Amhurst .... 1052
Bayliss, Re 118
Bayly p. Schofleld 983
Bayne p. Crowther 1141
Baynes p. Lloyd . . 503, 658, 835, 1086
Baynham, Re 1375
p. Guy's Hospital . . 781, 1710
Bays p. Bird 902
Bayspoole p. Collins . . . 961,2171
Bazalgette p. Lowe 2228
Bazeley p. Forder 1260
Bazett P. Morgan 71, 542
Beach, Re, Clarke p. Hayne . . . 1279
Beachcroft p. Beachcroft . . 303, 1232
Beacon Assrce p. Gibb . . . 1536, 1537
Beadon p. Parrott . . . 615, 849, 2271
Beahan p. Bealian 162
Beak p. Tyrrell 1560
Beal, Exp 400
p. Exeter 1735
P.Ford 1736
p. S. Devon Ry 1666
Beale p. Arabin 1260
p. Beale 1111
p Connolly 629
Beales v. Crisford 269, 694
p. Tennant 809
Beall, /?« 1562
Beamish r. Beamish 1165
Bean p. Stupart 1807
Bear p. Bromley 1026
Beard, Re 1416, 1861
p. Egerton ....... 1348
p. Hine 1077
P.Perry 1683
p. Rhoiles 138
Beardman p. Wilson 2118
Beardmnrc p. Fox 921
p. Tredwell 1209
p, Wilson 1070
XXVI
TABLE OF CASES.
Beard nell t^. Beeson 17B7
Beardsley v. Lacej 519
V, Walton 869
Beasley v. Roney 26
Beatson 27. Rushforth 708
r. Schank 29,941
Beauchamp v. Anderson .... 810
p. Faber 1842
V, G. W. By 1986
V. Winn .... 1899, 2028, 2216
Beauchant t;. Usticke 1906
Beauclerk t;. Ashburnham . . . 1727
». Beauclerk .... 444,2189
Beaufort i^. Bates . . 1767, 2227, 2270
0. Crawahay .... 1458, 1794
V. Phillips 1029
». Swansea 1876,2034
Beaumont, Re 567, 568
V. Bowers 588
V. Oliveira 296, 1626
Beaupre, Re 21
Beavan v. Delahay 622
V. Oxford 202, 648, 1621
Beaver v. Manchester . . . 217, 1948
— V. Victoria Equity Master 266
Beawfage's Case 656
Bebb V. Bunny 2286
Bechuanaland Exploration Co v.
London Trading Bank . . 1065, 1261
Beck,7?« 943
V. Pierce 1021
Beckett, i?e 1391
V. Howe 25
V, Mid. Ry 976
17. Stiles 818
V. Sutton 92, 94
t;. Tower AsseU Co .... 198
V, Upton 1878
Beckford v. Crutwell . . . 1123,1222
Beckhv. Page 1225
Beckhuson t;. Hamblett .... 848
Beckwith v. Beckwith 1369
Beddall v. Maitland 744
Beddoe, /?e 1582
Beddoes, /?6 416
Beddow v. Beddow 1C3:3
Bedell, /?« 151
Bedford t;. Teal 996
Bedford Charity, /?<! 98,96
Bedford Infirmary v, Bedford Imp.
Commrs 782, 1601
Bedford Ry v. Mid. Ry .... 1580
Bedford Union v. Bedford Imp.
Commrs 1407, 1410, 1601
Bedfordshire Jus. r. Bedford Im-
provement Commrs 782
Bedingfleld, 7^6 1570
Bedson, Re 466
Beecher's Case 77
Beeching v. Westbrook . . . 653, 654
Beeman. Re 1750
Beemy, Re 1372
Beer v. Santer 53
Beeston, Re 662
V. Beeston 797, 7«J8
Beeston Brewery v. Mid. Ry 684, 2128
Behn v. Burness 1297, 2215
Beighton r. Beighton 1642
Psgc
Beilby v, Scott 291
r. Shepherd 652
Beioley V. Carter 1966
Belav. Foni 1735
Beianey v. Behmey . 604, 645, 1468, 1588
Belasco v. Uanimut 126
Belch V, IdL Rev 406
Belcher v. Mclntoab 1719
r. Magnay 203
Belding t;. Read 69,206
Belfast t;. Tomb 1637
Belfast Central Ry v, G. N. Ry, Ire-
land 2053
Belfast Co, i?e 1830
Belfast Harbour t;. Commrs of Val-
uation 1612
Belfast & Ballymena Ry v. Keys . 1473
Belfast & N. Counties Ry, Re . . 416
Belford Union v. Pattison .... 160
Bell t;. Antwerp, &c. Line . . . 1375
17. Balls 1883
V. Barcbard 2158
r. Bell 1377
V. Buckley 1750
V. Crane 1179, 1044
C.Dudley 457.1992
p. Morson 693
p. Phyn 1349,2187
17. Stone 2190
p. WardeU 1808
V. Welch 45, 956, 1586
V. Wilson . 1201, 1202, 1204, lo:^,
1808
17. Young 481
Bell Cox, £arp 1794
BelUirs 17. Tucker .... 692,1678
BelUmy v. Debenham 1958
17. Pow 1929
17. Wells 1300
Bellencontre, Re 612
Bellhouse v. Mellor 2143
Bellinger, /?e 1381
Bellyse V. M'Ginn 1866
BelperCase 1670
Belshaw v. Bush 742, 1486
Belti7. Lawes 1170
Belton r. Busby 2152
r. London Co. Co 1164
Beman v. Rufford .... 628, 1010
Benabo v. James 582
Bence, /?e 885,1462
V. Shearman 8, 1436
Bendelow v, Wortley 1299
Bendy, Re 630
Beneficed Clerk u. Lee 918, 1226
Benett i;. Costor 728
Benford v. Sims 419
Benington v. Metrop Bd of Works 1159
Benjamin r. Andrews 1607
17. Belcher 858
17. Storr 735, 950
Benn, i?e 1997,1999
Bennet's Case 1434
Bennet v. Bennet 1119
17. Talboys 966
Bennett, Re . 895, 416, 829, 1880, 1582
17. Blackpool 1498
17. Brumfril 1884
TABLE OF CASES.
xxvu
Pag«
Bennett u. Bury 2035
p. Harding 927,2270
9. Herring * 1193
o. Hugliee 631
». MeUor 848
V. Slater 1288
r. Stone 2246
r. Tyler 789
V. Wormack 1266, 2164, 2167, 2168
V. Wyndham 1781
fienninffton i?. Goodtitle .... 272
». Taylor 2070
Beiinison v, Cartwright ... 25, 1002
Bensaude v. Thames & Mersey
Intrce 1127, 1465
Benson o. Chapman 919
V. Dunn 1849
r. Maude 2288
p. Morley 1767,1777
0. Schneider 160
Bent V. CuUen 90
r. Roberts 1313,1314
Bentham r. Hoyle 1439
r. Wilson. He Parker . . . 1810
p. WilUhire 2068
Bentham Mills Co. /2e 2091
Bentinck v. London Joint Stock
Bank 888,1262
Bentley v. Blizard 1242
0. Manchester, S. & L. Ry . 1798
V. Meech 1348
r.Vilmont 1164.1744
Bently v. Hastings .... 602. 1591
Bentsen u, Taylor 6, 1297
Beawell, Ex p., Re Huiion ... 946
r. Inns 266
Benwick, The 460
Benyon, Re 87
Berdan v. Greenwood 612
Berens v. Fellowes .... 1400, 1769
Beresford r. Browning 1876
BeresfordHope v. Sandhurst 709, 1079,
1033
Berk r. Day 1871
Berkhampstead School, Re . , . 767
Berkley v. Ryder 875
Berks v. Bertolet 467
Berminsliam v. Burke . . . .471, 476
P.Turner 666
Bermondsey o. Johnson .... 1446
Bemal v. Bemal 1146
Bernard v. MinshuU . 1867, 1529, 1632.
1742
Bemdtson v. Strang 682
Bemicia S. S. Co, & 600
Bemina, The 1260,2175
Bernstein o. Baxendale 814, 1886, 20'^
V. Bernstein 366
Berridge v. The Man On Insurance 787
Berrie v. Howitt 1685
Berry. Ifc 2091
V. Heard 783
-^ V. Henderson 1184
r. L.C.&1). Uy 1672
». Usher 1470
Bertolaoci v. Johnstone .... 1062
Berwick, i?xp 2103
Beryl. The 424
Page
Besant v. Cox 527
Bescoby r. l*ack 1817
Besford v. Saunders 5
Bessant v. Noble 63
Bessel v. Landsberg 1996
Bessela v. Stern 1170
Best, Re 1081
p. Osborne 1907
V. Pembroke 1029
V. Saunders 247
V. Stonehewer . . 512, 1104, 1867
Beta, The 455.1211
Betham v. Gregg 2193
Betliel V. Abraham 548
Bethell. Re 1165, 1333, 1664
Bethlehem & Bridewell Hospitals,
Exp 1468
Bethune o. Bethune 444
Be^'emann v. Betjemann .... 1669
Betsey, The 198
Betterton's Case 1300
Bettesworth & Richer, Re 290, 953, 1879.
1890
Bettingham, /2e 1378
Beits, Re 29.368,808
p. Armstead .... 1045, 1636
p. Burch. . . . 1104,1106,1106
p. G. E. Ry 1627, 1984
p. Menzies 860
Betty, /?« 1316
Beyan p. Bevan 1667
P.Chambers 618
p. Gething 1839
p. London Portland Cement
Co 2109
p. Mahon-Hagan 1239
r. Waterhouse 2069
Beverley's Case 906. 1669
Beyerley r. A-G 1383, 1908
p. Lincoln Gas Co .... 641
Bew p. Bew 416
p. Harston 94, 796, 797
Bewdley Ca^e . . 418, 678, 1409, 1786
Bewick p. Whitfield 1368
Bewley p. Atkinson 980
Bexley p. West Kent Sewerage
Board 375
Beyfus and Masters, Re . . 1072, 1687
Beynon p. Cook 6(58
Beytagh v. Cassidy 624
Bhugwandass r. Netherlands In-
surance 1340
Biaggi. /?<! 1583
Btanchi p. Offord 1143
Bibb p. Thomas 234
Biccard p. Shepherd 1808
Bickers p. Speight 1918
Bickett p. Morris 1763
Bickford v. Skewee 338
Bickley r. Bickley 612
Bicknell p. Hood 1070
Bidder v. N. Staffordshire Jly . . 268
p. Trinidad Petroleum Co . . 6.37
Biddle v. Herbert 1162
Biddlecombe p. Bond 981
Biddulph p. Lees 489
Bide p. Harrison 1218
Bidwell, i?e 2203
XXVIU
TABLE OF CASES.
Biffin V, Bignell 683
Bigge V. Bigge 2227
Biggeretaff v. Rowatt't Wharf 786, 1107
Biggs p. G. E. Ry 1819
V. Gordon 1783
V. Hoddinott 1227
V, Mitchell 1040
Bignall v. Rose 162
Bignold, /2e 040,902
Bigwood V. Btgwood 615
BilU.Neal 174
Billing V. Billing 70
r.Prebble 177,1821
Billings V, Holloway 858
27. Sandom 006
Billson t;. Crofts 081
Bingham v. Allport 1282
r. Sl»effleld W. W. Co . . . 170
Binning v. Binning '70
Binstead, Re 481
, Re, Ex p, VsLie 716
Birch, ^x» 687
, Re 1484
V. Birch 444. 472
V. Cropper . . . 1671, 1672, 2252
V. Dawson 788
V. Depeyster 1568
V. Edwards 682, 688
c. Podmore 2116
V. Sherratt 1956
V. Wade 1632
Birchall, /?« 639
v. Builough ' . . 152
». Puffin 1686
Bircham, Re 1229
Bird, Re, Ex p. HiU . I, 1232, 2189, 2201
V, Bass 1290
p. Bird 1401
V. Davey 38
t. G. E. Ry 997
V. Webster 612
Birkley r. Presgrave 803
Birkinyr v. Darnell 476, 005
Birks, Re 304, 1014
V. Allison 1248
1;. Trippet 1833
Birley v. Gladstone 466
Birmingham, £x p 1799
r. Allen 38
W.Baker 1637
Birmingham Bank t;. Ross . . ' . 808
Birmingham Benefit Socy, f?6 . . 982
Birmingham Breweries v. Jameson 72,
884, 1928, 1968
Birmingham Churchwardens v,
Shaw 1709
Birmingham Land Co v. L. & N. W.
Ry 397. 966, 967
Birmingham Vinegar Co v, Powell 1329,
2082
Birmingham, &c. Gas Co, Ex p. 665, 661
1564, 1713
Birrell r. Dryer 1780
Birtle. Re 1966
Birtwhistle v. Hindle 460
Bischop V, Toler 693, 992
Biscoe ». G. E. Ry 457
t;. Jackson .... 206, 453, 2191
Bishop, £:xp 1217
, Re 646, 1685
p. BalkisCo 6.286,1079
r. Bishop 67,340,2160
». Elliott 734. 1862
0. Helps 248,1975
p. North 1646,2226
V. Pentland 1944
r. Smedley 2027
V. Smyrna, &c, Ry . 103, 610. 1266,
1672, 1758
p. Taylor 2167
V. Wandsworth 103
Bishop and Richardson, Re . . 860, 8G2
Bishop Auckland Sanitary Author^
ity V, Bishop Auckland Iron Co 1301,
1349
Bissell V. Beard 1276
V, Michigan Ry 2114
Bissicks V. Bath Colliery Co . . . 662
Black V. Bally mena Comnirs . . 494
P.Clay 622,1880
p. Dawson 1626
r. Hill 700
p. Murray 205
p. Rose 1835
Blackamore's Case 1664
Blackbome p. Blackborne ... 985
Blackburn, /?e 1726,2189
p. Micklethwait 1967
p. Parkinson 1685
V. Smith 10
V. Staples 860
Blackburn Building Society, Re 284, 1186
p.Cunliffe 1096,1960
Blackburne p. Hope-Edwardes . . 1713
Blackett p. Royal Ex. Assrue . . 163
Biackhall p. Blackball 1418
Blackhurst v, Cockell 1778
Blacklow p. Lawes 1331
Blackman p. Bryant 2280
V. Fysh . 386, 466. 684, 602, 1706
Blackmore V. Yates 1112
Blackpool p. Bennett . . . 656, 1498
p. Kenyon 1498
Blackpool Motor Car Co, Re , , 765
Black well's Case 1174
Blackwell. Re 1337
p. Bull 694
p. England ....... 1733
p. Halo 1014
p. Harper 1240
p. M'Naughtan ... 664, 1207
p. Pennant . . . 1112, 1832. 1833
Blackwood p. Brewster .... 699
p. Regina . . . 200.1471,1659
Blades p Higgs 795
— p. Lawrence 1885
BlagroYe p. Coore 2187
Blaiberg, Exp., Re Toomer . . . 2196
P.Beckett .... 490,491,1143
p. Parke 1784
Bljwn, Exp 476
Blair p. Assets Co 2039
p. Cordner 600
— p. Nugent 24
p. Stock 698
Blairmore, The 2073
TABLE OF CASES.
XXIX
BUke*s Case 18
Biake, £:x;> 338
V, Albion Asarce 1797
r. AttersoU 1441
». Barnett 66,291
r. Boech 488
P.Blake 24,2169
V. Done 667
17. Gibbs 702,1109
V. Hummell 190
V. Hynes 1622
r. Izard 1»17
V. Lond. Corporation 890, 1618
p. Marriage 1566
V. Peters 787
P.Shaw 1493
Blakeley Ordnance Co, /?«... 931
Blakemore, jE:x /> 942
BUkeney, The 1784
Blaker p. HerU & Essex W. W. Co 1616,
2122
p. Tlllstone 1046
Qtakesley, /^6 1669
r. Whieldon 2166
tiakey p. Latham 1001
lanchard. Re 1619
Blanchett, Ex p.. Re Keeling . . 1809
Bland p. Dawes 1900
p. Lipscomlie 727
r. Williams 2143
Blandford, £:jro.. i^sHood . . . 1677
r. Blandford . . 866,1142,2180
Btanford p. Morrison . . . 431, 2236
Blank p. Footman 1618
Blankenstein p. RoberUon . . 88, 926
Blann p. Bell ... . 995, 1715, 1738
Blantem,i?e 2046
Blashill p. Chambers 1890
Blasson p. BUsson 208
Blaydes p. Selby 2024, 2026
Blazer Co, /Z« 181
Bleakley p. Smith 1882
Blenkhom, Re, Ex />. Jay ... . 1516
Blenkinsop p. Ogden 280
Blessing. The 2206
Blighp. Brent 1469
Blight p. HartnoU .... 89, 90, 2044
Bliss p. Lilley 672, 722
Blissett p. Daniel 1929
Blithman, R^. 164
Blockley,/fe 47
Blood p. Robinson 1107
Bloomenthal p. Ford 787
Bloomfleld p. .Johnston . . 727, 728, 902
Blount p. Harris 1733
Blower, Re 1268
p. Morret 912
Bloxam p. Ellsee 724
Blozsome p. Williams 1983
Blue Bell, The 690
p. Fullerton 255
Bines, /2e 911
Blttmberg p. Life Interests Corp . 2027
Blumley p. Rose 2048
Blundell p. Brettargh 497
p. Catterall 747
p. De Falbe 2187
Blunt p. Hcslop 54, 1338
Page
Blyth'sCase ....:... 1016
Blyth p. Birmingham W. W. Co . 1268,
1260
p. Granville 338
Blything p. Warton 1388
Boake p. Stevenson 99
Board of Trade p. Block . 368, 808, 1662
Boardman p. Boardman .... 444
p. Mostyii 2154
P.Stanley 2031,2282
Boast p. Firth 29
Boddington, Re 1099, 2289
p. Clairat 1099
Budega Co p. Owens 564
Boden p. French 269, 1266
p. Roscoe 468
Bodenham p. Pritchard . 178, 624, 1812
p. Purchase 1436
Bodger p. Arch 1436
Bodman, Re . . 470, 1589, 1861, 1940
Bodurtha p. Phelon 809
Body p. Halse 147
Bog Lead Mining Co p. Montague 12
Bogle, ifc 1074
Bogue p. Houlston 205
BoUeau p. Heath . 299, 605, 1009, 1201.
2266
Boissiere p. Brockner 2199
Bolckow p. Fisher 1288
Bold p. Rayner 668
Bold Buccleugh, The . . . 1008, 1009
Bolding r. Lane 24, 1434
Bolland, j;t;i 147,1396
, Ex p., Re Roper 2103
BoUen p. Southall 1210
Bolt p. Stennett 1617
Bolton. Re 804, 790, 1682
p. Aldin 409
p. Bolton 109, 2226
p. Curre 986
p. Dugdale 1677
p. Gladstone 1660
p. Lambert 1845, 1968
p. London School Bd 628, 684, 2143
p. Natal, Ac. Co 1672
Boman p. Maxwell 157
Bona, The 804
Bonaparte p. Bonaparte .... 1067
Bond, Re 1910
, Re, Cole p. Hawes . . 1037, 1538
p. Bond 2240
p. Evans 1971, 1972
p. Pittard 1377
p. Plumb 2148
Bonella p. Twickenham 782, 1886, 1793
Bonelli's Co, Re 2277
Bones p. Booth 1890
Bongiovanni p, La Soci^t^ G^n^rale 267,
388,888
Bonham's Case. Fo^rgassas' Case . 920
Bonnardet p. Tavlor 55
Bonne Amelie, the 1251
Bonner, Re, Tucker p. Good . . 1810
p. Bonner 871
Bonnett p. Sadler 1322
Bonnewell r. Jenkins . . . 1957, 1958
Bonomi p. Backhouse 277
Bonsall p. Byrne 1445
XXX
TABLE OF CASES.
Bonter t;. Klnnear 1532
Bonsor v. Bonsor 947
Boocher v. Samford 1 10
Booker v. Pocklington 8. & Co . . 1787
Bookham v. Potter 1
Boon V. Howard 590
Boone v. Eyre 668
Boor, /fe 963,1379
Boord t;. African Co . . . 988,1694
Boosey v. Gardner 1102
1;. Purday 1888
u. Whight 409
Booth, /?« 528
1?. Alington . . . 669,1023,1412
V. Bank of England .... 210
v. Booth 1141
V. Coulton 1965
1'. Dean 1882
0. Ferrett 360
V. Howell 971, 1282
p. Hutchinson 1236
U.Mayer 1401
». Ratttf 2222
V. Shadgett 2188
V. Trail 472, 473
V, Vicars . . 1082, 1274, 1280, 1451.
1724
Bootle 0. Blundell 1717
t;. Lancashire Co. Co. . . . 678
w. Scarisbiick 2287
Boraston's Case 2044,2284
Boreham v. Bignall . . 179, 2042, 2241
U.Hall 1299
Borgnis v. Edwards 637
Borland's Trustees v. Steel . . . 1861
Bom, Re 1686
». Turner 95
Borrodaile «. Hunter . . . 528,1978
Borrow v. How land 2246
Borrowes, /2e 1646,2145
Borrownian u. Drayton .... 260
Borthwick v. Walton 276
Borton v. Dunbar 603
Bosanquet v. Woodford .... 1862
Bosley v. Davies 1972
Boss v. God sail 1727
0. HeUhara 111,630
Bostock V. Ramsey . 817, 1028, 1620
Boston Case 264
Boston Deep Sea Co o. Ansell . . 1811
Bosville ». A^. . . . 169,1536,1644
Boswell V. Coaks 823
Bothamley v. Sherson . . 68, 1237, 1918
Botten V. City & Suburban Bg Socy 988
Bottomley's Case 1642
Bottomley, /?« 1817
V. Fisher 1812
Bouch V. Seyenoaks, &c, Ry . . . 478
V. Sproule 948
Bouchard, Ex />., Re Moojen . . 1816
Boucher v. Boucher 867
Boucicault v. Chatterton . . 725, 1618
Boughton ». Gousley 582
Bouillon V. Lupton .... 1666, 1808
Boulding v. Tyler 1688
Boulter v. Arnott 12
V. Kent Jus. . 28, 80, 356, 424, 427,
1081, 1861, 1418, 22:;5
Page
Boulting V. BouUing 874
Boulton, Re 1496
r. Bull .... 1169,1194,1661
Boulton and Cuilingford, Re . 593, 688
Bound V. Lawrence .... 1168, 2269
Bonrdiilon v. Collins 1689
Bourgogne, La 264, 325
Bourke, Re . 188
v.Nutt 1010
Bourkmire v. Darnell 476
Bourne, Re 898
27. Netherseal Co 486
V. Seymour .... 6, 1225, 1796
P.Taylor 1092
Bournemouth Commrs v. Watts . 966
BoYill V. Hadley 2162
Bovril, Re 696, 698
Bawden,/?« 215,1218
i;. Besley 1886
— V. Laing 1141
u. Yoxall 1093
Bowditch r. Wakefield . . 1890, 1637
Bowen, i?« 709
u, Anderson 2229
i;.Fox 664,2248
t;. Lewis . . 806, 306, 529, 643, 869,
861, 1011
Bower v. Foreign & Col. Gas Co . 1684
». Hett 2116
r. Hodges . . . 2066,2067,2286
— V, Jones 1266
». Smith 1086, 1839
Bowei^Barfif, /?e 1429
Bowers V. Harding .... 1609.2238
u. LoTekin 121,240
Bowes ». CroU 2082
0. Foster 1702
V. Hope Socy .... 1176, 2140
v. Law 226,1656
r. Press 7
17. Havensworth . . . 880. 1668
V. Shand .... 684, 1849, 1871
». Strathmore 1162
Bowie, Re, Ex p. Breull 264, 1731, 1783
Bowlby 17. Bell 826
Bowie's Case 2005,2269
Bowles 17. Bowles 2288
17. Jackson 86
v. Round 491
Bowling and Wilby, flfl . . 379,1186
Bowlston V. Hardy . . 795. 1300. 2216
Bowman. /2e 1999
17. Blyth 1866
t7. Hyland 1699,2233
17. Milbanke 67
17. Taylor 1006,2286
Bown,i?e 2067
Bows 17. Fenwick 1326, 1488
Bowser 17. Colby 982,2198
Bowyer v. Percy Supper Club . . 829
17. Woodman 292
Boxius V. Goblet 1619
Boyce v. Ewart 687
17. Higgins 69
Boycott, & 1643,1909
Boyd,i?« .... 270.621,716,1661
17. Bischoffsheim 99
17. Boyd . 47
TABLE OF CASES.
XXXI
Page
Boyd V. Dubois 2187
V. London & Croydon Ry . . 1464
V. Phillpotts 1868
Boydell v. Drummond 1288
17. Golightly 1238
p. MillRr 71
Boyerv Bancroft 984
V, Norwich Bp 1006
Boyes t;. Bedale 904, 1278
p. Bluck 766
c.Cook 806
Boyle V. Brandon 474
V. Foster 62
p. MulholUnd 1042
p. Olpherto 2109
Boysr. Ancell . . . 1106,1106,1987
V. Bradley . 972, 1104, 1146, 1278,
1634
V. Morgan 1040
r. Pink 623
Boyse v. Rossborough . . 881, 763, 2126
V. Simpson 472
Brmbant v. king 962
Brace, Re 806
p. Abercam Co . . 36, 1206, 2229
Bracegirdle p. Heald 2282
Brackenbury p. Gibbons .... 2046
Bradburn p. Morris 2224
Bradbury p. Hotten 204
p. Morgan 1727
Bradby v. Southampton .... 662
Bradford, Re 1382
p. Belfleld 132
r. Dawson 188
p. Hopwood 662
p. Pickles 106, 201, 494. 909, 1924
p. Symondson. . . . 1127.1763
p. White 87, 2035
Bradford Library Society v. Brad-
ford Churcli wardens .... 1790
Bradford Tramway Co, Ex p. . , 4S6
. Re 982
Bradlangh p Clarke . . 30, 316, 1101
p. I)e Rin 1666
p. Newdegate 1139
Bradlee p. Boston Glass Manufac-
tory ... 1024
Bradley, /2« 1279
p. Baylis 970,1120
p. Dunipace 2220
r. Gas Liglit & Coke Co . . 373
p. Johnston 62
p. Newcastle Pilots .... 2040
p. Peixoto 864
p. Westcott 2261
Bradsbaw, Et p 2247
p. Bradshaw 882, 616
p. Fane 1414
p. Huish, Rf Huish .... 1896
p. Jackman 401, 1989
p. Vaughton 867
p. Widdrington 1437
Brain p. Thomas 1874
Bndntree p. Boyton . . . 1298, 1820
Brail, Re, Exp. Norton . . 319, 2198
Brampton p. Bcddoes . . . 266, 1788
Bramston p. Colcliester .... 1911
V. Robins 1486
Page
Bramwell v. Lacy . 86. 236, 237, 1263
p. Penneck 1049, 1366
p. Spiller 494
Branckelow r. Lamport . 1490, 2228
Brancker p. Molyneux 1068
Brand p. Hammersmitli Ky . . . 974
Brandao p. Barnett 1066
Brandon, Ex p., Re Trench . . . 1706
p. McHenry 669
p. Robinson 2143
Brandram, Re 481
Brandt p. Lawrence 1870
Branfill, Ex p.. Re Blackman . . 614
Brankelow S. S. Co p. Canton Insrce 298
Brannigan v. Murphy 1861
V. Robinson 2270
Branscombe p. Rowclifie .... 1497
Brantom p. Grifflts .... 824, 1468
Braunstein p. Accidental Insrce 126, 1266,
1727, 1794
p. Lewis 1826
Bray p. Ford 1964
Bray broke p. Inskip 1669
Braybrooke p. A-G 649,2116
Brazier p. Camp 882
p. Jones 681
Bread Supply Association, Re . . 1632
Breadalbane. The , 1876
Brearley p. Morley 1616
Brecon Markets Co v. Neatli & Bre-
con Ry 2071
Brediman's Case 2086
Breed, i2e 47,1142
Breese p. Jerdein 1292
Brenan p. Brenan .... 1216, 1696
Brenchley p. Higgins . 764, 1622, 2129
Brenda S. S. Co p. Green 74
Brennan p. Brennan . . . 1216, 1696
Brenner, Re, Ex p, Saffery . . . 1616
Brentford & Isle worth Tramways
Co, Re 1648
Brereton p. Chapman 118
p. Richardson 1616
Brest p. Offley 1631
Breton p. Mockett .... 382, 1287
Brett's Case 1427
Brett, £xp 1866
V. Monarch Socy 162
p. Robinson 1666
p. Rogers . . 588, 936, 2012, 2014
Breull, Ex /)., Re Bowie 264, 1731, 1783
Brew p. Brew 1437
p. Conole 1086, 2024
Brewer, Re 281, 2274
p. Eaton 242
p. Sparrow 2209
Brewers Assn p. A-G. Ontario . . 634
Brewin p. Sliort 891
Brewster p. Angell 1580
p. Kidgill 2011
p. Kitchell 2011
p. Kitchin 2011
Briarly p. Athorpe .... 838, 1840
Brice p. Bannister 130
Brickwood v. Reynolds .... 1627
Briddon p. G. N. Ry 1664
Bridewell Hosp p. Fawkner . . . 2139
P.Ward 1003
xxxu
TABLE OF CASES.
Bridge v. Abbott 1082
r. Bridge 1202,1419
V, Grand Junction Canal Co . 1260
V. Howard 1200
r. Partons .... 444. 665, 1488
Bridger, Re 242. 592, 1296
V. Richardson .... 1804. 2009
V, Savage 797, 909
Bridges v. Garrett 1435
0. Longman 1229, 1783
». PotU 140
Bridgewater v. Bolton . . 517, 642, 643
i;. Durant 2028
Bridgewater Nav., /?« . . . 1571,1572
Bridgland v. Shapter 1070
Bridgman, /?« 1177.2129
p. DoYe 789,898,1183
Bridgnorth v. Collins 1810
Bridport Old Brewery Co, Re 1740, 1920
Brien v. Swainson 1958
Brierley Hill v. Pearsall .... 785
Brigella, The 808
Briggv.Brigg 1101,1102
Briggs V Boss 20, 1733
V. Penny 1531
0. Swanwick 1401
V. Upton 1082
Briggs & Spicer, Re . . . 810, 2198
Bright V. Hutton 896
u. Marner 1797
Bright-Smith, /?e 700
Brighton r. Strand 1480
Brighton Marine Co. v. Wcodhouse 1935
Brighton & Dyke By. i2« . . . . 1534
Brighty t;. Norton 912, 1293, 1^33, 1664
Brind v. Dale 348
Brindle,£xp 946,1781
Brinkley v. A-G 1165
Brinsmead, /?« 1034
Briscoe v, Briscoe .... 1685, 1686
V, Drought 2221
Bristol, /?« . . . 101,257,669,801,923
V, Jones 176
r. Westcott 750
Bristol Aerated Bread Co v. Maggs 1958
Bristol Athenaeum, Re . 236, 1022, 1620
Bristol Guardians v. Bristol Corp . 1578.
2271
Bristol Joint Stock Bank, Re 918, 1034
Bristol Trams v. Bristol . . 681, 1182
Bristol W. W. Co r. Bristol . 1346, 1961
r. Uren 86. 87, 564. 888, 1496, 1537
Bristol & Exeter Ry v. Gartou . . 2041
w. Somerset, &c, Ry . . . . 216
Bristol & West of Eng. Bank v.
Mid. Ry 1496
Bristow w. Masefleld 1738
British Columbia Co, /?«... . 1266
British Electric Co ». Inl. Rev. . . 1712
British Guardian Co. ffe . . . . 1325
British India Steam Nav. Co v. Inl.
Rey 469,1677
British Inst, of Preventive Medicine
©.Styles 2078
British Motor Synd. ». Taylor 968, 1145,
2149,2177
British Museum V. Payne . . 1466,2199
V. White 1628
British Mutual Banking Co i^.
Chamwood Ry 285
British Nation Assrce, Re ... 579
British Provident Assne, R« . . 788
British Wire Co v. Preseot ... 1856
British & American Corp r. Cuuper 256,
168f»
Britnell v. Walton 2045
Briton Med. Assrce* Re .... 1562
Britt V. Robinson 1666, 2035
Britten r. G. N. Ry 1473
Brittlebank, A« . . . 46.47,83,1349
Britton p. Twining 860
Broad, /?« 1626
V. Bevan 1532
V. Broad 1463
Broadbent v. Rarasbottom . . . 2221
V, Shepherd 1389
Broadhurst v. Morris 806
Broadmead v. Wood 2288
Broadwater, /{c 226
Brock r. Harrison 1989
Brockbank v, Whitehaven Junction
Ry 1179
Brocklebank, Re 1208
t*. Johnson 1141
Brocklehurst v, Railwav Printing
Co * . . . . 469
Brodrick v. Brown 986
r. Scale 809
Broennenburgh v. Haycock . 1907, 1908
Brogden v. Metropolitan liy . 107, 1883
Bromage (7. Prosser . . . . 1118,1150
Bromfield v. Crowder 907
Bromley, Re 1242
v, Brunton 668
V. Cavendish Spinning Co . 2226
P.Lloyd 381,632
Brook, Re 136, 1738
V. Badley 996
p. Brook 1088
r. Harwood 1915
p. Manchester, S. & L. Ry . 1150
Brooke, Exp 1784
,Re . . 95,1079,1498,1829,2104
, Re, Musgrave p. Brooke . . 1239
p. Clarke 676, 791
p. Inl. Rev 1118,1686
p. Kavanagh .... 1910, 2218
p. Memagh 2218
p. Mitchell 1618
p. Shadgate 2133
p. Turner 924
p. Warwick 1019
Brookes p. Drysdale . 429, 1695, 2167
Brooking p. Maudslay 979
Brookman p Smith 208, 864
Brooks p. Blanchard 1209
p. Hamlyn 688
p. Oriental Insrce 163
Brooksbank p. Wentworth ... 702
Broom p. Batchelor 12, 675, 818, 1180,
2041
Broome p. Gosden 881
Broomfield p. Southern Insrce 153, 1127
p. Williams .... 229, 395, 808
Brophy p. Bellamy 548
Brosman p. Roche 488
TABLE OF CASES.
XXXIU
Brotherton v. Metrop Dist Ry . . 1747
Broagh v. Perkins 72
V, Whitmore . . . 789, 790, 1808
Brougluim v. Brougham . . . . 213*J
V, Foulott 2036
Broaghton v. Conway 2o9
Brooghton Co t;. Kirkpatrick . . 1573
Brown, £x p. . 466, 657, 784, 745, 1982
, Exp,, Re Suffleld and Watts 1686
, Exp., Re Vansittart 819, 1844, 2198
, Re 270, 308. 306, 310, 376, 543, 1074,
1261, 1347, 1401, 1860, 1997, 2049, 2184
v. Alabaster . . 867, 2132, 2226
V. Annandale 1663
V. ArundeU 148
V. Bamford 294
r, Batemfui 1817
V, Brown 444, 747, 788, 832, 1219,
133.3, 1407
V. Burdett 2037
V, Bussell 245
V, Butteriey Co 2269
r. Carstairs ........ 1058
V. Cocking 1714
». Collins 2211
V. Cooke 1456
r. Dale 2199
p. De Tastet 1034
V. Foot 1016, 1824
V. GelUUy 281
V, Granville 228
». G. E. Ry 1445
17. G. W. Ry . . 684, 2069, 2148
». Hammond 468
I?. Hare 682
V. Hiatt 317
r. Hiffgs 15S0
V. Holyhead 226
c. Hutchinson 1727
tf. Inl. Rey. . 469. 1016, 1164, 1822,
1577, 1816
V. Jaryis 651
p. Johnson 462, 1774
r. L. & N. W. lly 26;}
V. Manchester. S. &L. Ry 496. 1084,
1666
V.Maryland 919
V. Montreal Cur^ . . . 1688, 1830-
V. Nicholson 209
V. Oakshott 920
V. Patch 1486,1488
p. Perrott 1217
p. Raindle 631
p. Robinson 1528
p. Rotherham 88
p. Shevill 1616
p. Smith 1275
p. Tayleur 1509, 1510
p. Thames & Mersey Insrce . 1825
p. Tombs 1884
p. Trumper 1720
p. Wales 1492
p. Watkins 93,1417
p. Whiteway 1483
p. Wilkinson 142
p. Wood 1277
Brown & Sibley, /2e 1743
Browne. iZs . . . . 1180, 1152, 1564
VOL. I.
Browne p. Burton .... 780, 1276
— p. Emerson 19
p. Groombridge . 1007, 1657, 2037
p. Hammond 1465
p. Kenyon 606
p. King 1877, 2239
p. Kinsella 1882
p. La Trinidad .... 62, 536
p. Peto . 95, 1313, 1314. 1316, 1712
p. Pickering 1332
p. Rainsford 2000
p. Vigne 718
p. Warner 1214, 2110
Browning o, Gt. Central Mining
Co 358
Brownscombe p. Johnson .... 1439
Brownsword p. Edwards .... 1349
Bruce v. Ailesbury .... 998, 1842
p. Curzon-Howe 933
V. Helliwell 770
p. Jones 1503
p. Nicolopulo .... 587, 1260
Brudenell p. Elwes 305
Bruflf V. Cobbold 1326
Brumfit p. Morton 610
Brumfltt p. Bremner . . . 1852, 1886
p. Roberts 707
Brundrett, J5:z p 162
Brunei, The 231
Brunner p. Webster 1746
Brunsden p. Humphrey . 276, 278, 942
Brunskill v. Atkinson 1161
P.Powell 276
p. Watson 824
Brunt p. Mid. Ry 1886
p. Spencer 1768
Brunton v. Electrical Co . . 736, 1230
P.Hall .... 261,1069,2224
Brutton p. Branson 1938
Bryan p. Arthur 781
p. White 146
Bryant, Re 1141, 2128
p. Busk 967
p. Easterson 702
p. Foot 1212
p. Hancock 181, 184, 540,2118, 2248
p. Herbert 760, 2072
p. Jjcfever 595
p. Heading .... 428, 714, 1026
Bryant & May, /?0 654,641
p. London Assrce . . . 1889, 1944
Bryce,.ft« 1881
Rryden p. Willett .... 1014, 1074
Brydges p. Dix 1291, 1885
p. Stephens 2124
p. Wotton 741
Brydone, /?6 2259
Brynmawr Coal Co, Re .... 362
Bryon, Re 303
Bryson p. Russell .... 1629, 2061
Bubb p. Padwick 37
p. Yelverton .... 797,2218
Buccleuch, /2« 2024
p. Metrop Bd of Works . . 976
Buchanan p. Faber 637, 887
p. Harrison 1470, 1683
p. Poppleton 1068
Buchannan p. Hardy 259
XXXIV
TABLE OF CASES.
Buck, Re .... 290, 656, 066. 1602
V. Nurton 109
V. Robson 1916
Buckell V. Blenkhorn 2278
V. King 39
Buckeridge v, Ingram 1469
Buckhurst, The 962,2123
Buckhurst Peerage Case .... 1865
Buckingham v. Sellick .... 1014
V. Surrey & Hants Canal Co . 1665
Buckinghamshire and Hertford-
shire Co. Co., Re 41, 51
Buckland v. Buckland 1844
w. Papillon 2157
Buckle, Re 485
r. Fredericks . . . 832,979,1749
V. Knoop 497
Buckler 0. Wilson .... 1456,1586
Buckley, jEjcd 905
». Buckley .... 305,786,927
». Crawford 1437
V. Hann 263
V, Hanson 1996
1;. Hull Dock Co 657
V. Life Boat Inst, Re DuTid . 996
Buckmaster v. Buckmaster . 514, 2145
V. Reynolds 397
Buckmyr v. Darnall 475
Bucknill v. Morris, Re Morris . . 1789
Buckrose Case 826
Buck well t;. Norman 471
Budd V. Fairmanner 1907
». Lucas .... 108,2080,2149
V. Marshall . 171, 588, 1378, 1651,
2012, 2014
Budenberg v. Roberts 917
Budgett V. Binuington . . . 505, 1053
Bulkeley v. Scepliens 560
Bull t^. Comberbach 862
». Pritchard 2234
V. Ventnor Harbour Co . . 881
BuUard v. Harrison .... 1821, 2225
Bullen t;. Ansley 1089
v. Denning .... 657, 788, 2006
Buller, Re 468, 1216, 1524
Bulley V. Bulley 1685
Bulli Coal Mining Co v. Osborne . 2118
BoUiirant v. AG. Victoria ... 649
Bullmore, Re 008, 2240
Bullock, Rb 643, 926
, Re, Good 17. Lickorish . . 101, 183
r. Dodds 815, 823, 2091
V. Donimitt 1038, 1720
u. Downes 1277, 2044
Bulman v. Fenwick .... 1345, 1953
Buhner, The 616
V. Gilman 1891
V. Hunter 2170
Bult t7. Morrell 1153
Bunbury v. Fuller 2062
Bunker v. Mid. Ry 372
Bunn 0. Harrison 1038
Bunting V. Sargent 2196
Burbey ». Burbey 379, 428
Burbidge r. Burbidge 1109
Burdr. Burd 3(59
Burdekin, Re 1783
Burdett, i?<; .... 926,2196,2197
Burdick27 Garrick 278
Burdon v. Burdon 367
Burge f. Ashley 1897
Burger v. Indemnity, &c, Assrce . 936,
2064
Burges V.Lamb 2218
r. Wickham 1809
Burgess, /?e 368,1200
u.Boetefeur . 27,406,756,1883
V. Burgess 2082
V, Clark 72, 166, 990
V. Clements 848
D.Morris 259.2248
». Northwich 666
V. Richardsoji 1441
— I'. Robinson 117, 1761
r. Wheate 864,2160
Burgh V. Legge 1280
Burgoyne, Re 698
Burke v. Gore 267
V, Lechmerc .... 1868. 1961
Burkill t;. Thomas 340, 300
Burkinshaw v. Birmingham & Ox-
ford June. Ry 2005
», Nicolls 867
Burkmire v. Darnel or Djimell . . 475
Burland t;. Broxbunie Co . 851, 554, 698
Burleton v. Humfrey 375
Burley v. Saint 700
Burlinson, Re 1705, 2138
1;. Hall 8
Bum V. Morris 2209
Bumaby v. Baillie 169
i;. Earle 521
Burnett v. Berry 437, 1439
V. G. N. of Scotland Ry . 67, 1425
Bumie v. Getting .... 788. 1210
Bums V. Brown 662
V. Collum 1274
r. Walford 671.1204
Burr, iZe 107,248
Burrell o. Jones 124
V. Simpson 840
Burroughes and Lynn, Re ... 1689
Burrowes, Re 1345, 1546
Burrows, Re . . 208, 1014, 1111, 2241
V. Foster 184
V, Holley 403, 1028
V, Rhodes 306
Burrup v. Lond. & S. W. Ry . . 807
Burry Port Hy, Re 432
Bursledon v. Clarke 1316
Burslem v. Attenborough .... 2047
Burslem & Staffordshire Co. Co., Re 1 187
Burstiai p. Baptist 2067
1% Beyfus 778
V, Fearon 1417
Burt V. Gray 2, 1071
V. Haslett 1200,2258
». Hellyar 604
Burton, Re 1142
». Barclay . . . 1754,1094,2002
V.Brooks 1866
P.English 1190
V. Eyden 1877
». Gery 1682
V. Reevell 1070
V. St. Giles ...... 650, 1460
TABLE OF CASES.
XXXV
Page
Burton v. White 648
Barton-OD-Trent v. Egginton 88, 181
Barr r. Lancashire & Yorkshire
Ry 218
— V. Thompson 522
Bury St. Edmunds r. W. Suffolk
Co. Co. 1912
Busby 9. Chesterfield W. W. Co . 664
Busfield, Re 2277
Bash, Re 647,1884
p. Calls 667
u. Cole 667
0. Freeman 1641
V. Gower 136
p. Kinnear 2030
p. Trowbridge Water Co 076,1046,
2006
Bushell V. Burland 2104
Busk V. Royal Ex. Assrce ... 721
Butcher V. Butcher 61
p. Lend. & S. W. Ry ... 1180
». Nash 1689
». Stead 819.1434
V. Steuart 681,858
Bute V. Cunynghame .... 332, ^33
». Grindall 1309
». Thompson 2286
Butler, i:x» 1833
, Re 1471
V. Ablewhite 689
p. Borton 2057
V, Bray 669
p. Butler . . 836, 1063, 1469, 1658
p. Greenwood 984
p. ^ountgarret 1107
r. Swinnerton 82
p. Wearing 1676
p. Wildman 1019
BttUer and Baker's Case . . . 868, 912
Butt p. Newman 1327
p. Thomas 1511
Butterfleld p. Forrester .... 1200
p. Heath 1621
Butterly p. Carroll 2021
Butterworth p. Robinson .... 204
Buttery p. Robinson 1956
Button P. O'Neill 1784
p. Tottenliam 1848
Buxton p. Buxton 399
— ^ p. Jones 978
— p. Mingay 965
Byas p. Miller 1764,2009
Byerley p. PreYOst 1676
Byne p. Currey 871
Byng. /26 1845.1843
p. Byng 806,866
Byrd,i2« 1880,1881
p. Nunn 1499
Byrne p. Brown 1638
p. HUl 1427
p. Muzio 768
p. Pattinson 715
r. Ring 1808
Byrom p. Brandreth . 1215. 1216, 1613
Byron, /Ze .... 267,416,806,1843
Bythesea p. Bythesea 1074
By water, /20 90
p. Richardson 2214
C.
Caballbro p. Henty .... 667, 953
Cable p. Cable 2044
p. Marks 205
Cachapool, The 1661
Caddick p. Highton 1283
Cadell P. Bewley 1621
p. Wilcocks 1755
Cadett p. Earle 746, 788
Cadge, /2e 2232
Cadman p. Cadman 1470
Cadogan, /26 . . 1216,1216,1492,1513
p. Essex 1727
p. Lyric Theatre . . . 1677, 1712
Caerleon Tmplate Co p. Hughes . 1959
Cafe p. Bent 1715
Caflfarini p. Walker . . 76,488,1274
Caffin p. Aldridge . 260, 524, 1094, 1509,
1870
Cahill p. L. & N. W. Ry .... 1472
Cahn p. Pocketo Co 34, 876
Caiger p. St. Mary Islington 288,894,953,
1388, 1389
Cain p. Moon 668
Caine, i?6 1111
p. HorsfaU 106,1206
Caird p. Sime 1618
Caithness, Re 1233
Calcott and Elvin 408
Calcutta p. De Mattos 106
Calcutta Jute Co p. Nicholson . . 1737
Caldecott p. Harrison 429
Caldow p. PixeU 1858
Caldwell p. McLaren 1947
Caledonian Ry p. G. N. Ry . . . 1773
p. Greenock, Ac, Ry . . . 2153
P.N.B.RV 656
p. Ogilyy." 456,976
p. Turcan . 448, 1170. 1411, 1766
p. Walker 975
Caley p. Kingston 1088
Callan p. Armstrong 910
Calliope, The 2232
Callow p. Callow 1818
Caloric Co, i2e 2203
Calvert, Re 1829
p. Thomas 926. 1148
CaWin's Case 65, 506, 1100
Calye'sCase . . . 299,821,824,843
Cambefort p. Chapman .... 1025
Camberwell p. Ellis 75
Camberwell & S. Lond. Bg Soc p.
HoUoway 1072
Cambrian Ry, /fe 872
Cambridge p. Anderton .... 1916
p. Edmonton 1736
p. Parr 1774
p. Rous 1742
Cambridge University p. Bryer . 2199
Camelo p. Britten .... 672, 1190
Cameron, Re 223
p. Nystrom 349
p. Tyler 1240
p. Wiggins 2080
Cameron and Wells, /2e . . . . 1621
Camfleld v. Gilbert 525, 604
Caminada p. Hulton . . . 183, 347, 1128
XXXVl
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Camoys ». BeBt 1369
». Blundell 1*211
Caiupanliia, &c t;. Brauer . . . 1226
CampanU, The 1211
Campbell. Re 8»5, 1209
p. AUgood 2218
t?.Bou8kell 63,1203
1'. Chambers 66
p.Hadley 844
u. Leach 1711
». Lloyd's Bank 829
r. McGrain 604
V. Prescolt ... 603, 1042, 1248
r. Strange ways 462
». The Queen . . . 63,708,1208
p. Wardlaw 1206, 1341
Campden Charities, Re ... 664, 767
Canada, The 2261
Canada Freehold Estate & Timber
Co, Re 1212
Canada Shipping Co. v. British
Shipowners' Assoc .... 920, 921
Canada Sugar Co v. The Queen . 917
Canadian Pacific Uy v. Parke . . 668
Candy v. Campbell 630
Cane,/Je . . . . • 468
V, Golding 1912
Canham w. Fish 1063
Cann, /2e,JE:x;>. Hunt . . . 1296,2103
Cannan o. Abingdon 829
V.Hartley 1996
V. Meaburn 2174
V. Wood I486
Canning v. Raper 494
P.Wood 1436
Cannock v. Jones 176
Cannon v. VUhirs . . . 676, 968, 2226
Cannon Brewery Co v. Gilby . . 1626
P.Nash 2284
Canterbury v. The Queen ... 16
Canterbury, Archbp, p. KoberUon 42
Canterbury Gds. p. Canterbury
Corp 1606
Canwell P. Hanson 1387
Cape p. Scott 2187
Capell p. Aston 2047
Capital & Counties Bk o. Bank of
Eng 282
Caplin,i2« 778
Capper p. Forster .... 1080,1863
—.P.Wallace 1248.1778
Capron v. Capron 660, 676
Caproni p. Alberti 1803
Carali p. Xenos 680,2090
Carbery r. Preston 298
Cardiff Savings Bk, fie 662, 1168, 1268.
2107
Cardigan p. Curzon Howe . . . 948
p. Montague 207
Carew,/& 1078
p. Carew 668
Carey p. Carey 1346, 1349
Cargill P. Cargill 616
Cargo 6x Argos, The 166
Cargo ex Laertes, The . . 493. 1809
Carington p. Wycombe Ry 230, 23 1 , 1 123,
1986, 2076
Carisbrook, The 1776
Carl XV, The . . 1481,1633,2186
Carlill p. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 378,
664, 790, 1766
Carlotta, The 889
Carlton S.S. Co p. Casile Co 76, 1664, 1968
Carlyon p. Levering 2222
p. Truscott 1966
Carmichael p. Livtrpool Sailing
Ship Association .... 920, 1246
Carnarvon p. Yillebois 602
Came,2?€ 1312,2024
Carnegie p. Conner ... 260, 466, 1226
Carney p. Plimmer 798
Carpenter p. Bott 1993
-v, Deen .... 491, 1007, 1917
p. Hamilton 2248
p. Mason .... 1626, 2244, 2247
P.Parker 239
P.Smith 1616
Cm, Exp 1899
p. Bedford 1042
p. Benson 1093, 2266
p. Carr 477
p. Dougherty 686
p. Foster 1002
p. Fowle 1868, 1662
p. Griffith, /?« Griffith . 1602,2084
P.Lambert 1088
p. Living 1141
p. Lynch 2287
V. Metropolitan Board of
Works 998
p. Mostyn 289
p. Royal Ex. Assrce .... 1114
p.Stnnger ,.2188
Carrard p. Meek 2108
Carrier p. Price 1623
Carrington p. Bannister . . : . 2121
Carritt p. Godson .... 104, 1412
Carroll p. Cooke 612,2036
p. Hargrave 293
Carron Co p. Maclaren .... 1734
Carron Park, The . 688,802. 1246, 1260
Carruthers p. Sydebotham . . . 1944
Carshore p. N. E. Ry 966
Carson p. Pickersgill 668
Carter, /2« 1288
p. Andrews 1094
p. Bentall 863,1011
p. Boehm 861
p. Carter 649, 686, 630
p. Clarke 1493
p. Crick 167
p. Drysdale 492, 1290
p. Ducie 608
p. Rigby 2041
p. Silber 1664
p. Thomas 203
Carter and Kenderdine, i2e . 319,2198
Carthew, Re 179B, 1910
Cartwright. /?« 1041,2219
p. Forman 2266
p. Regan 1671
p. Sculcoates 88
p. Vawdry 803
Cams- Wilson and Greene, Re , , 112
Caruth, Re 1361
Carver p. Burgess 1997
TABLE OF CASES.
XXXVll
Carver v, Richards 871
Gary v. Gary 1581
V. KingBton 1088
V. Stephenson 276, 278
Casbome v, Scarfe 744
Case V. Storey . . 848, 846. 1408, 1961
Casey, /20 61,131,634,003
V. Amott 61
r. Ulor 1682
r. Rose 2076
Casgrain v. Atlantic & N. W. Ry . 06
Gasher V. Holmes .... 1103,1364
Gathill V. Wright .... 840, 2221
Cass 0. Butler 2121
Cassidy v, O'Loghlen 1561
Gassin v, Shortali 472
Gasson r. RoberU 1106
Casswell V. Cook ..... 1640,1028
Gastel V. Trechman 1247
Castelli v. Groome .... 1177, 1170
Gastioni, Exp 1604
Gasde v. GasUe 1141
V. Fox 862
V, PUyford 1764
V. Sworder 12
Castle Bytham, i::x D. . 257,1841,1848,
1968
Castlegate S. S. Co v, Dempsey . 460
Gastleman v. Hicks .... 1384, 1443
Castling v. Aabert 474
Caswell I'. Cook 2070
V. Worcestersliire Justices . 1601
Gate V. Devon & Exeter Newspaper
Co 204
Gaterham Hy, Re 2128
Gates V. South 1342
Catesby's Case 1228, 2112
Gatford, Re 1097
Cathay. The 285
Cathcart, Br p.. Re Stuart ... 688
Catherine Chalmers, The .... 1060
Catling, Re 40, 2272
p. King 1680
Catlow r. Catlow 1G86
Catt. Rb 1289
p. Tourle 660
Gattel p. Ireson 438
Cattle V. Thorpe 653
Catton p. Bennett 066, 967
p. Mackenzie 2288
Caucasian Trading Corp, Ex p.,
ReB 316
Caudrey's Case .... 872,873,876
Gaadwell v. Hanson 1387
Gaughey p. Gordon 1647
Gaunter p. Addams 1883
Cavan p. Pulteney 480
Cavanagh p. Morrison 2082
Gave p. Cairo 784
p. Grew 76
p. Harris 100, 1063
p. Hastings 116
p. Mackenzie 2104
Cavendish p. Cavendish 1228, 1661, 2172
Gavey p. Lidbetter 1299
Cavill p. Amos 1498
Cawdry p. Higliley .... 730, 1708
Gawley, f^xp 678
Page
Gawley &Co,Re 678
Cawse p. Nottingham Lunatic Asy-
lum 890
Caygill p. Thwaite 726
Cecil's Case 1295
Cecil p. Langdon 395
Cederberg p. Borries . . . .69,1871
Cefn Cilcen Go, /2e 1113
CelluUr Clothing Co p. Maxton 609
Central Bank v. Hawkins . . . 613
Central De Kaap Co . . . 1448, 2288
Central Wales Ky p. G. W. Ry 757, 1647,
2058
p. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . 1081, 2058
Cesena Sulphur Co v. Nicholson . 1737
Chadburn p. Moore 1667
Ghadwick p. Clarke 2117
p. Doleman 2288
p. Dublm Steam Packet Co . 328
p. Marsden 2220
Chaffers, /?0 26
Chaine p. Nelson 101
Challender p. Royle . . . 1083,2051
Challinor, Ex p., Re Rogers . 2102, 2103
Chalmers, Exp 1942
p. Chalmers 1844
p. North . • 65, 1279
p. Scopenich 1867
Chaloner p. Bolckow 1917
p. Lansdown 1608
Chamber Colliery Co p. Hop wood 1768,
1907
p. Rochdale Canal Co . . 360, 457,
2257
Chamberlain, Ex p 1616
P.King 1628
p. Lee 1218
p. Masterson 199
p. Young 1352
Chamberlain Go r. Bradford . . 1599
p. Smith 2082
Chamberlaine p. Chester, &c, Ry . 1247
Cbamberlayn p. Chamberlayn . . 861
Chamberlayne v. Brockett . . 610, 636
p. Chamberlayne 1075
P.Collins .... 800,784,1132
p. Dummer 2218
Chambers p. Robinson ..... 1691
p. Smith 1287
p. Taylor 708, 860
p. Wliitehaven Gommrs . 623, 033
Champ p. Stokes 190
Champion, Re 1812
Champneys p. Arrowsmith ... 177
p. Burland 497
Chancellor, /?« 1528,1573
Chandler p. Blogg . . 836,1246,1868
P.Bradley 187,188
p. Pocock 1053, 1238
p. Smith 636
Chandos p. Inl. Rev 2065
p. Tftlbot 2056
Chanel p. Robotham .... 209, 824
Ghannon v. Patch 2056
Chant, Re 2187
Chanter p. Dickenson 826
P.Hopkins 2214
Chaplin, £x p. 882,1818
XXXVIU
TABLE OF CASES.
Chaplin v. Clarke 654
v. Levy 764
V. Rogers 81*2
V. Southgate . . 1008, 1645, 1640
Chapman's Case 6«5, 897
Chapman, Ex p., Re Davey . . . 1310
, Re 1043, 1091, 1277. 1761, 1861, 2037,
2088
1'. Beecham 1276, 1276
V. Biggs 473
U.Bradley 1902
V. Chapman 648
V. Corpe 674
V. Dalton 1849
r. Fylde 1090
u. G. W.Ry 2067
». Gwyther 2214
V. Hart 1332
V. Hayman 1687, 1940
V. Lamphire 261
V. Milvain 1858
V. Peate 669
V, Reynolds 1613
V. Robinson 188
V. Royal Bank of Scotland . 893
V. Royal Netherlands Co . . 91
Chapman to Hobbs 1220
Chappell w. North .... 1661,1986
r. Punlav 68,409
». St. Botolph .... 669,1314
Chappie, Re, Newton u. Chapman . 1670
Chard v, Jervis 1182
Charge v. Goodyer 1810
Charing Cross Bank, Ex p.. Re
Parker 2103.2104
Charing Cross Bridge Co v. Mitchell 2070
Charinton v. Johnson 1834
Charles v, Blackwell 670
V. Burke 806
V. Jones 416
r. Plymouth Works .... 651
Charleswortli v. Mills . 83, 186, 193, 499.
10U6, 2088
Charlotte, The 2074
Charlton. £xp 976
r. AG 1638,2116
r. Charlton 646,1685
V. Gibson 226
V, Rolleston 2006
V. Morris 1736
Charroan, Exp 471
o. S. E. Ry 1816
Cliamock v. Court 186
r. Merchant 69
Charrington, Exp., Re Dickinson . 290,
1814, 1816
Charter v. Charter 2041
V. Greame 1862
Chartered Bank of India v. Mac-
fayden 212
V, Netherlands Steam Nav. Co 836,
1069
V. Wilson 691
Charterhouse v. Gayler .... 691
V. Lamarque 297
Chasca. The 1069
Chase v. Westmore 741
Chasemore v. Richards . 494, 976, 2223
Chasteauneuf v. Capyron . . 1097, 1862,
2090
Chaston, 7?e 1370
CImtfield f. Cox 1699
V. Ruston . . 322, 486, 1378, 2016
V. Sedgwick 660
Chatham v. Rochester Commis-
sioners 868
Chatterton v. Cave 96, 1411
». Watney 472
Chattock V. Bellamy . . . 348,2232
P.Shaw 1969
Chaundy, Re 161
Chauutler v. Robinson . . . 1387, 1390
Chaurand v. Angerstein .... 1316
Chawner, /^e . . . 187,378,637,1061
1;. Cummings . . 121,1488,2029
Chaytor, Re 913, 964, 1841
Cheape v. Kinmont 178
Cheavin v. Walker 1428
Cheese v. Lovejoy .... 619, 1766
V, Scales 2130
Cheeseborough, Re 819
Cheeseman, fo 1910,2118
Cheesman v. Hardham . . 1088, 1860
Cheetham v. Butler 171
Chelmsford School, Re 767
Chelsea v. King 1991
Chelsea W. W. Co v. Bowley 696, 871,
1064, 1056, 1364, 2029
Chenie's Case 1295
Chennell,/?e . 416,791,943,1661,1912
Cherry v Endean 781
r. Ileming 1880
Chesnutt v. Chesnutt 444
Chester v. Chester .... 610, 1623
». Powell 1039
Chester Mill Case 248
Chesterfield, /26 447,1748
V. Janssen 1604,1622
Chesterfield Brewery Co i\ Inl.
Rev 404,684
Cheston r. Gibbs 661
Chetham v. Hoare .... 361, 1669
V. Williamson 1093
Chetwynd v. Allen 1191
Chew V. Holroyd 870
Chibnall f. Paul 1300,1600
Chicago Ry v. Inl. Rev. . . 1016, 1165
Chicago & N. W. Granaries Co, Re 1688,
1890
Chichester p. Hill 1744
— V. Quatrefajas 1766
Chick V, Blaukmore 206
V. Smith 462
Chieftain, The 1099
Chilcot V. Bromley 1882
Chilcott, i?« 1766
Child V. Douglas 226, 226
p. Hearu 272
Childe V. Towers 53
Childers v. Childers 861
Childsp. Cox 1866
Chillis p. Cox 1366
Chilton r. London .... 9Y0, 1899
p. London & Croydon Ry . . 1445
p. Progress Co 1108
China S.S.Co,Re 1885
TABLE OF CASES.
XXXIX
Page
Chinery, Exp, ..... 716,1027
, Re 1860
Chinnery, Rb 896
V, Evans 24, 1437, 1661
Chinnock v. Ely 1968
Chippendale P. Holt 1431
Cbipperfield v. Carter . . . 107, 1967
Chlsholm V. Doulton 1201
Chitty r. Bray 220
Cholditch 0. Jones 240, 309
Cholmondeley v. Cholroondeley . 1681
Chomeley School v. Sewell ... 1071
Chope V, Reynolds 1670
Chorley's Case 848
Chorley v. LoTeband 629
Choriton. Be 1916
V. Kessler 1079
r. Lings .... 709,1079,1161
Chorlton-upon-Medlock v. Walker . 1388
Christ Cliarch, East Greenwich,
Re 699,1687
Christ Church Enclosure Act, Re . 1889
Christ's Hospital, Re 872, 686. 680, 699,
601, 002, 830
r. Charity Commrs . . . 769, 830
p. Harrild 1407
Christian v. Devereuz 1077
Christie, Re 79, 660, 1662.
p. Christie 1797
p. Cooper 979
p. Davey 1800
V. Gosling 1890
V. Inland Bevenue .... 404
— c. Ovington 166
p. Richardson 911
Christmas, Re 961, 990
Christopherson p. Naylor 1861, 1800, 1906
Chadleigh's Case 1461,2160
Chudley, iBs 2107
p. Chudley 610
Church p. Brown 128, 846, 1680, 2166,
2166, 2167, 2168
p. Imperial Gas Light and
Coke Co 1867
c. Inclosure Commissioners . 1202.
1203
p. London School Bd . . . 2006
p. Maxsted 666
p. Sage 192,1096,1817
Churcher p. Martin . . . . 2194,2196
Churchill, Re 36
p. Churchill 1890
p. CoUer 366
p. Dibben 044
p. Pemberton 1800
Churchward p Churchward . . 380
p. Ford 1069
Chnrton p. Douglas 722, 827
Cigala, iRs 1680
Cirenoenster Case 1911
Citizens' Insroe p. Parsons . . . 816
City Lands Corporation, Re , . . 426
City of Agra 60,2181
City of Lhicoln 377
City of London, The 2123
City of Ix>ndon Brewery p. Inl. Rer. 1964
City of London Case .*.... 119
City of Mecca W.)9
Page
City & S. London Ry p. London Co.
Co 1264, 1260, 1728
Civil Service Mus. Instrument Assn
p. Whltenuiii 1930
Ciril, &c Outfitters, Lim., Re . . 764
CUck V. HoUaud 1073
P.Wood .... 1073,1968.2006
Clacton P. Young 108, 782
Clagett, Re, Furdham p. Clagett . 1440
Clapham p. Langton 1809
p. Olirer 1867,2072
p St. Pancras 104
Clarendon r. St. James, Westmin-
ster 1800
Clark, i?« . . . 470,1874,1821,1997
, Re, Husband p. Martin . . 1606
p. Bishop 674
p. Calvert 1363
V. Cogge 2*226
t% Denton 2148,2212
p. Gaskarth 1303, 1569
p. Glasgow Assrce .... 1720
p. Jetton 88
p. Leach 184, 687
p. Molyneuz . . 1148, 1160, 1669
p. Newsam 1076
p. Powell 222
P.Reg 768,1484
p. St. Pancras 227
p. Stanford 1498
p. United States 2281
Clarke's Case 1010
Clarke, ^arp 941
, Re . . 69, 941, 1209, 1881, 1910
, Re, Coombe p. Carter . . . 2170
p.Adie 1899
p. Blake 1111
V. Bradlaugh 340, 402
V. Butler 1788
P.Clarke 684
p. Colls 2136,2137
V. Hague 63, 1039. 1488
V. Hart 4
p. Hayne, Re Beach .... 1279
p. Hoggins 2210
p. Law 1417
p. London & County Bank 461, 740,
1430
p. Manchester, S. & L. Ry . 1382
p. MUwall Dock Co ... . 499
p. Parker 876
p. Samson 886
p. St. Mary, Bury St. Ed-
munds 1814
p. Thornton 267, 670
p. Watkins 204,266
V. Yorke 277
Clarkson p. Musgrave 1290
p. Robinson 1670
Clavering p. Clarering 1341
p. EUison 000,760
Clay,i2e 064,1364
p. Coles 1076
p. Crofto 064
— - p. Pennington 1014
p. Yates 826
Clayden, i2e 686
Claydon p. Green .... 041,1607
xl
TABLE OF CASES.
Pago
Clayton's Case .... 106, 780, 1437
Clayton, Re 1910
V. Burtenshaw 486
V. Corby 1276
u. Gosling S86.2178
V. Gregson 1088
V. Smith 2012
Cleary v. Booth 639
Cleaver, Re 926
V. Bacon 239, 1820
V. Mutual Reserve Assn . . 1611
Cleckheaton u. Firth 1066
Clee,i?< 1691
Cleer v. Peacock 770
Clegg V. Hands 1022
W.Rowland 2266
Cleland, flte .... 826,1349,1868
Clement, /?« 37,2081
u. Lewis 1869
Clementi v. Golding 1864
Clementf, /?e 434,948
V. Flight 520
p. Smith 787
Clemow, i?e 2036,2037
Clemson v. Hubbard 560
Cleopatra, The 510
Cierp^y Orpftan Corp. Re . 49, 620, 2200
Clerical, Medical and General Life
Assrce v. Carter .... 1578, 2286
Cleveland, Re 1 17, 447, 024, 1376, 1380
v. Meyrick . . . 1202, 1204, 1686
Cleveland W. W. Co r. Redcar . 2224
Clew,/28 1317,1849
Cleworth v. Leigh Justices . 1050, 2078
Clifden, /?e 1182,1487
Cliflf, Re 2277
Clifford t;. Arundell 1362
V. Hoare 918, 1420
V. Holt 228
r. Inl.Rev 1071,1456
V, Koe 806
V. Watts 918, 2266
Clift V. Schwabe .... 344, 707, 1978
Clifton V. Goodbun 808
— '- V. Lombe 1581
V. Ridsdale 1358, 2184
Clifton Coll. V. Thompson . . 178, 591
Climpson v. Coles 133, 192, 1095, 1760,
1817
Clink w. Hickie ^34
y. Radford .... 282,466,504
Clinton, Re 629, 680, 2178
W.Clinton 947
u. Hatchard. ...'... 214
Clitheroe, /2< 182
Clonk t'. Hammond, Re Tavlor 429, 1264
Clonmel Traders v. VVaterford, &c,
Ry 528,1148
Close, Ex p., Re Hall . . 192, 198, 2088
Clothier u. Webster 663
Cloves u. Awdry 806
Clow V. Harper 19, 20
Clowdsley v. Pelham 1582
Clowes, Re 1238
V. Hilliard 203
ClufiEr. Cluff 996
Clutterbuck v. Taylor 590
Glutton V. Attenborough . 712, 888, 1015
P»ge
Clydach, The 1241
Clyde Cycle Co. i«. Hargreaves . 1249
Clyde Navigation v. Laird 81, 1765, 1860
Clymene, The 1424
Coal Economizing Gas Co, Re . . 1577
Coard v. Holderness 160, 525, 644, 645,
1512, 1548
Coates, J^xp., /?eSkelton ... 758
V. The Queen 723
Coates to Parsons 889
Coats v. Jnl. Rev. 404,656,658, 1781,1828
Coats worth v. Johnson . . . 1070, 2197
Cobb V. Cobb 1666
r. G, W. Ry 348
V. Stokes 2284
Cobbett V. Slowman 437
V. Woodward 205
Cobden v. Bagwell 2045
Cobom r. Palace Tlieatre ... 88
Coburg Hotel v. London Co. Co. 226, 227
Coburn v. Colledge 277
V. Collins 136
Cochran v. Retberg 468
Cochrane v. Duiidonald . . 15:iO, 1532
V. Entwisle 926
V, Green 1876
V. Moore 811, 1296
rock. Re, Ex p. Rosevear Co . . 682
, Re, Ex p. Shllson . 488, 993, 1339
W.Gent 1114
Cockaine r. Hopkins 1774
Cockayne w. Harrison 382
Cockburn w. Alexander 1080, 1189, 1363
V. Edwards 1437
Cocker's Case 1295
Cocker v. Musgrove . . . 1089, 2008
Cockerell w. Aucompte .... 1225
V. Essex, Re Johnston . 1396, 1495,
1897, 1968
Cockey V. Atkinson 1509
Cocking w. Eraser .... 1916,2073
Cockrane v. Fisher 1780
Cockrell w. Cockrell 566
Cocks, Ex p.. Re Poole .... 1083
w. Chandler 1356
V. Macclefleld 497
w. Manners 1704
V. Mayner 879, 1498
w. Purday 725,1888
Coddington w. Jacksonville Ry . . 826
Coe, Re 1751
Coggs w. Bernard 159, 886
Coghlan, Re 585
Cogswell w. Armstrong .... 1742
Cohen w. Foster 2072
W.Hale 478
w. Kittell 798
w. Slade 566
w. S. E. Ry 1667
w. Tanner 818,2053
Colac w. Summerfleld 1798
Colam w. Hall 1490
w. Pagett 566
Colbeck w. Ashfleld 2093
Colberg, i?« 2017
Colbourn w. Dawson 1679
Colbran w. Barnes .... 228. 2049
Colby f. Hunter 034,2214
TABLE OF CASES.
xli
Colchester v, Kewnej .... 889, 800
Colchester Grammar School, Re . 636
Colchester & Co v. Gloucester-
shire Co. Co 680
Colclough, He 188
Cole's Case 667
Cole, Re 322
, Re, Ex p, VLution .... 1616
'— V. Accidental Insrce .... 1601
V. Coulton 1486
V. Davis 1822
r. Eley 1290
p. Fitzgerald 898
tf. Goble 864
V, Greene . . . 1727, 1864. 1867
V. Hawes, Re Bond . . 1037, 1633
— V. Jealous 416
— - c. Manning 418
o. Miles 203
r. North Western Bank . 66, 1189
V, Sootl 862, 1296
V. Sewell 1999
V. West London, &c, Ry . . 896
Colebrook o. Tickell : 870, 1364, 202f)
Colegrare r. Dias Santos .... 783
Coleman v, Bathurst 1781
V. Birmingham . . 806, 307, 1232
V, Coleman 444
Colenso v. Gladstone 633
Coles, Re 321
V. Bristowe 2068
V. Coates 1089
V, Dickinson 1899
D. Pack 748,2069
ColUrd V. Marshall 2002
V. Sampson 2278
CoUedge p. Harty 2064
Colles V. Coates 1089
Collesa ». N. S. Wales Minister for
Lands 1072
CoUett V. Collett 1841, 1966
V. Walker 1686
CoUette V, Goode 1499
Colley V, Hart 680, 1691
Collier r.Nokes 1984
r. Squire 119
V. Walters 861
r. Worth 1697,2076
Collinge, i?0 1066
V. Haywood 966
Collingridge v. Paxton 1217
CoUingwood v. Pace . . 66, 606, 1277
V, Stanhope . . . 632, 2116, 2288
Collins, ^rp 364
,Re 696
V. Castle 991
r. Collins . . . .111,630,1216
V. Cooper 687
V. Hopwood 1286, 1684
r. Johnson 1860
— ^ V. Middle Level Commrs . . 1697
». Paddington . . . 716,717,1001
V. Prosser 693
V. Rose 684
V, Thomas 2047
V. Weymouth, Re Yarrow 198
V. Worley 823
CoUls V. Carter 206
Page
Collis V. Laugher 36
Collison, Re 661
I'. Curling 1938
Collnian i;. Mills . 246, 1046, 1460, 1893.
1972
V. Roberts 1874
Colman, Re , . ,
V. G. E. Ry . .
Colonibine p. Penhall
Colonial Bank v, Cady
— u. Hepworth
V, Whinney
969, 1240, 1681
.... 1242
.... 2170
.... \m
.... 1261
122, 809, 310, 824, 926,
981, 1618, 1619
Colonial Government v, British S.
Africa Co 266
Colonial Insrce of New Zealand v.
Adelaide Insrce ... 106, 140, 260
Colquhoun v. Brooks 96, 114, 206, 611,
1619, 1586
V. Heddon 990
Colt & Glovei' V. Bp of Coventry &
Lichfield 841
Coltherd v. Puncheon 1641
Colthirst V, Bejushin . . 284, 364, 4U0
Coltman v. Chamberlain .... 18^)8
Coltness Co v. Black .... 89, 1673
Colton V. Roberts, Re Fleck . 896, 1664
Coltsmann v. Coltsmann .... 1830
Columbus, The 216, 2083
ColviU V. Wood 322, 323
Colyer, Re 106
Combe v. Pitt 462
Comber v. Uyland .... 1376, 1707
Combined Weigliing Co, Re 434, 478, 2088
v. Automatic, &c, Co . . . 2051
Combridge v. Harrison .... 2
Comfort V. Betts 8
tf. Brown 869, 86 )
Commercial S. S. Co v. Boulton . 1068,
1776
Commercial Bank of Australia v.
Wilson 1436
Commercial Union Assrce v. Lister 1900
Commins v, Scott 1689
Commrs of Charitable Donations v.
Cotter 628, 629
Commrs of Inland Revenue v. Good-
fellow 447
Commrs of Railways r. Hyland 336, 746
Commrs of Sewers v. Glosse 2187, 2219
Commrs of Stamps v. Hope 200, 924, 1118,
1471, 1916
Commrs of Tnxation v. Kirk 611, 2078
V.St. Mark's 2162
Commrs of Valuation v. Sligo Har-
bour 1612
Common Petroleum Co, /?f . . . 1374
Commonwealth v. Dejardin . . . 1239
V. Stevens 20m
V. Vincent 1246
V. Wright 2030
Compagnie Financi^re v. Peruvian
Gunno Co 1699
Components Tube Co v. Nay lor . 692
Compton V. Bagley 641
Comtessc de Fr^geville, The . . 1261
Comyns r. Hvde 206
Concessions Trust, Re , 286
xlii
TABLE OF CASES.
Condon v. Vollum 448
Congreve o, fivetts 061
Coningham v, Mellish 2146
Conington, Re 1258
Conlan, Re 1437
Conlon V, Moore 394
Conly V. Green 1215
Connell v. Grienon ....... 1270
Connolly to Sheridan, Ex p. 1071, 1125,
1643
Connor v. Belfast Water Coromra . 374
1;. Kent 1004
ConoUy, i2« 388
Conquest v. EbbetU 1720
Conron v. Conson 68
ConroT V. Peacock 1033
Consolidated Co v. Curtis . . . 2100
Consolidated Credit Corp v. Gosney 401,
025
Consolidated Exploration Co, Re . 2097
— V, Musgrave . . . . 158
Consort Deep Lerel Co, Re . . . 1882
Constable's Case .... 787. 876, 2275
Constable v. Bull .... 561, 1705
V. Constable 2108
ConsUble and Cranswick, Re . . 737
Consterdine v. Consterdine . . . 1941
Conway v. Clemence . . . 1493, 2227
V, Vernon 893, 1587
Conybeare v. London School Bd . 436
Cooch V. Goodman 1880
r. Maltby 1688
». Walden 123
Coode V. Johns 555
Coogan V. Hayden 778
». Luckett 822
Cook v. Bath 4
t;. Collingridge ... 827, 1084
V. Corbett 187
V.Dawson 1229
V. Fowler 2214
p. Gerrard 1811
V. Gordon 188
V. Hainsworth 1439
V. Humber . . . 898,1387,2023
V. Hutchinson 2146
r. Ipswich 956
— V. Jaggard 67
V. Luckett ...... 250, 941
r. Montagu 1388
V. N. Metrop. Trams Co 1049, 1168,
1373, 2260
V. Oakley 2040
V. Paxton 1899
Cooke V. Baldwin 1349
V.Blake 1698
u. Cholmondeley . . 702, 820, 1038
V. Crawford 132, 183
». Cunliffe 1288
». Farrand 06
V. Fuller 26,585
V.Gill 276
V. Mirehouse .... 1348, 1340
v. New River Co 883, 564, 592, 1857
— V. Vaughan 408
—^ V, Vogeler 476
f. Wagster 1656
V, Wilson 2008
Cookman v. Rose 2141
Cookney, Ex p 1961
Cookson V. Bingham .... 74, 1024
V. Swire 1516, 2196
Coole p. Lovegrove 1627
Coolgardie Gold Mines, Re 611, 1034, 1136
Coolidge 0. Choate 015
Coombe v. Carter, Re Clarke . . 2170
p. Trist 1306
Coomber v. Berks Ins 181
Coombes v. Dibble 1961
V, Queen's Procior . . . 815, 708
Coombs V, Beaumont 825
V.Cook 1878,1874
V. Wilks 1060, 1280
Coon V. Rigden I960
Coope V. Cresswell 1420
Cooper, Ex p., Re Banm .... 1677
,Re 1411
V. Betsey 1055
V. Chitty 2100
V. Cooper 46
V. Crabtree 2021
V.Crane 584
V. Davenport 2121
V.Day 932
— V. France 1624
V. Griffin 031
V. Hood 648
V. Hubbuck .... 224, 624, 1005
V. Huggins 1917
V. L. B. & S. Ry 864
— V. Lawson 473
V. Macdonald .... 710, 1045
V. Metrop Bd of Works . . 820
— V. Pearce 441
V. Pearse 800, 884
r. Pegg 1688
V. Phibbs 684,1088
V. Slade 1822
V. Straker .... 13, 36, 1002
V. Trewby 767
V. Whittingham . . 817, 916, 1047
V. Woolley 1621, 1526
V. Wright 2121
V. Wyatt 66
V. Zeffert 147
Cooper and Allen, Re 66
Cooper King v. Cooper King . . 671
Co-operative Wholesale Socy and
Kershaw, i?6 1084
Cootev. Jndd 1619
— V. Lowndes 395
Cope V.Barber 282,561
V. Cope 160
V. De la Warr 526
V. Landles 1122
— — V. Thames Haven Dock and
Ry 1856, 1857
Copeland, £x j> 1039
V. N. E. Ry 2088
V. Simister 1630
Copernicus, The 140, 622
Copis V. Middleton 816
Copland, Re 2087
V. Bartlett 208
V. Davies 168
Copley V. Burton 2092
TABLE OF CASES.
xliii
Copp, 2?€ 98
Coppard, i?e 2188
Coppen V, Moore . . 979, 1046, 2080
CoppiDger v. Gubbins . . . 186, 2109
Corballis v. CorballiB 895
Corbet's Case 1860
Corbet v, Corbet 1680
V. Haigh 1666
Corbett, Re 2000
17. Gen. Nav. Co .... 264, 266
V. Jonas 1263
Corby, fie 1162
Corbyn v. Leader 1460
Corcoran v. East Surrey Ironworks
Co 492
1?. Gumej 1944
Cording, Exp 1127
Cordinglej v. Cheesebrough 41, 864,688,
1872
Core V. James 1047
Cork & Bandon Ry v. Goode 1369, 1915
Cork & Youglial Ry, iRa .... 1112
Corke ». Fry 947
Corkling v. Mussey 669
CorUss, Re 1066
Corless r. Sparling 1226
Com V. Matthews 2110
Comeck v. Wadman 185
Cornell v. Hay 1325
Comer r. Odd Fellows Socy . . 2242
Comtek V. Pearce 669
Cornish, Re 2106, 2107
— r. Accident Insrce .... 1309
p. Cawsy 780
V. Cleife 6a% 2028
Coramell v. Keith 2173
Cornwall V. Cornwall 664
V, Henson 608
Cornwall Ry, iB« 1915
Comwallis, /?« 1729
Coromandel, The 510
Corporation for Relief of Widows
and Children of Clergy v. Sutton 207,
620,2200
Corporation of Sons of Clergy t;
Sutton 297,620
Corpus Coll. V. Rogers 646
Corrall v, Cattell 865. 608
Corsellis, /?« 1417
Cort 9. Ambergate Ry . . . 1646, 1656
r. Sagar 178
Cortis V. Kent W. W. Co . . 1286, 1468
Cory V. Bretton 2260
p. Burr . . 268,1066,1822,2214
V. Patton 1894
Coryton v. Helyar 1258
Cosby V. Shaw 921, 1200
Cosgrare v. Trade Co 1604
Cosgrore v. Partington .... 628
Cosh.ife 719
Cosier, /2e 891,1793,2008
Cossey r. Cossey 619
Cossman p. West 2078
Costar p. HetlieringtoQ .... 764
Costello.p. O'Rorke 1727
CoUiam p. West 1085
Cottam p. Guest 785
p. Partridge ... 18, 1189, 1190
Page
Cottee p. Richardson . . . 2082, 2118
Cotterell p. Stratton 415
Cotterill p. Lempriere 896
Cottingham p. King 1282
Cottle p. Warrington 51
Cotton, £xp 1670
, Re 1624
p. Cotton 1082
p. Vogan 743
Coulbert p. Troke . . 712,1248,2092
Coulthurst P. Carter 528
p. Sweet 497
Coulton p. Ambler ..... 827, 1H04
Counden p. Gierke .... 695, 1940
Counhaye, Re 487
Counsel p. Garvie 2192
Counsell p. Lond. & Westminster
Loan Co 864
Counties Conserrative Bg Socy, Re 1186
Country Estates Co p. Graves . . 1879
County of Durham, The .... 2180
County of Gloucester Bank p. Rudry 815,
829, 1806
County of Lancaster S. S. p. Sharpe 866,
1485
County Road Trustees p. Fleming 1138
County Theatres and Hotels Co p.
Knowles 1985
Courcier p. Bardill 1166
Courier, The 828
Court p. Buckland . . 1266, 1788, 1788
Court Bureau, /?e 1806
Courtauld p. Legh 86
Courtier, Re 1816
Courtis p. Blight 1489
Courtney p. Cole 2083
Courtoy p. Vincent 801, 821
Cousen p. Cousen 444
Cousens p. Rose 968
Cousins, Re 124, 888, 1290
p. Thompson 1441
Couturier p. Hastie 91, 688
Coras V. Bingham 128
Coventry's Case 1208
Coventry p Coventry . . . . 74, 681
p. L. B. &8. Ry . . 40,230,2076
Cuverdale p. Charlton . 868,1948,2181
p. Grant 1646
Coverley p. Burrell 2280
Cowan, Re 472
p. Milboum 311,2184
p. O'Connor 276
Cowap p. Atherton 2092
Coward p. Gregory .... 176, 1680
p. Larkman 2151
Coward & Adams, Re . . 26, 838, 584
Cowas-jee r. Thompson .... 682
Cowburn, Re, Ex p. Firth . 1296, 2108
Cowdell, i^ 1969
Cowell p. Amman Co 1688
p. Buchanan 2023
Cowen p. Kingston 78, 1256
p. Phillips 40
p. Truefltt 1211
Cowles p. Dunbar 1726
p. Gale 1607
Cowley, i26 .... 286,1254,1956
P.Cowley . 887,1018,1213,2064
xliv
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Cowley V. Inland Rev 1426
V. Watts 1238
r. Wellesley .... 1841,2218
Cowling V. Higginson 2224
Cowman v. Harrison 16>^
Cowper V. Andrews 741
Cowper Essex v. Acton .... 074
Cox, Be 660,1749
r. Ambrose 862, 099
V.Bennett . . . 862,1296,1745
V. Bishop 182
V. Bruce 1684
V. Feeney 1607
v. Glue . ' 828, 1968
V, Godsalve 702
». 0. W. Ry 2085
V. Hakes 488, 1794
V, Land & Water Journal Co 204,
1466, 1880
r. Willoughby 587
Cox and Neve, /?6 2068
Coxon p. N. E. Ry 431
Coyle V. Cuming 1797
Coyne v. Brady 1488
Crabb, Ex p., Re Palmer ... 97, 1092
v. Crabb 514,615
Crabtree, jKxp 2186
V, Hole 1972
Craddock v. Rogers 2160
Crafton v. Frith 88, 1342
Cragg V. Taylor 994
Craig, /?« 1839
v. McPhee 1183
-. — ». Nicholas 015
u. Wheeler 1715
Craignish, Re 666
Craiki;. Lamb 612,1104
Crake ». Powell 1176
Cramp, Re, Ex p. Bering ... 431
Crampton v. Swete 1694
Crane v, Lawrence .... 678, 2192
V, London Docks Co . . . 1164
1;. Price 1270
Craven v. Brady 183
V. Errington. Bathurst v. Er-
rington 607,608
V. Sanderson 1403
r. Smith 1026
V. Yorke 2160
Crawcour, £jr p 192
t;. Salter 1519
Crawford, /?e 1724
r. City of London, &c, Co . . 609
v.Forshaw 664,1241
r. Newton 1720,2026
». N. E. Ry 660
V. Toogood 641
V. Trotter 869, 862
t;. Wilson 2116
Crawford and Lindsay, Re . . , 1702
Crawhall,/?€ 184,1372
Crawley's Case, Re Peruvian Ry . 787
Crawley, Re, Acton v. Crawley 1866, 1387,
2015
Crawshaw V. Crawshaw . . 690,1743
Crawshay, Re 66, 187, 769, 1840, 1911,
2116
Crayford V. Rutter 1688
Page
Craysbayv Homstedt .... 898
Creagh, Re 122, 138, 1546
r. Wilson 56
Cream v. Ray 1683
Crears v. Hunter 743
Credit Co v. Pott 2108
Credits Gerundeuse v. Van Weede ^77
Credland v. Potter 402
Cree v, St Pancras 1629
Creen v. Wright 650
Creek, Re 420
Creeth V. Wilson 2188
Cremetti v, Crom 716
Cremome v, Antrobus . . . 789, 898
Creppt r. Durden .... 1266, 1444
Crespigny v. Wittenoom .... 1440
Cressington, The .... 1259, 1454
Crew V, G. W. Steamship Co . . 1746
Crewe v. Crewe 336
Crichton V. Symes ... 821, 828, 2228
Crichton's Oil Co, Re 1994
Crick V. Theobald 2079
Criokmer's Case 390
Criddle V. Scott 1296
Crimdon. The 1977
Cripps V. HartnoU 90
». Judge 492,1493
w. Wolcott 1998
Cripps, Ross A Co, Re .... 1782
Crisdee v. Bolton 1987
Crisp V. London Co. Co 1955
Crispin, Exp 1706
Critchley, ffe 2142
Crocker v. Gen. Insrce of Trieste . 900,
1610
r. Sturge 718,1510
Crockett v. Crockett 688
Croft, i?e 2201
V. London & County Bk . . 786
V, Lumley 129, m. 548, 886, 921,
1059, 1072, 1307, 1626, 2166, 2283
u. Rickniansworth .... 671
Crofton V. Poole 1471
Crofts V. Haldane .... 456, 1146
V, Taylor 582
Crogate's Case 464
Croker w. Orpen 6
Cromack v. Brennand 1184
Crompton v. Jarratt 60, 139, 869, 871, 924,
1861, 1659, 1890
Cromwel's Case 1597
Cromwell v. Stephens 891
Cronin v, Rogers 1071
Cronniire, i?« 480,1436
Cronshaw v. Wigan 1270
Crook V. Hill 304
V. Morley 1291,2001
V. Whitley 1263
Crooke v. Brookeing .... 806, 306
». MTavish 1222
Crookewit v. Fletcher 2064
Croome v. Croome 2147
Cropper v. Smith .... 1447, 1563
Crosbie t*. Macdoual 1412
Croshaw v. Lyndhurst Ship Co . . 1814
u. Pritchard 646
Crosland, /?« 629
Crosmann v. Bristol. &c, Ry . . . 2182
TABLE OF CASES.
xlv
P»ge
Crofts. Re 2200
, Re, Ex p, Payne 163
17. Eglin 1225
V. Fisher 1678
c. Maltby 19y9
V. PagUano 2083
V. VVatta 1336
r. West Derby 1501
p. Wilks 603
r. Williams 1282
Crosse V, Gardner 2214
©.Morgan 721,2161
r. Raw , . 918. 1378, 2013, 2014
V. Wandsworth 1272
Crossfteld v. Tanian ..... 1755
CroMlej, /2e 096,2122
». Maycock 1958
Grossman v. The Queen . . . 165, 166
Crosswell v. People 906
Crouch V. Credit Foneier . . 1065, 1261
V. G. N. By 1400
Crowo. Falk 587
V. Redhouse 1268
r. Robinson 90
Crowe u. Bank of Ireland . . . 1417
r. Crisford . . . ia38, 1715,1716
P.Price 478,1447
Crowhorst v, Amersham Bd . 1300, 1501
Crowley v. Cohen 822
Crown Bank. Re 1084
Ciowther, Re 1528, 1574
V. Elgood 712, 1515
V. STans 1999
V. ITiorley .... 235, 268, 798
Croxton v. May 1544
Croysdale v. bunbury-on-Thames . 571,
1386
Crozier v. Fisher 2001
Cruiubie r. Wallsend .... 278, 887
Cramp v. Adney 1856
V. Norwood 885
Crunipe v. Crampe ..'.... 625
Cruse V. Nowell 865
V. Paine 1695
Crush V. Turner 1467
Crusoe d. Blencowe v. Bugby . . 128
Crutwell V, Lye 827
Cruwys v. Colman . . 695, 1581, 1700
Crux r. Aldred . « 1445
Crystal Palace Co v. London Co.
Co 012
Cubison v. Mayo 71
Cubitk o. Porter 1421
Cuckfield V. Goring .... 1091, 1655
Caddington v. Wilkins .... 707
Cadlipp V. Cudlipp 514
CufiF V. Hall 400
Cull V Austin 69
Cullard v, Taylor 1903
Cullen, Ex p.. Re Parrott . . . 2263
CuUeme r. London, &c, Bg Socy . 278
Cnlverhouse. Re 124
Cumberiand's Case 2056
Cumberland p. Bowes 689
17. Kelley 1441
Cainberiand Co. Co. v. Inl. Kev. . 1629
CuinberUnd Union Bk o. Mary port 76
Coming, /2e 2107
Psge
Cnmming v. Bailey 299
V. Bedborougli 1433
Cuifimings v. Ince 583
Cummington v. Cummington . . 867
Cummins v. Birkett 19
V, Uerron 717
Cummins and St. Lcger, Re , , . 884
Cumner v. Milton 1303
Cunard S. S. Co r. Coulson . . . 2227
Cundy v. Le Cocq 577, 1045. 1046, 1972
Cunliffe v. Blackburn lig iiocy . 1113
V. Hampton Wick . . 858, 1845
Cunnack v. Edwards . . . 296, 1602
Cunningham, Exp., Re Mitchell 567, 623
»Re 470,1880
, Re, Ex p, Attenborough . . 1354
W.Dunn 466,2161
V. Foot 674, 1076
V, Mar. Insrce 2073
V. Philp 978
Cunningham and Fray ling. Re . 30, 165
Curfew, Tlie 76
Curle'sCase 1024
Cumick V, Tucker 1530
Currey, Re 92. 188
Currie,iRfl 821,822,946
V. Anderson 12
V. Bombay Insrce .... 3
r. Misa 378,1435
Curry r. Edensor 1699
Cursham v New land 1014
Curteis t; Kenrick 500
Curtis, ^xp 427
V. Armstrong 650
V. Curtis 866, 444
V. Eniherey ... 846, 1766, 1950
V. Kesteven Co. Co. . . 1767,2182
V. Marsh 1818
V. Rippon 1532
Curtoys, Re 891
Curwen, Re 10
Curzon i;. Edmonds 24
Cusack r. L. & N.W. Ry .... 1478
V. Robinson 12
Gushing v. Dupuy 164, 717
Cuat V. Middleton ..... 1717,1994
Custance v. Wilkinson .... 173
Custodes V. Jinks 1232
Cutbill v. Kingdom 1913
Cuthbert v. Gumming .... 84, 260
V. Robinson 109
Cuthbertson v. Butterworth ... 893
Cutlan V. Dawson 1095
Cutler V. N. London Ry . . . . 1667
Cutter r. Powell 627, 1635
Cutto V. Gilbert ' . 1068
Cutto r. Ward .... 61, 394, 1172
Czech V. Gen. Steam NaT. Co . . 1060
D.
Dafforvb v. Goodman .... 808
Dagg V. Dagg 515
jy&gliBh^Exp 784
v. Barton 99, 1466
Dagnall, /?« 267,1291
D'Aguilar v. D'Aguilar .... 444
xlvi
TABLE OF CASES.
Pago
Dahl v. Nelson 76, 118, 124, 1247, 1458,
2204
Daintree v. Fasulo 25
V. Hutchinson 1525
Daintrey, Re, Ex p. HoU .... 2281
, Re, Exp, Maut 1286
Daisy Hopkins, £:x;7 2209
Dakin's Case 2187
Dakinv. Cope 2198
t;.L.&N.W. Ry 1169
Dakins t'. Wagner 2142
Dale, Ex p.. Re Binstead .... 716
V. Atkinson 1111
Dale & Plant, Re 289
Daley v. Desbouverie 375
Dalgleifih t;. AthoU 2281
V. Brooke 407
Dalison, Re 928, 954
Daliow V. Garrold . 202, 428, 1200, 1686
D'Almaine t\ Boosey 204
». Moseley 833,644
Dairy mple v. Dairy mple . . . . 1165
W.Hall 2136,2187
Dalton V. Angus 595, 1124
1;. Fitzgerald 647
Daly V. Edwardes 129
V, Webb 1488
V. Wright .... 63. 1353, 2077
Dalzell, Re, Ex p, Rashleigh . . 1425
V. Welch 1014
Dames to Wood 2144
D'Amico V. Trigona 1146
Danby v. Coutts 1525
». Hunter 267
Dand V. Kingscote 2225
Dandov. Boden 162,1106
Dane v. Mtge Insrce . .841, 989, 1295
Danford r. McAnulty 1171
V. Taylor 94, 797
Daniel, /2« 1906
V. Coulsting 898, 894
V. Dudley 664
r. Cosset 185
r. Janes 2186
V. Metrop Ry 348
». Ocean Coal Co 508
V. Whitfield 267, 742
Daniel Ball, The 1245
Danieil, Re 229, 2:?0
Daniels v. Harris 916
Dann ». Spurrier 1347
Dannebrog, The 214
Dansey v. Richardson 978
Danson, Re 22, 1054, 1.S39
Dantv. Moore 1941
Dannbian Sugar Factories v. Inl.
Rev 634
Danvers v. Clarendon 860
Dapueto ». Wyllie 262
Darbyshire, /?€, £:xp. Hill '. . . 755
V.Leigh 1170,1171
D'Arc r. L. & N. W. Ry .... 1398
Darcy v. Askwith .... 2216, 2255
D*Arcy r. Carrager 472
v. Tamar, &c, Ry . 535, 1642, 1806
D'Arcy to White, /?« 1113
Dare Valley Ry, /?e .... 112.375
Darell u. Wybame 1156
Darenth Valley v. Dartford . . . 1912
Dargan V. Davies 651,919
Darlaston v. Lond. & N. W. Ry . 688
Darley V. McDonnell 1330
v. PerceTal 2183
Darley Main Co v. Mitchell 38, 277, 278,
387
Dariing, /?« 1837
Darlington, Ex p 941
V, Hamilton 1007
Dariington Forge Co, /?e . . . . 138
Darlington Wagon Co t;. Harding . 274,
375. 531, 636
Darlow v. Bland 1296, 2102
r. Edwards 1883
V, Scratton 778
Dartmouth v. Spittle 361
DarviU v. Roper 1202, 1636
». Terry 201
Darwin V. Lincoln 836
Dashwood v. Ayles .... 1243, 2028
V. Magniac 408, 452, 821. 1038. 1205,
1840, 1719, 1808, 2003, 2056, 2057, 2124,
2216
Daubuz V. Lavuigton . . . 671, 1294
Davenport, Re 664, 2241
V. Coltman 67, 2238
V, Davenport 1952
V. Hanbury. . . 638,1011,1018
V.King 1420
«. The Queen 2193
Daventry v. Parker 1091
Davers v, Dewes 1278
Davey i*. Bentinck 1495
V. Durrant 2123
V.Mason 1886
V, Shannon 1288
v. WilUamson .... 736, 1364
David, i?« 2122
, Re, Buckley r. Life Boat
Inst 996
v. Sabin 182,1330,2063
David and Matthews, Re . . 828, 1940
Davidson, Re, Martin v. Trimmer . 400
». Allen 1664
». Burnand 1808
V, Cariton Bank . . . 1007, 1917
V.Cooper 1169
V, Gwynne 1984
V. Kimpton 1543, 2000
Davies' Case 902
Davies, ^xp 1880
,Re . . 184,1085,1310,1827.2103
v. Bolton 1010, 2170
V. Davies 367, 535, 1611, 1745. 1897,
2227, 2260
V.Evans 1179
V. Games 1009
V. Goodman 2196
r. Harvey . 813, 1358, 1886, 1594
V. Hopkins 1884
V. Jenkins ... 926, 1297, 1917
V, Jones 1616
V.King. The 2045
V. Lond. & Frov. Mar Insrce . 989
V. Main Colliery Co ... . 607
V. Makuna 2189
V. M'Lean 656
TABLE OF CASES.
xlvii
Page
DaTiefl v. M'Mahon 689
V. M*Veagli 1776
V, Penton 1106
». Price 2199
V. Rees 2196, 2197
— V. Smith 6
V. Stacey 72
V. Stone 1447
V, Wise 714
Davis. Exp 1484
, Re , . , , 674. 1077, 1582, 1818
, Re, Exp. Rawlings .... 1683
V. Bennett 1740
r. Berwick 702, 1886
V. Bryan 2193
17. Barton 926
r. Committi 206
V. Davis 106
». Gardiner 873
V. Greenwich . . 344. 1273, 1947
r. Harris 173
1». James 1171
V. Lieicester 106
p. Noak 1691
p. Pembrokeshire Jus. ... 410
0. Scrase 2092
If, Shepherd 1991, 2046
V, Spence 1876
V. Surr 660
V, Stephenson . . . 287, 269, 2148
17. Stribolt 697
V. Taff Vale Ry 1198
p. Treharne 2162
V. Waddington . . 899, 2023
V. Walton 870
o. Witney 666
I?. Witts 110
Davis & Carey, Re 86, 288
Davison. Re 1068, 1668
V, Gent 1996
p. Meklbben 330
Davitt, lie 1742
Davy p. Garrett 663, 763
p. Milford 2078
Davys p DougDu 1484
Daw p. Herring 64. 687
p. London Co. Co. . . 889, 1272
Dawdy. Re Ill, 112
Dawdy & Hartcup, Re . . , 988, 2172
Dawe p. WiUlams 214
Dawes, £:xp 1971,2088
,Exp.,ReUoon .... 66,2274
p. Cliarsley 1276
p. Creyke 684
p. Ferrers 1769
p. Hawkins 1606
p. Thomas 1483
p. Tredwell 61
Dawkins p. Bokeby .... 424, 2097
Daws p. Benn 2061
Dawson, Re 1462, 1833
p. African Co . . . 172,271,492
p. Clarke 2146
p. Dyer 1484
p.Lawley 662
r. Mid.Ry 1316
p. Oliver-Massey 1401
p. Robins 767
Page
Dawson p. Van Sandeau .... 1691
Day u. Barnard 2137
p. Daveron 67
P.Day 1349,2044
p. Fynn 1226
p. Kelland 1671
p. Longhurst . . . 171, 882, 1262
p. Luhke 641, 1607
p. McLea 930
V. Radciiffe 1432
p. Simpson 627
p. Woolwich Bg Socy ... 2
Daykin p. Parker 1183
Dayrell p. Hoare .... 96, 646, 1813
Deakin, Re 28, 428, 1266. 1686, 1700, 1701
p. Lakin 1827
Deal p. Schofield 1336
Dean p. Brown ... 933, 1362, 1940
p. Dean 2u46, 2143
P.Gibson 648,2040
p. Green I'M
P.King 2084
p. Thwaite 361
]>eane. /?« 2259
Dear, Re 468
p. Sworder 73, 1292
Dearden, /?e 1910,2118
Deards v. Goldsmith 2075
Dearie p. Hall 1292
Dearmer, i?e 1829
Death p. Benns 1448
p. Harrison 714
De Beauvoir p. De Beauvoir . 869,862
p. Welch 487, 1238
Debenham p. Digby 1470
P.Mellon 1260
De Braam p. Ford 1937
De Burgh Lawson, /2e . . . 476,2202
De Bussclie p. Alt 26, 1811
Deck p. Deck 2240
De Clifford. i2« 1674
Deer p. Bell 1270
D'Eguino p. Bewicke 407
De Hertel p. Goddard 372
De Hoghton, Re , . . 486, 1026, 1078
Deighton and Harris, Re . . 1699, 2283
Delacherois p. Delachcrols . . . 1166
Delahoyd, Re 1666
Delane p. Hillcoat 1824
Delaney p. Wallis 1164
Delany, /?« 1997
p. Delany .... 236,288,267
De La Salle p. Moorat 400
De Lassalle p. GuUdford .... 2216
Delaubenque p. Delaubenque . . 614
Delaurier p. Wyllie 414
DelaWarr, /?« 1592,1790
p. Miles 1427
Delea p. Cork 140
De Lisle P. Hodges 1738
Deller./fe 238
Delmar, i2e 1346
Delobbel-Flipo p. Varty .... 31
De Mattos p. Benjamin .... 798
p. North 2258
V. Saunders 1944
De Medina p. Norman 1666
De Mestre p. West 2202
xlviii
TABLE OF CASES.
Pago
De MoDtmort v. Broers .... 6G3
Denaby Co v. Feiiton 703
». Manchester, S. & L. Uy . 2128
Denbigh & Flint Case 190
Denby v. Moore 1433
Dendy, 72e 1841
Denhara, i?e ; 1268
De NicoU v. Curlier 666
Denis, Re 1013
Denn v. Diamond .... 648, 1781
u. Kemeys 1348
Dennett v. Atherton .... 32, 1640
Denning v. Henderson 1146
Dennis, Re 1766
». Forbes 2269
Dennison v. Jeffs .... 988, 1888
Denniston v. Zimmermann . . . 884
Denny v, Tliwaites 2244
Denoon v. Home & Col. Assrce . 773
Densliam, Re . 698, 699
Dent V. Dent 866
V. London Tramways . . . 1730
Derby v. Grudgings .... 103. 660
Derby Co. Co. ». Derby . . 1318.1319
r. Matlock 281,1137
Derby Municipal Estates, Re . . 474
Derbyshire v. Houliston .... 693
De Rechberg v. Beeton . . 629, 1966
Derecourt 17. Corbishley . . 2046,2047
De Ricci v. De liicci 2074
Dering, Ex p.. Re Cramp .... 431
V. Dering 367
1>. Winchelsea 396
Derome, Re 1904
De Ros, i?6 61, 94, 279
De Rosaz v. Anglo-Italian Bank 62
De Rosne v. Fairrie 928
De Rothschild v. Morrison . 293, 1172
Derry».Peek 202,1079
De Souza v. Cobden 709
D'Fstampes, Re 61, 686
DeTabley, /?e 1678
De Teissier. /?« . . . 1087,1676,1714
Detmold,/?« 1971
Deutsche National B;ink v. Paul 224, 392
Deutsche Springsteff Gcsellschaft
V. Briscoe 631
Devall v. Dickens 664
Devaux v. J'Ansun 773
De Vaux v. Salvador 901
Devaynes v. Noble ...... 478
V, Noble, Houlton's Case . . 1306
Dever, Ex p., Re Suse 1901
Devereux o. Clarke 1092
Devine v. Keeling 1913
De Visme v, De Visme .... 94
Devon, Re 102, 1768
Devonshire v. Barrow, &c, Co . . 1917
V. Brookshaw 1820
V. Lodge 761
f. O'Connor 2,761,770
V. Pattinson 728
V. Simmons . . 174, 891, 1556, 1607
V. Stokes 999, 1391
Devoy's Case 1617
Dewar v. Brooke 2236
Dewhurst, Re 248. 2264
V. Pearson 263, 376
De Wilton, /?« 304,1166
Dewsbury VV. W. Bd v. Penistone 180,
181, 1360
Dexter, Re 248
D'Eyncourt i*. Gregory . . 734, 1240
D'Huart v. Uarkniss 2250
Diamond Fuel Co, Re 1034
Dibb v. Walker 1420
Dibbins v. Dibbins 1346
Dibble v. Bowater .... 678, 1731
Dickason v. Foster 1779
Dickenson v, Fanshaw .... 2130
1;. Jardine 803
Dicker p. Angerstein . . . 1696, 1626
Dickeson v. Valpy 2272
Dickins v. Gill 1066,1144
Dickinson, Re, Ex p. Charrington . 290,
1814, 1816
, Re, Ex p. Rosenthal . 138, 2186
V. Dillwyn 686, 630
w. FoUett 1907
p. N. E.Ry 803
V. Teasdale 674
Dicks V. Brooks 409
V. Lambert 1817, 1818
P.Yates 642,2064
Dickson, Re 1466, 1847
, Re, Hill V. Grant . . 896, 938, 948
tf. Graham 1000
V. G. N. Ry 348, 1667
p. Lough 1106
p. Neath & Brecon Ry . . . 476
p. Pape 1263
Didcot Ry p. G. W. Ry .... 683
Didcott p. Friesoer 21
Diederichsen p. Farquharson . 866, 479
Difiori p. Adams 139
Diggens p. Gordon 874
Digges'Case 140
Diggle p. Higgs .... 609, 796, 1961
p. Lond.> Blackwall Ry . . 1866
Diggles, Ae 1681
Dillon, /?e 366,668,967
p. Arkins 470
p. Bath 800
p. Haverfordwest .... 1627
p. McDonnell 1216
p. Reilly 1989
Dilworth p. Commr of Stamps . 137, 186,
646, 889, 946, 1602, 1614
Dimes p. Grand Junction Canal 749, 998
Dimmock p. Hallett 638
p. Sturla 2068
Dingle p. Coppen 1684
Dinning p. Henderson 2286
p. South Shields ..... 416
Diphwys Co p. Festiniog Ry . . 2128
Direct Spanish Telegraph Co p.
Shepherd 292,1661
Diss p. Aldrich 621
Distington Iron Co p. Lond. & N.
W. Ry .... 114.366,684,2128
Ditcher p. Denison 1979
Ditton's Case 100
Dive p. Maningham 678
Dix p. Kent 72
Dixon, Exp 684,1973
, Re . , . . 674, 1013, 1023, 1079
TABLE OF CASES.
xlix
Dixon V. Bd of Trade 1068
V, Calcraft 856, 456
V. Cal. Ry 1202, 1203
r. Curwen 1344
p. Kennaway 647
r. Sadler 721,1808
V, Walker 1684
p. White 63
r. Wrench 994
p. Yatea 499
Doane v. Broad Street Aesn . . 2231
Dobbe p. Brain 42
p. Grand June. Waterworks
Co 86.87,323,838
Dobbyn r. Somers 110
l>obell r. Green .... 124. 334, 1953
p. Uossmore Co . 580, 1246, 1810
Doble. ^xp. 1621
Dobson, /?« 1565
V. Bownesfl 1748
p. Jones 2023
p. Sotheby 75
I)oL-kwray*« Case 1595
Docwm, Re 165
Dod & Co, Re, Exp. Lamond . . 036
Dodd V. Ackloro 1905
p. Churton 1445
p. Ponsford 1835
V. South Sliields 88
Dodds, Re 2189
p Thompson . . 767, 1713, 2028
Dodgson, /?e 1678
bodworth, Rt Spence p. Dodworth 810
Doer. Clarke 1111
p. Dring 604
p. Rrrington 1449
r. Freeman 2239
p. Frost 860
p. Gallini 861
9, Gower 1070
p. Guest 237
p. Gwillim 2272
P. Hiley 177
r. Laming 978
p. Lawson 2044
p. Meakin 1536
r. Morgan 67, 1582
p. Sotheron 417
p. Terry 176
p. Wauiewright 1999
p. Walker 76
P.Wood 1098
Doe d. Abdy v Stevens .... 669
Andrew v. Lainchbury . . . 1582
Angell p. Angell 1712
Annandale p. Brazier . . . 20C9
Armistead p. N. Staffordshire
Ry 623
Ashby p. Baines 1056
Atkinson r. Fawcett .... 1218
Atkinson p. Featherstone . . 861
Atkyns p. Horde 652
Baddeley p. Massey .... 819
Beach r. Jersey 643
Bedford r. White 88
Belasyse p. Lucan . . . 700, 701
Biddulph V, Hole 28, 82
— Birtwhistle p. VardiU ... 305
TOL. I.
Page
Doe d. Bish p. Keeling . . 236, 250, 687
Blakiston v, Haslewood lt23, 1535
Blesard t*. Simpson .... 806
Blewitt p. Phillips
liiigh p. Colman . .
Blomfield p. Eyre
Bover p. Trueman .
•^■^ Browne p. Greening .
Brune i». Marty n . .
Bryan p. Bancics . .
Bunny p. Route . .
Burdett p. Wriglite .
Burton p. Wliite . .
Bute p. Guest . . .
Calvert v. Reid . .
Carter p. Roe . . .
Chadbom p. Green
Chattaway p. Smith .
Chichester p. Oxenden
Chilcot p. White . .
Chippendale p. Dyson
Church p. Pontifex .
Clarke p. Clarke . .
Clarke r. Ludlam
Clarke p. Smaridge .
Clayton p. Williams .
Clements p. Collins .
Cock p. Cooper . .
Comberbach v. Perryn
Cook p. Dan vers . .
Cooper p. Col lis . .
Corbyn i'. Bramston .
— - Cotton p. Stenlake .
Courtail p. Thomas .
Cox p. Roe ....
— - Cundey p. Sharpley .
Dacre p. Dacre . .
-^ — Daniel p. Keir . . .
Daniell p. Woodroffe
Darke v. Bowditch .
Davies v. Davies . .
Davies p. Williams .
Davis p. Elsam . .
Davy V. Bumsall . .
Dixon p. Roe . . .
Douglas p. Lock
. . 1211
. . 1970
. . 1346
. . 1642
. . 180
. . 1146
2193, 2266
652, 1683
. . 2196
. 648,852
2148, 2169
. . 1922
. . 2083
. . 2284
. 694,695
. . 1317
. . 604
. . 768
. . 301
. . 1062
. . 2284
. . 1166
1110, 1193
. . 1381
. . 1014
. . 409
. . 1011
. . 792
. . 686
. . 1995
. . 758
. . 1294
. 488,489
. . 482
. . 1707
. . 242
. 860,963
1062, 1053
. . 289
. . 885
. . 242
22, 82. 847, 1.384,
1730, 1731, 2285
Duncan p. Edwards .... 1806
Dymoke p. Withers . 605, 1268, 1676
Edney p. Benham .... 1711
Egremont p. Grazebrook . . 1918
Egremont p. Stephens . . 82, 2159
Egremont p. Williams . 2169, 2221
Ellam p. Westley ... 74, 1102
Ellis p. Owens 841
Ellis p. Sandham ..... 2166
Eustace v. Easley .... 859
Evans p. Walker 2036
— Farmer p. Howe . ... 1470
Gains p. Rouse 2240
Gamons p. Knight . . • . 498
Gaskell p. Spry 239
Gatehouse p. Rees . . . 981, 982
Gillard p. Gillard . . . 665,1901
George p. Jesson 1544
Goodbehere p. Bevan 131, 13.3, 2088
Gore p. Lansrton ... 178, 1157
Graham p. Hawkins . . 184, 1755
TABLE OF CASES.
Doe d. Gray o. Stanion
Guest V. BenoeU . .
Hall V. Benson . . .
Hanley ». Wood . .
Harries v. Morse . .
Harris v. Saunder
Haverson v. Franks .
Haw V, Earles . . .
Hayter v, Joinvllle
Heblethwaite v. Roe .
Hemming v. Willetts
Henniker v. Watt
Page
689
1220
1197
2028
847
71
768
603
606
1069
1637
864, 866, 906,
1696, 1938
647
Herbert v. Thomas
Hick V. Dring 603
Hickman v. Haslewood . . 666
Higgs V. Terry 2059
Holland v. Worsley .... 128
Horton v. Rhys 1069
Hubbard p. Hubbard ... 417
Hudlestune t;. Johnstone . . 1996
Humphreys v. Roberts . . . 924
Huntmgtower v. CuUiford . 1293
Hurrell v. Hurrell . . 646, 1743
Hyde v. Manchester .... 786
James v. Hallett 2066
Jenkins v. Davies 1702
Jersey v. Smith . . . 2166, 2160
Johnson v. Liversedge . . . 792
Jones V. Davies 306
King r. Frost 1330
King u, Grafton 2286
Kinglake v. Beviss . 81, 1428, 2263
Knight V, Chaflfey .... 1276
Knight V. Nepean 1514
Lean v. Lean .... 643. 1788
Leicester v. Biggs . . 1469, 1460
Lewis V. Lewis 181
Littledale tf. Smeddle ... 861
Little wood v. Green . . 698, 1741
Lloyd V. Ingleby 682
Manifold v. Diamond . . . 404
Marlow v, Wiggins .... 1178
Meyrick v, Meyrick .... 1624
Mitchinson r. Carter . . 129, 291
Murch V. Marchant .... 984
Myatt V. St. Helen's Ry . . 2122
Nash r. Birch 1874
Nepean v. Goddard .... 1967
Newnham ». Creed . . 1231,2164
Noble I?. Bolton 1459
Norris v. Tucker . . . 643, 1056
Palk V. Marchetti ... 669, 1146
Palmer v. Eyre 319
Parkin r. Parkin 1312
Patrick V. Royle 1740
Payne v, Bristol & Exeter Ry 623
Pearson v. Roe 1059
Pemberton v. Roe . . 2033, 2284
— . Perkes v. Perkes . . 234, 252, 2017
Phillips v. Evans . 1868,1880,1881,
Phillips V, Phillips
Pilkington v. Spratt
Pitman v. Sutton .
Pitt V. Laming . .
Pitt and Hogg . .
Player v, Nicholls
1886
944
860
766
2119
129
1079, 2088
Doe d. Plumer v. Mainby .... 2284
Potts ». Jinders 1173
Pratt u. Pratt 6^5
Preece p. Howells 296, 2171, 2190
Pritchard v. Dodd .... 880
Reed i;. Harris 234
Richmond r. Morphett . 447, 1293
Robinson F. Dobell . . 447,1293
RoyUnce v. Liglufoot . . . 489
Scrutton p. Snaith .... 494
Shaw V. Steward 282
Shrewsbury v. Wilson . . . 2286
Smith r. Fleming 2287
Smith V, Webber 806
Snaper.Nevell 68
Spearing v. Buckner . . . 646
Spencer V. Beckett .... 633
Spencer ». Godwin .... 872
Spicer v. Lea 1197
Spllsbury v. Burdett ... 147
Stevenson v. Glover . 647, 862, 1412
Strong V. Goff 866
Sutton V. Harvey 187
Sweeting v. Hellard .... 1844
Tennyson v, Yarborough . . 23
Thomas v. Acklam .... 66
Thompson v, Lediard . . . 1662
Thorley v. Thoriey .... 1078
Thwaites r. Over .... 1701
Tilvard v. Cooper .... 1069
Tindalv. Roe 1294
Tofield V, Tofield 1470
Tunstill V. Bottriell .... 2029
Turner v. Kett 862
Twining v, Muscott .... 749
Usher v. Jessop 1849
Wall V. Langlands .... 1682
Webb V.Dixon 1347
Wellard v. Hawthorn ... 2190
Westlake v. Wcstlake . . . 1237
WethereU v. Bird 400, 1320, 2078
Whitfield ». Roe 2022
Wickham v. Turner .... 790
Williams ». Evans .... 1645
Williams v. Smith .... 1293
Willmett V, Alchin .... 79
Winter v. Perratt 724
Wood V. Wood 696
Woodall V. Woodall .... 62
Wrangham v. Hersey . . . 462
Wyatt ». Byron 2022
York r. Walker 862
Doherty, /?e 1062
p. Allman .... 642, 921, 2217
Doick v. Phelps 2231
Doidge V. Carpenter 346
Dolan v. Anderson 372
V. Kavanagh 1308
V. Macdermot .... 294, 1612
Dolby v. Powell 2240
Dolcini v. Dolcini 1733
Dole V. Johnson 670
Dolphin V. Aylward . . 436, 1167, 1621
1;. Layton 472,473
Dominion Brewery v. Foster . . 1977
Dommett v. Bedford 60
Domvile v, Colville 226, 690
i\ Taylor 1494
TABLE OF CASES.
U
Page
Domvile v. Wir.nington . . . 607, 082
Donald v. Brrce 186
Donaldson, /e€ 1899
V. Haldane 1891
r. Little 2130
D. Soath Shields . . . 1948. 1962
Donisthorpe, Re 1026
Doon o. Penny 64
Donne v. Martyr 969, 1964
Donnell i;. Columbian Insrce 16«)
Dtmnelly v. Graham 1735
Donnison v. People's Cafd Co . . 1968
Donnithorne. Ex p 766
Donovan v. Fricker 1743
Dooby V. Watson 1803
Doody o, HigRins .... 802, 1277
Doogan v. Colquhoun 1366
Doolan v. Mid. Ry . . . . 1667, 1834
Dorchester o. Poplar 807
r. Weymouth 2032
Donlogne. The 1211
l>ore V. Gray 1848
Dorinr Dorin 303,461
Dormer v. Knight 135
V. Phillips 1146, 1276
a. Ward 716, 1401. 1686. 1842, 1844
Dormont v. Furness Ry .... 1 180
Dorrett v. Meuz 1600
Double p. Gibbs 774
Dougherty r. Gates 229, 771
Doughty, Re 640
p. Firbank 1646
c. Lomagunda Reefs . . . 1828
Douglas, Re 295, 1898
V. Andrews 1412
V. Bolnm 1031
^— V. Congreve 1962
r. Patrick 2209
Douglas, Tlie 1180
DougUss r. Lond & N. W. Ry . . 1390
p. Piotsch 2061
Douglaase r. Waad 1621
Douion r. Halse 942, 1576
Douse, /2e 1881
Dover & Kent Co. Co., Be . 479, 1637,
1837
Doward p. Williams 1901
Dowdall p. Allan 1920
P.Kelly 1210
p. M*Cartan 2038
Dowling, Re 1471
p. Byrne 3308
P. Dowling 866
p. O'Loughlin .... 1006,1921
p. Pontypool Ry 496
Down p. Down 700
r. Pinto 1346
Downes v. Johnson 1740
Downing, /?€ 1630
p. Birmingham & Mid. Tram^ 914
p. Capel 768
Downing Coll. v. Purchas . . . 213:i
Downman, £:xp 1661,1671
Downs p. Salmon 618
Downshire p. O'Brien 1163
r. Sandys . . . 1368,2218,2260
Dowse'sCase 1295
Dowson p. Gaskoin .... 1216,1705
Page
Doyle V. Coyle 395
p. Hort 763
p. L. & B. R. R 297
Doyle and O'Hara. Re . 128, 1838, 21 18
Dojne p. Campbell 62
Drake v. A-G 807
p. Foottit 603, 604
p. Martin 162
p. Pickford 907
p. Trefusis 1064
Drant v. Vause 1669
Draper v. Mancliester, S. & L. Hy 55
p. Sperring 1469
Draper's Co p. Haddon .... 59
Drax, /2« 890
V. Ffooks 1849
Dredge p. Conway .... 881, 1720
Drennan p. Andrew 606
Dresser p. Johns 472
Vrew, Exp 984
. Re 2241
p. Drew 514
p. Guy 1887
p. Lewis 1970
p. Norbury 880
Drewe i\ Hanson 2060
p. Lainson 1089
Dreweatt, Re 1014
Dreyfua p. Allen 62:B
Driefontein Mines p. Janson . . 65, 2210
Drielsma p. Manifold 369
Driffield Co p. Waterloo MilU Co . 313,
1373
Drincqbier p. Wood 1790
Drinkwater p. London Assrce 1676, 2166
p. Ratcliffe 180, 820
Driscoll p. Riordan 2021
Dri?er p. Broaii 786, 097
Drogheda p. Holmes 1740
Dronfleld Co 256
Druiffp. Joel 936
Druitt p. Ciiristchurch . . . 1311, 2028
p. Seaward .... 65, 1279, 2044
Diummond p. A-G. of Ireland 816, 1694
p. Parish 36
p. Sant 286
p. Vanlngen .... 1190,1790
Drummond and Davles, Re . 160, 1582,
1585, 1660
Drury p. Army & Navy Stores . . 1422
V. Defontaine 1864
p. Rickard 2184
Drury Lowe, Re, Ex p. Silwell . . 677
Drybutter p. Bartholomew . . . 1469
Dryden p. Hope 809
p. Putney 1272
Duberley p. Page 347
Dublin Cemeteries p. Valuation
Commr 1626
Dublin Corp p. Judge 24
Dublin Railway v. Navan Ry . . 1031
Dublin Socy p. Richards .... 24
Du Cane and Nettlefold, 7?e . . . 1843
Duck p. Bates 92. 674, 1486, 1486, 1725.
2233
p. Mayen ...... 1703, 1723
Duckett r. Cover 208
p. Satterfleld 260
lii
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Duckett ». Williams . . . . 1177
Duckworth v. Alison 1446
DuddeU v. Simpson 2144
Dudden v. Glutton 2221
Dudgeon. i?e 1877
Dudley, £.r;7 273
, Re. 1203
Dudley Canal Co r. Grazcbmok . 300
Dudley Trams Co, /?tf 363.714,1964,1976
Dudlow r. Watchorn 681
Dudson, y?« 1392
Duero, The 1260
Dufaur. Exp 1808
V, Professional Life Assrce 844,
1083, 1978
Duffy. Mackenzie 604
Duffield w. Duffleld 144,907
V. Elwes 663
Duffy, /^e 1986,1986
Dugdale, 72c 364
Duignan v. Walker 663
Duke of Buccleuch, The .... 1926
Dulieu V. White 15, 1265
Dumbleton r. Beckford .... 1303
Dumpor's Case 2193
Dunally v. Dunally . . . 603, 1215
Dunbeth, The 624
Duncan, Re 206, 1469
V. Dixon 893, 2199
V, Dowding 1691
r. Koster 1778
V. Pope 446
0. Topham 634, 2071
V. Vereker 1797
Duncomb's Case 1434
Duncombe i;. Brighton Club Co . 284
Dnndalk and Enniskillen Ry, Re . 907.
2044
Duiidas V. Dutens . . . 309, 824, 826
p. Wolfe-Murray 1846
Dundee, The 100
Dunelm, The 1932
Dungarvan Gdns. v. Mansfield . . 1617
Dunhill r. N. E. Ry 1986
Dunkirk Colliery Co v. Manchester,
S. &L. Ry 679
Dunkley v. Harrison 1877
Dunlop V. Balfour . . . 282,460,604
V, Greer 198
Dun lop Co V. British & Colonial
Motor Co 2149
Dunn V. Bryan 2066, 2218
V. Lareau 1614
V. The Queen 1698
V. Warlters 1317
Dunne v. English 786
Dunston v. Paterson 689
Dunwich v, Sterry 2276
Duplany v. Duplany 616
Durant v. Carter 1736, 2023
V. Roberts 1666
Durham v. Robertson .... 8, 130
Durham Bg Socy v. DaTidson . 886, 4-33
Durham City. The 1610
Durham Co. Co. r. Chester-le-Street 181
Durham Ry r. Walker 2254
Durrant r. Branksome . . 261, 713, 1056,
1848
Durrell ». Evans 1882, 1884
Du Terreaax v. Da Terreanz . . 1670
Duthie V. Hilton 1916
Duthy and Jesson, Re . . 188, 967, 983
Dutton, Re 160% 2138
V. Atkins 100
V, Brookfielil, Re Jones ... 116
V. Marsh 635
Duxbury r. Sandiford 1070
Dyer. Dye .♦ . 1419
Dyer ». Park 1808
l>ygert u. Bradley 962
Dyke c. Elliott 676,1244
p. Gower . . . 1046, 1200, 1896
r. Stephens 1417
V. Sweeting 1222
V. Walford 1772
Dykes t;. Blake 726
Dymock v. Showell's Brewy Co . 2184
DyneTor v. Tennant 866
Dysart v. Dysart 444
Dyson r. Lond. & N. W. Ry , . 1489
V. Mason 94, 796, 797
E.
Eadbv. Eade 1532
Eadie v. Addison .... 1580, 2164
Eager v. Fumivall 912
Eagle V. Charing Cross Ry . . . 975
Eagles V. Le Breton . . . 1700, 1701
Eagleton v. East India Co 264, 1342, 1793
V, Homer, Re Homer . 304, 1724
Eales V. England 1632
Earl Wemyss, The 828
Earle v. Kingscote . . 602.1267,2132
V. Rowcroft 168
Early. Re 1091
V. Benbow 871
V. Early 332
u. Rathbone .... 771, 924, 1361
Eamshaw v. Earnshaw .... 2246
Earashaw.Wall,iRfl . . 770,1682,1686
East, Re 2129
V. Twyford 971
East Dean v. Everett 1966
East India Co. v. Tod 1869
East London liy,Re 1639
V. L B. & S. Ry . . . 606,2084
East London W. W. Co v. Charles 866
V. Kyffin 1268
V. Ley ton 1067
». Mile End Town .... 1364
V. St Matthew, Bethnal Green 1419,
1990
East Molesey v. Lambeth W. W.
Co 1492
East Yorkshire S S. Co v. Hancock 1435
East & West India Dock Co, i?e 881,1648
V, Shaw 2084
East & West Junction Ry v. G. W.
Ry 1672
Eastbourne v. Bradford 672, 1010, 2182
Eastern & Midlands Ry, Re , . . 2267
r. Mid. Ry 618,2053
Eastern Counties Ry, i2e . . . . 416
r. Marriage 1969
TABLE OF CASES.
liii
Page
Eastern Telegraph Co v. Dent . . 2140
Eastman, He , , . . 961, 1311, 178'^
ir. Baker 1848
Eastman Co v. Comptroller Gen. of
Patenu 698,699
Easton p. Alee . . . 1448,1652,1664
V. London Joint Stock Bank . 1261
r. Penny. . . . 461,1726,1996
r. Pratt 1719,1721
r. Richmond .... 617,1878
Easton EsUte Co v. Western Wag-
gon Co 1769, 2265
East wick v. City of London . . . 642
(lastwood V. Honley 1847
V. Kenyon 90
V. Ixxrkwood . . . 628, 864, 1280
V. Miller 1487
Easum v. Cato 1286
Eaton. Re 1, 1364
V. Basker 666, 1896
V. Hewitt 468
». Johns 1152
p. Lake 939
p. Lyon 92
u. Tapley 1983
V. WatU 1581, 1632
p. Western 1968,2016
EaresUff v. Austin 1377
p. Russell 1990
Ebbetts p. Conquest 1720
Ebbs, /26 1472
Eccard p. Brooke 1241
Eccles, /?« 1911
^ p. Clieyne 625
P.Mills 916
p. Wirral 1951
Ecclesiastical Commrs p. Kildare 266. 614
r. N. E. Ry . . . . . 361. 1669
r. Parr 1642
p. Pinney 1090, 1960
r. Rowe 646, 1464
r. Treemer .... 646, 722, 993
Ecclesiastical Commrs and New
City of London Brewy, Re . . 1888
Ecroyd p. Coulthard . . . 747, 1846
Edan p. DudOeld 12
Eddison p. Collingridge .... 483
Eddy p. Eddy 667
Eddystone Co. Re 204. 1874, 1897. 1432
Eden p. Weardale Co . . . .493,1844
Edenboroagb p. Canterbury . . . 1664
Eder r. Attenborough 1417
Edgar p. Blick 664
Edge p. Boilean 1434
p. Pemberton 239
E*lgeberry ». Stephens .... 724
Edgeware p. Colne Valley Water
Co 1492
Edgeworth p. Edgewnrth . . 888, 1672
Edinburgh Ballarat Co p. Sydney 712
Edinburgh Tramways Co p. Black 1492
p. Edinburgh 2087
P. Torbain 874
Edison p. Westminster, &c. Tram-
way Co 336
Edith. The 1932
Edmonds p. Blaina Co ... . 468. 469
V. Foster 2283
Pago
Edmonson, Re 218;?
Edmunds r. Gates 133i
' p. Fessev 1900
p. Jamei 1972. 2009
p. Low 871,1396
p. Waugh . . 241, 292, 1684, 1979
Edmundson. /?e 1351
Edsall p. Brooks 196
Edward p. Trevellick .... 616. 583
Edward Hawkins, The .... 1786
Edwardes Co v. Chudleigh ... 9:]L
Edwards. £j:n 225
, Re 629, 586. 630, 937, 1812. 1473,
1618. 1829, 2024, 2025
p. Bagster 1713
P.Carter 1664
p. Dick 2195
P.Edmunds 400
p. Edwards 614, 616, 626. 627, 1066,
1616, 2160
p. Freeman 48
P.Hall 619,648
P.Hodges 1036,1136
p. Jenkins 656
p Jerons 813
p. Lloyd 73
p. Marcus 864
p.Marston . . . 160,1148,1937
p. Moseley 873
V. Purnell 1335
p. Roberts 722
p. St. Mary, Islington . . . 670
p. Salmon 72
V. Standard Synde .... 7;J6
p. Steel 88ii
p. Tuck 1511
p. Walters . . 12, 1146, 1173» 1717
p. Whitehurst 258
Edwick p. Hawkes 660, 744
Eede, i?e 439,1868
Egan,/?e . . . 1216.1238.1614,1705
Egerton p. All Saints, Odd Rode . 1528
p. Brownlow .... 760,1611
p. Massey 386
Eggp. Blayney 963,1379
Egleton p. Barclay 7<>8
EgUnton p. Norman . . . 1387, 1393
Eglinton Trustees p. lul. Rev. . . 1821
Egmont, /ee .... 1688,1714,1720
Egremont p. Saul .... 449, 2045
Ehrmann p. Ehrmnnn 1558
Eichbaum p. Chicago Elevators . 1996
Elvers p. Hamilton 1427
Eland p. Medland. Re Medland . 16:^8
Elborough p. Ay res 1 140
Elcom, & . 3:^1,986,1133,1442,2035
Elderton p. Emmens . . . 614, 1750
Eldridge p. Stacey 3
Electric & Magnetic Co, Re . . . 1970
Eley p. Positive Assrce ... 62, 890
Elgood p. Cole 694, 1574
Elias p. Snowdon I'lil
Elkington's Case 1802
Ellam p. Martyn 2051
Ellesmere. Re 2:30
Ellesmere Co p. Cooper .... 1169
Elliot p Clayton 1471, 1472
p. N. E. Ry 457
liv
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Elliott, Re 627, 1989
V. Bishop 734, 1382
V. Elliott 806, 1940
V. London Co. Co 1627, 1964. 2086
p. Lord 1678,2162
p. Montgomery 72
V. Osborn 444. 1046
f. Pilcher 2270
r. Roberts 1107
V. S. Devon liy . . . 2076, 2221
V. Turner . 1346, 1348, 1887, 2243
Ellis, i?xp 1144
,Re 1068.1476
V, Arnison 710
V, Bartruni 97
V. Bedford . 1634. 1689, 1789, 1790
V. Burch, Thompson v. Ward . 690,
896
1\ Cory 2232
r. De Silva 660
P.Eden 746,788
0. Ellis .... 1446, 1463, 1633
V. FIraanuel 888
V. Goulton 609
t'. Houston 803
i;. Hulse 63
V. Kelly 2248
V. London Co. Co. 667, 1949, 1951
V. McCormick 661
V. Maidstone 680
V. Marshall 742, 816
V. National Union .... 692
i;. Nott Bower .... 261, 2176
u. Ogden 160
i;. Pearce 1426
u. Plumstead 227
V. Rowbotham . . . . 1466,1716
p. Selby 1346,1611
V. Woodbridge 280
Ellison, /?fl 950
V. Thomas 2069
EUway v. Davis 666
Elmore v. Hunter .... 1969, 2260
Elrasley v. Young .... 1277, 1862
Elphick V. Barnes 1784
Elphinstone v. Bedreechund . . . 1167
v. Monkland 1105
V. Purchas . 1281, 1868, 1612, 2163.
2184
Elsam f. Denny 1760
Elsdon. ^jrp 1445
Elsee V. Gat ward 1760
Eljiiey c. Kirby 1026, 1367
Elt^more v. St Briavelis .... 1381
Elstone v. Rose .... 88, 1714, 2174
Elton. The 1254
V. Brogden 1907
V. Larkins 361
Elve t'. Boyton 241, 364
El well V. Jackson 473
Elwes, /?«... 87, 88, 89, 1254. 1643
I'. Brigg Gas Co . . . 1201, 12a3
17. Maw 736,2166
EI wood V. Bullock 1308
Ely c. Bliss 1711,2062
f. Cash 2062
Elysin, The 1211
Emanuel, Re 986
Pag«
Emanuel v. Bridger 289, 200
». Fernii^re de Vichy Cie . . 1901
Emanuel & Simmonds, He . 288, 1071
Emblin v. Dartnell 742
Embrey v. Owen 942
Emden v. Carte . . . 1016, 1472, 1685
Emerald, The 1706
Emerton v, Selby 417
Emery v. Barnett 1639
V. England 2287
Emilien Marie, The 2229
Emma Co v. Grant . . . 214, 892, 1106
V. Lewis 1677
Emmens v. Elderton . . 60, 614, 1750
V. Pottle 1619
Emmerson v. Heelis 1882
Emm er ton v. Matthews .... 1046
Emmet v. Emmet 716
Emmins v. Bradford 2259
Emmy Haase, The 1892
Emperor v. Rolfe 1432
Empire Assrce, /^« 76,1101
Empire Mining Co, Re .... 435
Emsley ». N. E. Ry 1256
Emuss V. Smith 852
Engineer, The 1708
England. Re 1437
V. Webb 263. 266
Engleheart v. Eyre 2287
English V. Murray 217
English Bank of River Plate, Re . 191,
1107, 1603
English Channel Steamship Co v.
Rolt 268
English, Scottish & Australian Bk,
Re 1698
English and Scottish Trust t\ Brunton469
Engman v. Palgrave 212
Enniskillen v. Reilly 952
Eno V. Dunn 248
t'. Tatham 396
Enohin ». Wylie 256, 1283
Enraght v. Penzance . . . 1221, 2186
Entwistle t'. Dent .... 1176,1664
0. Markland 2284
Epsom V. London Co. Co. . . . 680
Equitable Assrce v. Bishop . 1286, 1672
Erichsen v. Last 264, 1672
Ericsson, The 1764
Ernest v. Loma Co ... . 1698, 2203
Errington p. Metrop. Distr. Ry 675, 10')4,
1728
^— V. More wood, Rt More wood . 1574
Erskine, zee 1356
r. Adeane 1039
Escott V. Mastin 2116
Escritt V. Todmorden Socy . 1179, 1544
Esilaile v. Maclean 1779
Esk, The 2123
Esnouf V. A-G. Jersey 494
Espinasse v. Luffingham .... 647
Espley y. Wilks 11
Esquimau and Nanaimo Ry v.
Bainbridge 1204
Essequibo, The 1876
Essex V. Essex 687
Essington v. Vashon 478
Etherittgton v. Wilson . 201, 887, 1405
TABLE OF CASES.
Iv
Page
Etherlej Grange Co o. Auckland . 680
Eton Coa, Re 950
Ettricke r. Ettricke 1021
Earopa, The 1099
European Banking Co, Re, Exp.
Baylis 484
, Master's Case 810
European Blair Camera Co, Re 67
European Life Assrce, Re . . 578, 2114
European & Australian Royal Mail
Cov. P. &0. Co 1868
Euston 9. Seymour 1161
Evans, Exp 1036
, Ex p.. Re Barnard & Rosen-
thal 1651
, Exp,, Re Watkins . . 497. 1816
, Re 9, 885, 439, 481. 876, 988, 1417,
1516
r. Angell 109,110,189
V. Atkins 144
V. Conway Jus 1081
r. l)Hvies ... 826, 1882, 1456
p. Davis 1307. 1555
V. Evans 442, 448, 85S, 869, 860, 958,
2062
V. Hoare 1882, 1884
p. Jackson 1783
r. Jones 67.2283
c. Lond. & N. W. Ry . 1028, 1981
V. Manchester, S. & L. Ry . 15
V. Merthyr Tydfil .... 1604
V. Mostyn 1891, 1467
V. Newport 1278
r. Owen 2093
V. Pratt 28
p. Prothero 162. 654
V. Roberts 826, 997
V. Roberts. Re Roberts ... 186
p. Robins 841
p. Smallcombe 25
p. Stevens 421, 561
p. Vaughan 587
p. Williamson, Re Roose . . 702
Kvans and Finch's Case . . . 893, 896
Evatt p. Hunt 1441
Evelyn p. Evelyn 1171
p. Whichoord 1387
Everard v. Kendall .... 458, 1867
p. Paterson 681
Everett v. Everett 1296
^— p. London Assrce . . . 720, 1697
p Remington ... 86, 1^3. 1347
Everitt p. Automatic Weighing Co 1097
p. Davies 446
Evers p. Challis 886
Evershed's Case 2163
Evershed p. Evershed 13
p. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 2070
Eversley, i2« 1240
Everton, Exp 1029
Ewart p. Graham 2
— p. Jones 151
Ewer r. Hayden 1068
Ewing, Re 745
Exchange Bk of Canada v. The
Queen 359
Exchange Telegraph Co p. Central
News 1618
Page
Exchange Telegraph Co p. Gregory 204
Exeter p. Heamnn 2176
Exeter (Mayor of) u. Warren . . 2069
Exhall Mining Co, Re 1662
Ezmouth p. Praed 1897
Ezmouth Docks Co 1648
Explorer, The 466
Eyies p. Ellis 1486
Eyre p. Glover 1671, 1876
p. Landi 86
r. Waller 801
Eyre and Leicester, Re 1. 102, 112, 1175.
1888, 2114
Eyston, Exp 66, 1460, 1971
Eyton,Re 511
P.Mold 1494
F.
Fairbairit Co, Re 2146
Fairclaim p. Shamtitle 1059
Fairclough p. Roberts 1748
Fairfield v. Bushell 1014
P.Morgan 1848
Fairman p. Oakford 1666
Fairport, The 637
Fairtlough p. Whitmore . . 156, 2184
Faithful p. Ewen 1290
Faithful!, i?e, £:x p. Moore . . 484,715
Falck p. Azthelm 1452
Falcke p. Scottish Insrce . . 1654, 1787
Falconer p. South Shields ... 667
Falkner r. Butler 1263
— ^ p. Somerset & Dorset Ry . . 2076
Fallon. Ex p 1317
Falls p. Belfast Ry 975
Famenoth, The 489
Fanagan p. Keman 942
Fanshaw, Re, Ex p, Birmingham,
&c, GasCo 661,1664
p. Rotherham 1543
Farbenfabriken, Re .... 698, 609
Farebrother p. England .... 1840
Fareham p. Smith .... 113, 2181
Farewell p. Dickinson 1956
Farington p. Parker 547
Farley v. Danks 279
p. Higginbotham . . . 1047, 1692
Farlow. jEx p 829,994
P.Stevenson .... 986,2012
Farman, Re 668
Farmer p. Farmer 514
p. Giles 651
p. Inl. Rev 634, 1118
p. Legg 284
p. Smith 2169
p. Waterloo & City Ry . 105, 1903
p. Wilson 186
Fargiers' Dairy Co p. Stevenson . 2279
Famham, Re 2198
Farnum p. Admor. Gen. British
Guiana 66-^
Farquhnr. Re 86, 02
Farr p. Hennis 2074
Farraday, if^e 1853
Farrah p. Keat 1087
Farran p. Beresford 1541
Ivi
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Farrance v. Elktngtnn G22
Farrands, /?« 1910
Farrant ». Nichols 19o6
Fairer v. Billing 2046
V. Close 1953
V, Kirkby 12
V. Lowe 730
p. St. Catherine's Coll. . . . 2260
FarringtOD v. Meek 1168
Farwell v. Boston Railroad ... 848
Faulkner, /2e 369
V. Boddington .... 170, 1823
r. Litchfield 76,362
V, Llewellin 780
Fa are Electric Accumulator Co, Re 944
Faversham v, Thanet 209
Fawcett v. Feame 172
V. Strickland 347
V. Whitehouse 786
i;. York & N. Mid. Ry . 877,1066
Fawcett and Holmes, Re ... . 638
Fawcett Assn & L. B. & S. Rj, Re 2269
Fawkes, /?« 1904
Fawsitt, Re, Galland v. Burton 30, 1172
Fay V. Fay 611
Fazakerley v. Ford .... 626,1614
Fear i;. Castle 1962
V. Freebody 806
Fearnley v. Ormsby 1308
Fearns v. Young 1034
Fearnside v. Flint 292
Fearon, Re 2067
V. Aylesford 1213
V. Mitchell ... 692, 1768, 1873
V. Webb 302
Feast V. Robinson .... 810, 1310
Featherstone, Re 308
Fecitt V. Walsh 1782
Feilden t^. Slater . . . 1607, 1748, 1922
Felix u. Gordon 817
Felkin v. Berridge 176
Fell V. Christ's College 836
V. Off. Trustee of Charity
Lands 296, 1230
Fellows ». Thornton 661
Feltham, Re 1211
Fenn v. Grafton 1167, 1193
V. Miller 934
Fenna v. Clare 1300
Feunell t;. Ridler i:364
Fenner v. Blnke 19%
Fenner and Lord, Re 273
Fennessey v. Clark 684
Fenton, Ke^ Armitage v. Askham . 49
V. Browne 1806
i^. Wills 1788
Feu wick i;. Croydon 1949
y. E.Lond. Ry . . . 467,1266
I'. Robinson 48. 726
V. Schmalz 14
Ferguson, iRe 1866
V. Davison 650, 1688
u. Ferguson . . . 779, 1940, 2046
V. Green 1796
r. O'Gilby 1815
Ferguson to Buckley, Ex p. . . . 1007
Fergusson v. L. B. & S. Ry . 896, 1496
Fermoy's Case 1443
Fernandez, Exp 19b7
Feronia, The 1098
Ferrand v. Hallas Co . . 672, 678, 1386
V. Wilson 2067
Ferrer's Case 2028
Ferro, The 1162
Fesenmayer v. Adcock .... 1009
Festing V. Allen . . . 907,1846,2234
V. Taylor 483
Fetherston v. Fetherston .... 862
Fetter i;. Beal 277
Few'iDgs, Ex p. Re Sneyd . . . 2138
Ffinch V. Combe 98, 1306
Fickns, Re 2, 1861
Field, Re . . 288, 699, 1071, 1833, 1881
». G. N. Ry 660
v. Hopkins 2048
— 17. Manlove 1361
V. Mitchell 658
V. Peckett 898, 1494
V. Wagel Co 699
Field S. S. Co v. Burr ... 901, 1456
Fielden o. Ash worth . . . 124. 1700
i;. Morley .... 31, 1629, 2064
V. Slater .... 1607, 1748, 1922
Fieldhouse v. Croft 1217
Fielding v. Corry 646
V. Rhyl 1268, 1619
Figg V. Moore 662
Filbey v. Combe 1772
Filbum V. People's PaUce Co . . 665
Filby V. Hounsell .... 1690, 1957
Fillingham v. Bromler . . 1109. 1311
P.Wood. . ." . . . .40,1387
Filliter r. Phippard 16
Filshie v. Evington 600, 936
Financial Corp., Re 1342
Finch's Case 1166, 2147
Finch t;. Boning 1282
V. Finch 110
V. G. W. Ry .... 1687, 1746
Finchley Electric Co u, Finchley . 2181
Finck V. Lond. & S. W. Ry . . . 496
Findlay, Re 2106
Findon v. M'Laren 1616
Finlason v. Tatlock .... 862, 1349
Finlay u. Bristol & Ex. Ry . . . 1856
V. Darling 630, 1796
V. Mexican Investment Corp 675,
678, 989
Finley, i?e 993
Finney v. Grice 898
Finnic v. Glasgow Ry 17b9
Finnis to Forbes 296, 297
Fire Queen. The 1759
Firmstone's Case 390, 989
Finh, Er p., Re Cowbum . 1296, 2103
V. Fielden 2241
». Palmer 2117
V. Staines 106, 1655
Fisenden v. Levy 212
Fish, Re . . 1268. 1264, 1266, 1670, 1906
Fishburn v. Hollingsbead .... 1668
Fisher, i?<j 673
t'. Adelaide Insrce .... 142
V. Black & White Co . . . 151
V Brierley 1515
V Drewett . . 94,1220,1567,1679
TABLE OF CASES.
Ivii
Page
Fishery Fopd 1010
V. Hepburn 1241
V. Howard 2092
r. Lee 1941
c. Leslie 1009
f. Ogle 1660
p. Shirley 680
Fisher and Qrazebrook, /2e . . . 1345
Fitch V, Rawliiig 449
Futon V. Accidental Death Insrce 116,
874, 1811
Fits r. lies 882, 838, 2016
Fitzgerald*8 Case 41
Fitzgerald, Be . . 607, 927, 1277, 2288
p. Champneys 1909
V. Dressier 91
V. Field ... 899, 938, 1636, 2165
p, Firbank . 668,713,727,728,886
p. Fitzgerald 332, 614
p. Hosford 1046
p. JerToise 399
p. Kinsella 1829
FitzUardinge v, Jenkinson 486, 674, 2016
p. Pritchett 1785
Fiuherbert v. Heathcote .... 1014
Fitzjohn v. Mackinder 1591
Fitzoiaarice, Re 24
FiUpatrick, Re 613, 1310
p. Kelly ........ 44, 126
Fitzroy v. Howard .... 770, 1053
V. Ridimond 190'i
Flack, /2e 949
Flannagan v. Bishopwearmouth . 2246
Flecha,The 1251
Fleck, Re, Colton r. Roberts 395, 1564
Fleeming v, Howden 1865
Fleet, £:xp 1824
V. Metrop Asylums Bd . 1298, 1299
Fleetwood V. Hull .... 459.2073
Fleming p. Buchanan .... 993, 998
p. Burrows 633, 2232
p. Crouch 180
r. Hislop . 86, 1064
p. Mancliester, S. & L. Ry . 392
V. New Zealand Bank ... 878
p. Newton 1604
p. Self 1578
Flemvng, Re 186, 1849
Fletcher, f:*p 784
, -£:x p., /Jc Bainbridge ... 309
p. Baker 462
p. Dyche 1445
p. Fields 329
P.Fletcher 308
P.Gillespie 73
p. Hudson .... 96, 166, 5.30
p. Inglis 1454
p. Nokes 1293, 1413
p. London United Tramways 1644
p. Sondes 271,413
p. Sterenson 477
Flight p. Booth 688
P.Thomas 1002,1008
Flint, ^z/? 1900
.Re 423
p. Barnard 478
p. Flemyng 772
P.Howard 1167
Page
Flint p. Pike 1963
Flintham p. Roxburgh 1638
Floating Dock Co, Re 256
Florence p. Jenings 995
p. Paddingtoiw. 1849
Florence Land Co,^« ... 194, 2121
, Re, Ex p. Moor 469
Florence Nightingale, The . . . 1241
Flower p. Allan 1670
V. Bradley 43
p. Darby 1891
Flowers, Re 398, 1152
p. Chaml)ers 662
Floyd p. Lyons 127, 2228
Floyer p. Bankes . . . 1220,1966,2171
Fluester p. M'Clelland . . . 1564, 1565
Foakes p. Jackson ...... 2241
Fobbing Commrs p. Regina . . . 1806
Foggassns' Case, Bonham's Case . 920
Foinett p. Clark 1498, 1950
Foley p. Addenbrooke . . . 1681, 2266
p. Burnell 1618
P.Foley 1387
p. OaUagher ... 26, 131, 2000
p. Parry 1532
p. United Insrce 140
Folkard p. Metrop Ry 2145
Folkestone v. Brooks 650
p. Ladd 550
p. Woodward 894
FoUit V. Eddystone Quarries Co . 1212
Foot p. Baker 94, 797
V. Hodgson 1943
Footner p. Cooper 1583
Forbes' Case 282,610
Forbes, i2e 1816,1921.2259
p. Asplnall 1866, 1868
p. Balenseifer 1094
p. Ball 1632
P.King 794,1161
p. Peacock 2063
p. Ross 1476
Ford's Case 299,821,824
Ford, /?« 662
^— p. Barnes 589
p. Beech 2002
p. Cotesworth 2161
P.Drew 1735
P.Hart 1785
V. Kettle 147
p. Lond. & S. W. Ry ... 2128
p. Metrop Ry 975
p. Oamaru 2281
p. Pye 1786, 2028
p. St. Louis & N. W. Ry . . 2206
p. Tynte 1358, 2057
p. Wiley 445
Ford's Charity, Re 1447
Ford's Co p. Bartlett 1985
Forde's Case 939
Fordham p. Clagett, Re Clagett . 1446
p. Speight 1580
Fordom p. Parsons 245
Fordyce p. Willis 2029
Foreign & Colonial Government
Trust, Re 237, 401
Foreman p. Free Fishers of Whit-
stable 80. 1608
Iviii
TABLE OF CASES.
Forest Oak S. S. Co v. Richard 1385,
1501
Forest of Dean Co, Re 1258
Forest S. S. Co v. Iberian Co . . 2267
Forget i;. Baxter . .^ . .341, 842, 2039
w. Ostigny . .• 799
Forman v. Whitney 388
Forquet i;. Moore 1995
Forrest v. Carte 650
Forsdike v, Colqahoan .... 1983
r. Stone 911
Forshaw v. Cliabert 1809
Forster, Exp 174
. Re 1877
V. Clowser 1088
V. Farquhar 817
i;. Hale* 871,1154
Forsyth v, Bristowe .... 23, 1420
Fort, Re 393, 1416
Fortescue v, Mer. Bank .... 954
Forth V. Chapman 530
Fortune v, Hanson 1200
Forward v. Pittard 28, 29
Forwood V. North Wales Mut. Mar
Insrce 9
u. Watney 550
Fosberry v. Waterford Ry . . . 010
Foskett t;. Kaufman 1248
Foss, Exp., Re Baldwin . . . 824, h25
Foster's Case 1887
Foster, /?« 89
V. Borax 1354
V. Diphwys Casson Co . . 269, 1040
V. Dodd 2U
V. Edwards 1026
I'. Fowler 1166
If. Kraser 226, 227
r. Fyfe 083
e?. G.W.Ry 542,1152
V. Hayes 1012
V. Inl. Rev 404
V. Leonard 2055
u. Mulhall . , . 179,1323,1578
V. Newhaven .... 1815, 1891
V. North Hendre Co ... . 2268
tv Owen 1814
V. Pointer 2248
V.Smith 1716
t;. Tucker 616
V. Usher wood .... 1.371, 1089
V. Wheeler 61
V. Wybrants 1014
Foster and Lister, Re 1621
Fotherby v. Metropolitan Ry . . 2095
FothcrgiU's Case 927
Foulds, Re, Ex p. Learoyd ... 58
Foulger v. Arding 918
V. Steadman 2249
Foundling Hospital v. Garrett . . 1096
Fountain u. Rogers 1674
Fountaine v. Carmarthen Ry . . 1975
Fourth City Bg Socy v. Williams . 1983
Foveaux, Re 294, 296
Fowell V. Franter 1347
Fowkes V. Manchester Insrce 52, 412
Fowle V. Fowle 577
V. Freeman 1957
Fowler, Re 225
P»g«
Fowler t;. Churchill 294
V. English & Scottish Mar
Insrce 1328
r. Foster 1166
V. Mon. Canal Co 1188
w. Padget 1348
». Perkins 1174
Fox, Exp 358
, Re 1900, 1997
i;. Clarke 1312, 2210
w. Fox 891, 2238
r. Martin 197
V, Newfoundland Government 881
17. Smith 1761
V. Star Newspaper .... 540
Foxbourne v. Vernon 449
Foxley's Case 784
Foxon t;. Gascoigne 1680
Foxwell V. Bostock 838
». Van Grutten .... 588, 859
Frames v. Bultfontein Co . 1266, 1837
France v. Clark 196
V. Dutton 1885
Francesco r. Massey 1090
Francis, Re 1510
r. Boulton 1413
V. Grover 674
1-. Mass 44,592
r. Nash .. ^ .... 269, 309
V. Steward 2246
r. Turner 2
Franco v. Alvares 1223
Franconia, The .... 455, 840, 1385
Frankland, Re 1029
Franklin v. Godfrey 1728
V. St. Cross 75
Franks v. Rollans 998
Frank um v. Falmouth 2279
Frape.126 .... 60,212,939,1884
Fraser v. Burrows 1417
V. Murdoch 888
V. Telegraph Construction
Co 1984
Fraunce's Case 750
Frazer v. Hatton 486
Freason v. Loe 428
Frederick Mole^ The 198
Fredericks i;. Howie . 1484,2029,2042
V. Payne 879, 1485
Freedom, The 1455
Freeland u. Neale 1612
Freeman v. Appleyard . . . 822, 826
I'. Baker 704
V. Cooke 4
V. Cox 1372
t;. Freeman 1063
V. Gainsford 1323
U.Pope 2198
V. Read 141, 249, 1294
Freer v. Murray 930
V. Rimner 1751
Freestone, ^^x p 1488
Freke v. Calmady, Re Hotchkys . 645
Freme, /?« 1841
V. Clement 525
French v. Gregory 1728
r.Hoey 1619
Frend v. Dennett . . 1854, 1856, 1857
TABLE OF CASES.
lix
Freshfield V. Reed 146
Freweii r. Orr 1941
Fnarjr v. Singleton . . . 181, 132, 1346
Fricker p. Van Grutten .... 1386
Frid u. Fenton 381
Friedeberg, The 642
Friedlander, /2e 608
V, London Assrce .... 692
Friend. Re 10, 106, 1806
i;. Shaw 1080, 1204
V. Towen 1248
FrlBhy^Re 1487
Frith, Aj 1814
p. Frith 1479
c. Rotherham .... 494, 1722
Frith & Osborne, /2e 1414
Fritz u. Hobson 786
Froglej r. Phillips 1261
Fromant v, Ashley 1257
Frost, Re 891
p. Holland 102,2094
p. Frost 1441
p. WUIiams 18, 82«
Fry. Re 037
p. Chartered Mer. Bank . . 866
p. Fry 809, 2142
P.Lane 764,2123
p. Raggio 928, 2267
Frvcr, Re 1029, 1182
p. Bodenham .... 132.3, 2023
p. Moriand .... 611, 629, 1966
p. lianken 1656
Fryman, Re 1352
Fuentes p. Montis 1006
Futford p. Blatchford 1492
Falham, The 1787
p. Goodwin 782
p. London Co Co . . . 573, 1802
^^ p. Solomon 321
P. Thanet 202
Fuller, Re 739, 1077
p. Alford 699
p. Bishop 1358
p. Blackpool Co ... . 674, 940
p. Chamier 860
p. Hooper . . . 871,1412.2036
r. Mackay 275. 278
f. Ferryman 798
Fuller and r.eathley, Re 643, 1 41 1 , 1412
Fullers p. Squire 2272
FuUick p. Evans 1646
Fulwood's Case 801
Furher, /?« 1113
P.Cobb 756,1143
Fumess p. Caterham Ry . . . . 2122
p. Forwood 15. 620
p. Tennant 84, 1363
Fumess Ry p. Cumberland Bg
Socy 11
p. Inl. Rev 1939
Furniss p. Mid. Ry 1159
Furnival v. Crew 781
Fumivnll p. Grove 1995
P.Hudson 1674,1937
Fursdon p. Clogg 24
Furtado & Jeffries, /?e 1879
Fusilier, The 177
Fyenoord, The 482
G.
G.yRe 918,1141
G. p. L 1831,2060
Gabay v. Lloyd 1226
Gadd, /?c 643
p. Houghton 741
Gaffee. /?e 991
Gage p. Brealey 49
p. Elsey 812, 1686
Gainsford p. Dunn 1748
Gairloch, The 460
Galatti p. Wakefield 376
Gale p. Bumell 1146
p. Laurie .... 1236, 1868, 2174
Gall p. Esdaile 2272
Galland p. Burton .... 340, 1172
Gallard, Re 964, 1414, 1670, 1739, 1791,
1863
Galley v. Barrington 1.S69
Galllers v. Rycroft 305
Gallini p. Noble 1216
Gnllop and Central Queensland Meat
Co 101
Galloway p. London . . . 1948. 1962
p. Maries 1488
Gaily, Re 221
Galsworthy p. Strutt 1106
Galvanized Iron Co p. Westoby 1647, 1868
Galwey, Re .... 212, 1092, 1996
p. Barden 250
Gambart p. Ball 408
Gambler v. Lydtord 180
Gamble, Re 818
Gambles p. Ocean Insrce . . 624, 2204
Gamboa. Re 862
Game, Re 1716
Gandyp. Gandy . . 67,866,1141,2160
Ganly p. Dowling 1218
— p. Ledwidge 1164
Gann p. Free Fishers of Wlutstable 80
Gannet, The 141
Gappp. Bond .... 1867,2179,2180
Garbjr p. Harris 936, 1086
Garcia p. Garcia 614
Gard p. Commrs of Sewers . . . 2016
Garden p. Bruce 1436
Gardiner, /?« 1273
p. Gray 2219
p. Grout 12
p. Jewers 1287
p. Macfarlane .... 898,2116
p. Slater 122
Gardner p. Cowles ...... 2106
p. Hart 1391
p. Hodgson's Co .... 86, 1757
p. Ingram 622
p. Lond. C. & Dover Ry 1616, 2122
p. Mansbridge 2248
p. Trechmann 366
Garforth p. Esam 1626
Gariand, Re 868, 1769
Garment p. Barrs 1907
Gamett. Re . 308, 684, 791, 1656, 1962
— p. Backhouse 730
p. Bradley 957, 1908
p. Inl. Rev 1703, 1792
Gamett Orme to Hargreaves, Re . 2108
Ix
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
GRTTArd, Ex p., Re Lewer ... IGO
y. Edge 9'20
Garratt v. Niblock 179
Garret v. Jolinsnn 2045
Garrett u. Marylebone 58
f. Noble 899
Garrick v. Camden 1277
Garrud, Re, Ex p. Newitt .... 1817
Garston Ship Co v. Hickie . . . 1246
Garth v. Cotton 2202
Garton v. Bristol & Exeter Rj 1667, 2128
». G. W. Ry .... 1560, 2128
-^— V. Gregorj 120
Gartsides v. Inl. Rct 1964
Garvey 17. Hibbert .... 1211,1303
Gas Float Whitton, The 1786, 1866, 1868.
2276
Ga8kell,/?e 37
V, Harman 1216
Gaskin v. Rogers 1076, 1442
Gaslight Co. v. South Metrop Gas
Co 1990
Gaslight & Coke Co v. Hardy . . 781
V. Smith 731
Gath p. Howarth 2097
V. Lees 1344
Gathercole v. Smith 138, 2087, 2089
Gatty V, Field 1961
Gauaer v. Dasrenaike 49
Gaunt V. Finney 1299
Gauntlet, The, H. v. Elliott . . . 1244
Gay V. Cadby 1092
Gayford t^. Chouler 2243
V. Moffatt 2225
Gayner v. Sunderland 772
Gazard v. Cooke 2007
Gaze, Ex p., Re Lane 765
Geach v. Ingall .... 52, 418, 1923
Geake v. Ross 500, 1981
Geams v. Baker 902
Geary w. Physic 2277
Geaves i'. Price 1901
Gebhardt t;. Saunders 1351
Gedge v. Royal Ex. Assrce ... 887
Gedye v. Commrs of Works . . . 1515
Gee, Re 1839,1345
U.Bell 497
V. Liddell 1997
Geen v. Newington 571
Geiger v. Filor 2231
Geipel V. Smith 1746
Gell V. Burgess 419
1;. Watson 1226
Gem, Exp 1803
Gemma, The 773
General Assrce v. Worsley . . . 522
General Estates Co, Re .... 1261
General Ex. Bank, /2^ 1007
General Horticultural Co, Re . . 1916
General Insrce Trieste v. Cory . . 2180
^— V. Royal Exchange Assrce 153,
1764, 1958
General Share Co v. Wetlev Co . 1107
General Steam Nay. Co v. British &
Col. Steam Nav. Co . . . 1245, 1509
0. Hedley 441
v. Slipper 1778
Generoas, The 1981
Gennari, Re 1904
Genu Re 712
Gentle v. Faulkner . 129, ISO, 182, 403
George, /?« 1333,1717
r. Carpenter 2098
V. Goldsmith's Insrce . . . 2191
George Arkle, The 2128
Geraldes v. Donison 2229
Gerard, Re . 121. 702. 922, 1049, 1054,
1055. 1085, 1087, 1157, 1675, 1841
V, aowes 204
V. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 1054
Gerard and Beecham, Re , . . . 1713
Gerhard v. Bates 874
V. Montague 932
Germ Milling Co v. Robinson . . 1668
German v. Chapman 1555
German Date Coffee Co, Re , . . 1034
Gerring v. Barfield 1308
Gervis v. Peade 239
Gery V. Redman ....... 1767
Geswood, Re 7
Gether v. Capper 1397, 1594, 1790, 2204
Gethin v. Allen 1076, 1737
Gianaclis, Re 57
Gibb V, Inl. Rev 405
Gibbins v. Eyden 1918
Gibbon V. Paddington 1411
u. Phillips 1720
Gibbons v. Gibbons 1851
V. Hickson 1516
V. Rule 222
0. Vouillon 1214
Gibbs, Re 478. 646
V. Barrow 328
». G. W. Ry 291
^— V. Lawrence 823
V. Messer 712, 1590
u. Rumsey 1470,2146
Giblin v. McMuUen 840
Gihney v, Clayton 55
Gibraltar Sanitary Commrs v Orfila 397.
2182
Gibson, £'xo., 7?c Lamb .... 1291
, Re 1237
V. Barton 1158, 2283
V. Brand 1159
V. Clark 2190
V. Doey or Doeg 2208
V. Fisher 1451
V. Hammersmith Ry 734, 1159
V. Ireson 1616
V. King 891, 1566
V. Kirk 642, 1410
V. Muskett 202
V. Preston 878
V. Small 180VJ
V, Sturge . .• 497
Gibson & Co, Re 1016
Gieve, Re 798
Gifford c. Willoughby Co ... 737
V. YarborouKh 914
Gifford & Bury. Re 1866
Gilbart v. Wandsworth . . 805, 2168
Gilbert, Re 1750, 1755, 1983
u. Boorman 2066
V, Lewis 1828, 1900
i>. Tomison 800
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixi
Page
Gilbertson v. Gilbertson .... 2037
Giles, Re 99, 717, 1760
V, Grorer 669
r. Hooper 1709
». Jones 1234,2071
V. Melsom .... 63, 1896, 1918
». The Cynthia 773
p. Walker 1300
Gill r. Bagshaw 197
V. Barrett 2044
V. Continentel Gas Co . . 886, 931
o. Shelley 303
GiliaiB 9. Arkwright 1976
p. Taylor 696,1607
Gillespie v. Cheney ..... 119, 120
p. Winberg . 878
GilleUv. Green 911
GilUat p. Gilliat 1730
Gillibrand, £x p., /2<} Walker . . 1360
GilliDgham v. Beddow 828
P.Walker 880
Gillmore p. Shooter 224
Gillooley p. Plunkett 872
Gilman p. Crowly 1702
p. Elton 1616
Gilmore, Arc 1111
Gilmour p. Mauroit 1616
Gilpin V. Kendle 1923
Gilroy p. Price ....... 1810
Ginesi p. Cooper 827
Ginger, Re 376
Gipps p. Gipps 374
Giraud p. Uichmond 2286
Girdlestone r. Brighton Aquarium 481
p. Doe 1349
Girrin p. Gtepe 1876
Gisbome p. Gisbome 643
Gisboume p. Hurst 1616
Gittings p. McDermott .... 862
Given v. Massey 396
Gjers. /2e 1316
Gladding p. Yapp 1040
Gladstone, Re 96
p. Fadwick 82, 1822
Glaholm p. Hays 1667, 2203
p. Rowntree 1749
Glanystwyth, Tiie . . 830,2083,2099
Glasbrook p. Owen 636
Glasgow p. Fade . 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204
p. Glasgow & S. W. Ry . . 1342
p. Glasgow Tramway Co . . 670
r. Inl. Revenue 691
p. M'Ewan 874
Glasgow Packet, The 1098
Glasgow Tailors p. Inl. Rev. ... 296
Glasgow Union Ry p. Caledonian
Ry 1986
Glasier p. Foyster .... 723,1810
p. Rolls . . . 142, 267, 1079, 1266
Glassington p. Rawlins . . 778, 1224
Gleadow p. I^ieetham 484
Gleaves p. Parfitt 2186
Gledhill p. Crowther 1082
p. Hunter 1687
GledsUnes p. Allen 2261
p. Royal Ex. Assrce . . . . 1127
Glen p. Fulham 1016
«-^ p. Lewis 76
Page
Glendevon, The 618, 1461
Glenfruin, The 460, 1809
Glengall p. Barnard 1882
Glengyle, The 1787
GlenUvet, The ... 234, 1868, 1946
Glennie p. Delmar 264
-^— p. Glennie 374
Glenny, Re 889
Glenochil. The 1162, 1246
Glenton & Saunders, Re . . . . 2144
Glory Paper Mills, Re 931
Glossop p. Heston 1164
p. Spindler 1170
Gloster p. Murphy .... 918, 2016
Gloucester Bk p. Rudry . . . 816, 829
Glover, i2« 1881
p. Andrew 2263
p. Chancellor 604
p. Coleman 26, 1276
V. Halkett 653, 1699
r. L. & S. W. Ry 814
Glubb, Re 2201
Gluckstein p. Barnes 1811
Glyn p. E. & W. India Dock Co 17, 183
Glynn p. Margetsou 624, 808, 1094. 1297,
1626
Gnat p. Laurence 1869
Goblet p. Beechey 1030
Goddard*B Case 486
Goddard p. Carlisle 2126
p. Smith 1282, 2268
Goddart p. Haselfoot I(>d2
Godden p. Corsten 1918
Godefroy p. Dalton 1891
Godfrey's Case 78
Godfrey, Re 986
p. Davis 803
p. George 621
p. Poole 1821
p. Watson 1034
Godson p. Sanctuary .... 462, 779
Godwin p. Brind 2096
p. Francis 1289
p. Schweppes 808
P.Walker 127,1439
Goetz,7?« 876,449,1619-
Gold p. Turner 276
Gold and Norton, Re 94
Gold Co, Re 362, 1038
Gold Ores Co p. Parr 1106
Golding p. La Sainte Union . 746, 1327
p. Wharton Co 1342
Goldring, Re, Ex p. Harper . . . 1809
Goldschmidt p. Whitmore ... 168
Goldshede v. Swan 46, 1222
Goldsmid, Re, Exp, Taylor ... 484
, Re, Mocatta p. A-G. ... 769
p. Hampton 1818
Goldsmith p. Slattery 1.388
Goldstein p. Foss 920
p. Vaughan 2086
Goldstraw p. Duckworth .... 1676
Goldstrom p. Tallerman .... 1143
Gonne r. Cook 1349
Gonty p. Manchester, S. & L. Ry . 1170
Gooch's Case 2196
Gooch, Re 9
p. Clutterbuck 780, 967
Ixii
TABLE OF CASES-
Page
Gooch V. Gooch .... 840, 367, 851
Good V. Good 742
p. Isaacs 460,2161
V. Lickonsli, Re Bullock 101, 183
V. Lond. S. S. Owners' Assn . 920,
1246
V, Walker 171, 882, 1262. 2080, 2089
Goodall, lie 1264
Goudbody & Co and Balfour & Co,
He 1154
Goodburn r. Marley 707
Goode V, Goode 867
». Job 24
Goodenougb, Re 447
Goodhand r. Ayscougli . . . 214, 976
Goodhew v. Williams 1654
Goodier v. Edmunds 1462
Goodlad V. Burnett . . 1287, 1296, 1940
Goodlock V. Cousins 1782
Goodman, Re ... . 306, 1278, 1945
V. De BeauToir 1854
V. Griffiths 166
I?. Robinson 1309
V. Saltash 727
Goodrigiit V. Moses 1621
V. Straphan 499
Goodright d. Drewry r. Barron 772
d. Hall i;. Richardson ... 1347
d. Thompson v. Saul . . . 169
d. Walker v, Davids .... 2208
Goodson's Case, Re Alexandra Pal-
ace 822
Goodtitle v, Billington 1706
i;. Herring 861, 802
V. Otway 633
v. Paul 700
i;. Southern ... 700, 1312, 1839
Goodwin, Re , , . . 804, 1841, 1966
f. Robarts 1065, 1802
U.Sheffield 1482
Goodwyn o. Cheveley 1664
Goodyear v. Weymouth .... 374
Goold u. Teague 1818
Goolden u. Tiiames Conservators . 172
Gopeekishen, &c v. Brindabunch un-
der, &c 323
Gophir Co v. Wood 999
Gordon, £ar 11 121
,Re 689,983,1816
r. Atkinson 593,1741
w. Cann 1984
i;. Duff 1929
V, Gordon . . 125, 374, 443, 1238
p. G. W. Ry .... 620,2245
V.Harper 2100
V.Jennings 1833,2205
V. London City Bank . . . 1436
v. Potter 1223, 2200
V. Rae 1286
V. Rutherford 1674
V. St. Mary, Abbotts ... 1411
V. Street 596
V. Williamson 1654
V. Woodford . . 2050, 2057, 2217
Gore V. Commrs for English Fish-
eries 731
17. Lloyd 1500
V. McDermott .... 728, 1055
V%ge
Goreley, Exp 896
Gorgier v. Mieville 1261
Gorman, Ex p 856
Gorringe v. Irwell Works . . . 476
Gorrissen's Case 1491
Gorrissen v. Perrin .... 160, 1297
Gorsedd S. S. Co v. Forbes ... 446
Gorslett v. Harris 263
Gorton v. Bristol & Exeter By . . 2060
Gosden v, Dotterill .... 669, 1216
Gosling,/?*! 1877
». Brown 2179
V. Green 1126
V. Newton 1632
». Woolf 1073
Goslings 17. Blake 2285
Goss V. Kelson 2234
». Sharpe 1160
Gossain v. Gossain 80
Gosset, i?e 47
Gossett V. Campbell 716
Gough, Exp 826
If. Everard 1516
17. Gough .... 517, 1060, 1182
Gould, Ex p., Re Salmon & Woods 116,
1868
, Re 478
», Bacup 1657
V. Haynes 1488
V, Sharpington Syndicate . 62, 250.
625,2114
Gouldsworth i*. Knights .... 177
Gourlay, /?«, Ax /). Abbott . . . 1816
Goutard v. Carr 650
Gover v, Davis . . . 648, 1683, 2040
Governments Stock Co, Re . 263, 401,
605,1186,1626
t7. Manilla Ry 786
Gowan v, Wright 2198
Gower v. Gower 933
V. Main waring 778
Gower's-Walk Schools v, Lond.,
Tilbury & Southend Ry . 975, 1793
Gozzett V. Malilon 1272
Grace v. Bishop 433
17. Clinch 754,911
V. Newman 206
Graff V. Evans 1782
Grafftey r. Humpage .... 664, 792
Grafton v. Armitage 826
17. Watson 1309
Graham v. Barras .... 1666, 1779
17. Connell 1603
V. Ewart 2, 902
17. Furber 891
17. Graham 1034
V. Lee 66, 145, 2088
17. Londonderry 1400
t7. Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1341, 2147
17. Robinson 1446, 1758
Grahame,/?e 1209
V. Graharoe 45
Grainge v. Wilberforce .... 998
Grainger, Re 1738
17. Aynsley .... 394, 551, 2269
17. Gough . 66.265.666,685,746,
1732, 2078, 2079, 2257
17. Martin 2174
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixiii
Grand Canal Co v. M'Namee . . 287
Grand June. Canal Co v. Petty . 1618,
1627, 2076
V. Shugar 1966
Grand June W. W. Co v. Brentford 721,
1726
V. DaTies .... 87, 664, 2030
V. Hampton 1792
Grand Union Canal Co v. Ashby . 3o0
Grange v. Silcock 272
Granger v. Aynsley . . . 894, 661, 2269
p. Dent 1657
P.George 2100
Grant, /2e 2107
V, Anderson ... 264, 398, 1489
V. Banque Franco-Egyptienne 1910
r.Coverdale .... 621,1112
V. Da Co«U 2178
r. Dyer 1848
p.Easton 471,1107
r. Ellis . 646, 936, 1684, 1711, 2062
r. Gould 1167
P.Grant 1264
t'. Gunner 347
V. Hulton 837
r. Kavanagh 1308
V. Langston . . 148, 660, 898, 896,
1873, 1902, 1948
r. Lynam 696, 1701
V ^faddox . . . 1222, 2228, 2283
c. Munt 491
V. Mussett 1219, 1988
V. Norway 1634
r. Pazton 767
V. Slww 881, 9tX)
r. Thompson 1140
V. Winbolt 1021
Gratton, ife 2137
Graver v. Temple 7
Graves, Re, Ex p. Walker . . 68, 1479
i;. Ashford . . . 408, 1240, 1693
P.Colby 2069
— - r. Graves 614
p. Hicks 1962
Gray. /2e 470,1221,1277
p. Carr 465
P.Cook 1041
p. Cookson 2196
p. Garman 1346, 2048
p. Golding 1966
p. Gray 1632
p. Hopper 1371
P.Jones 809
p. Leidemann 666
p. Smith . . . 828, 997, 1770, 2256
p. Sylvester 1439
Gray burn v. Clarkson 400
Graydon, /?« 1472,1772
Grayson, Re 1769
p. Atkinson 2020
Grayston, Re 1858
Great BriUin S. S- Assn p. Wyllie 137
Great Central Ry p. Metrop Ry . 1616
Great E. Ry p. Hackney 891, 963, 1388.
1389
Great Indian Peninsular Ry v.
Saunders 683,1413
r. Tarnbott 1128
Page
Great Kruger Co, 226 1033
Great Marlow Case 1736
G. N. Ry p. Coal Co-operative Socy 354,
1898
p. Great Central Ry . . . 663, 960
p. Inl. Rev. . 404,656,1703,1718,
1781
p. Lurgan 22
p. Palmer 1819,1981
p. Shepherd 1473
p. South Yorkshire Ry . . . 2070
p. Tahourdin 1645
p. Winder 1446
G. N. Salt Works, 12e 1642
Great Pacific, The 1127
Great Ship Co, /{e 16:30
G. W. Coal Co, /2e 1326
G. W. Ry p. Bagge 379
p. Bailie 412, 2188
p. Bennett 860
p. Bishop 1801, 1349
p. Blower 2187
p. Bunch 1478
p. Central Wales Ry 874, 684, 1728
p. Edwards 1473
p. Halesowen Ry . 1144, 1728. 1896
p. Inl. Rev 404
p London & County Bank 451. 1287
P. McCarthy .... 1090.1667
P.May .... 1728,1984,2184
p. Ry Commrs 668, 683
p. Rous 2052
p. Sutton .... 1101, 1788, 1789
p. Swindon Ry . 595, 711, 869, 870,
1054, 2029
Great Wheal Polgooth Co, Re , . 1325,
1577
Great Yarmouth p. Groom . . . 1928
Greated p. Created 1848
Greater Lond. Property Co p. Foot 1849
Greathead p. Morley 770
Greatorex p. Shackle 1343
Greaves, Re . . 1063, 1511, 1613, 22.36
, /?«, Ex p. Whitton .... 479
p. Simpson 860, 862
p. Wilson 981
Grecep. Hunt 114
Green. Re 86, 278, 598, 856, 1714. 1716
p. Baverstolk 877
p. Bolton 1357
p. Cresswell 474
p. Davies 162,1577
p. Eales 677
p. Elmslie 258
p. Giles 1429
p. Gosling 1125
p. Green 628
P. Irish Independent Co . . 1234
P.Lucas 1567,1679
p. Marsden . . . 694, 1580. 16«8
p. Marsh 148, 487
p. Mepham 1384.1408
p. Paterson .... 649. 816. 1621
p. Penzance . . . 273, 698, 866
P.Price 1105
p. Sevin 1499
r. Thompson 2110
p. Tribe 2260
Ixiv
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Green r. Wood 1016,1349
I'. Young 1746
OreenawRj r. Adams 128,602, 1888, 2118
V. Hart 184, 865
Greenbirt v. Smee 611
Greene, Re 1644
V. Gordon 806
P.Greene 1631,1583
t;. Thornton 1-382
Greenham i;. Child 17;i3
Greenock & Wemyss Bay Ry v.
Caledonian Hy . . 767, 1647, 2063
Greenough t;. Eccles 49
Greenslade v. Darby . 1461, 1687, 2186
y. Tapscott . . . 129,1314,2119
Greenway v. Greenway .... 1.340
Greenwell v, Howell . . . 1465, 1605
V. Low Beechburn Co . . . 278
Greenwich Co. Co. Registrar. Re . 1724
Greenwood, Re . . . 181, 1277, 1821
V. Briggs 1026
V. Hornsey 18, 2046
V. Leather Shod Wheel Co . 1290.
2144, 2208
». Sutcliflfe 21,2118
Greer, /?« 214
V. Young 1685
Gregg ». Coates 1732
V. Smith 1442
Gregory's Case 427
Gregory v, Henderson 1459
V. Tuflfs 1603
». W. Mid. Ry 1667
Gregson, Re 1998
». Watson 578
Grehan. Re 822
Greig v. Bendeno 126
V. Martin 197
Grendit v. Baker 499
Grenfell v. Girdlestone 24
r. InLRev 1016
Gresham Assrce v. Bishop . . . 1679
V. Styles 1678
Grctton v. Haward 865
Greville v. Browne .... 291, 1743
Greville-Nugent v. Mackenzie 1840, 1712,
1772
Grey. /2c 92.305,2067
v.A-Q 1426
V. Curtice .... 357, 404, 1588
». Friar 863
— V. Jenkins 629
t;. Pearson 992,1849
Grev's Brewery, /2« 1562
Gribbin v. Kirker 1825
Grierp. Grier 1391,1840
Griesley's Case 1689
Grieve v. Grieve 306
Grieves v. Rawley .... 223, 1263
Griffin. Re . . 236, 239, 268, 812, 1288
V. Taylor 502
Griffith. Ex p., Re Wilcoxon . . . 2190
, Re 840, 560. 1910
. flc. Cam;. Griffith . . 1602.2084
V, Hodjres 1995
V. Hughes 940. 985
V Pasret 1681
t;. Selby 1656
Page
Griffiths, JfEe 620
r. Evan .... 694, 1248, 15l«0
V. Gale 524
V. Griffiths 147
v. Hatchard 10O2
V. Lond. & St. K. Dock Co . 1171
V, Mortimer 200O
17. Rigby 2280
V. Taylor 758, 912
Grigby r. Cox 2125
Grigg ^.National Guardian Co 136. 193, 499
Grill V. General Iron Screw Collier
Co . . . .167,839,1259,1464,2244
Grimbly r. Ackroyd 276
GnmeB,£xp 1691,1889
Grimman v. Legge 1995
Grimshaw, /?e 2236
Grimston v. Turner 914
Gnmvftide, Ex p 716
Grindell v. Brendon 2069
V. Godmond 1250
Grindey, /^e 1008,1673
Grissell v. Robinson 416
Grizewood v. Blane 2058
Groom, Re 2087
V, Cheesewright 1686
Grossniith, Re 697
Grosvenor r. Hampstead Junct. Ry 895
Groux Co V. Cooper 2^17
Grove, Re 666, 1278, 1946
— V. Dubois 495
V. Marshall 1014
Groves v. Volkart liJ57
V. Wright 382
Gruffly r. Pindar 2056
Grundy. Re .... 416, 1910, 1<.»69
Gryffyth v. Jenkins 1031
Gryll, 12« 1082
Guaglieni v. Matthews 1603
Gude r. Mumford 321
Gue, /?€ 1264
Guerin, Re 1241
Guest V. Cnldicott 2245
1;. Poole, &c, Ry . . . .860,1631
Gugen V. Sampson .... 222,1190
Guidot V. Guidot 1053
Guild i;. Conrad 91,957
Guilmette 17. Mossop 1359.
Guinness. Re 641
GuitermsD, Re 1590
Guldfaxe, The 455
Gullan r. Grove 1244
Gully r. Davis 1658
r. Exeter 2028
V. Smith 1807, 1308
Gummoe r. Howes 865
Gundry,/?6 179,1840
V. Pinniger 1278
Gann v. Roberts 1251
Gunning r. Gunning 1181
Gunnsstad v. Price 156
Gunter v. Metrop Police . . 1697, 1763
Gumey,/?« 1094
V. Gumey 1077
Gurrr. Scudds 1699
Guthrie V Fisk 1971, 1979
p. Walrond 646.924
Gatteridge v. Munyard . . 1820, 1719
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixv
Page
Gnj r. CYiurchill 287, 1686
Gayer o. The Qaeen . . . 795,2007
Gwilliain v. Twist 1257
Gwillim V, Daniel 1796
r. Gwillim 24
Gwjnne v. Davy 488
V. Knight 870
r. Muddock 860
Gjeo. Felton 2194,2196
Gyett r. Williami 525
GyngaX\,Be 2230
H.
Habbrdashbrs' Co, Exp. . . , 10
Habergham v, Ridehalgh .... 1860
Hack r. Lond. Prov. Bg Socy . . 551
Hackney v. G. £. Ry 212
Haddan, Re 1491
Haddock v, Humphrey . . 2057, 2232
Haddon v. Haddon 586
Haden, Re 61
Hadfleld*8 Case 83
Hadfleld v. Liverpool . . . 600,2151
Hadgraft V. Hewitt . . . . 1414,2099
Hadleigh Castle Co, /26 . . . . 862
Hadley v. Beedom 131, 808
V. Clarke 612
p. Hadley . . . 1435,1817.2079
V. Perks 224, 853
Haford Hotel Co, Re 76
Hagen, iZe 1370
Haggar 9. Neatby 1847
Haggin v. Comptoir d'Escompte . 264,
411,1327,1734
Hahn n. Corbett 258
Haig V. Swiney 561
Haigh, Jf?e 538
V. Brooks 45, 378
V, Royal Mail Steam Packet
Co 456,1127
F. Sheffield 909, 1487
Hailes p. Marks 1668
Haines V. Bamett 2157
V. Welch 701, 1683
Hale, l?« 1487,1910
F.Hale 1111,2183
Hales F. L. & N. W. Ry .... 1664
Haley f. Haromersley . . . 637, 1200
Haiford F. Half ord 2036
F. Kymer 994, 998
Halhead f. Toung 1570
Halifax Banking Co f. Oledhill . 1624
Halifax Commercial Bk and Wood, Re 967
lUn, Exp 162
, Re 803, 882, 865, 1014, 1095, 1264,
1354, 1447, 1532
, Re, Ex p aose . . 192, 198, 2088
, Re, Ex p, Rocke 1816
F. Barrows 605
F. Box 1873
F. Brand 2097
p. Bristol 456
p. Byron 346
r. Comfort . . . .148,671,1294
p. Cox 1128
p. Derby 1602
TOL. I.
Page
HallF.Ewin .... 181,1160,1774
r. Fisher 700
p. Franklin 2079
p. Hall 867, 444. 525, 569. 603, 604,
1583, 1890
p. London Brewery .... 503
p. L. B. & S. Ry 40.\ 431. 679, 944,
1425, 1672
p. May 132
V. Metcalfe 1313, 2023
P.Norfolk 278
p. Nottingham 449
p. Pritchett 290, 472
p. Reid 2098
p. Richardson 2243
p. Robertson 2137
p. Smallpiece .... 227,1954
p. Smith 905
p. Snowden 502
F.Thomas 680
p. Wallace 203, 661
p. Warren 1779
p. Wright 29
Hall to Sutton. Re 230
Hallen p. Runder 826, 997
Hallett, 7?« 229,1264,1814
llallifax p. Wilson 1432
Halligan p. Ganly 1089
Halpin, /?« 1991
Halsey's Case 2064
Halsey p. Brotherhood 2080
p. Hales 707,1821
Halton p. Cove 2169
p. Foster .... 927, 1277, 2137
Haly, /?6 546
Hambleton, Re 528
Hambro p. Hambro 1713
Hamer, Exp 477
p. Sharp 1667
Hames v. Hames 1387
Hamilton's Case 792
Hamilton, i?^ . . 882,1530,1531,1532
p. Bass 323
p. Brogden 946,905
p. Buckmaster 333
p. Chaine 2108
p.Dunlop 1093
p. Foot 1737
p. Graham 1990
p. Hamilton .... 7, 586, 1021
p. Lloyd 117, 477
p. Mer. Mar Insrce .... 1576
p. Musgrove 595
p. Pandorf .... 14, 1453, 1464
p. Paton 1830
p. St. George, Hanover Sq. . 283
Hamilton and Cnsey, Re ... . 706
Hamilton and Sharpe, Re . . . 886
Hamington p. Rydear 753
Hamlet, /20 1119
, Re, Stephen p. Cunninprham . 1075
Hamlyn p. Bettely . . . 30. 1206, 2103
p. Crown Insrce . . 16, 677, 1182
p. Wood 1901
Hammersley, Re . . 603, 899, 1867, 1667
Hammersmith Ry p. Brand . . . 974
Hammerton p. Honey 449
Hammond, i;xf) 799,1163
Ixvi
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Hammond i;. Hill 1711
w. Hocking 1143
V. Malcolm 828
V. Mather 758
V. Kcid 523
V. Smith 6
Hammond and Waterton, Re . , 112
Hamond v. Jethro 1189
Hampden t; Buckinghamshire . . 903
V. Wallis 1372
V. WaUh 609
Hampshire v, Wickens 2153, 2154, 2155,
2157. 2158
Hampstead i;. Hoopel . 1272, 1431, 1949
Hampton v. Holman 308
V. Southwark Co 1067
Hanbary v, Jenkins .... 1846, 2229
V. Lovett 1169
r. Tyrrell 872
Hance v. Harding .... 891, 1622
Hancock, i2e 2241
V, Austin 1712
r. Hancock 1844
V. Somes 754
Handcock, Re 881, 1014
Handsworth v, Derrington 1741, 1793, 1849
r, Taylor 1949
Haney. iR« 2277
Hanfstaengl t*. American Tobacco
Co 124,1568.1569
V. Baines 1726, 1797 .
?'. Empire Palace Co 408, 409, 1726,
2004
Hanfstaengl Art Co v. Hollo way . 1568
Hankow, The 1414
Hanks v. Bridgman .... 497. 1439
Hanna, The 1424, 2083
Hannam, Re 1860
Hannan v. Power 24
Hannay, Re 697
Hannington v. True 1918
Hanrahan v. Limerick S. S. Co . 2268
Hanrott v, Evans 1062
Hansen v. Harrold .... 282. 2261
Hanson, Re 654, 607
V. Armitflge 12
V. Graham 2234
Hanway V. Boultbee . . 758,775,910
Harbin ». Darby 1570
Harborne Ry v, Lond. & N. W. Ry 1931
Harbottle v. Terry 2098
Hnrburg Co v. Martin 842
Hardacre v, Nash 1076
Hardcastle v. Bielby 71, 1047, 1068, 1281
y. Hardcastle 2143
V. Jones 615, 1651
Harcourt, Exp 1833
Harden Co, Re 697
Harding r. Glyn . . . 695. 1581, 1701
V. Harding 130
V. Headington 649
V, Metropolitan Ry . . . . 2095
r. Stokes 1766
V. Wilson 2226
Hardley. Re 2107
Hardman v. Johnson 1 109
V, Maffett 2269
Hardwick, Re 439
Paipe
Hardwick v. Brown 030
V. Hardwick TOO
r. Thurston 2137
Hardy, Re 912, 937
p. Bern 1176
V. Fetherstonhaugh .... 6SO
V. Fothergill . . . 471. 690, 109O
V. Ryle 1885, 2058
Hare r. Barstow 1200
V. Burges 1710
V, Copland 1626
f. Henty 1664
V, Putney 181
Hare and O'More, Re 1887
Haren v. Archdale 1370
Harford v. Lynskey .... 264, 562
Hargreave v. Spink 1164
HargreaTes, Re 183
V. Dawson 930
V, Diddams 2054
V, Hopper 784, 1010
Harington v. Moffat 1861
Harker, Exp,, Re Tatum ... 489
Harland v. Trigg 1581
Harley r. Mitford .... 806, 1969
Harling. Re 1911
Harlock v. Ashberry . . . 1487, 1687
Harloe v. Harloe 2037
Harman. Re 1238
V. Homer 107
W.Johnson 1803
V, Owden \?M
V. Richards 435
V. Vaux 1943
Harmann ». Powell 50
Harmer v. Cornelius . . . 1891, 1892
Harmon r. Park 368, 1752
Harms v. Parsons 1100
Harnett© Vyse 817
Harold v, Daly 188
Harper, A"x/> 875,1969
, ^z/)., i?eGoldring . . . . 1309
, Ex p., Re Tait 98
V, Granville-Smith .... 1784
V. McCarthy .... 462,2267
V. Marcks 666
V. Morley 322
V. Williams 284
Harper Co v, Wright Co . . 1269. 1809
Harper and G. E. Ry, Re . . 875, 1969
Harrington v. Harrington . . . 1897
V.Pole 1241,2040
V. Ramsay 1849
Harris. Arp 172,2260
, Re , . . 696, 906. 996, 1665. 1991
, Re, Powell v. Goodale ... 482
V. Amery 236, 2078
V. Beavan 1821
V. Best-Ryley 615
». Brisco 297,1140
V. Cockermouth Ry . . . . 2128
V. Darley 81i9
— r- V. Davis 1348
V. De Pinna .... 228, 696, 1363
V. Franconia, The .... 623
V. Gamble 1499,1918
r. G. W. B 1126
V. Harris . . . 616, 733, 788, 1661
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixvii
Page
Harris r. Jacobs 1057
r. Jenkins 1171
V. Jenns 221. 711, 13^0, 1868, 2268
w. Judge 1026
V. Loftus 1012, 1013
V. London Co. Co 1183
V. Lond. & S. W. Ry 399, 1262, 2086
17. Mantle 230
V. May 2279
V. Mobbe 1308
V. Newton 1080, 1278
V. Nickereon 2262
r. Perkins 440
p. Phillips 283
p. Poynep 1716
V. RothweU 724
^■^ V. Soaramanga 803
p. Slater 1861
V, Tubb 816, 1621
V, Wall 1665
p. Warre 1170
Harrison, Exp., Re Peake 661, 1664, 1713,
1916
, Re 62, 197, 304, 686, 662, 931. 932,
940, 1011, 1648, 1909, 1910, 2066,2240,
2252
, Re, Ex p. Jay 1817
V Anderston Co 1270
r. Barrow in Furness . . . 1742
V. Barton 1028
V Blackburn 824,1361,1367,1470
V. Brongh 815
V. Bush 1669
r. Carter 72
p. Cornwall Minerals Ry . . 96
p. Foreman 606
p. Good 40, i:i01
r. Grady 1260
p. G. N. Ry 1697
p. Harrison 895, 942, 1686, 1686, 1803,
2065, 2160
P.Hyde 1226
p. Mexican Ry 1558
p. Mid. Ry 1189
p. Muncaster 1640
p, Paynter 1217
p. RutUnd 878
p. Southwark, Ac, Water Co 1299
p. Symons 1013
V. Taylor 1269
p. Wardle 1591
p. Whitaker 616
Harrison and Bottomley, Re . . 498
Harrison and Ingram, Re ... . 1844
Harrod p. Harrod 2142
p. Worship 93
Harrold v. Watney 1300
Harrop p. Bayley 67
p. Ossett 81, 1629
narrower r. Hutchinson . 861, 624, 1609
Harrowing S. S. Co p. Toohey . . 2089
Hart p. Aldridge 1026
p. Alexander 1867
p. Baxendale 1886
p. Beard 1408
p. Bush 12
V. Hart . . 1446, 2164, 2166, 2160
p. Holmes 2238
Page
Hart p. Middleton .... 1222, 1223
p. Standard Mar Insrce . . 1009
p. Swaine 771
p. Tribe .... 1581,1632,2241
p. Tulk 1206
p. Windsor ... 503, 1039, 1086
Hartfleld p. Rotherfield .... 1553
Hartley's Case 890
Hartley, Re . . 805, 1466, 1691, 2283
p. Allen 733
p. Halse 1210
p. Hudson 127, 298, 2011, 2012, 2014,
2015
p. Maddocks 1714
Hartnall, i?« 1902
Harton p. Harton 1459
Hartopp i\ Hartopp 1586
Harts home p. Nicholson .... 759
Harty v. Davis 1182
Harvest, The 2071
Harvey, /?« .... 819,1465,2088
—^ V. Barnard's Inn 1968
— '--' V. Broad 72
p. Brydges 743
p. Facey ." J129
p. Farnie 623
p. Harvey 702
p. Johnston 1192
p. Lyme Regis 1069
p. Municipal Bg Socy . . . 2168
p. Olliver 416
Harvie p. S. Devon Ry .... 895
Harward p. Frost 1794
Harwood p. G. N. Ry . . . . 92, 726
Haseldine, Re 308
Hasker, Exp 273
p. Wood 570, 957
Haskins p. Newcomb 359
Haslam Co v. HaU 1028
Haslewood p. Consolidated Co . . 1148
Haslock p. Fergusson 2146
Hasluck p. Clark .... 478, 1477
Hassall p. Lawrence 2257
Hasson p. Chambers 590
Hastelow p. Jackson 509
Hastie, Re 304
Hastings, Re 483, 434, 661, 662, 1814, 1916
p. Hastings 933
p. N. E Ky . . 81, 951, 1078, 2027
p. Pearson 1188
p St. James, Clerkenwell . . 2237
p Whitley 140
Haswell p. Haswell .... 615, 1670
Hatch p. Hatch 1276
Hatfield p. Phillips 10()6
Hatter p. Ash 778
Hatton p. Harris 16
^— V. Haywood 497
p. Kean 149
V. Treeby 261
Haughton p. Empire Mar Insrce . 140
Havelock v. Hancill .... 168, 1006
V. Rockwood 1649
Haven Co, Re 1034
Haverington's Case 753
Haviland p. Haviland 5H
Hawes p. Draeger 169
V. Hawes 1759
Ixviii
TABLE OF CASES.
HawcB V, leader 2198
r. S. E. Ky 1461
Hawke, /?«, Ax ;). Scott .... 114
V. Brear (560
r. Corn 1018
V.Dunn 1487
Hawkes v. Hubback 091
llawkings v, Newman 134
Hawkins, /?e 476,626
V. Bridgwater J 118 1188
V. Gathercole 60, 1909
V. Hawking .... 867, 476, 628
V. Butter 696, 2063
1;. Walrond 187,1624
Hawksley V. Outram . . . 1626,1783
Hawksworth v. Cliaffey .... 1068
V. Hawksworth 1348
Hawley v. Simpson 1334
Haworth v, Ormerod 1691
Hawtajne v. Bourne 1266
Hawtiiorn v. Newcastle By . 084, 2149*
V. Shedden 806, 806
liny, He 398
u. Goldsmidt 69
-^ 17. Norihcote ..'.... 1166
V. Perth 1266
r. Swedish, &c, By . . . . 1212
i;. Tower Justices . 406, 707, 768
17. Trinity House 1424
Haycraft Co, Rb 635
Hayden v. Tiverton 32
Haydon v, Bose 1482
17. Taylor 944, 2252
Haydon Bridge School, /2e ... 686
Hayes, /?e 1161,1914
17. Alliance Assrce .... 1840
17. Bickerstafife 1640
V. Dexter 672
17. Hnyes 68
V. Stephenson 2136
Hayes Common Conservators v.
Bromley 1178
Haygarth,/?e 176
Hayle,/?e 1406
Hay les V. Pease 1008
Hayman v. Bugby School . . . 1496
Hayn 17. Culliford . . 1246,1260,2091
Hayne i7. Burchell 827
t'. Cnmmings 866, 429
V. Bhodes 1977
Haynes, /?e 1312
. Re, Ex p. Nat. Mer. Bank . 1310,
2103
17. Barton 49
17. Doman 1746
17. G. \V. By 2246
17. Halliday 199
V. Haynes 321. 1643
v. King 386,989
Hays 17. Bickersta£fe 1434
Hayward, Re 164, 627, 1760
17. Cannington 2109
17. Homer 1840
V. James 631. 1678
V. Scott 942, 1676
Haywood, Re 1666
t'. Brunswick B- Socy . . . 1774
t'. Silber . . 1102, 1969, 2164,2160
Hazle, i2e 2025
Heach v. Prichard 80O
Head v. Head 169
Head and Macdonald, Re , . . . 633
Healey v. Batley 878
17. Storey 1025
(7. Thames Valley By . . . 1242
Healyp. Healy 1779
Heap V. Day 1439
W.Hartley 836,1686
Heaphy, i?e 213,1001
Heard v. Heard 889, 616
t\ Holman 468, 1868
Hearle r. Hicks 1866
Hearn r. Baker 1998
17. L. & S. W. By 1126
Heame v. Edmunds 1944
17. Garton 1047
Hearson v. Churchill 208
Heartley v. Banks .... 1823, 2023
Heasman i7. Pearse . . 1014, 1969, 2044,
2046
Heath v. Burdcr 49
17. Crealock C28, 1821
17. Hall 1626
V. Heape 292
17. Milward 328
t7.Pugh . . . 319,722,744.1687
p. Bollason . . . 617, 1269, 1430
V. Smith 92
Heathcote, Re 2172
Heathe t7. Heathe 1862
Heather v, Webb 936
Heathfleld S. S. Co t7. Bodenacher 260
Heatley t7. Newton 1188
Hea wood 17. Bone 1122
Hebbert v. Purchas . . 1858, 2168, 2184,
2206
Hebblethwaite t7. Peerer .... 1027
Hecla Foundry Co v. Walker . . 968
Hecquard, Re 691
Hedderwick v. Griffin .... 206
Heddy t7. Wheelhouse 2266
Heden v. Atlantic Boyal Mail Steam
Nav. Co 764
Hedger v. Steavenson 1762
Hedges t;. Hedges 667
t7. London Docks Co . ... 2180
V. Preston 808, 2196
Hedgman, Re, Morley v. Croxon . 769,
1990
Hedley, Re 873
17. Fenwick 1366
17. Pinkney Co 1809
Heelis v. Blain 88
Hegarty v. Milne 664
17. Shine 83, 966
Heginbotham, Re 1142
Heinrich, The 1638,1746
Heitzmann 17. Gowenlock . . . . 1114
Helby v. Matthews .... 240, 1346
Hele V. Gilbert 117
17. Ogle 7
Helene, The 1069
Hellawell v. Eastwood 734
Hellier i7. Casbard 2286
Helsby, Re . , 1829, 1886
Helsham v. Barnett 696
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixix
llemans v. Hotchkiss Co ... . 1642
Hemingway, Re 1076
Hemp V. Garland 277
Uemsworth Grammar School, Re . 536,
580,620
Henderson. /?« .... 716,717,1724
, Be, Ex p, Lewig 1616
r. Australian Hoy. Mail Steam
Co 1857
p. Bank of Australasia . 945, 1920
V. Comptoir D'Escompte 183, 839,
1261
c. Eason 1680
V. Farbridge 67, 603
r. Hay 346,2157
V. Kennicott 629
r. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 1480
r. MaxweU 204
r. Shanklaud 2073
p. Thorn 1720
Hendon v. Pounce 381, 632
Hendricks v. Australasian Insrce Co 688,
808,1334
Hendrie, /?« 937
Hendriks v. Montagu 2082
Heneage v. Andover 1716
Henfrey v. Henfrey 883
Henley, Re 1402
Henly p. Lyme 1610
Hennessy p. Bray .... 861, 2108
p. McCabe 662-
Henniker p. Chafy 40
p. Henniker 405
Henrette p. Booth ...... 893
Henretty v. Hart 1487
Henrich Bjom, The 1251
Henriques. Re 1412
Henry p. Antrim 71, 1286
p. Armitage .... 811, 987, 1856
p. Ball 1899
p. G. N. Ry 560
P.Smith 1027,1551
Henry Clay Bock & Co, /2e . . . 641
Hensey v. White 15
Hensloe's Case 1004
Henslow p. Fawcett 418
Hensman p. Fryer 1918
Henthom p. Fraser 1087
Henton, /?« 237
Henty p. Henty 515
p.Regina 1471,1659
Henwood p. OTerend . . . .871,872
Hepburn p. Skirving 1296
Hepworth p. Pickles 2208
Heraud p. Leaf 1521
Herbage Rents Charity, /2c . 1713,2035
Herbert, Re 803, 461
p. Forbes 1724
V. Herbert 85
p. McQuade 1573
p. Reid 1832
Hercules, The 8*26
Hercyma Copper Co, Re ... . 1632
Hereford Case, R. p. Jones ... 879
Hereford Waggon Co, /2< ... 890
Heritable Reversionary Co p. Mil-
lar 1583
Hermann v. Seneschal 1628
Flige
Hernaman p. Smith 275
Hero, The 1177
Heron p. Donellan 310
p. Granger 1(599
p. Stokes 1277
Herring p. Barrow, Re Thomson 547
p. St. Paul's 1929, 2204
Herron p. Hathmines Commrs 523, 10(58
Herse p. Dufaux 874
Hersloe's Case 778,1004
Hertford p. Lowther .... 648, 824
Hervey p. McLaughlin .... 1846
Heseltine v. Heseltine 923
p. Siggers 826
P.Simmons 491,2196
Heske p. Samuelson 492
Heskethp. Lee 931,1971
Hester p. Hester 237,2120
Heston and Isleworth p. Grout 175, 570,
1758
Hetherington, Re 553
p. Groonie . . . 926, 1384, 1937
Hetley p. Boyer 542
Hetling and Merton, Re ... . 2244
Heugh p. Chamberlain .... 612
Heurteloup's Case 724
Hewer, /?« 1734,2101
p. Cox 1783
Hewett, Re 631
p. Thompson 1670
Hewitson p. Sherwin 1437
Hewitt, Re 890, 1846
p. Cory 1988
p. George 1412
p. Price 1021, 1614
p. Taylor 1975
p. United Marine Insrce . . 1000
Hewlett p. Allen 1438
Hewlins p. Shippam 594
Hewson and Listowel, Re . . . 502
Hewston p. Phillips 1077
Hextp. Gill. . . 1201,1202,1208,2257
Hey man p. Flewker 56
Heyne, Re 1651
Heys p. Tindall 1892
Hey wood p. Hey wood 2137
p. Mallalieu 865
p. Potter 119
p. Whitehead 1200
Hey worth p. Hutchinson .... 1790
p. Knight 1182
Hibbard p. Lamb 1998
Hibbert v. Acton 227
p. Hibbert 1264, 1700
Hibblewhite p. M'Monne . . 486, 2058
Hibernian Bank p. Gilbert ... 45
Hibonp. Hibon . . . 1193,1537,1890
Hick p. Raymond .... 1664, 1963
p. Tweedy 1667
Hickey, Re 376, 712
Hickinbotham v. Leach .... 581
Hickley p. Greenwood 1917
Hickling p. Fair 1011,1074
Hickman's Case 2070
Hickman p. Birch 846
p. Isaacs 1320
p. Maisey 878
Hicks, £:j/>. 1983
Ixx
TABLE OF CASES.
Pa«e
Ilicka V Duostable 131G
V. Gardner 1620
p. Ross 90
r. Sallit 1156
Hide V, Whistler "2263
Hides V. LitUejohn .... 388, 1893
Higginbottom's Case 122
Higgins, /?e 485
V. Dawson 1738
V. Grant 1166
». Hall 120
V. Harding 1055
V. Northwich 114
Iligginsiiaw Mills, lie 1562
Higginson v. Hall 1417
r. Weld 2119
Higgs* Case 77
Hi^ii Wycombe v. Thames Conser-
vators 2247.2249
Higham u. Wright 615,616
Highland Chief, The ... . 485, 577
Highland Ry v. G. N. of Scotland
Uy . . 684
U.Jackson 2070
Highmore v. Primrose 2173
Highworth p. Westbury-on-Severn 307,
2240
Hilder v. Dexter 2124
Hildesheimer u. Dunn . . . 1398, 1864
Hildred v. Ingram 1615
UWl, Exp 271,555.1365
, ^x p., i2c Bird . . 1,1232,2189,
2201
, Ex p., Re Darbyshire ... 755
, £a: p., /?« Roberts .... 1713
, Re , 35, 1091, 1897
V. Barge 1174
V. Broughton 338
V. Brown 643, 706, 1583
D.Browning 245,1422
V. Bullock 734
». Cooper 26, 585
V. Crank 71
P.Crook . .308,304,526,903,992,
1166,1253,1265
V. E. & W. India Dock Co 488
P.Edward 1378
p. Exeter, Bp of 1621
r.Fox 1938,2119
p. Grange . . 109, 270, 1 166, 2068
V. Grant, Re Dickson 395, 938, 948
p. Hair 572
p. Haire 1909
p. Hill 362, 866, 1076, 1532, 1633.
2104
I.London 2146
p. Lond. & County Assrce . . 1176
p. Mason 160
p. Mid Ry 870,2109
p. Fatten. . . . 790,1877,1866
p. PotU 657
p. Priour 2045, 2070
p. Rowlands 1201
p. Scott 994
P.Smith 1164,2071
p. S. Stnfifordshire Ry . 500, 1981
p. Stawell 24
p. Thomas 680,2144
Psge
Hill p. Walker 932, 984
p. WalUsey . . 897, 1557, 1949
p. Wilson 1256
Hill to Chapman, i?e . . . 606,2000
Hilliard p. Constable 198
— — p. Jennings 432
Hillman, Exp,, Re Punifrey . . 1622
Hills, £:*p 1565
p. Evans 1345, 1348
p. Hills 568
p. Lond. Gas Co . . . 1845, 1348
V. Mesnard 1436
p. Renny 714
p. Sughrue 918,2130
Hilton V. Hopwood 59
p. Tucker 198
Hime p. Dale 1864
Hinchlifife, Re 666
p. Armitstead 670
p. Westwood 1081
Hinde, /?« 911
p. Chorlton 707, 2181
p. Gray 603
Hindle p. Taylor 872,1970
Hindmarch, £xp 632
Hinds, /?€ 1881
Hindson p. Ashby .... 914, 1846
Hinks p. Safety Lighting Co . . 123
Hinton p. Duff 1383
p. Spark es 1106
Hipkins p Birmingham Gas Co 71, 1320,
1490, 1973, 2220
Hire Purchase Co p. Richens . . 182
Hirst p. Halifax 878
w. Horn 2249
p. Molesbury ... 796, 988, 1483
p. Williams 798
His Majesty's Procurator v. Stone 2060
Hiscock, Re 35
Hiscox, Re 35
Hitchcock p. Humfrey 888
p. Siretton 1436
Hitching p. Croft 1793
Hitchins p. Brown 1243
p. Morrieson .... 903, 2240
Hoad p. Grace 1989
Hoarp. Loe 712
Hoare r. Chambers 1086
p. Hornby 21
p. Sllverlock . 663, 783, 1026, 1152
Hobbs p. Cathie 582
p. Dance 1268
p. Hudson 1448
p. Knight 2017
p. Mid. Ry 89,40,1985
p. Tuthill 1013
Hobert and Stroud's Case . . . 1652
Hobgen p. Neale 1859
Hobson, /?«... 9, 84, 497, 1098, 1822
p. Hull 1984
p. Middleton .... 1420, 1460
p. Tulloch 1565
Hocli P. Boor 20
Hochster p. De la Tour .... 1755
Hockaday. /^e 1296
Hockey p. Evans 317
Hockin p. Cooke 234
Hocking, Re ... 807, 571, 1462, 1544
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxi
Page
Hockley v. Ansah 1626
r. Mawbey 1011
Hodder r. WiUiams 1877
Hoddinott v. Hume & Colonial
Stores 660, 10?6
r. Newton . . 881, 858, 179(5, 1797
Hodges, /?e 1814
I?. Grant 1076
r. Smith 204
Hodgins V. Hancock 463
Hodgkinson, Re 1282, 1766
r. Crowe . . 1680, 2164, 2165, 2166.
2167, 2168
Hodgson, 720 . 60,688,924,1020,1026,
1669, 1740
r. Bell 1871,1689
c. Coppard 169
p. Davies 107,241
c. Field 384
r. Graveling 1004
v.Jex 603, 1367
p. Little 213,729
V. Sinclair 697
p. Sinithson 1111
Hodgson 8 School, Re , . , 680, 1704
Hodsoll V. Baxter .... 471, 1107
Hodson V. Pare 1031
Hoerter v. Hanover Co .... 2267
Hoffman v. Marshall 1944
Hogan, /e« 230
p. Byrne 310
V. Jackson 67, 642, 1470, 1668, 1669.
1706, 1968, 2272
V. Sterrett . . . 970, 1120, 1236
Hogarth v. Jennings 168
p. Miller 216, 606
p. Walker 790
Hogben v. Neale . . . 1013, 1014, 1869
Hogg p. Cook 1264
p. Jones 33
p. Scott 1319
r. Snaith 69
Hoggan p. Esqui malt & Nanaimo Ry 1926
Hoggarth p. Tavlur 483
Hoggins p. Gordon 912
Hoghton p. Hnghton 2260
Hohenzollem Co, Re 660
Hdbom V. Chertsey . . . 1860,1736
Holcroft P. Heel 2046
Holden. Exp, 621. 662
P.King 67,274
p. Ramsbottom 1494
Holder p. Ramsbottom 1494
p. Taylor 608
Holdfast p. Dowsing 432
Uoldsworth p. Dimsdale .... 2260
Hole p. Chard 388
HoKord, 7?e 1142
p. Bailey . 233, 708, 727, 886. 1236,
1846. 19Q1
p. George 782, 1631
p. Pritchard 658
Holgate p. Jennines .... 690, 1742
Holgate School, & 602
Hollp. Hsdiey 2166
Holland. Re, Ei p. Warren . . . 1864
p. Clark 24
P.Dickson 1692
P*ge
Holland p. Fisher .... 1011, 1634
p. Fox 1446
p. Hagan 1735
p. Hodgson 1200,1469
p. Kensington 1388
p. King 1345
— - p. Lazarus .... 671, 673, 1849
V. North wich 345
p. Wallen 1268
P.Wood 1349
Hollands p. Chambers 2023
Holledge's Case 969
Holies r. Carr 429
Holliday p. Wakefield . . 103, 076, 1064
Hollinrake p. Truswell . . 298, 410. 1108.
1864, 2064
Hollins p. Fowler 2100
p. Verney ...'... 86, 1002
Hollinsworth, £'x p 1516
Hollis p. Briscow 174
p. Marshall 69
Hollis Hospital, /2e 1462
Hollon, Re 996
Holloway,/2c 1357
p. Coster 1836
p. HoUoway 2044
Holman p. Dasuieres 73
p. Green 1606
p. Loynes 930
Holme p. Guy 1663
Holmes, Re .... 996. 1240, 1625
p. Clarke 801
p. G. N. Ry 616
p. Hoskius 12
p. Kerrison ....... 142
p. Lauder 1427
p. Meynell 93
V. Millage 946
p. Milward 701, 1668
p. Seller 2225
p. Tutton 194, 1097
Holness v. Mackay ...... 616
Holroyd p. Gwynne 591
p. Marshall 1760
Holt, ^r/>.,i2eDaintrey . . . . 2261
Holt, /?e . 215,655,699,753.959,2101,
2264
p. Collyer 65/ 173, 174
p. Frederick 47
p. Gas Light and Coke Co . 2047
p. Scholefleld 754
Holtby p. Hodgson 1028
Holton, Re 650
Holy day p. Morgan 1907
Holyland p. Lewin 624, 625
Holywell p. Halkyn Drainage Co . 659,
871
Homann, Ex p.. Re Vining . . 640, 151G
Honiberg, Exp 1833
Home p. Booth 1704
Home Marine Insrce p. Smith 1340, 1894
Homer p. Homer 139, 1812
p. Taunton 2100
Honan p. Vereker 541
Hone, Re 1997
Honey bone p. Hambridge . . . 1183
Hony wood »». Hony wood . . 2056, 2216
Hood, Re, Ex p. Blandford . . . 1677
Ixxii
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Hood V. Barrington 1689
V. Franklin 1330
P.Hood 1076
1;. Murray 1279
V. Newbv 161
r. N. E. Ry 723
*r. Oglander 694
Hood-Barrs v. Cathcart . 498, 781, 986,
1344, 1626, 1627, 1662
V. Heriot 986, 1746
Hooke V. Hooke 1912
Hooker v. Boggs 431
V. Wilks 838
Hookes V. Swaine .... 1448, 1624
Hookey, Exp, 479
Hoole v.G.W.Ry 1396
Hooper, f^xp 1074
. Ex p.. Re Elliott .... 1446
, Re 896, 1339
V, Accidental Insree .... 2237
V. Balfour 698
V. Bourne .... 40, 1984, 1986
17. Gumm 1034, 1440
i;. Holme 872
r. Kenshole . 692, 1341, 1484, 1873
V, Stephens 1436
V, Western Counties Tele-
phone Co 76, 1682, 1718
Hope, /?6 866,1138,1326
». D'Hedouville 2024
V. Hope 447, 709, 710
V. Potter 1969
V, Walter 610
V, Warburton 1972
Hopewell v. Aclaud . 74, 1102, 1739, 2233
Hopkin, Re 1014
Hopkins, Re . , . . 1011, 1014, 2129
». Abbott 1818
17. G. N. Ry . . . . 712, 870, 976
V. Philipps 769
V. Robinson 1427, 1901
17. Swansea 246
Hopkinson, Re . 664, 1829, 1429, 2081
17. Cauut 615
i;. Lee 1826
17. Lusk 1470
Hopper, Re 112
Horbury Bridge Co, Re . . 362. 2203
Horder v. Grainger .... 120, 1536
r. RoberU 758, 2133
17. Scott 1626
Hore i*. Briddleworth 892
Horley v. Rogers 768
Horn, 7?e 1841,1966
r. Raine 1807
17. Sleaford 896,1912
Horn and Francis, Re 1071
Hornblower v. Boulton . . 1194, 1861
Hornby t7. Cardwell 967
17. Lacy 496
17. Silvester 1829
Home, Re 629,1841,2026
17. Barton 1580
V. Mackenzie 647, 1232, 1765, 2281
Home and Hellard, Re , . . . 736
Horner, Re 284, 447, 2240
, /?«, Eagleton v. Homer 804, 1724
, Re, Pomfret v. Graham . . 1999
Horaert7. Fiintoff .... 1106.1106
p. Lewis .... 688, 1184, lOOO
Hornet, The 1940
Homsby v. Raggett 2148
Homsey p. BrewU . 288,894,958,1389,
1018
V. Davis 782
t7. Monarch Bg Socy 290, 292, 1541
V, Smith .... 1389, 1537, 1538
Horridge v. Ferguson 1848
Horsburgh, i?e 248
Horsey v. Steiger 750, 1086, 1107, 1293,
2119
Horsfall. /2« 1111
17. Key 784, 826, 1699
Horsfield v. Ashton 924
Horsford, Re 98
Horsley 17. Price .... 76,139,1247
Hort's Case 1295
Horton, Re 1528
». Leeds 1899
V. Walsall 839
Horwell v. Gen. Omnibus Co . . 1C38
Horwood, Re 810
V. Smith 1744
V. West 1531
Hosegood V. Pedlar 1952 .
Hosking v. Smith .... 632, 1933
17. Wood 1310, 1733
Hoskins v. PickersgiU ... 790, 2004
Hotchin v. Hiudmarsh . . . 1200, 1824
Hotchkins, Re 923
Hotchkiss, /?e 1180
Hotchkys, Re, Freke v. Calmady . 645
Hotel & Gen. Advertising Co v.
Wickenden 398
Hotham v. Sutton . . 604, 1866. 1868
Hotten V. Arthur 205
Hough t;. Head 835
Houghton, Re 701, 702
17. Gilbart 260
17. Houghton 1009
17. Matthews 496
17. Orgar 792
t\ Staines 2077
V. Sutton Heath Co ... . 694
Houlder v. Mer. Mar Insree . . . 1058
Houlston 17. Woodward .... 1561
Hounsell v, Suttiil 1880
House 17. House 1532
House Improvement and Supply
Assn, Re
Hovenden v. Millhoff 217
How 17. Whitfield 182
17. Winterton 215
Howard's Case .... 461, 778, 1144
Howard, /?c 954
V. Bodington 1866
P.Clarke 1674
p. Collins 1998
p. DIgby 1481
p. IngersoU 876
p. Kay 788
p. Lupton 1442
p. Patent Ivory Co ... . 1584
p. Sadler 981
p. Wilson 1832
p. Woodward 827
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxiii
Howarili v. Brearley ... . 1528
r. Howarth 1171
I'.MilU a04, 1084
Howcutt o. Bonser 23
Howden, iZe 1656
V. Fleemiug 1134
Howe, /2e 2240
r. Dartmomh , . 1567,1715/2220
». Finch 2270
V. Palmer 12
V, Smith 608, 598, 641
Uowell, Re 21, 678
u. Bowers 144($
r. Movers 1625
r. Metrop Dist Ry . . . . 472
HowelU V. Wynne 419
Howes, /2e. fTx p. Hughes . . 753,926
I*. Broshfleld 489
r. Inl. Rev 439. 626
r. Turner . . 141,463.662,1283
llowitt V. Harrington . 646, 1641, 1711
r. Stephens 1248
Howland v. Dover Harbour Bd . 1300
lioworth V, Minns 178
V. Sutcliffe 595, 2063
lloyle, Re 91, 1289
V, Hitchman .... 173, 1536
r. Oldham 1963
V. Oram . ... 616, 642, 944, 1661
Hoyles r. Blore 656
Hubbartrs Case 2277
Hubbard, iTx p., /2e Hardwicke 193,1760,
2088
, Re 1095, 1364
V. Goodley 44
V. Hubbard 1844
llubbersty r. Manchester, S. & L.
liy 249
Hubbuck, /?« 36,949
V, Wilkinson 1668
Heckle 9. Wilson 551
Hucklesby v. Hook 1882
Huckman v. Fernie 2163
Hnddersfield v. G. N. Ry . . . . 936
V. Ravensthorpe 2224
Huddersfleld Bank v. Lister ... 869
Huddersfield and Jacomb, Re . . 866
Huddleston, Re . 1238, 1820, 1914, 1918
Hudleston o, Gouldsbury . . 204, 1818
Hudson. Re 564, 706
D. Bilton 718
p. Clementson .... 1621,2110
9. Cripps 735
r.Ede 520,1504
r. Ffissett 996
r. HiU 765
r. Louth 1356
r. McRae . . . 203,2064,2135
r. Osborne 828
r. Parker .... 24,147,1540
V. Revett 498
p. Tabor 1806
r. Tooth 1122,1123
Huds|>etb v. Yamold 654
Hudston p. Mid. Ry , . . . 1472, 1473
Huffam V. Ellis 2030
p. N. Staffordshire Ry . . . 1439
Hu£fell p. Armistead 1665
Pige
Huggins, /?e .... 946, 1349, 1583
Hughes, i;xp 1566,1836
, Ex p., Re Howes ... 758, 926
,Re . 26,129,403,475,710,1683,
1826
p. Breeds 1699
V. Buckland 1629
0. Chatham 2028
p. Doyne 2021
V. Evans 2146
V. Humphreys 1183
0. Jones 1715
P. Little . . . 717, 926, 1334, 1818
P.Lloyd 699
p. Palmer 2193
p. Pritchard 1737
V. Rees 66
p. Sutherland 1893
p. Twisden 1709
p. Whiiby 1706
p. Young 628
Hughes and Ashley, Re 696, 2170, 2226
Huguenin p. Baseley 2126
Hulsh, Re, Bradshaw p. Huish . . 1396
Hulkes p. Day 938
Hull p. Hill 745
— p. London Co. Co 1576
p. Macfarlane 1467
Hull Dock Co p. Browne .... 1609
P.Priestley 1510
p. Scutcoates Union .... 181
Hull Ropes Co p. Adams . . . 240, 499
Hull, &c. Ry, /?« 4, 128
p. Yorkshire, &c, Coal Co . . 1789
Hull & Selby Ry. fl« 914
Hulme p. Tennuut .... 709, 1827
Hulsep. Hulse 1171
Humber Iron Co, Re (WilUams'
Case) 810
Humble p. Bowman 694
p. Mitchell 826
p. Shore 690, 691, 1743
Hume, Re 996
p. Bentley 1007
p. Druyff 1692
P.Lloyd 1013
p. Lopes .... 931,2106,2176
Humfreston's Case 1619
Humfrey p. Humfrey 2044
Hummel p. Hummel 2250
Humphrey p. Bethell . . . 1756, 2203
Humphreys, Re ... . 895, 938, 1685
— p. Harrison 2123
p. Inl. Rev 1703, 2089
Humphries, Re 303
p. Taylor Co 697
Humphriss p. Worwood .... 1668
Hungerfurd Market Co p. City
Steam Boat 2128
Hunnings p. Williamson .... 998
Hunt, Ex p., Re Cann . . . 1296, 2ia3
r. Allen 1003
p. l)e Blaquiere . . . 610, 1250
p. Fripp 982
V. 0. N. Ry . 1168, 1669, 2064, 2069
p. Goldby 531
p. Harris 1887
p. Hibbs 1852, 1854
Ixxiv
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Hunt V. Hooper 2066
w. Hort 1104
w. Hunt . . . 13, 836. 789, 1214
V. White 1640
1^. Wimbledon 666, 955, 1866, 1867,
1896
V, Worsfold 776
Hunt and Pennington, /?e . . . 123
Hunter, Re 648, 1232, 2000
V. A-G 60, 1346
i;. CaldweU 713
V. Clare 1480
V. Dowling 829, 1062
V. GreensUl 472
r. Hawke 628
0. McGown 793
V. Nockolds 91
V. Northern Insrce .... 984
V. Parker 987
r. Potts 2187
U.Sharp 1607,1632
». Wright 1061
Hunting v. Boulton 860
Huntingdon, Rowledge's Case . . 1823
Huntington v. Attrill 1444
V. Inl. Rev 404
Huntsman, The 1163
Hurbalt and Chaytor, Re ... , 646
Hurcum v. Hilleary 1243
Hurlbatt v. Barnett ... 19, 20, 16:^
Hurley. Re 662
Hurlston, /2e 1614
Hurlstone v. Ash ton 806
Hurrell, Re 946
U.Ellis 488
Hurry 17. Royal Ex 1112
Hurst V. Hurst 292
Husband u. Martin, Re Clark . . 1506
Huskisson v. Lefevre 1788
Hussey v. Berkeley .... 228, 834
V. Horne-Payne . . . 1967, 1958
Hutcheson v. Eaton 222
Hutchings, Re 1582
Hutchings and Romer, Ex p. . 68, 184
Hutchins, Re 2000
V. Ciiambers 665
Hutchinson, £:r /) 884,1866
, Re 137, 661, 1969
V. Barrow 1296
w. Bowker 167
I?. Gascoigne 1803
u. Hartmont 712
V. Humbert 943
V. Hutchinson 1762
V. Kay 1200
V. Manchester, &c, Ry . . . 2247
V. Rough 603, 2006
U.Smith 789,898,1109
Hutchinson and Tennant, Re 694, 1530,
2241
Huth U.Clarke 496
Huttley u. Simmons . . . 380, 1149
Hutton, i?e, isJx;?. Benwell ... 946
u. Annan 1662, 1661
u. Brown 1223
u. Eyre 1703
V. Lewis 1440
u. Thompson 1186
Hutton r. Warren 2218
u. W.Cork Ry . . . 1763,2113
Huxham u. Wheeler 1400
Huxley u. W. Lond. Ex. Ry . . . 817
Huxstep r. Brooman .... 67, 2273
Huxtabie u HuxtaLle 332
Huzzey u. Field 711
Hyatt, Re 1902
Hydamess Co u. Indemnity Assrce 140
Hyde u. Bank of Eng. . . . 418,2184
U.Hyde 1166
U.Johnson 1883
u. Skinner 1710
u. Warden . 1807,2139,2157.2158
u. Watts 766, 2193
Hyderabad Co u. Willoughby . . 624
Hydraulic Engineering Co u. Mc-
Haffie 1620
Hyndman u. Ward 327
Ibbbt v. De la Salle 1546
IbbeUon. Axp 309
Icely V. Grew 1937
Ida, The 1634
Ide r. Chalmers 2163
Iggulden u. May 781. 1710
Ilchester u. Raishley . . . 697, 1246
lUingworth u. Cooke 197
V. Walmsley 164, 1(193
Illinois Central Hy u. Williams . 2190
llminster School, Re 816
Imbro, The 1876
Imperial Bank of China u. Bank of
Hindustan 1920,1977
Imperial Credit Askh v. Coleman . 481
Imperial Gaslight Co u. W. Lond.
Gas Co 1990
Imperial Land Co, Re . . , 248, 1326
Imperial and Foreign Investment
Corp, Re 1888
Imray u. Oakshette 1071
Ince. Re 1068
Inchley u. Robinson 1063
Income Tax Commrs v. Pemsel 186, 294.
296,296,816
Incorporated Socy u. Ricliards . . 2141
Ind, Coope & Co u. Hamblin . . 39
Indian u. Colquhoun 1526
Indian Chief, The .... 1780, 2123
Indian Zoeione Co, Re .... 937
Ingate u. Christie 348
Ingilhy, /?e 1736,1737
Ingle u. McCutchan .... 180, 1884
u. Vaughan-Jenkins . . . . 1191
Ingleby, &c. Co, Re 182
Inglis u. Buttery 1383, 1719
u. Haigh 1190
u. Robertson ... 668, 686, 1188
V. Stock .... 48, 682, 738, 868
Ingram u. Barnes .... 121, 2206
u. Soutten 627
Ings u. L. & S W. Ry . . . 1426, 1683
Inkop u. Morchurch 1976
Inl. Rev. u. Angus . 62, 404, 1083, 1686
u. Fonest 816, 600, 1083, 1798, 1800
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxv
Page
InL Rev. o. Goodfellow .... 447
V. Muller 827
V. PriesUey 1842
V. Scott . 106, 296, 971, 1156. 1699
V, Stewart 1842
o. Tod 482, 1781
Inmnn,IU 1847
Inman Co v. Biscliotf 773
lanes r. East India Co 472
V. Newman 971, 1800
Insole, /fe 26,684
Institution of CItU Engineers, Re . 699,
1800
International, The 1190
International Assrce, Re , . , . 1376
International Financial Socy v.
Moscow Gas Co ... . 101, 1692
lonides v. Pacific Insrce .... 1894
V. Universal Mar Insrce . . 377
Ipswich V. Brown 711
Ipswich Tailors Case 119
Iredale v. China Traders' Insrce . 804
Ireland v. Bircham 489
V. Harris 606
V. Higgins 299
V. Livingston .... 414, 1226
Irish Land Commission v. Grant . 869,
936,1684,1711
p. Junkin 722
Iron Co V. Dodson 894
Iron Ship Coating Co v. Blunt . . 1323
Irons V. Davis 1418
V, Smallpiece 811
Irvine v. Sailivan 1632
Irving r. TurnbuU 1422
Irwell V, Eden 93, 1361
Irwin r. Farrer 1371
Irwine v. Reddish 786
Isaac, /2e 416
p. Farrer 882
Isaacs V. Royal Insrce 2142
p. ToweU 1108
Isaacson, Re . , . . 809, 2196, 2197
V. Durant 66
Isis S. S. Co V. Bahr .... 73, 2231
Isitt and Raili^ay Passengers' As-
srce./2e 280,602
Iile of Ely Case 1848
Isle of Wight Commrs, Re . . , 878
Isle of Wight Ry v. Tahourdin . 92, 636
Ive'sCase 1166.2263
Ive V. King 1740. 1869, 1860
Ivensr. Elwes 1916
Ires p. WilUns 1936
Iveson p. Moore 1912
Ivison p. Gassiot 606, 1297
J. R. HiNDB, The 1940
Jack p. Kipping 1286
p. Mclntyre 2109
Jackson, Re 9, 891. 697, 941, 1840, 2183
, Re, Ex p. Union Bk of Man-
chester 309
p. Battley 468
p. Courteoay .... 1823,2186
Page
Jackson p. Hamilton 90
V. Hanson 602
V. Healy 1323
P.Hill 1183*2269
p. Hoaie 186, 626
p. Isaacson 773
V. Jackson 1009
V. Napper 879
p. Ogg 1333
V. Rainford Co . . . 1166, 1684
p. Spittall 278
V, Spittle 278
p. Tyas 270
p. Union Marine Insrce . . 612
Jackson and Woodbum, Re . 1639, 2170
Jacob p. Catling 1082
p. Down . . 1038, 1293, 1630, 1720
Jacob Christensen. The .... 967
Jacobs, ^x» 1296
p. Harbach 1784
p. Revell 6:^8
Jacoby p. Whitmore 828
Jacomb p. Dodgson 114
Jaederen.Tbe 460,2161
Jaggard p. Jaggard 1623
James, Re 1072
p. Allen 186
p. Buena Ventura Syndicate . 1186
p. Evans 661
P.James 828,1441
p. Jones 738
P.Kerr 287,068
p. Lond. & S. W. Ry . 466, 1564
p. Masters 1492
p. Parry 664
p. Plant 109
P.Salter 792
— p. Stevenson 4
p. TafEValeRy 684
p. Tutney 246
p. Vane 1688, 1684
p. Wyrill 1268
P.Young 617,1091
Jameson p. Marshall 2091
Jamieson p. Jamieson 2082
p. N. British Ry 1266
p. Trevelyan .... 786, 1026
Jamieson and Newcastle S. S.
Insrce, Re 262
Jane and Matilda, The .... 1807
Janes p. Staines 1694
Janet Court, The 610
Janson p. Brown 1036
p. Ralli 2073
J' Anson p. Stuart 800
Janssen p. Green 222
Jaques p. Wilson 1248
JurmRJi, Exp 1178.1179
, Re 186, 890, 1846
p. Vye 67
Jarrett p. Hunter 1689
Jarvis p. Jarvis .... 193, 997, 2088
Jarvis' Charity, Re 1447
Jauncey p. A-G 871
Jay, Exp., Re Blenkhorn . . . 1616
,/?« Harrison 1817
p. Hammon 616
^— V. Johnstone 1027
Ixxvi
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Jay V, Richardson 1080
— t;. RobinBon . . . . 174,471,1386
Jayne v. Hughes 24
Jeakes v. White 821
Jeans, /?« 803
Jee V, Audley H62
Jefifcock, /2e 1464
JeSeTey,Exp 1446
Jefiferies v. Michell 834
Jefifery, Re 1142
V. Legender 407
». St. Fancras 1299
Jcfferys P, Boosey 149,409
V, Smith 829
Jeffreson v. Morton 2036
Jeflfrey's Case 970
Jeffrey t;. Franconia 455
I?. Neale 127,1878
V. Weaver 1040
Jeffreys v. Reynolds 1970
Jeffryes p. Evans 795,902
Jellard,i?e 2277
Jenings v. Bally 1716
Jenkins r. Barrett .... 214,1896
p. Betham 1891
1;. Clinton 801,1906
». Comber 960
». Cook . .274,347,609,654,1065
V. Green 1637
17. Hughes 661,1906
P.Jackson 1301,1440
V. Jones 1645
V. Power 48
Jenkinson, Re 122, 925, 931
». Brandley Co 354,470
Jenks V. Clifden 976
r. Taylor 774,1110
V. Turpin .... 349, 1039, 2134
Jenkyns v. Gaisford . . 1881, 1882, 1884
Jenner'sCase 1632
Jenner v. Turner 666
Jenner Institute o. St George's . 1799,
1801
Jenning v. Rocke 1625
Jennings v. Jennings .... 128, 828
V. Johnson . 939
V. Major 417
Jennor and Hardies' Case . . . 647
Jenoure v. Delmege 1558
Jephson v. Barker 406
Jersey p. Neath . . . 607,1202,2233
v. Uxbridge 804, 1912
Jervis t». Lawrence 995
V. Peel 472
r.Tomkinson . 580,687,962,1085,
2266
Jervoise v. Clarke 1783
V. Jervoise 1400
V.Northumberland .... 2066
Jessel V. Bath 884
Jesson V. Essington 897
V. Solly 866, 1435
V. Wright 861
Jesus College, Exp 1468
Jewell V. Christie 930
V. Stead 663
Jewison r. Dyson 144
Jewry c. Busk 849
Jex V. McKinney . . . 100, 251, 2132
Jinkings v. Jinkings 1912
Jiorns v. Van Tromp . . . 2278, 2270
Job V. Lamb 908
Jobson, Re 779
Jocelyu, Ex p 290
Jodrell, /;«. . . 903,1166,1241,2090
t;. Jodrell 98C
Joel V, Harvey 204O
V.Mills 468
Johannes, The 2267
Johannesberg Land Trust, 7?e . . 1177,
2114
Joliannesburg Hotel Co, Re . . . 928
John V. Albion Co 1831
V. Holmes . . . 181, 1923, 1968
John Griffiths Corp v. Humber . . 1289
John Holloway, The . . . 441,2110
John Morley Bg Co v. Barras 536, 1185
John O'Scott, The 2071
Johns V. Dickinson 1619
V. Ware 1829
V. Wilson 872
Johnson, Exp, . . . 752, 1562, 1786
, Ex p., Re Chapman .... 2103
, /2s 10. 36, 387, 592, 717, 866, 923,
1010, 1076, 1078, 1999, 2063
, Re, Cockerell v. Essex 1396. 1496,
1897, 1968
, Re, Sly V. Blake 1641
V. Baker 788
V. Barnes 1088
V. Blenkensopp 1187
V, Crook 87
1;. Curteis 639
V. Diamond 472
V. Dlgby 788
w. Diprose 192
r. Edge 680,2061
V. Emerson 1 148
i;. Faulkner 665,1821
17. Fenner 1370
V. Harris 1684
u. Helleley 827, 828
W.Johnson . . . 776,1677,1716
V. Lander 684
«;. Lindsay 848,349
t?. Macdonald 118
». Mid.Ry 848
V. Mounsey, Re Alison . 674, 1228
». Newnes . . . 206, 1830, 1831
v. Rowlands 1631
V, Simcox 1348
p. Shspte 1091
V. Smart 1968
W.Telford 223:^
i;. Webster 1889, 1966
Johnson and Tustin, Re , , . , 967
Johnston, Re, Cockerell v. Essex . 1396,
1495, 1897, 1968
V. Benson 1764
i;. Edge 680,2061
V, Ewing 637, 1769
V. Hogg . 117, 268, 620. 1744, 182:
V. Kershaw 1226
p. Moore 1667
V. Swann 1694
Johnstone v, Baber 1331
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxvii
Johnstone v. Bucknnll 662
F. Cox 1760
r. Crompton 1201
p. Hadleston . . 1221,1996,2284
I?. Marks 1249
». Milling 1766
Joint Stock Discoant Co v. Brown 944
Joliffe.^xp 440
V. Baker 646, 1079
w.Twyford 867,1088
Jolliffe p. Hector 1084
V, Wallasey 669, 1629
Jolly r. Arbuthnot 666
r. Hancock 2284
V, N. Staffordshire Tramway . 914
p. Rees 1260
c. Young 1222, 1223
Jones, ^x p. 1062,1291
, Re, 182, 428, 646. 790, 988, 946, 1022,
1086, 1188, 1167, 1172, 1626, 1788. 1897,
2024
, Re, Ex p. Thome .... 891
, /&, Dutton tf. Brookfleld . . 116
17. Bamett 968, 1622
0. Beirnstein ... 8, 1616, 1813
V. Bone 1748, 1922
p. Brinley 1989
r. Bubb 1183
V. Carmarthen 669
t?. Carter 809
0. Chapman 88
p. Cliappell 2021,2217
O.Clarke 688
a. Conway, Ac, W.iter Bd . . 1989
P.Cook 1478
p. Curling 6*2, 817
p. Daniel 1968
p. DaTies 622, 987, 1866. 1892, 1896,
2148
p. Edney 768
p. Festtniog 1119
P.Foley 744
p. Foxall 2260
p. Frewin 1860
p. Gibbons 124
P.Giles 1188
P.Gordon 819
p. lUrris 1783,1734
p. Harrison 266, 1176
c. Heavens 862
p. Henley 1882
p. Hough 1106
p. Huxtable 244, 246
p. Inl. Rev 1466
p. Jones . 70. 276, 616, 616, 1072,
1258, 1443, 1912
p. Just 1166,2009
p. McCraw 622
— p. Maggs 1611
p. Marshall 1911
p. Maunsell 1399
p. Mersey Docks 181
r. Mills 1666
— p. Nanney 1761
p. Nicholson 168
r. Nixon 621
p. N. E. Ry 206
p. Ocean Coal Co 164
Psge
Jones p. Ogle 660, 946, 1466
p. Padgett 1190
p. Parsell 1782
P.Pope 1916
P.Price 1741
p. Quinn 1619
p. Reynolds 714, 870
p. RoberU .... 827, 869, 1917
p. Robinson 646, 1468, 1470, 1820
P.Ryan 1381
p. St. John's College. ... 918
p. Scottish Accdt Insrce 667, 1784
p. Sefton 924, 983
p. Shears 2265
p. Short 262, 846, 1960
V. Skinner 1682
p. Slee 661
V. Smith 1227
p. Stanstead Ry 974
p. Taylor 2249
p. Thompson . . . 472, 478, 1816
p. Thome 1820
p. Vemey 229
p. Victoria Dock Co . . 1289, 1860,
1882
p. Watts 1788, 2177
V. Westcomb 468
V. Whittaker 668
P.Williams. . . .660,911,1218
p. Withers 1711
Jones & Co, i?e 928
Jonge Margaretha. The .... 890
Jonmenjoy Coondoo p. Watson . 1262,
1496, 1788
Joplin p. Postlethwaite .... 112
Jopling p. Stuart 7
Jopp p. Wood 629
Jordan p. Adams . . . 869, 861, 862, 865
p. Roach 2281
Jordeson p. Sutton, &c. Gas Co . . 1-301,
1990
Jortin p. S. E. Ry 24
Joselyne, Ex p 194
Josh V. Josh 89
Josolvne v. Meeson 1601
Josselyn v. Parson 1189
Joule p. Taylor 1980
Jowett p. Idle 1947
p. Spencer 768, 810
Joy, fle 2186
Joyce p. Beall 1417
— V. Northumberland Miners'
Socy 888,780
p. Realm Mar Insrce . . . 139
Joyner p. Weeks 1720
Jubb, /?c 1974
Jubber p. Jubber 849,2137
Judah p. Randal 1916
Judge p. Bennett 1001
p. Selmes 1628
Judkin, i?e 1748,1847
Judkins p. Judkins 67
Juffrow Maria, The 198
Juggomohun Ghose p. Manick-
chund 284
Julius p. Oxford, Bp . 908,1178,1174,
1176, 1176, 1177, 1179, 1843
Jull p. Jacobs 779, 1706
Ixxviii
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Jampv. Jump 1685,1844
Jumpsen v. ritchers 792
Jupp, Re 603, 1023
K.
Kalamazoo, The 1099
Kane v. Kane 74, 1841
Karaskhoma Syndicate, Re . . . 989
Katy, The 1776
Kay, Re 1673,2105
r. Field .... 621,1112,2162
f. Oxley .... 1768, 2182, 2226
V. Wheeler 1464
Kaye v. Croydon Tramways . . 1920
». Laxon 841
V. Sutherland 61, 621
Kearley v. Tonge 1047
u. Tylor 1047
Kearney i;. Lloyd .... 880, 1149
V. West Granada Co . . . 191
V. Whitehaven Colliery . . . 1205
Kearns v. Cordwainers' Co . . . 1767
Kearon t;. Pearson 2162
Keast V. Barrow Hsematite Co . . 164
Keates v. Cadogan 491
Keats V. Keats 366
Keay v. Boulton 803
Kesys, Re 1661
Kceble t;. Bennett 1684
V. Hickeringill 761, 1148, 1772, 2242
Keeling, i?<!,£>;>. Blanchett . . 1809
Keen v, Denny 1260, 2109
t?. Henry 1690
V. Milwall Dock Co ... . 1290
r. Priest 172
Keep V. St. Mary, Newington . . 2016
Keer v. Brown 166
Keeson v. Luxmore 1686
Keet V. Smith 1763
Kehoe V. Lansdowne . . . 1736,2157
Keighley's Case 642, 1806
Keighley v. Durant 1666
Keightley v. Watson . . . 1024, 1826
Keith V. Burrows 772
r. National Telephone Co 766,2209
V. Reid 1874
Kelcey, Re 69, 2170
Kell V. Anderson 118
Kellard v. Kooke 1986
Keller, i?« 221,439
Kellett v. SUnnard 1036
Kelleway v. Macdougal .... 626
Kellner v. LeMesurier 407
Kelly, Re 1868
, Re, West v. Turner .... 133
V. Byles 2064
V. Hammond 461
V. Heathman 412
». Kellond 926
r. Kelly 444
V. London Pavilion . 829, 686, 622,
661, 1462
o. Metrop Ry . . . . 392, 2072
V. Mid. G. W. Ry 1668
V Morris 204, 1108
r. Powlelt 898
Fkge
Kelly v. Rogers 318,2053
Kelner v. Baxter 1664
Kemble v. Addison 1310
r. Farren 1105
Kemeys-Tynte, Re 918
Kemp t7. Attenborough .... 1404
V. Batt 725
r. Falk 499
V. Kemp 70
V. Lester 148, 671, 1294
r. NevUle 427
V. Sober 236, 260, 466
u S. E. Ry 1728
V. Wanklyn 1365
r. Watt 742
V. Wright 988
Kempe, Exp 477,478
Kempson p. G. W. Ry 1112
Kendall v. Burt 174
V. Granger 807
V. Hamilton 1020, 1026
W.Hill 2167
U.Kendall . . . 823,1216,1216
v. Lond. & S. W. Ry . . . 2187
V. Wilkinson 666
Kenlis v. Hodgson 176
Kennaird v. Cory 831
Kennard V. Futvoye 1228
Kennedy, J?*;?., Ae Willis ... 148
, Re 163
V. I)e Trafford 66, 2105
V, G. Southern & W. Ry . . 172
V. Kennedy 106
r. I^e 827
w. Lyell 1646
V. Sedgwick 1074
V. Thomas 464
Kennelly v. Enright 181
Kennerly v. Nash 171
Kenney v. Hutchinson 765
Kennlngton Case 164,369
Kenny v. Harrison 2232
Kenrick v. Guilsfleld 1847
1?. Lawrence 160
Kensey v. Langham 2028
Kensington, i?e 1960
r. Mansell 749
Kensit v, St. Ethelburga . . 1358, 2004
Kenson v. Reading 667
Kent's Case 928
Kent ». Astley . . . 686. 1160, 2080
». Mid. By 114,1819
u. Tapley 204
Kent Coalfields Synd., Re . . . 238
Kent Co. Co. v. Gerard .... 680
V. Vidler 680
Kenworthy v. Schofield .... 166
Kenyon v. Berthon 934
U.Eastwood 1840
U.Hart 1807
Keogh V. Keogh 1956
Ker V. Clobury 2060
u. Williams 76
Ker's Claim (Bubbu. Yelverton) . 797
Kerferd u. Seacombe Ry . . . . 896
Kermode u. Macdonald .... 1007
Kerr, /?« 1666
u. Haynes 689
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxix
Page
Kerr r. Jcston 2142
r. Kerr 1090
r. Middlesex Hosp 219
KerrisoD v. Cole 2196, 2197
1?. Smith 1096
Kershaw, Re . 40, 183, 471, 1063, 1371
V. Chantler 1284
V. Kershaw 94
V, Taylor 1849
Kerslake v. White ...... 1 193
Kettlewell v. Kettlewell .... 2100
». Watson 402
Key r. Key 1268
Keynsham Lime Co v. Baker . 203, 689
Keyse r. Hay den 2269
Key worth, /;«, fTr p. Tate . . . 1810
Keyzor v. Newconib 1632
Khanukhoma Synd., i20 .... 390
Kibbett v. Lee 2277
Kibble v. Fairthome 1468
V. Gough 12
Kidd, Re 1099
p. Boone 1916
r. North 1111
Kiddell 0. Barnard 1907
Kidiier v. Keith 499
Kidson V. Turner 891
Kidston v. Empire Mar Insrce 162, 1418.
1414
Kiff V. Roberts, Roberts, Re, .68, 1682
Kildare v, Fisher 1232
Kilford r. Blaney 2037
Kilkelly r. Powell 645
Killamev, The 1414
KiWick/Exp 1900
V. Graham . 1908, 2078, 2079, 2092.
209.S
Killmister v. Fitton 2076
Kilpin u. Ratley 811
RiWington v. Parker 1738
Kilwick V. Maidman 1820
Kimber v. Admans . . 2, 736, 898, 896
r. Press Assn .... 1340,1723
Kiraberley W. W. Co i;. De Beers
Co 89,1728
Kimpton ». Willey 276
Kinderley v. JerTis 648
Kindleside v. Harrison 917
Kmg,Re 1214,1706,2137
V. Alston 341
V. Burrell 1268, 1970
V. Chamberlain 1628
p. Cheyne 1909, 2179
p. Cleaveland . . 1082, 1860, 1862
r. Denisnn 1966
p. Dilliston 749
r. England 1781,1782
r. Eversfleld 2284
r. Frost 1999,2000
p. George 68
p. Henderson .... 1149, 1698
p. Hinde 2109, 2110
V. Hoare 1020
V. King 863, 1913
— V. London Improved Cab Co 1690
p. Marshall 2122
p. Morris 848
P.Parker 1953
Pige
King p. Phillips 17
p. Pinsoneaalt .... 166, 2087
V. Rymill 1086
p. Simmonds 891
p. Smith 2, 1619
p. Victoria Insrce . . . 310, 1960
p. Walker 189, 1668
p. Wycombe Ry 896
King-Harman p. Cayley .... 1644
Kingdon. Re 68, 1766
p. Kirk 497
Kingdon and Wilson, Re . . 637, 1868
Kingsford v. Marshall 1944
Kingsman p. Kingsman .... 26
Kingsmill p. Millard 178
Kingston p. Harding . . . 284, 22.30
p. Lorton 1681
Kingston Cotton Mills Co, Re 1209, 1826.
1672
Kinloch p. Indian Secretary ... 988
Kinlock r. NevUe 1768
Kinnaird p. Trollope 1231
Kinnersley v. Knott 972
r. Orpe 128
Kinning, £!xp 861
Kinsella p. CafTrey 916
Kinsman v. Jackson . . . 1649, 2265
Kinson Co p. Poole 1954
Kippins.^xo 1488,1498
Kippling p. Todd 1863
Kirby p. G. W. Hy 1911
p. N. British Insrce .... 1856
p. Potter 1938
p. Smyth 894
Kirk P. Bell 1642
p. Coates 1685, 1782
Kirkbank v. Hudson . . . 619, 1148
Kirkbride, Re 1349
Kirkham p. Attenborough . . . 1784
p. Marter 474, 476
Kirkheaton v. Ainley . . . 691, 1178
Kirkin V. Jenkins 2136
Kirksmeaton, Rector of, ^xp. . . 270
Kirk wood, ^xf)., /^e Mason . . . 273
p. Smith 1677
Kirshenboim p. Salmon . 693, 849, 979
Kirwan, Re 2250
Kish p. Cory 604, 1090
Kissam p. Link 1026
Kitchen v. Johnson 1243
r. Shaw 1369, 1366
Kitching p. Croft 1793
Kitson p. Asl:e 1485
p. Hard wick 1472
Kitto p. Bilbie 499, 648
Kleinwort p. Shepard 1822
Knapp, Re 319
V. Burnaby 284
p. Williams 996
Knatchbull, /?e 964
Knight,/?* 1177,1686,2184
. Re, Ex p, Voisey .... 2X4
p. Abbott 960
V. Barber 664, 826
— V. Bennett 622
p. Bowers 120
r. Coales 20
p. Crockford 1882
Ixxx
TABLE OF CASES.
Knight v. Cubitt 868, 2121
V. EgertoD 1388
p. Ellig 1012
r.Halliwell 867
u. Knight . 444, 1629, 1688. 1667
v.hee 224, 798
V. Puresell 1421
V. SimmondB 1321
1;. Waterford 1212
Knight's Deep v. Inl. Rer. ... 79
Knight and Tabernacle fig Socy . 062,
960, 1028
Knight of St. Michael, The 721, 1868, 1916
Kniglitlj, ^xp., /{cMoulson . . 1788
Kniglits v. L. C. & D. Ry . . . . 1240
Knili V. Prowse 0
Knolljrs v. Sliepherd . . . 894, 1669
Knott v. Cottee 882
Knowles, Re 1082, 1848
V. Bolton 112
v.DickinBon 88,2266
t;. Lanca. & Y. Ry . . . 860.467
i;. Sinclair 412,1336
Knox i;. Gildea 602
».Gye 19,869
V. Mackinnon 874
V. Siromonds 2142
u. WellB 2188
Koc'hv. Koch 614
Konig and Ebhardt, Re . . 1770, 1771
Kopi V. The Queen 864
Koster v. Park 1182
Krehl v. Burrell 710,1001
i;. G. Central Gas Co . . . 891
Kreuger v. Blanck 200
Kroniieim v. Johnson 1419
Kriise V. Jolinson 1438
KUhne v. Hudson 1033
Kurtz v. Spence . . . 1083, 2061, 2261
Kusel V. Watson 1214
Kynaston v. Malkinder .... 138
Kynter's Cnse 789, 2004
Lab\lmondt ERE v. Addison. . . 114
La Banque D'Hochelaga v. Murray 141.
1302
La Beau v. People 42
Labouchere v. Dawson .... 827
V. Warnclifife 766, 980
La Bourgosrne 2B4. 326
Labron, Re 898, 982
La Cave v. Credit Lyonnais . . 451, 960
Laceby v. Lacon 1096, 1708
Lftcey, R^. 482, 1909
V. Hill 907
Lat-kington i7. Elliott .... 148. 891
Lacon, 7?« loll
V. Hooper 1222. 1224
hncy.Re 2,301,674,1602
Ladd V, Lynn 1250
Ladies' Dress Assn v. Pulbrook . 363
Lady Campbell, The 577
Ln dy ma n V. Grave 1758
La (fan and Downes, /2< . . . . 2241
Lafond v. Raddock 1761
Lafone v. Smith 785
Lagerwelt v. Wilkinson .... 2093
Lagunas Co v. Lagunas Synd. . . 840
Laidlaw o. Willson 2279
Laidler v. Burlinson 106
Laing, Re 1476, 1841, 1966
V, Barclay 2162
V. Bishopswearmouth . . . 143
V. Cownn 806
V, Hollway 618, 892
Lainson v. Lainson 779
Laird i^. Briggs 1467, 1764
Laitwood, i^e 864
Lake v. Butler 663
V, Dean 1614
V. Plazton 3970
». Smith 2026
Lake and Taylor, Re, Spain v.
Mowatt 1064
Lakeman v. Mountstephen . . . P06
V. Stephenson 16, 1762
Laker v. Hordem 461
Lakin v. Lakin 1738
Lamb, Ex p., Re Southam . . . 766
, /?e .... 68, 687, 913» 1860, 1868
, Re, Ex p. Gibson .... 1291
V. Brewster 980
V, Bruce 826
P. Erans 206,1108
w.G. N. Ry 894,1184
r. Hemans 921
». Walker 277
Lambe v. Eames . 640, 094, 1630, 1682,
1683
V. Smythe 1734
I^mbert, Re 447, 891
— V. Lambert 2090
V. Neuchatel Asphalte Co . . 1260
V. Parker 2234
V. Peyton 1014
Lambeth v, Ix)ndoD Co. Co. . . . 181
Lambton v. Kerr ... 178, 1902, 1920
— V. Parkinson 428
Lamond. Ex />., Re Dod & Co . . 930
V, Richard .... 848, 978, 2093
Lamphier v. Despard 823
V, Phipos 1891
Lampleigh v. Brathwait .... 2200
Lamprell v. Billericay . . . 1674, 1860
Lancashire v. Hunt .... 1098, 2086
V. r^ticnshire 2069
t\ Rochdale 1187
V. Staffordshire Jus 068
Lancashire Asylums Bd v. Man-
chester 1668
Lancashire Brick Co t;. Lane. & T.
Ry 946
Lancashire Cotton Co, /?e . . . 1662
Lancashire Insrce v. Inl. Rev. . . 16
Lancashire Jus. r. Rochdale . . 281
Lancashire Teleplione Co v. Man-
chester 069
Lancashire & Y. Ry t' Bolton 804, 1912
V. Bury 218
V. Gidlow .... 88,944,1914
Lancaster, Ex p 1978
V, Barnes 672
— V. Lancaster 1979
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxxi
Page
T^ncftster r, Walsh 2239
Lanchlmry r. Bode 449
Und Credit Co of Ireland. Re . . 1450
Land Development Assn, Re . . 928
Land Mtge Bank of Florida, Re . 2124
Land Securities Co, Re ... . 641
Lander v. Lander 2160
Lander and Bagiey, Re . . 2167, 2168
Landowners' W. of England Co v.
Ashford 1892
Lands Allotment Co, Re . . 361, 2106
Lane, y?« 470
, Re, Exp. GKze 706
V Bennett 189
r. Chapman 2196
r. Collins . . . 120, 1199, 1200
P. Ksdaile 1073, 1350
V. Horlock 1817
V Jjine 1859
r. Norman 490
V. I'anton 1214
p. Uendall 2133
r. Sewell 983
V. Stanhope 701
V Way 68
Una-Fox, Re 2198
Lang r. Anderdon 1779
V. Gale 1222
r. Giftliorne 1618
V. Hugh 1384
Ungdale. Re 788, 820, 1152
1\ Briggs 1866
F. Mason 316, 1674
p Whitfield. . . 1216,1216,1666
I^ngdon 9. Broadbent 360
p Howells 880
Langford v Selmes .... 841, 2118
liingham. Re 767
langley v. Bombay Tea Co . . . 2080
r. Hammond .... 2182, 2226
r. r^ngley 1671
r. Thomas 1787
Langmead r. Cockerton .... 820
I<angrish v. Archer 1483
Lan«rston v. Glasson 1609
r. Langston 1309
V Ollivant 1476
Jjington V. Carleton 2112
V. Horton 100, 791
Lansrtry. Re 68
Lnnning v Lovering 687
r^nnoy v. Werry 407
Lanop. Neale 2004
Unoy V. Ath*)l 1167
Lanpfiier v. Buck 1014
l/in!Miowne v. Lansdowne . . . 2218
Urcliin p. North Western Depfisit
Bank 20
Umer v. Lamer 1216, 1613
Larocque v. Beauchemin . . 928. 1874
Larpent v. Bibby 1297
Usceiles V. Onslow 1976
; — ». Swansea Sch. Bd . . . . 1322
Lashbrook p. Cock 188
lAshmar, Re 1070, 1469
lA«t p. Tiondon Assrre Co . 1236, 1572
lAtham r. Barber 826
p. Spedding 1639
voIj. I.
Page
Lathom v. G-eenwich Ferry Co 1649, 1662
Latimer's Case 2165
Latimer, Ex p., Re Morse . . . 1561
I^atymer, Re 1506
Laudergan v. Feast 1372
Launceston \\y Acts, Re . . . . 1616
Lauri v. Renad 2090
Laurie, Re 1
V. Douglas 14, 1246
Lavender, Re 1286
Laver v. Botham 2007
r. Fielder 867, 1861
Lareroni p. Drury .... 348, 1454
Lavery v. Purssell 826, 097
Lavy p. London Co. Co. . 226, 227, 806
lAiyr,Exp 1401
P.Garrett 112
p. Harwood 1912, 2264
p. Kedditch 1105, 1106
Law Reporting Conncil, Re . 236, 2078
Law Socy p. Bedford 1904
u. Waterlow 1904
I^we p. Harwood .... 1912, 2264
Lawea p. Gibson 1379
Lawler p. Linden .... 1187,1188
Lawless v Sullivan 948
Lawlor v. Henderson 1701
Lawrance r. Norreys 778
Lawrence, Re 1830, 1860
p. Aberdein 1226
p. Acct Insrce 280
p. Adams 1830
V. Boston 494
p. Edwanls . . . 1206, 1404, 1830
p. Galsworthy 1818
r. Hedger 1281
p. Hitch 2071
p. Ingmire 1733
p. King 1131, 1945
p Knowles 1666
V. Norreys 1669
P.Todd 121
p. Willcox 487, 1106
Lawrie p. Lees 781
Laws V. Eltringham 16«0
p. Rand 1664
p. Read 759
Lawson p. Atlantic Transport Co . 562
p. Burness . . . 2109,2110,2162
V. Fraser 690
p. Lond. & S. W. Ry ... 2278
p. Wallasey 373
Lawther r. Black 637
Lawton r. Hickman * 824
Laxon. Re ... . 703, 818, 1465, 1562
Lay, /?e 1162
Layard p. Ovey 323, 2163
I^yboum v. Gridley 1493
T-ayfleld p. Cowper 2056
Laythoarp v. Bryant . . . 878, 1881
T/ea, /?« 830
p. Facey 1029
V. Parker 2192
r. Whitaker .... 1104, 1106
I^ea Conservancy r. Button . . . 2076
T^ach p Jav 1820
V. Learh 110
r^ad bitter, Re 1420
Ixxxii
TABLE OF
/
leader v. Duffey 2045
V, Hayes . . * 1059
y. Yell ........ 818
Leadsineltinfif Co v. I^ichardson . 1203
Ixjak r. Driffield 1826
i;. MacI>owan 1724
V. Scott, He Parry .... 1277
Leake t^. Leake 2288
V. Robinson 1742, 2236
Lear v. Leggett 66, 2088
Learoyd, Ex p., Re Foulds ... 58
V.Bracken 398
V. Whiteley 1661
Leary v. Pattrick 666
V. Steeves ^ 2040
Leas Hotel Co, Re ... . 1584, 1587
Leathern v. Craig 1149
Leatiier Cloth Co v. American
Leather Cloth Co 1428
Leathly v. Hunter 534
Leavesley, Re 60, 548
Lebeau v. General Steam Nav. 384
Lech mere v. Curtler 901
V. Lavie 1531
Lechmere and Lloyd, Re ... , 2046
Leckey v. Watson 643
Lecky v. Ogilvy 414
Leconfield v. Dixon 770
V. Lonsdale ....... 780
Le Couteur v. Lond. & S. W. Ry 1473, 2060
Lecoy v. Mogford 841
Leda,The 1386
Leduc V. Ward 250, 1098
Led ward v, Hnssells 5
Lee's Case 854
Lee V. Ashwin 1797
V. Bayes 1163
i;. Bude Ry 542
V. Butler 240
V. Dangar . . . 1319, 2009, 2256
V. Flack 1225, 1887
V. Gansel 406, 553
V. Gaskell 826. 997
V. Griffin 825, 826
V. Hutchinson 293
u. Lee 1277
I'. Matthews 1621
1. Neuchatel Co . . . 1571,1572
I'. Nuttall 1814
i;. Pain 37,1210,1211
V. Risdon 826
V. Simpson 574, 627
V, Turner 2111
Leech v. Gartside * 2269
V. Lamb 911
Leeds v. Amherst ... 25, 1512, 2218
1^. Burrows 108
V. Cheetham 2156
V. Lancashire 1577
Leeds Bank v. Walker . . . 98, 1169
Leeds Banking Co. Re, Ex p. Prange 927
I.«eds Bg Socy v. Mnllandaine . . 2286
I^eds Theatre Co v. Broadbent . 1620
Leek r. Stafford Jus 1143
Leeke v. Bennett 2254
Leeming ». Snaith 1796
Lees p. Lees 891,2037
V. Massey 1700, 1701
Lees V. Mosley •«/ 1 1
V. Newton 471
Leeae, i?e 1901
— V. Jennings 1826
Leeson r. Gen. Medical Council 903, 980,
1027
Leevin v. Cormac 407
Le Farrant v. Spencer 899
Le Feuvre v. Lankestcr . . . 167, 999
Le Fevre v. Freeland 806
Leftly V. Monnington 1186
Legg V. Mathieson 2122
Legg and others v. Stoke Ncwington 1326
Legge 17. Asgill 1216
V.Boyd 2276
— r. Edmunds 160
V. Tucker 392
Leggott V. Barrett 827, 828
Legh V. Heald 2263
V. Hewitt 450
». Lillie 2136
Le Gros v. Cockerell 744
Lehmann v. McArthur .... 2140
Leicester v. Beaumont 1848
V. Brown 228, 1360
W.Holland 203
Leicester Co. Co. v. Leicester
Assessmt Committee . . 181^ 1501
Leicester Forest Case 748
Leicester Freemen v. Hewitt . . 427
Leicester Racecourse Co, Re 289, 1373
Leidemann v. Schuliz 2110
Leifchild's Case 944
Leigh, /?« . . . saS, 1054, 2017, 2145
V. Banner 826
— V. Chapman 970
U.Jack 541,550
V. Leigh . . . 374, 722, 1239, 1661
V. Norbury 1014
Leinster, Re 954
Leishnian v. Cochrane 1031
Leitli v. Leith Harbour Commrs . 1629,
1762
Le Lievre v. Gould .... 839. 1891
Lemage v. Goodban . . . 2035, 2240
Lemaitre v. Davis 506
Leman v. SafiEery 869
Lemnnn, Re 940, 962
Le Marchant v. Inl. Kev 1705
r. Le Marcliant 1530
Le May v. Welch 1269
Lemere v. Elliott 1009
Lemmon v. Webb .... 1125, 1800
Lemon v. Mark 1025
I/cnanton, Ex p 941
Leonard, Re 1974
Leonard and Ellis, /?e .... 654, 855
Leonino v. Leonino 383
Lepla V. Rogers .... 129, 523, 2139
Leppington v. Freeman .... 1715
Lesingham. Re 2136
Leslie z;. Leslie 1063
V.Rothes 1514,1865
V. Thompson 1226
V. Young 204, 2060
Tiessing r. Horsley 1871
Lester, Ex p., Re Lyncs .... 716
i;. Garland 468,2058
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxxiii
P»ge
Letter v. Torrens .... 651, 769, 1096
Le TiiiUear v. S. E. Rj .... 263
Letchfbrd V. Oldham 1944
Lethbridge v. Lethbridge . . 1167, 1637
p. Thurlow .... 821,322,484
Lethieullier o. Tracjr 1102
Letricheax v. Danlop 621
Lett p. Osborne 779
Letton V. Goodden 711
Leacade, The 221
Leaw V. Dudgeon 1019
Leren, jfte 1389,2031
Lerer ». Goodwin 697
p. Land Securities Co . . . 818
Lererington, 7?« 1881
Lererington, The .... 441, 1241
Lerip. Berk 260
Lerin p. Allnutt 871
p. O'Keefe 596
Ury.Re 748
p. AbercorrU Co . .468, 469, 1015
p.LoveU 1815
p. Rutlej 149
P.Walker 827,2082
Lewer, Re, Ex p. Garrard ... 160
Lewes p. Lewes 1142
Lewin p. Wilson 1487
Lewis. Ex p., Re Henderson . . 1516
,H€ 674,717
, Re, Exp. Munro 988
p. Arnold 1390
p. Brass 1957
F. Burreli 1938
p. Carr 166,536,684
p. Clay 883
p.Collard 1891
p. Erans 1365
p. Fermor 445
p. Fothergill .... 1580,^261
p. Gompertz 546
p. Goodbodj 1694
P.Graham 268
p. G. W. Rj 1898. 1666, 1911, 2245
p. Hammond .... 1408,2163
r. Hoare 867
p. InLRer 404,1466
p. Leonard 1976
p. Ixjwis 395,1001
p. M^Kee 1792
p. Madocks 630
p. Marshall 260, 773
p. Mathews 1828
p. Nicholson .... 741, 1882
p.Nobbs 2049
P.Owen 1172
p. Poole 663
p. Rees 792,1622
P.Roberts 683,1884
p. Rogers 604
p.S. W.Ry 357
P.Stephenson .... 1347,1710
P.Swansea 687
P.Thomas 361
p. Waters 726
p. Weston-super-Mare . 1265, 1996
p. Williams 1001
Ley p. Peter 24
Lejoester p. Logan . . . . 1446,2173
P»ge
Leyland p. Illingworth .... 2230
Leyland and Taylor; Re . . 689, 1379
Leyman p. Latimer 707
Ley ton p. Causton 781
L'Herminier, Re 1716
Liberator Bg Socy. Re .... 1325
Licensed Victuallers' Assn, Re . 541, 2124
Lickbarrow p. Mason .... 133, 192
Liddard p. Liddard . . 1413,1582,1538
Liddell p. Real 352
p. Liddell 1841
V. Lofthouse 1487
17. Westerton 352
Liddy p. Kennedy . 92, 105. 1060, 1611
Lidgett'p. Perrin 773
p. Secretan 118, 1778
Lidiard and Jackson, Re ... . 633
Liebig, /?« 2277
Life Assn of Scotland P. M'Blain . 1897
V. Siddal 26
Liffln p. Pitcher 323
Lif ord's Case 783, 2263
Llghtbound p. Higher Bebington . 782
Liglitfoot p. Burstall 690
Liiesp.Terry 2126
Lileyp.Hey 695
Lilfordp. A-G 365,389
Lilley p. Harvey 1639
p. Rankin 798
Lilly p. Ewer 407
p.Smales 2019
Limerick r. Commrs of Valuation. 1612
Limmer Co v. Inl. Rev. . . 987, 1586
Lincoln p. Pelham 2288
Linder p. Pryor 2166
Lindley p. Girdler 18
Lindo p. Belisario 1165
Lindow P.Fleetwood 1580
Lindsay p. EUicott 1724
p. Janson 118
p. Rook 2279
P.Wells 811
Lindsay and Forder, Re . . , . 1492
Lindsell p. Phillips 202
Line p. Harris 594
V. Stephenson 502
Linen & Woollen Drapers Institu-
tion, Re 295
Linfoot V. Pockett 364
Lingard v. Brennan 1234
Lingwood p. Gyde 451,684
Linnsean Socy p. St. Anne, West-
minster 1799
Linne Regis Case 208
Linotype Co, /?« 289,699
Linton v. Linton . . . 475, 1090, 1704
p. Mackenzie 1214
Lion, The 1428,1424
Lipton p. The Queen 693
Liquidation Co p. Willoughby . . 1101
Lishman p. Christie .... 321, 1679
Liskeard Un. p. Liskeard W. W. 896, 1612
Lisle p. Lisle 2277
V. Reeve 1227
Listp.Tharp 40,1887
LUter,/f« 797,941
, Ex p.. Re Milford Docks Co . 434
p. Hoxley 1887,1798
Ixxxiv
TABLE OF CASES.
P»ge
Lister v. Lane .... 1088, 1719, 2146
u. Lister 74
». Lobley 1387,1798
V. Perryman 1668
V. Pickford .... 108, 109. 286
V. Tidd 1329
V. Turner 436, 1621
v. Van Hannsbergen . . . 1112
Lister's Hospital, Re 1447
Listowel V. Gibbings . 1201, 1202, 1203,
1772
Litchfield V. Jones 712
Little, A« 183
, Ee, Mather v. Roddy ... 948
V. Newport Ry 18
V. Stevenson 1068
Littledale v. Lirerpool College . 641, 660
Littlejohns v. Household .... 1997
Littler v. Holland 488
V. Rhyl Imp. Commrs . . . 896
Litton V. Litton 1704
Liver Alkali Co v. Johnson . . . 348
Liverpool v. Llanfyllin .... 88
Liverpool Banking Co r. Eccles . 1882
Liverpool Borough Bank v. Turner 1866
Liverpool Brokers' Assn r. Com-
mercial Press 1690
Liverpool Cattle Market v. Hodson 1273
Liverpool Com Traders' Assn v.
G. W. Ry 1179, 2128
r. Lond. & N. W. Ry . 1698, 2r28
Liverpool Gas Co v. Everton . . 1276
Liverpool Household Stores, Re . 1209
Liverpool Investment Co v. Rich-
ardson 926
Liverpool Library r. Liverpool 1799
Liverpool Rector, ^x /) 1717
Livesey v. Livesey 607
Livie r. Janson 863
Llandaff Market Co v. Lyndon 1 19, 692,
1640, 1873
Llandudno v. Hughes 1442
V. Woods 747, 1629
Llanelly v. Neath 2239
Llewellin, Re 666. 943, 1682
Llewellyn v, Glamorgan Vale Ry . 1390,
1444, 1761, 2046
V. Rutherford 261, 829
V. Simpson 1628
u. Swansea Canal Nav. . . 1138
Llewelyn o. Williams 779
Lloyd, Re 185, 697, 1704
V. Cocker 47
— V. Gen. Iron Screw Collier Co 14,
1464
I'. Gregory 189
V. Jnckson 2272
I'. Jones 869, 870
V. Lloyd , . . . m, 163, 644, 646
V. Nowell 1958
I'. Rosbee 2026
V. Sugg 16
V. Tench 1278
r. Tweedy 1706
Lloyd's Bank v. BuUock . . 1622,1976,
2168
— V. Princess Royal Co . . . 428
Lloyds, The 830
P««e
Loadman V. Cragg 2175
Loc Gov Act, 1888, Re . , . 43, 1(527
Loch r. Bagley t840« 19l>3
Lock, Re 31
p. Pearce . . . .31,1293,1654
Locke V, Dunlop . . . 607, 1369, 2065
Locke-King u. Woking .... 877
Lockhart v. Barnard 2289
». Falk 604
r. St. Albans . . . 426,427,1855
Locking v. Parker 1228
Lockwood v. Levick 211
p. Wood 767, 207O
Lockyer v. Wade 1278
Lodge V. Huddersfield 1350
r. Lodge 616
LofFt V. Dennis 2166
Ix>fthou8e i\ Brown 1249
Loftus, Re 248
Loftos-Otway, Re 66, 1670
Logsdon r. Booth 360
V. Trotter 860, 670
Loibl p. Fraser 1827
Lomas v. Wright 476
Lomaz v. Holmden 169
V. Holmeden 1868
Londesborough, Re . , , , 898, 2179
Loudon i;. Cox . . . 964, 1987, 2230
V. Derry 43
V. Nash ...'... 229, 1676
p. Parkinson 329
V. Southwell 48
r. Web 2217
London Assn of Shipowners v. Lon-
don Docks 245
London Assn-e v. Mansel .... 860
London Bank of Mexico v. Apthorpe 116,
266, 746
London, B. & S. Ry u. Faircloagh 2069
p. Hay ward's Heath . ... 609
V. St. Giles, Camberwell 212, 1272
P.Watson 1445
London Celluloid Co, /?c .... 2193
London C. & D. Ry v. Ix)ndon . . 1948
p. S. E. Ry 284, 447, 600, 988, 1606,
1981
London Cleanng Committee p. Inl.
Rev 1707
London Corp, Ex p 1007
, Ex p., Re ^lon Coll . . . 2121
London Co. Co. r. A-G 949
p. Aylesbury Dairy Co . . . 744
P.Candler 1964,2149
p. Carwardine 1892
P.Cross 114,636,806
p. Davis 971, 2086
— p. Dixon 340
p. East London W. W. Co . 1497
p. Edwards 228
p. Erith 181, 904, 1848
p. Hirsch 844
p. Holzapfels Co 1478
p. Humphreys 1964
p. Lambeth 181
p. Lawrence 1879
p. Lewis 686
p. London Hydraulic Power
Co 2220
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxxv
Page
London Co. Co. v. Mitchell ... 667
r. Pearoe 227, 1954
r. Pryor 2108
r. Read 246
V. RowtOD Houfies Lim. 971
p. St George's Assessment
Committee 69, 1178
V. Savoy Hotel Co ... . 1892
V. Wood 2148
V. Worley 889
London Co. Co. and City of Lon-
don Brewery, Re . . , . 2056, 2080
London County Cycling Club v.
Beck 1185
London Dock Act. Re 186
London Financial Assn v. Kelk . 46, 944
London Freehold Co v. Suffield 499
London Grand June. Ry v. Free-
man 1864
Ix>ndon Guarantie Co v. Feamley 864
London India Rubber Co, Re . . 2140
Loudon Joint Stock Bank v. Sim-
mons 1261
London Library v. Carter . 1834, 2078
London MeUlturgical Co, Re . . 1791
London Monetary Co v. Smith . . 990
London-Paris Corp, Re ... . 2124
London Printing Alliance v. Cox . 1690
London Provident Socy v. Asliton 990
f^ndon Reform Union & G. B. Ry 1665
London School Board v. Duggan . 1670
V. Faolconer 1171
V Jackson 1401
V. St. Mary, Islington . . 764, 1388
London S. S. Owners Insrce v.
Grampian S. S. Co 92
London Tramways Co v. London
Co. Co 2044, 2087
London Wharves, The 2069
London & Birm. Flint Glass and
AlkaUCo,/2<! 434
London & Canadian Loan Co v.
Duggan 938
London & Colonial Finance Corp,
Re 1209. 1961
London & County Bank v. Fulford 2068
p. Goddard . . . 165, 2104, 2184
c. Groorae 1383
c. London & River Plate Bank 203,
1261
London & Devon Biscuit Co, Re . 1680
London & Eastern Banking Corp,
Re 1868
London & Eastern Counties Loan
Co V. Creasy 224, 1488, 1498, 1966, 2161
London & Gen. Bank, Re . , . . 1326
London & N. W. Ry v. BUlington . 631
17. Donellan 631
c. Evans . 724, 1139, 1798, 1899, 1902
p. Evershed 1789
V. Fobbing Levels .... 449
r. Garnett 174
v.Giyn 938,994
». Grace 708
r. Llandudno . . 1646, 1646, 1647
c. Richards 2183
V. Runcorn . 672, 1114, 1849, 2116
r. Skerton 910
Page
Loudon & N. W. Ry c Wigan . . 1644
London & Northern Bank, Re . 12, 243,
2169
London & Paris Banking Corp, lie 1259
London & Provincial Laundry v.
Willesden 894,1692
London & S. African Exploration
Co V. De Beers 922
London & S. W. Ry v. Blackmore 39. 40.
229,230,231, 1986,2075
V. Bridger 49
V. Flower 1330
V. Gomm .... 10, U62, 1774
London & Suburban Bank, Re . . 425
London & Suburban Laud Co v.
Field 65, 173
London and Tubbs, Re .... 2244
London & Universal Bank v. Clau-
carty 1107
London & Westminster Bank v. Inl.
Rev 987, 1677, 1802
V. Smith 2029
London & Westminster Bread Co,
Re 1292
London & Westminster Loan Co v.
Chace 810
p. L. & N. W. Ry 46
London & Yorkshire Bank p. Bel-
ton 689
p. Cooper 44S
V. Wiiite 136, 193
London, &c, Buildg Socy p. Angell 2168
London, &c. Hotels Co, Re , . , 1814
Londonderry v. M'Elhinney . . . 2070
Londonderry Bridge Commrs p.
M'Keever 711
Lonergan, Re, Exp. Shell . . . 1684
Long, /fe 47.471
P. BlackaU 2043
p. Lane 1849
p. Millar 160, 1623
V, Ricketts 66
Longbottoro p. Berry 1468
p. Longbottom 1077
Longboume p. Fisher 1059
Longford 1022
Longford, The 81
p. Eyre 1244
Longman v. East 6:36
Longmore p. Broom . . . 1346, 1347
p. Elcum 1141
LongsUffe p. Woodrow .... 1936
Longworth, Re 49
p. Bellamy t . 2241
Lonsdale p. Crawfurd or Lowther . 372.
929, 1514
V. Rigg 272, 795
Looker p. Wrigley 1113
Loome p. Baily 795
Loosemore p. Tiverton and N. Devon
Ry 1202,1256
Lord p. Colvin 666
V. Mid. Ry 839, 1666
p. Stephens 1794
Lord and FuUerton, Re .... 6-39
Lord Advocate p. Bogie .... 1471
p. Fleming 182, 2237
p. Grant 1837
Ixxxvi
TABLE OF CASES.
Lord Adrocate v, Sawen . . 977, 1155
f. Sinclair 729
V. Wemyss 747, 967
V. Young 2179
Loring V. Thomas .... 305, 1851
Losh V. Townley 1849
Lolt u. Melville 1803
V. Outhwaite 357
v.Wyckott 706
Louch r. Peters . . . 821,1380,2016
Loughborough v. Curzon .... 438
Louis, Re 1904, 1905
V. Louis 1014
Louth, /fc . . . 999,1071,1324.1441
Lovat r. Leeds .... 51, 483, 1716
Lore, Re 2120
U.Bell 1093
Love Bird, The 1188
Loveacres v. Blight 66, 772
Lovejoy r. Cole 44, 318
Lovelace, jRe 1584
Lovell V. CalUghan 1874
V. Lutterell 753
V. Newton 1829
Lovelock V. Dancaster 1059
Loveridge v. Hodsoll . . . 1431,1766
Lovesej v. Stallard 208
Lovett V. Lovett 628
Low, Re 2, 763
V. Innes 81, 1675
V. Uoutledge . . . 149, 219, 3?.7
V. Smith 862, 1079
V. Staines Reservoirs Commit-
tee 895
Lowden, Re 1660
Lowe, Ex p 766
, /?« . . 304.992,1901,2239,2240
V. Blackmore 290
V. Carpenter 1276
V. Davies 861
V. Fox 641, 766
u. Govett 1876
u. Lowe 716, 1001
V. Pearson 616
V. Peers 1106
u. Thomas 1216
17. Volp 1439
Lower Rhine Insrce v. Sedgwick . 1357,
1895
Lowman. Re , . . , 863, 1821, 1969
Lowndes v. Fountain 2174
Lowry, Re 2081
V. Patterson 608
Lows ». Telford 744
Lowth V. Ibbotson 088
Lowther v. Beniinck . 46, 47, 183, 1370,
1372
V. Caledonian Ry . . . 621, 1566
V. Heaver 1769
V. Radnor . . . 1026, 1049, 1366
Lozano v. Janson 1746
Luard v. Pease 46, 47
Lubbock V. British Bank of S. Amer^
ica 1571
Lucas, Re 21, 578
V. Beach 1207
V. Beaie 1332
V. Bristow 187
Lucas V. Cuddy 1 147
©.Dicker 819
V. Goldsmid 694
V. Harris 472
V. James 610
V. Rideout 1073, 1076
v. Swan, The 962
Luoena v. Crauf urd 379, 994
V. Lucena 1999
Luoey v. Ingram 2210
Luckin v. Hamlyn 1310
Luckraft v. Pridham 1623
Lnddington v. Kime 1012
Luddy, /?« 627
Ludford, /?6 662
Ludmore, /?e 662
Luff V. Leaper 94, 797
Luker v, Dennis 660, 1922
Luiham, Re 816
Lumb V. Beaumont 1170
i». Teal 1002
Lumley, i^e 986,1746
». Gye 1148
17. Simmons 491
Lumsden t;. Burnett . . . . 3,1616
Lund. /?« 1446
V, Campbell 650
V. Liverpool School for Indi-
gent Blind 484
Lury V. Pearson 1976
Luscombe v. G. W. Ry . . 878, 1316
Lttshington v. Sewell 1494
Luther t;. Bianconi 1727
Lutterel v, Weston 2284
Luxford t;. Cheeke 467
Lttxmore v. Robson 1038
Luxon, Ex p.. Re Pidsley .... 138
Lycett, /?€ 2087
Lyde v. Barnard 5
Lydney Iron Co v. Bin! .... 1677
Lyell V. Kennedy 286, 1666, 1724, 2279
Lyle Co v. Cardiff Corp .... 450
Lynall u. Longbothom .... 740, 797
Lynch v. Copinger 201
i;. Lynch 1487
V. Nurden 1354
Lyndon v. Standbridge . . . 1773, 2029
Lyne, Re 179
V. Leonard 740
Lyne Stephens, Re 734
Lynes, /2e, fx p. Lester .... 716
Lynn v. Bell 801
Lynne Regis Case 208
Lyon, i2e 1297
V. Fishmongers' Co . . 975, 1763
V. Greenhow . . 1144, 2013, 2014
u. Knowles 276
r. Morris 714,1148
u. Reed 1994
V. Tomkies 1388
Lyons v. De Pass 1164
p. Wilkins 186,1149
Lys 17. Lys 820
Lysaght. fle . . . .21,676,760,1608
V. Coleman 1971
17. Edwards . . . .166,1288,2170
17. M'Gratli 9
17. Warren 494
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxxvii
Page
Ljsons V, Enowles 164
Lythgoe V. Vernon 2209
Lvtton, lie 1054
-1- ». G. N. Ry 1262
M.
M,/2c 631
Mabbett, iZe 00
Maberly o. Strode .... 1349,2187
Mac, The 1836,1866
MacAlIister v. Rochester, Bp 1344, 1417
McAndrew v. Barker 1001
V, Chappie 400
V. Electric Telegraph Co . . 1666
1;. GaUagher 1103
McArthur, ^p 1684
M'AoliCFe v. Fitzsimons .... 1724
M'Bean v. Deane 179
M'Cabe v. Galsworthy 2124
McCaU V. Houlder 803
V. Taylor 1818
MacCallum, Re 860
M'Cance v. Lond & N. W. Ry . . 1667
M'Cann v. Downshire 2076
McCann v. McKaughley . . . . 1164
MCarthy, i2« 1664
V. Daunt 293
McCarthy v. Metrop Bd of Works 978
McCawley v. Furness iiy 840. 1886, 1393
M'CIean v. Simpson 971
McCHntock, /?e 426
M'Connel v. Murphy 1795
M<;ord V. Cammell . . . 291, 676, 2086
McCord r. McCord 367
Maccord u. Osborne .... 887, 1655
M'Connick v. Patten 299
Maccoy v. West 618
M'Crea v. Holdsworth 1260
McDonald v. Jopling 616
Macdonald, /28 .... 23,396,1185
o. Law Union Insrce .... 2100
r. I^ngbottoni .... 1225, 2289
r. TaeqnahCo 472
McDonnell v. Fitzgerald .... 2i)2
p. McKinty 649
M'Donneli v. Idorrow 1818
P.Murray 1262
M Dougal r. Creedon 970
p. Sutheriand 947
Macdougall v. Copestake .... 1910
P.Patterson 1176
Macdougle v. Royal Ex. Assrce . 1943
M'Dowall r. Boyd 742
Macduff, /?« . . . 197,294,296.1479
McEntire p. Crossley . . . .186.240
Macey p. Gilbert 926, 1144
V. Shurmer 1580
Macfarlane v, Hulton . . . 1618, 1924
p. Lister 1563
P.Taylor 979
Macile p. Callander Ry . . 1728,1986
McGarel./2e .... 693,1071,1448
McGeorge, Exp 176, 267, 2168
McGiffen v. Palmer's Ship Bg Co . 492,
2226
MacGowan,/2e 369,1262
Page
McGowan p. United States ... 116'
McGrah p. Cartwright 188
McGralh, /?« 1836,2230
Macgregor v. Clay 817
McGregor p. Gregory . . . 196, 1288
p. McGregor 1014
V. Thwaites 1030
McHarg v. Universal Stock Ex. . 1626
Mc Henry, Exp 1446
, Re 1910
Macher p. Foundling Hosp. . . . 876
Machin p. Lond. & S. W. Iiy . . . 1834
McHole V. Davies .... 592, 1873
Machu p. Lond. & S. W. Uy . . . 1834
MachynUeth v. Pool 2131
Mcllquham p. Taylor . . . 1862, 2274
McUwraith v. Dublin Ry . . . . 1802
Mclnany v. Hildreth 1487
Mclntire p. Barnes 187
Macintosh p. Pogose . . . 1374, 1622
Mcintosh r. G. W. Ry 284
p. Romford 1948
p. Simkins 1182
p. Slade 1224
Mcintosh and Pontypridd Co, Re . 107,
1721,2217
Maclntyre v. Connell 1608
Mackp. Petter 2064
p. Ward 472
McKane, Re 2081
Mackay p. Bannister 960
p. McGuire 2023
p. Merritt 662
M'Kay p. M'Nally .... 129, 1229
McKay v. Rutherford 342
McKechnie p. Vaughan .... 1303
M'Kee p. M'Grath 261
Macken p. Ellis 278
M*Kenzie v. British Linen Co . . 1886
Mackenzie, /?e . . 257,476,1910,2178
p. Childers 991, 1774
p. Day 467
p. Devonshire 709
p. Dunlop 682,1480
p. Mackenzie . 10, 514, 1150, 1669
p. Whitworth .... 822, 1384
Mackenzie's Settlement .... 1389
McKeowne p. Bradford .... 1856
Mackesy v. Mackesy 645
Mackie v. Mackie 281
Mackill p. Wright 466
Mackinley p. Sison 600
Mackinnon p. Clark .... 1752, 2091
Mackintosh v. Trotter 733
Mackonochie v. Penzance .... 1221
Mackrell v. Brentford Jus. . . . 1710
Mackreth p. Glasgow & S. W. Ry . 1827
M'Kune p. Joynson 46
Maclaren v. Stain ton 1312
MacUy v. Baker 890
McLayp. Perry 1225
Maclean, i2e 1705
McLean p. Clydesdale Bankg Co . 1435
p. Dunn 451
V. Fleming 465
p. Monk 881
Macleay, Re 694
Macleod, The 577
Ixxxviii
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Macleod v. Annesley lt>()2
V. A-G. N. S. Wales .... 2238
r. Wakley 6^8
McLeod i;. Inl. Rev 404
y. McNab 370,1766
V. Power 1020
McLeroth v. Bacon 6y4
M'Loughlin, Re 8?8
Maclurcan v. Lane . . . . .21, 1850
V. Maclurcan 1686
McMalion, He 1090
M'Malion v. Gaussen 183
p. Irish N. W. Ry 1784
McManus v. Cooke .... 097, 1288
». Hay 372
V. Lane. & Y. Ry 1667
McMullen v. Wadswortli .... 666
MacMurdo. /?« . . . 600,1162,1466
McMurray v. Spicer 2041
McMyn, fte 956
MacNab v. Robertson 1946
V. Whilbread ...'... 1630
McNair v. Audenshaw 1001
Macnamara v. Macnamara ... 63
Macnce v. Gorst ^92
V. Persiun Investment Corp 276, 746
McNicholas v. Dawson 616
M'Onie V. Whyte 864
Macoubrey v. Jones 2288
McPherson v. Daniels 11-18
Macpherson v. Scottish Socy . . 2186
McQueen and Farquhar, He . . . 1414
Macrow v. G. W. Ry . . . U72, 1473
McSliane, i5:j:;). 3«4
i;. Baxter 22:i7
McVeigh, Re 1565
Mac William v. Dawson 2148
Madden w.Ikin 607
Maddison v. Chapman 1206
Maddock, /ie 147
V, Wallasey 1950
Madeley v. Booth 1072
V. Bridgnortli 807
Madell w. Tliomas 192
Maden r. Taylor 2000
Magarrili v. Whitehaven .... 1409
MaKdalen, The 610
Magdalen Coll. Case 81H)
Magdalen Coll. v. A-G 1-Ht4
Magdalen Hosp. v. Knotts . 890, 21W4.
2196
Magee ». Lavell 1104. llOo
Magellan Pirates, The . . . 144, 1482
Magennis v. Fallon .... 1358, 2057
Mag^i, Re, Winehouse v. Wine-
house 1741,1814
Magner and Hawkes, Re . . 602, 1641
Magnolia Metal Co, Re 289, 699, 810, 829
Magnus v. Buttemer 1944
Mahon, Re 078, 908, imi
V. Stanhope 1358
Mahon and Sayer, Re 146
Malioney v. Ashlin 977
MMidwell V. Andrews 486
Maillard v. Argyle .... 742. 1436
Main, The 1385, 1870
U.Stark 134,1032
Main Colliery Co v. Davies . . . 607
Mainland v. Upjolm 1818
Mainprice v. Westley . . . 2261, 2202
Biainwaring, Re 1828
». MiUier 111*2
' MaitUnd, Re 867, 1818
». Adair 1963
V. Chalte 1074
V. Mackinnon . . . 109, 178, 1926
Majendie v, Carruthers .... 708
Major V. Park Lane Co .... 1420
Malam, i2e 948
Malcolm v. Ingram 254
Maloolmson, /ee 1913
Malcomson v. Malcomsou ... 741
n. O'Dea 727. 844
Maldon v. Woolvet .... 726, 1394
Malim v. Barker 1631
p. Keighley 16:n
Malins V. Freeman .... 2193,2195
Mfilkm, Exp 1803
Mallanv. May . . . 1122,1123,1222
r. Radloff 1452
Mallet V. Hanly 1477
V. Howitt 279
Mallet 1166
Mallinson v. Carr .... 1046.1822
0. Siddle 808, 1066
Mallory's Case 130
Malmesbury v, Malmesbury . 1349, 1821
Malone v. O'Connor 1531
V.Stewart 874
Maloney v. Lingard 1600
Maltby, Re 291, 759
V. Murrells 1333
MaltoD v. West 1882
Malton Loc Bd v. Malton Manure
Co 856, 973. 1301, 1.349
Malvern Hill Conservators v. Foley 617
Manby v. Bewicke 861
V. Sjott 1250
Manchester v. Andrews .... 1970
0. McAdam 1108
V. Onnskirk 1735
Manchester Bonding Warehouse
Co V, Carr 818, 962, 1039, 1362, 2057,
2227
Manchester Brewery Co v. Coombs 182,
810, 1070, 1923, 1968, 2197
p. N. Cheshire, &c, Co ... 248
Manchester Infirmary v, A-G. . . 2106
Manchester Law Clerks Socy v.
Wilson 451
Manchester, S. & L. Ry t;. Ander-
son 1640
V. Denaby Main Co 704, 1101, 1561,
1789, 2162
1;. Doncaster 474
V, Nortli Central Wagon Co . 193,
1677. 1818
». Pidcock . . 873,405,044,2033
V. Wallis 1315
Manchester Ship Canal Co v. Man-
chester Racecourse Co 726. 1462, 2170
V. Midland Ry 1647
V. Rochdale Canal Co ... 2210
Manchester Trust v. Furness . 866, 1362
Manchester & Liverpool Bk v.
Parkinson 1001
TABLE OF CASES.
Ixxxix
Page
Manchester & London Assrce, Re , 1295
Manciiester & MilforU Ky, Re 393, 1679,
2208
Maocliester, &c, Traders' Assns v.
Lane. & Y. Ry . . . . 952, 1605
Manchester, &c Trams Co, Re . 4
Mandleberg v. Moriey 1668
Mangerton, The 1764
Mangey v. Hungerford 1400
Mangin v. Mangin 788
Manly, Re 2031
Mann v. G. S. & W. Ry . . . . 1890
V, Owen 486, 1818
Manners v. Johnson 226, 456
V. Pearson 19
Manning, /2e 1138,2046
V. Chamhers ... 66, 868, 1851
1^. Clement 1066
V. Commrs of Titles .... 638
p. Eastern Counties Ry 1 16
o. Lunn 1407
V. Purcell 899, 1216
». Wasdale 1671
V. Wells 843
Mannion v. Harrison 930
Mannoz v. Greener 1811
Mansel, Re 416
Mansell v. Clements 1003
Manser v. Diz 1067
Mansergh v. Rimell .... 671, 1294
Mansfield v. Blackburne .... 2270
r. Butterworth . . . 989, 2139
Mansion House Assn v, Lond. & S.
W. Ry 746, 1789, 2128
Manson o. Hope 854, 2084
Mant &. Leith 1661
Mantle v. Jordan 1489
Manton v. Tabois . . . 823, 898, 994
Maori King v. Hughes 1809
Maple V. Junior A. & N. Stores . . 205
Mara p. Browne . . . .215,986,1515
Maraia, ^x» 1167
March, /fe 1023
V. Ward 905
Marcus. Re 787, 1077
MardeU V. Curtis 203;)
Mardon, Re 013
Mare v. Charles 1450
Margaret, The 1099, 1499
Margary v. Robinson 519,739,1755. 2017
Margetson v. Wright . . . 1859, 1907
Margetts and Ocean Accident
Guarantee Corp, Re .... 2179
Marhant v. Twisden 1743
Maria, The 1005
Marianne, The 1251
Marine Insroe v. China Trans-
pacific 153
Marine Mansions Co. Re ... , 2122
Maritime Bk of Canada t^. Rec.
Gen. New Brunswick .... 442
Mark Lane, The 583, 584
Marker r. Marker 1358
Market Harborough v. Kettering . 781
Market Overt Case 1163
Markey v. Tolworth .... 278, 387
Markham v. Hutt 1779
c. Ivatt 1248
Page
Marks v. Benjamin .... 1039, 1603
». Beyfus 1611
V. Ford 1950
V. Frogley 85, 402, 1198. 1900, 2086
r. Hall 151
Mark weirs Case 817
Marlborough, Re 1406
V. Majoribanks .... 267, 866
V. Mariborough 2263
V. Osborn 2016
V. Queen Anne's Bounty . . 866
Marlow v. Thompson 1173
Marpesia, The 962
Marquess, Re 894
Marreti;. Sly 1901
Marriage v. Wilson 818
Marriage & Co, Ae 282
Marris v. Ingram 712
Marrow ». Fliraby, &c, Co 240,616,916,
2116
Marsden t;. City & County Assrce . 216,
721, 1857, 1597
«;. Lane. & Y. Ky 717
V. Meadows 1676, 1677
V. Moser 1980
V. Saville Street 724
Marseilles Extension Ry, Re . . 535
Marseilles Imperial Land Co, Re 171, 888
Marsh, Re ... . 395, 675, 1007, 1008
V. Conquest 279
V. Estcourt 1835
V. Granville 865
V. Higgins 1222
V. Marsh 444
Marsh and Smith's Case .... 1156
Marshall V. Baker 1014
V. Bentley 608
v.Fox 126,849
V. Green 826, 997, 1677
V. Hill 1074
V. Langley 1344
i;. Marshall 1446
V, Murgatroyd 623
V. Orpen 265, 613, 2272
u. Richardson 740
V. Rudeforth 1797
V. Smith 114, 389
V. S.StafibrdshireTramwaysCo 1578
V. Taylor 558, 659
0. UUeswater Nav. Co. . . . 727
Marshall and Salt, Re 2140
Marshfleld, Re . . 241, 203, 1684, 1979
Marshland Smeetli Commrs, Re . 878
Marson v. L. C. & D. Ry . . . 447, 895
W.Lund 1176
Martelli v. Holloway . . . 1513, 1595
Marten, Re 1071
V. Nippon Insrce 1764
Martin, Re . 238, 566, 1081, 1342, 1716,
1904, 2007, 2142
V. Glover 1367
V. Hewson 609
V. Hobson 1218
V. Holgate 1014
». Lee 805
u. L. C. & D. Ry 997
V. London Co. Co 975
V. McAlpine 835
xc
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Martin v, Mackonocliie 164, 510, 1048,
1358, 1528, 1704, 2263
V. Margham 145
». Martin 36, 8»5, 515
V. Pridgeon 2175
V. Purcell 2099
u. Smith 2032,2197
i;. Trarellers' Iiisrce .... 49
V. Treacher . . . 1318, 1819, 1448
V. Trimmer, Re Davidson . . 400
V, West Derby 180
». Wright 432
Martineau v. Kitching 938
V, Rogers 2067
Martins v. Upcher . . 324, 1292, 1489
Martyn, Re 2026
V. Clue 176
V. Williams . 1073, 2027, 2028, 2270
Martyr v. Bradley 921
V. Lawrence 1812
Marvin v. Wallace 12
Mary Ann, Tlie 537
Mary Thomas, The ^ 803
Marylebone Vestry v. Sheriff of
London 2008
V. Zoological Socy .... 1800
Maryon Wilson, Re 485, 646
Mashiter v. Dunn 1409
V. Smith 129
Maskelyne Typewriter, Lim. . . 1402
Mason, Ex p.. Re Smith .... 1315
, Ex p.. Re Wliite 68
, /ee ... 22, 90, 1416, 1742, 1818
V. Bennett 368
r. Bibby 978
r. Broadbent 241
t'. Cowdary 120
V. Dean 2121
V. Harris 203
r. Hey wood 600
V. Lambert 14()1
V. Lickbarrow ...... 192
V. Limbury 1631
». Mitchell 694
r. Schuppisser . . 988, 1845, 1467
V. Shrewsbury, &c, Ry . . . 1758
V. Westoby 2288
V. Wirral 30, 273
Mason's Orphanage, Re . . , . 1797
Masper V. Brown 271
Massereene v, Inl. Rev 1845
Massey, Re 2118
V. Heynes 1264
u. Morris 71
V. Sladen 912, 984, 1333
Massingberd, Re 1228
Massy v. Lloyd 1433
V. Nanny 404
— ^ V. Norse 1641
V. Rowen 1900
Master v. Miller 1169
Master in £q. Victoria v. Pearson 477
Masters v. Durst 1358
V. Green 60
r. Manby 566
p. Pontypool 1492
Masters and G. W. Ry, i2e . . 974, 976
Mather v. Lawrence 793
Mather v, Roddy, Re Little . . . 948
Matliews v. Brown 451
V. Gardiner 805. 1065
V. Jordan 1063
MathewBon's Case 5(^3
Matson, Re 1624
p. Baird 1645
Matthews, /Se 1644
V. Brise 882
p. Buchanan .... 809, 2092
». G. N. Ry 560
V. Keble 22
V. Ovey 273
V. Paul 2288
V. Usher 129, 132, 1292
Matthias v. Mesnard 1616
Matthieson v. Loud. & County Bk 1287
Matte V. Hawkins 1421
Maude, Exp 2262
r. Baildon 1961
». Brook 1796,1797
V. Maude 1348
Maudslay, Re 924
Maugham, Re 2277
Maughan, Re 1839, 1583
V. Mason 1470
V. Sliarpe 613
Maund's Case 1067, 1334
Maund r. Mason .... 806, 300, 307
Maving v. Todd 348
Mavro v. Ocean Mar Insree . . . 803
Mawdsley V. Beesley 869
Mawson v. Blane 1665
r. Fletcher 981
Maxstead v. Paine 2068
Maxwell, Re , 36, 733, 928, 1641, 1711
r. Hogg 410,2064
V, Inl. Rev 494
V. Maxwell 476, 2233
V. Ward 781
May V. Brown 1317
V. Burdett 665
V. Chapman 121>0
V. Grave 1666
I?. Lane 310
V.May 1732
u. Piatt 645,1493
V, Thompson .... 1957, 1958
May's Lynde, Re 391
Mayl>erry v. Brooking 478
Mayd v. Field 1826
Mayer, i2e 1800
r. Claretie 2117
U.Harding 114,1856
r. Murray 2161
Mayfair Co v. Johnston .... 1422
May fair Property Co, /?«.... 2122
Mayfield v, Wadsley 826
Mayhew v. Cattermole .... 1067
». Maxwell 18:i0
V. Nelson 790
V. Parker 1275
V. Wardley 626
Maynard, /fc 1341
V. Wright 1014, 1348
Maynards, Re 391
Mayne v. Mayne 1666
Mayott V. Mayott 1810
TABLE OF CASES.
xci
P*g6
Mead r. Davison 1127
Meade. /2c 1843
Meade's and Belt's Case .... 126
Meader v. West Cuwes . . 820, 1848
Meadows v. Tanner 22(51
t'. Taylor 87
Meakin o. Morris 2110
Measure i;. Carleton 1938
Meatli V. Winchester . . . 1463, 1574
Mecca, The . . 876,1437,1867,1868
Mecredjr v, Taylor 1250
Medawar v. Grand Hotel Co 813, 2248
Mediana, The 458
Medical Battery Co, Re .... 1535
Medina, The ......... 584
V. Stoaghton 2214
Mediand, i2e. Eland V. MedUnd . 1638
Medley i;. Medley 1813
Medlock, /2e 1847
Medows, i2s 2218
Medway v. Bedminster .... 2240
V. MedvraT 1463
Meeds r. Wood 1748
Megson v. Hindle 803
Meiklereid v. West 1392
Meirelles v. Banning 2263
Melaugh v. Chambers 1243
Melbourne v. Greenfield .... 1489
Melhado e. Porto Alegre Ry . . 390
Mellen V.Ford 1494
Mellington v. Goodtitle .... 272
Mellidh V. MeUish 1906
r. Motteux 492
r. Vallins 1956
Melliss V. Shirley .... 167, 1856
Mellona, The 1099
Mellor V. Denham 815, 438
o. Spateman .... 1088, 1937
r. Tomkinson 1132
Mellows V. Mellows 514
Melrose Abbey, The 756
Melsom v, Giles 53
Melrille v. Hayden 1637
c. Mirror of Life Co 150, 742. 816.
1466
r. Stringer . . . 926,1334,1937
Mendham v. Williams 1432
Mennard V. Welford . . . 940,2129
Menzies v. Breadalbane 1201, 1202, 1203
Mer. & Exchange Bank v. Glad-
stone 768
Mercantile Bk of London v. Evans . 8, 310
Mercantile Mar Insrce. Rb , . , 942
Mercantile 8. S. Co r. Tyser . . 1934
Mercantile Trading Co. /?e . . . 930
Meruantile Trust t;. International
Co 141.1212
». Rirer Plate Trust . 1212, 1569
Mercer, Exp 2198
V. Mercer 204
V. Sparks 1150
V. Vans Colina .... 1471, 1472
Merchant Prince, The 962
Merchant Shipping Co v. Armitage 284
Merchant Taylors' Co, Re . . , 2^7
Meredith, Re 675, 2286
V. Gittens 1282
— p. Heneage 1530,1531
Page
Meredith v. Holman 245
V. Treflfry 607
V, Watson 567, 668
i;. Wilson 2272
Meriton v, Giibee 502
Merivale v. Carson 688
Merrick i;. Wakley 1600
Merricks. /?e 1014
v. Cadwallader . . . 1365,2098
Merrill v. Morton 1264
u. Wilson ... 562, 1493, 2121
Merriman v. Williams 195
Merritt v. Judd 84
Merry v, Pownall 1254
Merry weather v. Nixan .... 896
Mersey Docks v. Birkenhead . 88, 1052
—- r. Cameron 181
». Henderson .... 1849, 2088
V. Hunter 262
». Inl. Key 404
V. Llanelian 180
V. Lucas 794, 1572
r. Turner 458
V. Twigge .... 189, 916, 2088
Merspy Loan Co v, Wootton . . 1578
Mersey Uy,/?€ 470>2268
Mersey Wood Co, Be 2121
Merthyr Tydvil o. Stepney . . . 1735
Mervin, Re 819, 1462
Meryon v, Collett 1387
Mesnard v. Welford .... 940, 2129
Messent v. Reynold 1086
Mestayer i;. Biggs 1441
MetcalfsCase 705.716
Metcalf. i2e 66,287
V. Bruin 353
Metcalfe. /?«? 827,2120
V.Britannia Co 1247
V. Cox 1353
V, Hutchinson 1716
Methuen and Blore, Re . . 652, 1787
Metrop Assn r. Petch 881
Metrop Asylums District v. Hill . 1298,
1299
Metrop Bank. Re, Heiron's Case . 1033
». Heiron 3(J1
V Pooley 778
Metrop Bd of Works v. Howard . 976
It. r^nd. & N. W. Ry . . . 08
V. McCarthy 974, 975
V. Steed 1349, 1360
V. West Ham 181
Metrop Coal Consumers' Assn v,
Scrimgeour 2124
Metrop Counties Assn c. Brown 731
Metrop District Ry v. Fulham 108, 12-36
V. Sharpe 675
Metrop District Ry and Cosh, Re . 1985.
2006
Metrop Police r. Cartman . . . 577
Metrop Ry.fle 1665,2270
V, Defries 1716
V. Fowler 106. 596, 659, 871, 1054.
1055, 1364, 1963, 2029
V. Turnhara 1547
Metrop Ry and Cotton's Trustees,
Re 1064
Meunier, /2e 1504
xcu
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Meuz V, Coblej 450, 701, 814, 887, 903,
922, 1203, 2213
u. G. E. Rj 1130, 2072
V. Jacob 1468
Mewburn. Re 2277
Mews V. The Queen . 346, 1140, 1653
Mexborough v. Wliitwood . . . 750
Meyer, Ex p.. Re Stoplianj ... 7
V. Decroix & Co . . 12, 704, 1839
V. Ralli 083
Meyerhoff i;. Froehlich .... 6
Meyerstein, Re 609
Meyricke, Re 557
Michel, Re 1621)
Michell, Re 791, 16*20. 1913
V. Michell . . 83, 603, 1613. 1585
Micklethwait v. Micklelliwait 1841, 2218
Micklethwaite r. Kewlay Co . . 885
V. Winter ... 907, 1202, 18'.)9
Middlesborough Bg Socy, i?e . . 2114
Middlesex Co. Co. v. St George's . 181
p. Willesden .... 557,1137
Middleton, i:x/J 262,1360
, Re 1085, 2037
V. Bradley 16G8
V. Brown 860
V. Chichester 1516
V. Crofts 1628
Midgley v. Coppock 1379
V. Richardson 1S66
V. Smith 2158
Midland Coal Co, /?e .... 435,471
Mid. G. W. Ry, Ireland, v, Dublin
&MeathRy 623,1763
Mid. Ry v. BUck . . 952, 1665, 1672
V. Checkley . . . 1201. 1202. 2267
V. Edmonton . . . 840, 341, 1562
V. Freeman 281
V G. VV. Ry . . 356, 688, 1270. 1306
V. Haunchwood Co . . 1201, 1202,
1203
w. Ix)8eby 631,1672
V. Manchester, &c, Ry . . . 1118
». Miles 1202. 1970
u. Robinson . 618, 1201, 1202, 1208
u. Sills 1665, 1672
u. Watton . . . 1917,1948,2111
V. Withington 1629
Mid. Waggon Co. v. Potteries,
Shrewsbury, &c, Ry 1645
Midleton v, McDonnell . . . 910, 13 IG
Miedbrodt v. Fitzsimon .... 687
Migotti V. Colville 249
Milbank v. Vane 491
Milburn v. Jamaica Co .... 802
». Lond. & S. W. Ry . . . 1087
Mildmay's Case 1359
Mildmay v. Methuen 1981
Mildred v. Maspons 1290
Mile-End Old Town v. Whitby . 1378
V. Whitechapel 1412
Miles, £'x/7 618
V. Dyer 1348
V. Furber 1616
V. Harris 1089
r. Harrison . . . 1730,2037,2235
». Jarvis 2046
1-. Miles . . 852, 1193, 1237, 1296
Miles V. New Zealand Alford Estate
Co 748
p. Presland 1026
Miiford V. Hughes 222
Milford Dock Co, Re, Ex p. Lister 434
Milissich v. Lloyd's 689
Millar u. Taylor 409
MiUard, Re 923
V. Bailey 1861
O.Millard 867
Millen v. Brasch 1120
Miller's Case 12^5
Miller, Re 178, 384, 604, 863. 1107. 1291.
1859, 1481, 1616, 1634, 1558
». Borner 260,1225
i;. Chapman 1969
O.Collins . . 290,954,996,9^8
o. Dell 277
r. Everton 1993
V, Gulson 891
V. Miller 1550
V. Race 269. 1261
V. Salomons . . . 489, 1796, 2101
V. Sharp 1453
Miller's Dale Co, Re . 138, 1008, 1287
Milligan,£xp 1167,1900
, Re 1161
Milligen o. Picken .... 1590,1859
Millington v. Harwood .... 1085
V. Loring 1170, 17.^7
V. Thompson 24
Millner, Re 1643
Mills, Re 1 , 69. 376. 1238. 1059, 2102. 2246
V. Armstrong 1200
0. Charlesworth .... 409,881
V. Dugmore 1381
V, Dunham 96, 250, 461, 466, 1745,
2087
V, Farmer .... 296, 452, 669
V. Hughes 676
o. MilTward 2017
o. N. Ry of Buenos Ay res Co 1571
r. Scott 1686
Mllman v. Lane 864
Milne, Exp., Re Batten ... 68, 1169
,Re 2044
O.Gilbert 1277
o. Graham &J
o. Wood 803
Milner,/2c 9,1624.1738
0. G N. Ry 1646, 1647
o. Maclean 744
o. Milner 444
Milnes r. Foden 2036
o. Huddersfield . 487, 1482, 1625
Milroy o. Lord 812
— o. Milroy 1206
Milsom 0. Awdry 53
Milsome o. Long 604
Milverton S. S. Co o. Cape Town
Gas Co 1248
Minehead 0. Luttrell 1386
Mineral Residues o. Levant Mine . 1075
Mines Case 1204, 1772
Minifie o. Banger .... 1243, 2028
Mining Shares Co, Ae 854
Minnie, The 1241
Minor o. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 263
TABLE OF CASES.
XClll
Page
Minors v. Baltiaon .... 479, 1678
Minsliall v. Lloyd 733
Minslmll, fie 1911
Minter o. Wells 724
V. William* 1144, 2177
Minton v Geiger .... 178, 1687
Mirams, Re .... 946,1610.1611
MUcalfe v. Westaway .... 131, 134
Mitchel V Reynolds 1732
Mitchell, Re, Ex p. Cunningham 667, 623
l^CantriU 939
V. Collg 2137
V. Fordham 485, 1378
!•• Forster 141
r. Hender 263, 266
V Henry 1309
V. Lane. & Y. Ry . . . 1286, 1398
r. Lee 478
V. Newhall 1862
^— V. Sinipson 148, 144
Mitford V. Wayland 307
Mittens p. Foreman 778
Mitton V. Troke 246
Moase v. White 1668
Mocatta v. AG., Re Goldsmid . . 759
o. Lindo 1432
o. Mocatta 1312
Mcxllen 9. Snowball . . . 674, 768, 1749
Mody V. Gregson 1790
Moenich u. Fenestre . . . 1546, 2078
Moes V. Leith & Amsterdam Co . 1069
Moffalt p. Barnie 1021
V. Dickson 1660
V. Ward 717
Moffet V. Catlierwood 1079
Ibloffett r. Goiigh ... 202, 1032, 1476
Mogford V, Courtenay 828
Moggr. Clark 1663
r. Yatton 1428
Moggridge r. Thackwell .... 296
Mogridge v Clapp 819
Mogul Co V, McGregor 3.38, 973, 1148,
161W, 2129, 2279
M')ir V. Royal Kx Assrce . . . 507
r. Williams .... 225, 227, 735
Molifere, The 441, 1386
Moliire S. S. Co v. Naylor . . . 1093
Mollett V. Robinson 1020
V. Wackerbarth 1169
Molloy V. Kilby 1344
Molton, Re 2049
r. Camroux 361, 2193
MoWneux, fxn 1340,1-397
:, /?€... 867, 1900
V. Fletcher 46. 1544
Monaghan v. Taylor 279
Monck V. Croker 1706
V. Hilton 767, 1370, 1098, 1922, 2169
Monck ton v. Payne 277
Monckton to Gilzean 94
Monk V. Bartram 1910
p. Hnskisson 2115
V. Mawdsley 67
V Noyes ni9
V. Whittenbury 66
Monkhoase, Ex p., Re Maughan . 1839
Monks r. Dykes 893
— V, Jnckson 879
Page
Monmouth Ry & Csn. Co v. Hill . 161
Monsen v. Macfnrlnne . . . .118, 460
Monson, //e 1843
Montagu, Re 1676, 1787
Montague v. Flockton 2237
V. Nucella 1346
i;. Sandwich 1119
Montgomery v. ¥oy 1008
V. Middleton 118
V. Thompson 2082
Monti p. Barnes 733
Montreal p. Standard Light Co . . 2118
Montreal Gas Co v. Vasey . . . 706
Montrose PeerHsre Case .... 648
Mony penny r. Mony penny 480, 602, 1713
Moodie o. Bai:nister 23
Moody, Re 1142
V. Corbett 39
V. Surridge 410
V. Tree 1869
Moody & Yafes, Re 1436
Moojen, /?e, Ax p. Bouchard . . 1816
Moon, /2c 976
, Re, Er /). Dawes .... 66, 2274
». Dnrden ... 224, 1137, 1751
V. Witney 1635
Mooney r. VVillcocks 2021
Moor 0. Raisbeck 306
17. Roberts 1784
Moore, Ex p., Re THUhUiU . .434,716
, Re 6^6, 129(J, 1682, 16.33, 1632, 1716,
1740, 1971
V, Beagley 1.337
V. Brompton Co. Co. Bailiff . 1207
V. Campbell 1226
V. Clench 890
V. Culrerhouiio 402
V. Darton 668
V. Denn 870
v» Edwards 1146
V Ffolliot 1073
V. Gill 817
V. Greg 132
V. Harris 990
V. James 643
V. Moore 367
V Pearce 1749
V. Rawliu!* 1626
V. Robinson 915, 2166
V. Shelley 1333
p. Taylor 717
p. Watson 1690
p. Woolsey 202, 1794
Moore and Batt, Re 602
Moorhouse p. Linney 852
p. Woolfe 696
Mnran p. Place 985
Morant p. Taylor .... 114, 1370
p. Wheal Grenville Co . . . 257
Moravian Socy, Re . , 6, 607, 940, 2129
Morewood, Re, P>rington v. More-
wood 1574
p. Pollok 721
p. S. Yorks. Ry 810
Morgan, Re 9, 89, 90, 012, 1010, 1613, 1716,
1841, 1901, 1966
— V. Alexander 867
p Bowles 1856
XCIV
TABLE OF CASES.
P»ge
Morgan v. Britten 70
u. Castlegate S. S. Co 637, 1009, 1897
V. Crawshay . . 1203, 1669, 1916
V, Daries 1891
V.Edwards 1864,1866
V. Gronow 871
V. Hardy 1090
y. Hatchell 432
r. Hedger 2092
V. Hutchins 492
r. King 1246
V. Lend. Gen. Omnibus Co 120, 849,
1049, 1168, 1878, 2269
U.Mather 2127
V. Minett 2126
V, Parry 1862
V. Seaward 1169, 1663
V, Swansea 165
». Thomas 806,1011,1012,1014,1348
V. Thorne 963
V. West 2010
Moriartv i;. Martin 1682
V. Moriarty 1604
Morice v. Durham . . . 186, 296, 1846
Morier,J5:arp 1286,1764
Morison o. Thompson 1811
Morisse v. Royal British Bank . . 1176
Morland v. Cook 1252
Morley v. Carter 622
O.Clifford 1987
V. Cook 2261
V. Croxon, Re Hedgman 769, 1990
V. Greenhalgh 1488
V. Jones 62
V. Loughnan 2126
V. Morley 292
Moroney, Re 201, 764, 816
Morony v. Morony 1682
Morrell V. Fisher 1312,2087
». Morrell 1161
Morrice v. Aylmer . . 1861,1938,1940
u. Smart 2091
Morrieson, Re 2240
Morrill v. Slate 864
Morrin v. Morrin 646
Morris' Case 1427,2122
Morris, /?« 822,1737
, Rf, Bucknill v. Morris . . . 1789
V. Barrett 462, 1009
V, Beves 1803, 2203
». Blackman 1128
V. Burdett 262
V. Cleasby 496
V. Cook's Estate 491
V. Davies 169
V, Dimes 2216
t'. Duncan ... 114, 1684, 1916
t'. Edmonds 2246
V. Flipo 1760
V, Jeffries 1131
V. Langdale 1062
p. LeTison ... 260, 1226, 1796
V. Manesty 1939
V. Mattliews .... 603, 1591
V. Mellin 1970
V. Morris .... 991, 1348, 2218
B. Rhydydefed Co . . 1254,2166
V. Smith 962
Morris v. Tottenham Ry 781, 1266, 1766
». Walker 1792
». Wall 1441
Morrtsh v. Harris .... 228, 1363
Morrison, Re 179
r. Chadwick 2001
V. Glover 661, 651
V, G. E. Ry 1170
V. Hoppe 1582
V. Muspratt 866, 2163
V. Stubbs 1783
V. Trustees, &c, Corp . . . 1016
V. Unirersal Insrce .... 1894
Morriss v. Howden . . 362, 1428, 1986
Morritt, Re 1148
Morrogh v. Hall 1382
V. Power 24
Morrow v. M'Conyille . . . 1218, 1989
Morse, Re, Ex p, Latimer . . . 1551
V. Fowler 1745
u. Slue 848
r. Tucker 477
Morten, Re 6, 292
Morteo v, Julian 1481
Mortgage Insrce v. Inl. Rev. . . 1677
p. Pound 2116
Mortimer, ^6 1998,2000
». BeU 2262
V. Hartley ... 861, 1067, 1348
V. Slater 1277, 2043
Mortimore, Exp 1671
V, Cragg 1089
V. Inl. Rev. . . 386, 471, 494, 1967,
2065
V. Mortimore .... 1277, 2048
Mortlock, ^e 647
Morton, Re 2017
». Copeland . . 940, 1886^ 1879
— V. Emanuel 1527
V. Freeman 1100
V. Green 120
V. Lamb 364
V. Palmer 1121
Morton and Hallett 182, 133
Moscow Gas Co v. International Co 1492
Moseley, Re 436, 790, 1401
Moses V. Marsland .... 889, 1601
». Parker 636
Mosley v. Hide 1331
Moss, Re 819, 1904
V. Dunlop ...... 1277, 2059
V. Hancock . 446, 1214, 1217, 1744
V. Moss 947
V. Smith 919, 2073
V. Sweet 1784
Mosse V. Killick 418, 1452
Mostyn v, Lancnster 1073
V. London 1669
V. West Mostyn Co . . 603, 1086
Mott V. Hicks 1792
i>. Shoolbred 2021
Motteram v. Eastern Counties Ry 1604,
1618
Moubray r. Drew 1567
Mouflet V. Cole 568
Moul v. Groenlngs .... 1669, 1761
Moule V. Garrett 1967
Moulson, /?«, Ex p. Knightly , . 1733
TABLE OF CASES.
xcv
PftRe
Moulton p. Edmonds 967
Mounsey v. Blaniire 862
V. Dawson 1722
V, Ismay 696
MountcRshell v. More-Smyth . . 1913
». O'Neill 2080
Monntifleld v. Ward . . . 1122, 1970
Moun^oy's Case .... 22, 1093, 2101
Moantney v. Collier 1039
V. Watton 889
Mountstephen v, Lakeman . . . 474
Moarilyan v. Labalmondiere . . 1387
Mouson p. Boehm 4
Moutrie p. Mitchell 1328
Mouys p. Leake 2196, 2197
Mo«ratt p. Londesborough . . . 600
Mower p. Orr 1481
Moxon p. Berkeley Bg Socy . . 1167
p. Sheppard 1686
V. Townsend 2026
Moyce p. Newington 1161
Moyle p. Jenkins 1290
Moysey p. HUlcoat 1689
p. Staart 1842
Muckleston p. Thomas .... 176
Mnddle p. Fry 2272
MufiFett, A; 694,1887
Muggeridge, Re 981
Muir p. Keay 626
Muirhead p. Day 1446
Mulcahy p. The Queen .... 2093
Mulcarry p. Eyres 200
Malckem p. Doerks 776
Malkern p. Lord 661
MiillHUy P. Walsh .... 648, 1683
Muller p. Baldwin 672
p. Inl. Rev. 634, 926, 1118, 1188, 1688
Mullett p. Huchison 664
Mulliner p. Mid. Ry 1986
Mullins t*. Collins .... 1046, 1046
p. Surrey Treasurer 344, 1140, 1668
MuUis. /?e 1014
Mullow V. Backer 773
Mulqueen, /2i! 694,1761
Mamford p. Collier ... 148, 198, 1294
p. Getliing 1788
r. Oxfonl. &c, Ry .... 2021
Munday, Re, Ex p, AUam 172, 1296, 2108
p. Norton . . 112, 156, 360, 2097
p. Rutland 2138
Mundella v, Shaw 430
Mundy, Re 267, 1346
Mundy and Ropcr^ Re 1843
Municipal Bg Socy p. Kent . . . 661
Municipal Permanent Building
Socy p. Richards .... 266, 661
Munro, Ex p.. Re Lewis .... 988
p. Watson 1488
Munroe, The 1984
Munster p. Cammell Co ... . 271
Munt p. Glynes 684
Muntz p. Sturge 262, 384
Murdock p. Heath 716
MnrietU p. S. American Co . . . 386
Murphy p. Arrow ... 758. 862, 1740
p. Boese 1882
p. Cheevers .... 810, 896, 1496
p. Coffin 1776
Page
Murphy p. Daly 82
p. Donnelly 627, 666
p. Doyle 788, 1816
p. Manning 444
p. Ryan 1246
V.Wilson 1119
Murray, /?e " . . 1665
p. Addenbrook 687
p. Arnold 1097
p. Close 1073, 1076
p. East India Co ... . 69, 278
p. GUsgow & S. W. Ry . . 1789
p. Hall 1449
p. Mace 1089
-■ — p. Stephenson 1496
p. Thorniley 32
p. Wise 1739, 1748
Murtagh p. Costello 1009
Musgrave p. Brooke, Re Brooke . 1239
p. Dundee Mags. . . . 1108, 1902
p. IndoBure Commrs . 1427, 1768
Muskerry p. Chinnery . . . 1072, 2049
Muskett p. Eaton .... 144, 2234
P.Hill 1686,2028
Muspratt p. Gregory 1616
Mussett p. Burch 2064
Mussoorie Bank p. Rnynor 1037, 1531, 1638
Mustapha p. Wedlake 668
Musther, /?« 1860
Mutter p. E. & Mid. Ry . . . . 983
Mutton. £x;7.,/2e Cole .... 1616
, Re 289
p. Peat 1437
Mutual Aid Bg Socy, Re . . 1114, 1595
Mutual Provident Socy p. Macmillan 1679
Mutual Reserre Assrce p. New
York Insrce .... 28, 660, 2237
Mutual Socy 1605
Myers p. Baker 1428
p. Defries 649,660
p. Elliott 926
p. Financial News .... 817
p. Hodgson 661
p. Lond. & S. W. Ry . 668, 1 198
p. Myers 587
p. Phelan 1684
p. Sari 2228
p. Veitch 1826
Mysore Mining Co, Re 1035, 1172, 1264
Mytton p. Mid. Ry 1478
p. Mytton 1375, 1980
N.
Nab p. Nab 2029
Naden, Exp 686
Naef p. Mutter 1731,1734
Nance, Re 1971
Nanfan p. Legh 861, 1066
Nanney p. Morgan 2088
Nannock p. Horton 2090
Napier p. Glasgow & S. W. Ry . 2128
Nares p. Rowles 2067
Nash p. De Freville .... 931, 2173
p. Dillon 987
p. Flyn 499
p. Palmer 1640
XCVl
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Nash V. Pease 472
Natal, Bp v. Gladatore .... 195, 683
Nathan Newman & Cu, Re . . ^ 2*277
National Arms Co. /^e 181
National Bank v. Silke . . 888, 1287
National Bank of Australia v. Mor-
ris .. * 1046
National Bank of Scotland v. Dew-
hurst 1450
National Bank of Wales, Re 840. 1541.
1672, 1687, 1791, 1862, 1932
National Debenture Corp, /2e . . 368
National Deposit Bank, Ex p.. Re
Wills 1810
National Dwellings Socy, Re . . 256
National Mercantile Bank, Ex p. . 1468
, Ex p., Re Haynes . . 1310, 2108
National Permanent Bg Socy, Re . 2106
National Prov. Bank t7. Harle . . 8
I?. Jackson 486, 1806
National Savings Bank Assn, Re , 896
National Society, &c, v. Gibbs 1022, 1586,
1587
National Sporting Club Co v. Cope 329
National Telephone Co v. Baker . 1800
V. Inl. Rev 987, 1456
Natt, Re, Walker v. Gammage 808, 1278
Naylor, Re 2277
». Collinge 637
V. Goodall 648
Naylor and Spendla, /2e . . . . 451
Neal. Ex p 1883
Neale v. Ellis 276
w. Neale 19a3
V. Ratclifife 176
V. Rose 149
Neale and Drew, Re 638
Neath Bg Socy, Re 79, 2059
V. Luce 1960
Neath and Brecon Ry, Re . . . 1536
Neatherway v. Fry 1860
Neave v. Pratt 616
Neaverson r. Peterborough . . . 1427
Neaves v, Spooner 71
Neck V. Andrews 1005
Nedbyw. Nedby 2125
Needham v. Bowers .... 890, 1613
Neeld v. Hendon 878
w. Neeld 444
Neesom v. Clarkson 1743
Negus, /?« 1071
Neill V. Devonshire 1042
V. Whitworth 118
Neill's Trustees v. Dixon .... 1992
Neilson v. Columbian Iiisrce . . 1916
V. Harford 603
V. Monro 862
t;. Mossend Iron Co ... . 587
V. Wait 76, 468, 605, 1068, 1248, 1775
Neirinckx, Exp 225
Nelmes V. Hedges 911
Nelson, Ex D 2103
w. Anglo-American Land Co . 983
V. Dahl ( V. Dahl v. Nelson) 919, 1458,
2162
r. Protection Assn . . . . 1127
Nene Valley Comnirs t\ Dunkley . 1493
Nei>ean i\ Doe 1544
Page
Nepoter, The 10(59
Neptune, The 1099,1171
Nesbitt V Lushington . . . 1448, 1746
Nesham v. Armstrong 259
Ness V. Stephenson 1121
Neston Co v. Lend. & N. W. Ry 679. 944
Netherseal Co v. Bourne . . 329, 1205
Nethersole v. Indigent Blind School 1623
Nettlefold, Re 1751
Neve V. Pennell 402
Nevill, Re 395
, Re, Ex p. WhWe 495
V, Boddam 200O
V. Fine Arts Insrce Co . . . 1559
Nevill and Newell. Re 95
Neville v, Tbacker 395, 629
New British Iron Co, Re ... , 289
New Clydach Iron Co, Re . . . 2121
New Eberhardt Co, Re .... 939
New London & Bmzilian Bank v.
Brocklebank 107
New Mashonaland Co, Re . . . 1209
New Moes Co v. Manchester. 8 & L.
Ry 360, 467, li»90, 2257
New Oriental Bank. Re ... . 1817
New Ormonde Cycle Co, Re . . . 242
New Par Consols, Re 636
New Sombrero Co v Erlangcr . . 2003
New S. Wales Commrs v. l^ece . 949
New S. Wales Minister for I^nds
V. Harrington 1072
New Terras Co, /?e 611,622
New Transvaal Co, Re . . . 1994, 2252
New University Club, Re . . 200, 2200
New Windsor v Stovcll .... 1687
New York Breweries Co p. A-G. . 1615
New York Insrce v Styles . 1236, 1672
New Zealand Gold Co v. Peaciick 77, 1186.
2122
New Zealand Trust Co, Re . . . 1939
New's Trustee ». Hunting . . 1,2189
Newall, Exp 278
Newbattle, The 254
Newberry v. Colvin 202
Newbold Socy v. Barlow . . 1503, 1W)8
Newbould v. Bailward 869
Newby v. Eckersley 2022
V. Harrison 1586
V. Van Oppen Co 1784
Newcastle, Re 257, 371, 498
Newcastle Pilots v Hammond . . 1392
Newcastle-upon-Tyne v. A-G. . . 784
V. Houseman 1847
Newcombe v. De Roos 275
New(!omen v. Coulson 1587
Newdigate v. Newdigate . . 1858, 2218
Newell V. Hemingway . . . 829, 1782
Newen, Re 101, 1369
Newhaven Loc Bd v. Newhaven
School Bd 230,237,806
Newill r. Newill 807
Newington u. N. E. Ry .... 684
Newitt, Exp 274
, Re Garrud 1817
Newland v AG 831
Newlands v. Holmes 661
Newling v. Dobell 266
Newlove v. Shrewsbury .... 136
TABLE OF CASES.
xcvu
Page
Ne%vinan,/2« 1105,1910
- I?. Lamport 1610
r. Newman . . 413,648. 1216. 1S)94
New march, /2e . . .396,477,068,927
Newport v. Graham 782
Newport Bridge, /?«. . . . 1016,1177
Ne\?ry, &c, Ry v. Edmonds . . . 249
Newsume v. Bowyer 6, 161
Newson v. PendiT 4
Newspaper Synde, Be 826
Newstead v. Searles . . . 1621,2202
Newton, /2e 140,862,998
9. Anglo-Australian Co . 1684, 1816
V. Chapman, Re Chappie . . 1670
t». Cubitt 711
V. Ellis 534. 669
». Monkcom . . . 177,673,1617
r. Nock 2265
c. Wilmot 701
Newton-in-Makerfield v. Lancashire
Jas 281, 1137
V. Lyon 678
Ngapoota. The 1892
Nichol V, Godts 740, 1790
V. N. E. Ry 684
NichoU p. Carey 1862
Nicholla, ^xp 494
V. Atherstone 19'.*6
V, Bulwer 1713
». Diamond 1460
V. Hall 1046, 1526
V. Osborne 897
r. Rosewarne 1602
V, SaTage 2241
Nichols, ^x/ 1683
p. Baker, flfi Baker . . 1174,1177
V. Marsland 29
p. Kamsel 2143
V. Regent's Canal Co . 266, 1664
Nicholson p. Bower 12
p. Chapman .... 1267, 1786
p. Field 1998
p. Fields ... 102, 166, 636, 942
p. Drury Bg Co .... 26, 1690
p. G. W. Ry 2128
r. Harper 499
p. Kirk 805
a. Rose 397
p. Williams 1609
p. Wright 389
p. Yeoman 1885, 1967
Nickels p. Lond. & Dover Assrce . 377
Nickisson p Cockill 1476
Nicklin p. Willinms 277
Nickling p. Heaps 1744
Nickoll. £'a:p.,A! Walker . . . 1291
p. Ashton 918
Nicol'sCase 1332
Nicolp. Nicol 686
NicoU p. Penning 173
p. Greaves 1187
Nielsen p. Wait 76, 463, 605, 1068. 1248
1776, 2267
Niemann p. Mora 884
Nifa. The 18
Nightingale p. Goulboum . . . 837
p. r>awson 1034
p. Witcoxson 681
VOL. I.
Page
Nightingall p. Devisme .... 1930
Nind p. Nineteenth Century Bg
Socy 1071, 1703
Nisbet p. Murray 924
Nisbit p. Rishton 2276
Nitro-phosphate Co p. L. and S.
Katherine's Dock Co ... . 29
Nix p. Nottingham Jus 1G60
Nixey p. Roffey 1429
Nixon p. Verry 9dl
Nixon Co. 12c 657
Nizam's State Hy p. Wyatt ... 947
Noah p. Owen 1901
Noakes p. Inland Rev 1166
Nobel Co p. Jenkins . 1248, 1746. 1778
Noel p. Hoy 67, 105
p. Redruth Foundry Co . . 694
Nokes' Case 429
Norburn p. Norbum 662
Norden S. S. Co p. Dempsey . . 1110
Nordenfelt, Re 691
p. Maxim-Nordenfelt Co . . 1745
Norfolk. Re 257, 923, 2284
p. Arbutbnot 800
p. Lamarque 1578
— p. Wiseman 1671
Norman. /^6 . . .696,1754,1910.2259
p. Binnington .... 1260, 1372
p. Bolt 1561
P.Mitchell 6:]o
p, Ricketts 1436
Normandy, The 117
Norris. Exp 140, 428
, Ex p., Re Sadler 93
, Re 36, 96, 1626
p. Barber 2137
p. Barnes 1302
p. Beazley 1638
p. Birch 488
p Cottle 896
p. Craig 647
p. Norris 366
p. Smith 1299
p. Staps 2078
Norrish p. Harris 1363
North, Re 468, 1790
p. Bassett 1635
p. Martin 861
p. Percival 1967,2244
p. Stewart 1085
p. Strafford 1641
p. Walthamston 1361
North Australian Q), Re . . 1033, 1209,
1811
North Britain, The 1708
North British Insrce p. Lloyd . . 989
p. Moffatt 938, 1189
North British Ry p. Tod .... 1493
North Central Waggon Co p. Man-
chester, S. & L. Ry 2069
North E. Ry p. Hasting . 81, 1073, 2226
p. Kingston-upon-Hull . . . 406
p. Leadgate 1646
— p. Scarborough 1728
p. Tynemouth 1631
North Kent Ry p. Badger . . . 1627
North fiondon Ry p. A-G. ... 300
North Lonsdale Co v. Furneis Ry 2128
XCVUl
TABLE OF CASES.
North Metropolitan Tramways Co
V. London Co. Co. . 1029, 2087, 2121
North of England Oil Cake Co v.
Archangel Insrce 1871
North Shields Ferry Co v. Barker 231,
711
North Shore Ry v. Pion . . . 974, 975
North Staffordshire Ky v. Lawton 910
». Lond. & N. W. Ry ... 1192
r. Peek 1287
». Salt Union 1879
Northage,/2e 048
Northallerton Case 1736
Northam Bridge Co v. London, &c,
Ry 2110
Northampton Coal Co v. Mid. Wag-
gon Co 1663
Northampton Gas Co v, Pamell 66:)
Northen v. Carnegie 1913
Northern Creosoting Co, Re , . . 391
Northey r. Paxton 604
Northumberland o. Hougliton . . 1092
17. N. E. Ry 1614
V. Percy 1091
Northumberland Whinstone Co v.
Alnwick 679
Northumbria, The 117
Northwich v, St. Pancras . , . 803, 807
Norton, Ez p.. Re Brail . . 819, 2198
17. Dash wood 734
V. Davison 594
V. EUam 142, 1333
». NichoUs 1269
V. Powell 1353
V. Salisbury 141
V. Walker 1969
Norval v. Pascoe 1073
Norwich v. Norfolk Ry .... 2113
Norwich Equitable Fire Assrce Co,
Re 1562
Norwich Union Fire Insrce v.
Magee 1679
Norwich & Norfolk Bg Sooy, Re . . 100».
1668, 2256
Noseworthy v. Buckland .... 123
Nosotti V. Auerbach 1664
Nott V. Nott 514
V. Williams 1961
Nottage, Re 296, 470
V. Jackson 149
Nottebohm v. Richter . . . 842, 1872
Nottingham v. Tompkinson . . . 1563
Nottingham Brick Co v. Butler 865
Nottingham Corp, Re . 77, 78, 157, 719,
1016, 1497, 1081
Nottingham Co. Co. v. Manchester,
S.&L. Ry 217
Nourse, Re 876
Nouvion r. Freeman . 663, 1497, 1707
Nova Scotia* Steel Co v. Suther-
land Co 1620
Novello V. Sudlow 409
Nowell V. Worcester . 1854, 1856, 1857
Nowlan 17. Ablett 1187
17. Nelligan 1531
Noyce. Re 629, 1026
Nugent, Re 2^3
r. Smith 28, 2187
Paca
Nun OS r. Carter 765
Nunn 17. Denton 893
Nutley and Finn, Re 1494
Nuttall t;. Staunton 586
17. Hargreaves 1919
Nutter 17. Accrington . . . 1949,1951
17. Messafreries Maritimes . 325, 1327
Nutton V. Wilson 362
Nymph, The 1099
Oak Pits Co, i?e 1817
Oakden 17. Pike .... 482,498,641
Oakley v. Portsmouth Steam
Packet Co 28
V, Young 633
Oastler, Exp 1291
17. Henderson 1996
Oates 17. Bromil 497
Obey, The 84
O'Brien,/?* 888.1294
17. Bryant 200
V. Clement 196
17. Queen, The 2093
17. Salisbury 881
O'Byme, Re 549
Occleston v. Fullalove .... 804, 1084
O'Connell i7. The Queen .... 1004
O'Connor, Re 640, 1068
V. Grand International Hotel
Co 674,2244
t7. Norwich Union Insrce . . 41
V. Star Co 817
Oddie V. Brown 2046
t7. Woodford 1104
Oddy,/ee 1526
O'Dea c. Crowhurst 854
V. Hickman 1629
Odell, Axp., Ac Walden . . . . 1676
O Donnell v. Cheamley .... 1698
u. O'Donnell 27
Odwell 17. Willesden . . . 846,1268
Off. Rec., Exp 716
17. Tailby 206
Ogden V. Graham 1778
V. Hall 741
Ogg 17. Shuter 270
Ogilvie V. Foljambe 1280
Ogle 17. Knipe 1817
17. Morgan .... 566, 899, 1888
Ognel'sCase 885
O'Gorman,/?* 433
Ogston 17. Aberdeen Tramways . . 1800
O'Hagan, i5:jr n 1861
O'Hanlan v. Unthank 1511
O'Hara, Re 8, 1402
17. Elliott 828
O'Harer. Fahy 2109
Old V. Robson 2082
Old Battersca Bg Socy t7. Inl. Rev. 1229
Old Bushmills Co. i?e 1354
Oldershaw v. King 748
Oldfield 17. Dodd 1849
— 17. Lowe 906
Oldham Case . 96,305,1409,1781,1786
Oldham v. Sheasby 2092
TABLE OF CASES.
XCIX
Page
Oldham Co v. Heald 268
Olding «?. Wild 732
Oldroyd v. Oldroyd 274
Oliphant, Re 2031
OUvant V. Wright 627
OliTer V. Fielden 1657
r. Hunting 1289
OliTerson v. Brightman .... 718
OlliTe V. Booker 1297
Olney v. Bates 14tS6
V. Gardiner 1767
O'Loaghlin v, Fogarty 459
Olpherta, Exp., Re Bann Nav. . . 1861
0\ympia,,Re 1677
CXMahoney v. Burdett . . . 627, 1346
Ommaney v. Butcher . . . 294, 1215
O'Neill. Re 1633
p. Kruger 2052
Ongley v. Chambers 110
r. Chatham 670
Onley r. Gardiner .... 624, 1767
Onslow, Re 1000
17. Eames 1907
r, Inl. Rer. . . . 1027, 1350, 1844
Ontario v. Canada .... 1438, 1697
Onward Bg Socy, i20 .... 5d, 3*59
Ooddeen v. Oakley 2143
Ooregum Co v. Roper . 928, 1373, 1788
Opens liaw v. Evans 226
Opera. /?« 735,1630
Oporto. The 424,1777
Oppenheim v. Henry 834
Oram, Re 21
Oran, A'x p., /?« Watson .... 1973
Orange v. Martyn 1860
V. Pickford 2277
Orchard v. Bush . . 843. 978, 2093, 2225
17. Simpson 1164
Ord, Re 1296
Orde, Re 810
O'lieiily V. Alderson 6,940
— ^ r. Richardson 1460
Orford, /fe 2''3
17. Churchill 834
Orgill V. Smith 604, 622
Orienta, The 637
Orienul Bank, Re 549, 1356, 1402, 2263
Oriental S. S. Co r. Tylor . . 46, 1780
Orion. The 1031
Orme'sCase 32
Orme, Re 415
p. Orme 444
Ormerod, Exp 120
p. Todmorden Co . . . 1576, 1959
Ormond v. Bierly 608
Ormrod, i2^ 1842,1593
F. Hnth 763
O'Rourke r. Commr for Railway s . 2179
Orr-£wing v. Colquhoun .... 1763
». Regr. of Trade Marks . . 641
Ortigosa o. Brown 087
Osbond V. Meadows 1807
Otbom V. Chocqueel 1801
P.Wood 1287
Osborne p. Homburg . . . 1371, 1689
p. Milman 440, 1805
p. Morgan 442
p. Skinner's Co 1891
Osborne and Rowlett, Re , . . . 132
Osgood p. Nelson 274
O'Shea, Re 891, 661
p. O'Shea 439
Ostle p. Christian 327
O'SuUivan p. Thomas 1397
Oswald p. Berwick-upon-Tweed 888, 792
O'Toole p. Browne . . . 642, 643, 644
Ottley p. Fenn 259
Ottley and Ilkeley, Re . 110, 1296, 1297
Otto p. Steel 1618
Otway, ^€ 1091,1974
Our Boys Co p. Holborn Viaduct
Co 85
Ouseley p. Anstrutlier .... 789, 898
Outlay Assrce, Re 1342
Outram. Re 1974
r. Maude 1768
Over p. Harwood 1877
Over Darwen p. Lancashire ... 421
Overton p. Hunter 1342
Overweg, /?« 388
Ovey, Ae 270,1815
Owen, /?e .... 640, 899, 1641, 1988
p. Burnett 814
p. De Beauvoir .... 878, 1711
p. Langford 64
p. Thomas 1288
Owen's College p. Chorlton-iipon-
Medlock 88,181
Owens p. Porter 1017,18.39
Owthwaite, Re 160, 1008
Oxenden p. Compton 2219
Oxford, The p. London Co. Co. . 11
Oxford Bg Socy, Re 1063
Oxford & Cambridge p. Gill . . . 1790
Oxlade p. N. E. Ry 2128
P.
P. Caland Owners p. Glamorgan
S. S. Co 339
Pacific, The 1412, 1786, 1876, 2237. 2257
Pack p. Tarpley 954, 1830
Packman's Case 2198
Paddington p. N. Metrop Ry . . 213
p. Snow 114,806
Paddington Burial Bd p. Inl. Rev. 1572
Paddington Charities, Re . . . . 870
Paddock p. Forrester 2260
Padget p. Priest 663
Padstow Assrce, Re 285, 798
Padwick r. Hurst 1236
p. King 795, 902
Page, Re 402, 1936
P.Adam 2063
p. Faucet 1083
p. International Agency 1584, 1753,
2122
p. Leapingwell 661,1383,1706,1994
V. Meek 1436
p. Mid. Ry .
. . . 868,1640
V. Morgan
12
r.Page . .
06
p. Pearce . .
911
p. Ratliffe .
605
V. Soper . .
664
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Page V. Wisden . 206
V. Young 160
Paget, Re .... 948. 061, 1812, 1732
V. Milles 728, 902
V. Paget 183, 986
Paice V. Canterbury, Archb. of . . 1166
Pain t\ Boughtwood . . . 1046, 1200
V, Bowden 314
Paine, /2c . . . 289,434,697,766,810
V. Chisholm 1912
V. Cork Co 1781, 1823
1. Daniell 248
Palatine Estate, Re 1253
Palin v. Hills 664
Palinurus, The 1876
Palliser v. Dale 661
V. Gurney 1827
Palmer's Case 2056
Palmer, /& . 67,327,434,664,691,939,
1809, 1327, 1748, 1999, 2037
, Re, Exp. Crabb .... 97, 1992
t'. Balrotliery 18
V. Caledonian Ry 1660
r. Day 1236
V. Dewitt 1618
c. Earith 1407, 1410
V. Johnson 688
V. L. B. & S. Ry 2128
r. M*Corraick . . . 82,111,1008
y. Mallett 266, 1840
V, Marshall 140
V. Moore 4
r. Newell 1286
V. Orpen 2044
V. Power 2016
V. Kidi 1847
V. Richards 1176
V. Rouse 737, 2276
V. Simmonds 1630
V. Snow ... 120, 849, 2078, 2269
I?. Temple 608,1106
i;. Thatcher 2253
V. Wick S. S. Co 896
Palmer Shipbuilding Co v. Chay tor 1 19
Palmer and Hosken 1926
Panama Co, /?e 2121
Pandorf v, Hamilton . 29, 278, 460, 1454
Paunell ». City of London Brewery 1293
r. Mill .... 1730,1772,2216
Panther Lead Co, /?e 1996
Panton r. Williams 1668
Pape V. Pape 616
Pardo V. Bingham 1761
V, Pardo 784
l»ardoe v. Pardoe 2067, 2216
Parfitt. jRis 1502
V. Uwless 2126, 2126
Paris, The 1290, 1686
Paris Skating Rink Co .... 434
Parish v. Sleeman .... 1878, 2166
Parkdale,The 1895.2206
Park Gate Waggon Co, Re , 810, 1583
Parker, Re 303, 1161, 1265, 1361, 1475,
1519, 2122, 2278
, Re, Exp. Charing Cross Bank 2103,
2104
, Re, ^jr p. Sheppard . ... 214
, Re, Ex p. Turquand . 789, 2088
Parker, Re, Bentham p. Wilson . . 1810
, Re, Wignall v. Park ... 9%
». Alder 1046
V. Birks 1830
V. Blenkliorn .... S69, 1071
V. Bolton 1630
17. Butcher 1671
V. Clerk 1404
V, Flint 848. 1122
V. Gossage 981, 982
i;. G. W. Ry 1160, 14C0
V. Green 126, 438
17. Hodgson 137
». Ibbetson 1665
V, Ince 90
17. McHugo 894
17. Marchant . 477, 1219, 1666, 1832
F. Mitchell 1275
17. Nickson 23, 1902
f. Palmer 1790
V. Piummer 1016
17. Queen, The ... . 201. 1248
r. S. E. Ry 1819
r. Sowerby 1086
t7. Staniland 826
17. Taswell . .461,648,1070,2197
I'. Tootal 1967
17. Trigg 1420
V. Winlow 1247
t'. Wise 1286
Parker Jervis, /?6 . . . 483,486,674
Parkers', Re 892
Parkes v. White 1827
Parkin, Re 2202
17. Knight 1849
17. Thorold 641
Parkins v. Hinde 600
Parkinson. Re 694, 696^ 1829
17. Blackburn 762
17. Dashwood 1378
r. G. W. Ry 2128
17. Parkinson 614
Parky ns r. Preist 1119
Parnham, Re 66
Parpaite v. Dickinson 1918
Parr v. Lillicrap 1683
17. LoTCgrove 1668
V. Parr 626
Parr's Bank v. Albert Mines Synd. 990
17. Yates 389
Parrey v. Duncan 1976
Parrott, Re 604, 1988
,Re,Exp,C\x\\en 2263
17. Worsfold 1237
Parry, Re 627, 1276
, Re, Leak v. Scott .... 1277
17. Liverpool Malt Co . . . 650
V. Parry 867
Parry and Hopkin, Re 2219
Parsons, Ex p., Re Tuwnsend . 193, 926,
1096
, Re . 21, 886, 631, 993, 1043, 1279
». Alexander .... 796, 1961
17. Baker 1631
V. Birmingham Dairy Co . . 1636
V. Brand 88
17. Gillespie 2082
r. Hargreaves 926
TABLE OF CASES.
ci
P«ige
PiirsoDS V. Lakenheath Bil ... 81)9
v. New Zealand Co . . 863, 2229
r. Parsons 1956
V. Saxter 368
p. Tinling 340
Parteriche v. Powlett 2218
Parton, Re 1171
Partridge v, Bajlis 1433
v. Mallandine 2192
V. Partridge . . . 1061, 1330, 1732
—> V, Strange 1646
Paicoe V. Richards 1704
Paaley v. Freeman . 478, 768, 1280,2216
Pasmore v. Haggins 791
V. Oswaldtwistle 1847
Passey p. Oxford 1298
Patch V. WUd 1743
Patching v. Bamett 2087
a. Dubbins 1343
Patent Agents Institute v. Lock-
wood 1352
Paterson v. Gas Light & Coke Co 1270,
1273, 1616, 1896
Patman v. Harland 1665
Paton V. Sheppard 898
Patrick, iBfl 1168
— V. Simpson 674
Patten v. Rhymer ... 796, 797, 1972
V. West of Eng. Iron Co 112, 2097
Pattenden r. Hubson 866
Patterson v. Huddard 644
Pattle V. Anstruther 1589
Paul, Ra 622
V. Coropton 1681
V, N. America Insrce . . . 1764
PauU. Re 1910
Pawley u. Lond. & Prov. Bank . . 1475
Pawson V, Brown 1902
V. Watson 2216
Paylor v. Pegg 1102
Payn v. Porter 1691
Payne, Ex p., Re Cross .... 168
,ke 58
V. Barridge 2012, 2014
». Cave 1751
V. Eadaile . 292, 1074. 1456, 2062
u. Haine. . . . 1088,1719,1721
V. Hogg 276
V. Wright .... 488, 946, 1682
Paynter v. James 1335, 1759, 2145, 2146
p. Wauon 6-A 1492
PeabodyCo, «« 1994
Peace P. Brookes .... 1144,1418
Peache v. Cobnan 2092
Peacock. /fe SSS
V. Pares 2288
». Peacock 366
V. The Queen .... 463, 1854
Pcake./e* 555,673,949
, Re, Ex p. Harrison . . 661, 1564,
1713
». Screech 63
Pearce v. Carrington 208
V. Kdmeades 468
p. Gardner . . 400, 467, 1087, 1289
p. Lansdowne .... 1188,2209
P.Lindsay 660
p. Lond. & 8. W. Ry ... 82
Page
Pearce v. Pearce 2108
— p. Scutcher 728
p. Waits 1268
Peard v. Johnes 688
Peareth p. Marriott . 488, 484, 791, 2144
Pearks p. Moseley .... 319, 1462
p. Ward 1465
Pearl, The 616
Pearman v. Burdett-Coutts ... 817
p. Pearman. . . . 122,617,1481
Pears v, Laing 1420
p. Wilson 1077
Pearson, 7?6 476,2116
p. Belgian Mills 1788
V. Gosc'hen 466
V, Holborn 1942
p. lies 1087
p. Kingston-upon-Hull . 228, 1134,
1972
V. Pesrson .... 645, 827, 828
p. Rutter 1102
p. Seligman 2146
Pearson and J' Anson, Re , . . . 2022
Pease p. Chaytor 203, 666
p. Coates 1607
p. Lowden 1380
p. Norwood 989, 1332
p. Pattinson .... 296, 1602
Peat p. Fowler 1915
P.Jones 1236
Peate p. Dickin 1360
Peck, y?« 1911
p. Halsey 1906
V. Hindes 1545
Peck and London School Bd 100, 1726,
2226
Peckforton Castle, Re 1386
Pedder p. Hunt 859, 1063
Pedgrift p. CheTallier . . . 1480, 2248
Pedrotti, /2« 1976
Peebles p. Oswaldthistle .... 1847
Peed p. King 1391
Peek p. Derry 84
p. N. Staffordshire Ry . 1666. 1667,
1882, 1911
p. Waterloo 1890
Peel's Case 363
Peers p. Snevd 1152
Pegler p. Gurney, Southampton
Case 463
Fegram p. Dixon 492
Peirce v. Corf 1289
Pekin, The 441, 1241
Pelham p. Pickersgill 2071
Felham-Clinton v. Newcastle 1011, 1146,
2006
Fell p. De Winton 389
Pellas V. Neptune Mar Insrce 493, 1839
Pellew V. Horsford 899
Pelly V. Royal Ex. Assrce . . . 1068
Pelly and Jacob, i?e .... 766, 2244
Pelsall Co p. Lond. & N, W. Ry 206, 405,
1467, 1686, 1981
Pelton p. Harrison 1826
Pemberton p. Barnes .... 806, 820
p. Colls 1481
Pembroke p. Warren . 540, 1299, 1S20,
1321
cu
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Pemsel'sCase 294, 295, 2iK5
Pender v. Lushington 1 185
Pendrell v. Pendrell 169
Penfold r. Abbott 603
Penley v. Anstruther . . . 180,1884
Penn v. Alexander .... 201,2092
Pennell v. Rhodes 359
V. Smith 30
V. Uxbridge 1854
V. Walker 818
Pennington, Re 2170
Pennsylvania, The 1211
Penny v. Clarke 1111
V. Hanson 479, 757
V. Penny 2037
Penrice ». Williams . . . . 1093,1178
Penryn v. Best 2255
Pentland, The 1810
Penton v. Barnett . . . . 1293, 1413
V.Browne 1249,1377
t'. Cosh 492
Pen-y-van Colly. Co 484
People V, Fisher 341
V, Niagara 948
V. Pinckney 1323
V. Toynbee 963
». Warner 2030
Peplow r. Richardson 2092
Percernl v. Lawes Manure Co . . 766
Percival t-. Gamer 2120
V. Pedley 44
V. The Queen 242
Perkins, lie 1090, 1097, 1588, 1790, 1813
i;. Baynton 188, 1024
I'. Bell 12,1790
V. Gingell 3838
i\ Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 983
V. Potts 103
Perkins Beach Lead Mining Co,
lie 1562
Perla, The 1251
Perls r. Saalfeld 2266
Perpetual Exors Assn v. Swan . . 509
Perreau v. Bevan 602
Perrin v. N. Y. Central Ry . . . 1406
v. Roe 767
Perring r. Trail 1623
Pcrrins r. Bellamy 1673
r. Marine Insrce 640
Perry v. Barnett 798
t'. Chotzner 1897, 1719
I'. Davis .... 077.2046,2233
V. Eames 36, 595, 1363
V. Fitzhowe 748
U.Jenkins 278
r. Mitchell 1317
V. Oriental Hotels Co . . . 1662
V. Phelipe 886
V. Woods 1862
Perry Almshouses, Re 184, 312, 871, 597,
Perry-Davis v. Harbord
Persse v. Malcolmson .
Pertwee v. Townsend .
Peruvian Guano Co, Re
V. Dreyfus . . .
Peruvian IXyt Re, Crawley's Case
Fery.Re
554
1996
1714
1981
2261
787
85
Peryi'. White 1740
Petch ». Tutin 2026
Petchell, lie 1063
Petchey v. Taylor 1892
Peter v. Compton 1288
P.Kendal 711
Peter der Grosse, Tlie .... 384, 820
Peterborough v. Wilsthorpe . 1001, 1850
Peters r. Cowie 661, 1466
I'. Planner 704
Petersen v. Freebody 1 100
Peterson v. Taylor 713
Pethick V. Dorsetshire Co. Co. . . 680
Peto V. Grissell 898
V. West Ham 1588
Petre ». Ferrers 784,899
V. Petre 360, 674
Petrel, The 349, 840, 1694
Petrie v. S. S. Rostrevor .... 840
Pettinger v. Ambler 1063
Pettitt V. Mitchell 704
Petts, /?c 1238,2240
Petty r. Ophir Concessions . . . 1794
V. Taylor 205, 742. 1590
v.Willson 1218,1513
Pettyt ». Janeson 1062
Pewtress v. Annan .... 461, 1015
Peyton, Re 707
Pharmaceutical Socy v. Armson . 1500
V, Delve 1499, 1500
r. Hornsey 1040
r. London & Prov. Supply
Assn 1463, 1464, 1824
u. Piper 1500
V. Wheeldon 1824
V. White 1824
Pharmaceutical Socy of Ireland i\
Boyd 1464
Plielan u. Slattery 834, 1265, 1937, 1989
Phelps, /?c 2142
V. Hill 524, 1256
V. Lond. & N. W. Ry 167, 1130, 1473
V. Prothero 634
V. White 1170
Vhen6 v. Popplewell 1996
Pheysey v. Plieysey 1001
r. Vicary 110
Philadelphinn, Tlie 757
Philby v. Hazle 190
Philipps t\ Halliday . . . 1478, 1479
r. Philipps . . . 1170,1171,1716
Philips V. Astling 1796
V. Bpry S34, 889
V. Philips 5
Phillipps V. Chamberlaine . . . 1347
t'. Smith 2056
Phillips, Re 396, 641, 675, 809, 1291, 1910,
2046, 2145
r. Barber 1466
r. Beal 382,526*604
V. Briard 378, 768
i;. CaldclfcUgh 638, 771
V, Cayley .... 396, 675, 1526
V. Clark 1069
r. Deakln 860
V. Eastwood .... 470, 1382
V. Evans 2098
V. Garth
TABLE OF CASES.
cm
Page
Phillipe 17. Goff 1303
V, G. W. Ry 307, 674
v. Heiison 1120
V. Uewston 1077
V. Homfray 2100
V. Hull Alhambra Co ... 2130
p. Huth 1006
V. Inl. Rev 404
r. Innes . . . 297,849,884,1190
P.London School Bd . . . 1708
p. Lord Advocate 178
p. Phillipg .... 7,374,1236
p. Ree« 565,1089
V Rodie 466
p. Surridge 2002
Phillipson v. Gibbon .... 24, 650
PbillpotU p. Boyd 1358
p. Phillpotto . . 2193,2196,2197
Pliilpott p. Jones 1684
p. Lehain 716
p. St. George's Hospital . 630, 1622
Philps, At 1279,1349
p. Evans 1279
p. Hornstedt 403
Phiney p. Phiney 48
Pliipps, Exp 222
, lie 86
p. Ackers 2234
p. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . . 2128
p. Williams 2234
Phceniz Insrce, Re 496
Phosphate of Lime Co p. Green . 1623
Phythian p. Baxendale .... 1426
Pickard, fl« 990
— p. Anderson 1475
p. AG 1919
p. Marriage 1516
p. Sears 4
Picker p. Lond. & County Bank . 1261
Hckering p. Barry 679, 680
— p. Dowson 704
p. Ilfracombe Ry 648
p. Marsh 31)8
p. Noyes 1772
Pickford p. Caledonian Ry . . . 2128
Pickthall p. Merthyr 1977
Pickup. /2e 9a% 2235
P.Atkinson 1715
Pickworth, Re. .0, 606, 1431, 1998, 2000
Pidcock p. Manchester, S. & L. Ry 1879,
2033
Piddocke p. Burt 713
Pidgely P. Pidgely 101, 806
Pidsley, Re, Ex p, Luxon ... 138
Piercey p. Young .... 318, 2074
Piercy p. Maclean 420
p. Young 2074
Pierpoint p. Cartwright .... 1.38
Piers, /?« 941,1830,2173
PiersoQ p. Garnet .... 1111, 1632
Pieve Superiore, The .... 214,262
Pigg p. Clarke 694
Piggott p. Jefferson 1077
Pigot's Case 1169
Pigott p. Wilder 79,2036
Pike p. Dickinson 1417
— ^ p. Ongley 741
p. Stephens 1163
Page
Pilbrow p. St. Leonard, Shoreditch 448,
673, 1849, 2256
Pile V. Salter 468
Pilgrim, The 840, 1694
p. Hirschfeld 1884
Pilkington v. Boughey .... 1532
p. Gray 2141
p. Myers 73
Pillar p. Llynvi Co 121
Pilley p. Robinson 1026
Pimp. Curell 711,779
p. Reid 7o, 1830
Pimlico Tramway Co p. Greenwich 659
Pince p. Beattie 1073
Pinchin p. Lond. & Blackwall Ry . 869,
2006
Pincombe p. Thomas 2263
Pinder v. Barr . . . 1206, 1404, 1410
p. Pinder . . . 178, 604, 1279, 2014
Pine p. Barnes 1122
Pinet p. Pinet 2082
Pinfold, Re 1853, 1856
Pinhome, Re 1859
Pink p. Federation of Trades Union 213
V. Fleming .... 377, 458, 2000
Pinkerton p. Easton 1686
Pinner p. Arnald 1699
Pinney p. Marriott 611
Pinnington p. Galland 2225
Pine p. Goodall .... 214, 697, 1240
p. Steele 72(1
Pit p. Pelham 665
Pitt p. Williams 913
Pittard p. Oliver 259
Pittegrew p. Pringle 1656
l*itts p. Millar 159
Pixton and Tong, Re 2059
Pizzala p. Pizzala 614
Place p. Fajjg 1200
Planchc r. Braham 94
Plank V. Gavila 1008
Plant, i?fi 804,2240
p. Bourne . . . 1238,1624,2041
p. Potts 1243
Plasterers Co. v. Parish Clerks
Co 1003
Plastic Co. p. Massey-Mainwaring . 2270
Piatt p. Beach 1323
P.Tyler 1892
Player, Re 402, 1844, 2088
Play ford p. Mercer 781
Plenty p. West 10C3
Pletts p. Beattie 1783
p. Campbell 673, 1783
Plews and Middleton, Re . , . . 2127
Plimmer p. Wellington 646
Plimpton p. Malcolmson . . 724, 1618
r. Spiller 724
Plomer p. Ross 1175
Plomesgate p. West Ham .... 1403
Plomley p. Richardson 2146
p. Shepherd 447
Plummer, Re 1844
Plumstead p. British Lsnd Co . . 1888
p. Ecc. Commrs 1388
Plymouth p. Axminster .... 807
Plymoutli Tramways Co p. General
Tolls Co 329
CIV
TABLE OF CASES.
P>ffa
riymoulh & Dartmoor Rj v. G. W.
, liy 1118
Pneumatic Tyre Co v. Puncture
Proof Co 968
Poad V. Watson 800, 861
Pocock, /?« 183
V. Gilliam 226
V. Lincoln, Bp of 1461
V. Reddington 643
Pocock and Prankerd, Re . 1843, 2025
Pogose, Re^ Ex p. Vanderlinden 762
Pogson V. Thomas 646
Points V, Attwood 1884
Poland, Re 483
Polden V. Bastard .... 024, 1312
Pole, Re 1619
W.Dick 1903
PolehilU. Walter 763
Pollard, Re 183
I?. Photographic Co . . 160,2134
PoUastrini, Re 937
Pollini i;. Gray 1642
Pollock V. Moses 96
v. Pollock 660,676
Pomeranian, The .... 1226, 1971
Pomeroy v. Apthorpe 265
V. Will way, Re Wall . . 617, 1877
Pomeroy and Tanner, Re ... . 638
Pomfret v. Graham, Re Horner . . 1999
V. Perring 806
Pomphrey ». South wark Press 636, 694,
1418
Ponsford & Newport School Bd, Re 283,
1888
Pontefract Case 164
Pontifex ». Farnham 939
V. Foord 966, 967
V. Hartley 1893
V. Mid. Ry 892, 2072
Ponting V. Noakes .... 1800, 1501
Pontvpridd Tramways Co, Re , . 1678
Poors Case 1016
Pool V. Cabanes 1441
V. Lewin 817
Poole, £:z ;>. Cocks 1033
, Re 694
i;. Bott 2183
Poole & Needham's Case .... 1634
Pooley, Re 180, 1077
«. Driver 93», 1416
V. Whetham 1819
Pope, Re 22, 498
V. Banyard 160, 1857
V. Pope . ' 1014
V. Skinner 780
V. Tearle 481
V. Whalley 1873
V. Whitcombe . . 606, 1297, 1701
Popham V. Aylesbury . . . 662, 2049
Poplar r. Knipht 1848
Poppleton, A> p.. Re Thomas . . 379
Popplewell, iFx p 864
, Ex p., Re Storey .... 490, 491
V. Hodkinson .... 1966, 1990
Porrett v. White 1372
Portal V. Emmens 1863
Portal and Lamb, Re . 68, 76, 139, 395,
1063, 1237, 1295
Porteous r. Watney 506
Porter, Re 146, 617
V. Bradley 1462
V. Lopes 820
V. Shephard 364
V. Swetman 2286
V. Toumay .... 898, 933, 1100
Portingell, Exp 1886
Portland and Tilley, Re .... 1626
Portman v. Home Hospital Assn . 237
r. Mill ... 27, 638, 700, 1226
f. Willis 824
Portpatrick Ry v. Caledonian Ry . 1143,
1728
Portsmouth v. Smith 670, 1873, 1947, 1961,
2047
Portsmouth Tramways /?« ... 2122
Portway v. Colne Valley Ry . . 1879
Postlethwaite v. Frceland 261, 460, 1664,
2161. 2162
Postmaster-Gen. v. Highland Ry . 1639
Potinger v. WightniNn 667
Pott V. Brassey, Re Alnutt . . . 1828
V. Turner 222
Potter, Re 1911
V. Burrell 1094, 1249
r. Duffield 1680
t'. Inl. Rev 1680, 1687
t'. Peters 1289,1883
Potteries, Shrewsbury & N. Wales
Ry, ^€ 840
Pottinger, Ex p.. Re Stewart . . 1402
Potts, Re 290
, Re. Ex p. Taylor . . . 661, 1814
1;. Britton 648
V. Potts 1896
Pouey 17. Hordem .... 1682, 2260
Pouiett V. Hood 1218, 1228
Poulton, Exp 67, 68
Pound V. Plumstead . . . 1272, 1950
V. Wilson 49
Pounder. Re 546, 1076
p. N. E. Ry 348
Powell, Re . . 819, 434, 806, 1656, 1860
t. A-G 307,2239
r. Birmingham Vinegar Co . 57
f. Boggis . . . «63, 1011, 1759
V. Boraston 228, 1868
V. Brown 933
t'. Bull 1864, 2028
u. Divett 1160
r. Double 217
V. Farmer 228, 1363
V. Goodale, Re Harris . . . 482
». Guest 1786
V. Head 940
V. HefFeman 728
V. Hellicar 668
V. Horton 1317
u. Howell 93
r. Hyde 1822
V. Kempton Park Co 207, 1486, 1486,
1487, 1488, 2148
V. Knight 445
u. Lond. & Prov. Bank . . 197, 499
V. Main Colliery Co ... . 317
V. Morgan 145
r. Powell ... 608, 619, 791, 2125
TABLE OF CASES.
cv
Page
Powell V. Smith 1347
Power V. Quealy 1248
Powerscourt v. Po^rerecourt . . 1837
Powis, /?« 2107
Pownall V. Dawson 228
Powya 17. Btagrave 2218
r. Mansfield 1118
Powjs-Keck and Hart, A'« . . . 1843
Poynter v. Buckley 187
Pojser v. Minors 1284, 1526
Prange, Ex p., Re Leeds Bnnkg Co 927
Prannath Roy v. Ramrutton Hoy . 818,
1048
Prater, Re 139, 1237
Pratt, a:* p 1,80,314,1446
. Re 1007, 1980
e. Bull 1027
r. Groome 664
r. Jackson .... 821,82.3,899
r. Mathew 1288, 2137
p. Sladden 2146
p. S. E. By 1130, 1742
». Swaine 278
Prendergast, /?€ 35
Prentice o. London 551
Prescott p. Bunk of England . . 281, 282
t?. Barker 1053
p. Boucher 707
p. Lee 1210
Preserration Synd., Re .... 138
Presland v. Bingham 1002
Presley, Re 288,789
Press r. Bowes 7
Prestney v. Colchester 450
Preston p. Buckley .... 1403. 2077
p. Butcher 283
p. Etheringtnn .... 718, 1437
p. Greenwoo<l 717
Pretty p. Nausea wen 907
p. Solby 1899
Prevost p. Clarke 1531
I*rew p. Squire 489
Price. /?€ . . . .183,695,1111,2250
p A 1 Ships Small Damage
Insrce 158
p. Asheton 1710
p. Barker 1703
— p. Berrington 361
p. Bou«tead 1543
r. Braham 178
P.Dyer 1347
p. Griffith 648
p. Insrce Co 696
p. James .... 880. 1096, 1418
p. Jenkins 816. 1621
p. Livingstone . . 718, 1063, 1509,
1510
r. Macaulay 771, 2068
p. Manning 49
p. Bfarsdon 154
p. Nicholson 1347
P.Powell 2017
P.Price 2017
p. Russell 2102
r. Strange 1081
Price Candle Co, /2e 697
Prichard p. Ames 1900
p. Prichard . . . 1216, 1518, 1550
Page
Priddle'sCase 2061
Priddy p. Henbrey 2173
Pride p. Bubb 649, 865
p. Fooks 47,305
Prideaux. Exp 104
Pridham p. Tucker 855
Pridie p. Field 822
Priest p. Uppleby, Re Salmon . . 535
Priestly p. Fowler 848
p. Holgate 1751
p. Stone 1635
Prim p. Smith 1349
Prince, Re 2037
p. State 991
Prince Albert p. Strange .... 1618
Princess Alice, The 2074
Princess Clementine, The ... 825
Princess Royal, The 981
Fringle, Re 68, 1743
p. Moilett 1774
Prior p. Homiblow 1077
p. Mackinnon 1062
p. Slathwaite Co .... 2285
Prison Commrs p. CI. of Peace for
Middlesex 1552
P.Liverpool 1140
Pritchard's Case 390
Pritcliett p. English & Colonial
Synd 160,621
Privateer, The . . . 328,1775,2252
Proby p. Landor 2274
Proctor p. Proctor 867
-^ — p. Sargent 266
Proffitt p. Nye Valley Ry . . . 2267
Propert v. Parker 2169
Protection Insrce p. Wilton . . . 1766
Protheroe p. Tottenham Hy . . . 496
Proud p. Bates 1204
Proudfoot V Uun 820, 1038, 1719, 1720,
2026
Provident Clerks Assrce r. Law
Life Assrce 954
Provincial Bank p. Cusden . . . 1295
Prudential Assrce r. Edmonds 867, 1544
Prnen p. Osborne .... 1013, 1014
Prnessing v. Ing 1980
Pryce, Re, Ex p. Ransberg . . 809, 986
""'" p Davies 902
-' — p. Mon. Ry & Cnnal Co il98, 2069
Pryor v. City Offices Co ... . 1661
p. Pryor 1624, 1881
Prytherch. Re 2288
Pudney p Eccles 795
Pudsey p. Newsam 32
Pugh p. Golden Valley Ry . 457, 1266
p. Kerr 416
P.Leeds 778,2142
V. L. B. & S. Ry . . . . 16, 942
Pogsley p. Ropkins . . 455. 1177, 1869,
2180
Ptilhrook, Exp 438
n. Ashby 150
p. Richmond Mining Co . . 931
Pullen p. St. Saviour 839
Pulling p. L. C. & D. Ry . . . . 1496
Pullman p. Hill 1559, 1619
Pumfrey, Re, Ex p. Hillman . . 1622
Punchard, Re 2031
CVl
TABLE OF CASES.
P>ffa
Purcell ». Purcell 292
PurchaB v. Holy Sepulchre . . . 1799
Purdy V. Smiili 2010
Pure Spirit Co v. Fowler .... 1064
Purisima Concepcion, The . . . 1099
Purser i;. Worthing 1163
Pursey v. Hollo way, Re Baker . . 1401
Purton. i?« 1171
Purves V. Straits of Bow S. S. Co 886
V. Wimbledon Com. Conserva-
tors 2023
Purvess r. Landell 1891
Purvis V. Traill 1799
Pusey V. Desbouvrie 47
Pushman v. Filliter 1631
Pust V. Dowie 2229
Putney v. Lond. & S. W. Ry 1058, 1628,
2006,2271
Pybus, /?« 1910
t;. Mitford 910
Pye,£xp 1118,1419
V, Muniford 872
Pyer i;. Carter 98, 1262, 2132
Pyle V. Partridge 17
Pyle Works, Re . . . 1582, 1584, 2122
Pyle Works No. 2, /2e . . . 1118,2122
Pym V. Blackburn 1720
Pyman i;. Burt 1679
V, Dreyfus 1776
Pyman and Dreyfus, Re . . 1068, 1248,
2204
Pyne v. Dor 2217
V. Kinna 473
Pyotw. Pyot .... 1239,1248,1700
QuARM r. Quarm .... 896, 2001
Quarrell v. Beckford 1227
Quarrington v. Arthur . . . 641, 2266
Quartemaine u. Selby 1294
Quartz Hill Gold Mining Co, Re . 1417
Queade, /?0 1844
Quebec Mar Insrce v. Commercial
Bk of Canada 1809
Quebec Seminaire v. Limoilou . . 1763
Queen, The 1467
Queen of the River S. S. Co v.
Thames Conservators .... 260
Queensberry Leases, Re . , . 646, 836
Queensbury v. Shebbeare . . . 1618
Queensbury Industrial Socy v.
Pickles 9;i8,2182
Queenshead Industrial Socy v.
Pickles 2182
Queensland Bank v. P. & O. Steam
Nav 1810
Queensland Land Co, i^e . . . . 196
Quennell v. Turner 642
Quested v. Michell 864
Quicke r. Quicke 1912
Quilligan v. Limerick Market . . 673
Quin i;. National Assrce . . 269,2216
Quinn v. Leatham 1149
r. O'Keeffe 1217
I?. Shields 1231
R.
Rabbbth o. Squire 1311
Rabbett v. Raikes 2056
Raby t;. Ridehalgh 215
Race, i?e 1304
p. Ward 1671, 2222
Rackham v. Bluck 440
». Siddall 2108
Radam's Microl)e Killer v. Leather 2097
Radburn v. Jervis 871
Radcliff,/?e 18:3,1191
Radcliffe v. Bartholomew 249, 2058, 2267
V, Buckley 806
Radford v. Willis 903
Radnor, Re 866
Radnorshire v. Evans . . . 1364, 2234
Ra£Fety v. Schofleld 1346
Raggett V. Findiater 2081
Raglan v. Monmouth Steam Co 680
Raikes v. Boulton 1743
W.Todd 1813
Railton v. Wood 70, 666
Railway Sleepers Co, Re . 188, 141, 1003,
1287
Railway Time Tables Co, Re . . 1374
Raine v. Jobson 5f)2
Rainford v. Knowles 1476
Rains v. Buxton 660
Raison, Exp 396, 1768
Raleigh v. Williams 1262
Ralph, Re 67, 237, 6J2
V. Carrick 611, 612, 1011, 1012, 1013,
1401, 1451, 1998
w. Hurrel 2176
Ralston v. Smith 1980
Ramershur Pershad Narain Singh
17. Kooni Behari Pattuk . . . 2221
Ramsay, lie 1584
r. Blair 1668, 1963
V. Margrett .... 33, 136, 1616
1; Thomgate 1966
Ramsbottom v. Tunbridge . . . 664
V. Wortley 663
Ramsden v, Dyson 646
V. Gibbs 2091
V, Smith 61
V. Yeates 162, 810
Ramsey v. Cruddas 108, 886
Ramshay, Exp 908
Ramskill v. £a wards 214
Rand v. Green 1914
Randal v, Everest 1937
Randall t;. Hills Dry Dock Co . . 317
V, Lithgow 472
V.Morgan 1164
r. Roper 457
». Russell .1109
V. Stevens 722
u. Thorn 488
Randegger v. Holmes 631
Randell, /?e 814
p. Block 1326,2263
V. Thompson .... 681, 1976
Randfleld v. Randfleld 22.39
Handle ». Lory 867, 1974
Randolph v, Milman 256
Rands v, Ckrk 2249
TABLE OF CASES.
evil
Page
Rand wick v. Australian Corp . . 1348
Ranelagh r. Hanclagh . . . 1997, 2000
Kanger v. G. W. \\y 1106
Kanken v. Hunt 1607
Rankin v. Potter 8
Ranking, Re 1277
r. Forbes 114
Rann v. Hughes 1410
Ransberg, Ex p.. Re Pryce ... 309
Ransome v. Eastern Counties Rj . 2128
Ranson v, Dundas 1419
Raper v, Birkbeck 252
Raphael v. Bank of England 203, 1290
Rapier v, London Tramways Co 399. 1300
Rapley v. Smart 1820, 1898
Rashleigh, £:T;>.,i2eDa1zeU . . 1425
p. Master 1063
Ratcliff. Re 1031
V. Evans 1911
V. Swift 1686
Ratt V. Parkinson 656
Raven, Rb 938
Rayenscroft v. Provident Clerks'
Assn 764
Ravenshaw v. Barker 1674
KaTensthorpe v. Hinchcliffe . 781, 1878
Rawe V. Chichester .... 687, 1070
Rawley v. Rawley 471
Rawlings, Ex p,, Re Davis . . . 1683
p. Biggs 293, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
V, Jennings 603
Itawlins, Re 187, 916
r. Biggs 20.3, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
p. Jenkins 1692
p. Wickliam 1669
Rawlinson p. Clarke . 266, 1106, 1628
p. Pearson 222
Rawson v. M'Causland .... 396
Rawstron p. Taylor 2221
Ray, /fe 186
p. Adams 1531
p. Barker 1784
p. Walker 10
Raynard p. Chase 119
Rayner p. Godmond 1944
p. Ornen S. S 1106
Rayson v. S. London Tram Co . . 1319
Read, i2« 482
r. Anderson 798
p. Brown 276, 276
p. Eley 1165
p. Hodgens 1989
p. Joannon 470
p. Lincoln, Bp 680, 618, 1206, 1286,
1878, 2263
P.Nash 474
p. Perrett 1808
p. Purcell 16
p. Read 1637
p. Snell 1848
Read and Greswell, Re .... 1269
Reade p. Bentley 699
Reader p. Kingham 90
Real Estate Co, jRtf 425
Rearick p. Wilcox 840
Reddin p. Metrop Bd of Works . 1159
Redding, Re ... . 948, 1316, 1881
Bede p. Barley 1616
Page
Redfield p. Wickham . . . 1447, 2122
Redgate p. Haynes 1972
Redgrave v. Uurd 26
p. Kelly 1438
p. I-ee 686
p. Lloyd 460
p. Mid. Ry 848
Redhead p. West wood 193
Redington p. Millar 2029
Redman p. Pyne 231, aSl
p. Rymer 786
Redpath p. Roberts 1996
Reece v. Miller 2064
Reed, Re 223
p. Braithwaite .... 1849, 1997
p. Ingham . . . 431,1364,2235
V. Kilburn Socy 1347
— ^ p. Lamb 285, 1604
p. Nutt 1102
P. Shrubsole 2178
P.Wilcox 1213
Reed&Co, /?6 68
Reeks p. Kynocli 1831
Rees, i?fl 1277,1279
p. De Bemardy 287
— ^ p. Morgan C66
p. Powell Duffryn Co . . . 1831
P.Thomas 616
p. Warwick 146
p. Watts 12:]6
Reeve v. Berridge 2168
P.Gibson 967
p. Yeates 1774
Reeves p. Baker 771, 1683
p. Barlow . . . 192,1760,1817
p. Butcher 277
p. Cattell 1666
p. Stroud 774
Regent Stores, Re 1402
Regent's Canal Co p. St. Pancras . 1102
R. p. Aberdare Canal Co ... . 141
p. Abingdon .... 382, 1736
p. . 861
p. Adams 102, 604
p. Adamson 908, 1176
p. Adlard 969
p. Aire & Calder Nav. ... 1246
p. Alberbury .... 1203,1410
p. Albert 62
p. Alison 1236
P.Allen . . . 190,196,876,1205
p. AUmey 1661
p. Amos 1864
p. Anderson 220, 681, 687, 876, 1253,
1609, 1886
p. Andover 68
p. Anglesey Jus. . 64, 86, 174, 802
p. Anon 2167
». Antrim Jus. . . 1270, 1440, 1887
p. Ardley 1684
p. Aris 1926
p. Arkwright .... 2146,2146
p. Armagh Jus. . . 68, 1276, 1440
p. Ashman 838
p. Ashton 94, 796
p. Ashwell 169
p. Aslett 604
p. Aspinall 1767
CVIU
TABLE OF CASES.
R. V. Aston 911, 2213
V. AtkinsoD 462
17. Auchinleck 1766
p. Aulton 1183
V, Austin 908
V, Avery 1240, 1884
V. Aylesbury 1407
». Aylesford 2010,2011
». Bacon 676
r. Badger 2247
V. Bagshawe 1316
V. Bailey 766, 2042
i;. Baker .... 1113, 1467, 1707
V. Bakewell 1006
i;. Bamber 1143
17. Bank of England .... 983
U.Barclay 83,1176
I'. Barker 2028
17. Barlow 1176
V. Barnes 667
». Barnet 479
V. Barnsley 460
V. Barrett .... 213, 764, 1039
17. Barton 200
17. Basingstoke 233
17. Basset 1403
17. Batt 608
17. Battle 1847
V. Baxendale 2133
V. Bayard 27
17. Beaney 888
17. Beaumont 1336
17. Bedfordshire ... 998, 1607
17. Bedworth 2266
17. Beecham 2172
17. Beer 1008
17. Belford 18%
17. Bell 1736
17. Bellis 764
17. Belton 1276
17. Bennett 2266
17. Bent 2248
17. Berenger 1767
V. Berkshire Jus. . . 7:4,911,912
17. Bernardo 439
17. Berriman 308
V. Berry 413
V. Berwick 860
17. Bexley Heath Ky . . . . 2111
17. Bigg 619
17. Biggins 1028
17. Biggleswade 1276
17. Birmingham 303, 1692, 1727, 1853,
1990
17. Birmingham W. W. Co . . 1067
— :— 17. Birmingham & Gloucester
Ry 1744
17. Biron 1691
17. Birwistle 616, 1869
17. Bishop 1874
V. Bishop Wearmonth ... 69
17. Blaby 406
17. Blackburn 203
17. Blakeman 1298
V. Blanchard 69
r. Blizard 1789
17. Bloomsbury Co. Co. . 426, 1561
17. Boardman 1676
R. V, Bodkin 2149
V. Boiler Explosions Commrs 20O,
328
t?. Bootie 1962
17. Boteler 908,1175
1\ Boulton 2172
17. Bowerman .... 162, 1819
t7. Bowness 339
17. Bowyer 2179
1'. Boyce 636
V. Bradford 1645
17. Bradford Library .... 1799
17. Bradley 811,1886
17. Brady 1335
0. Braintree Union . . 1326. 1703
P.Brandt 1799
17. Brecon lOll
r. Brettell 1203,1636
«;. Bridge 714,1692
17 Bridgewflter 1824
V. Bridgnorth 2136
V. Briggs 1047
r. Bristol 2131
V. Bristol Dock Co .... 1728
p. Brocklehurst . . . 701, 1912
V. Broropton Co. Co. Judge 428, 440
V. Brown 17, 42, 84, 146, 691. 1039,
1062, 1208, 1298, 1691, 1740, 1811
r. Brownlow . 606,684,984,2045
17. Bruce 876
17. Bucknell 1877
V. Bucks .... 1664, 1600, 1601
17. Bullock 2274
17. Burchet 1771
r. Burdett 1643
V. Burgess 1286
17. Burrell 1617
17. Burrows 318
17. Burslem 652
t'. Butter worth 708
17. Button 691
17. Caledonian Ry . . , 1176, 1493
V. Calvert . 151
17. Cambrian Ry . . 711,761,870
17. Cambridgeshire Jus. . . . 2188
17. Camplin 1650
V. Canterbury Archbp. . . 633, 866
17. Capell 870
V. Capper 309, 1191
17. Carmarthen 1324
17. Carmarthenshire Jus. . . 682
17. Carr 876,1113
17. Carradice 216
U.Carrol 1896
17. Case 956
f. Castle 1666
17. Cavendish 244
17. Caverswall 564
17. Central Crim. Court ... 488
17. Central Wingland . . . 1403
17. Chadwick .... 814.1676
17. Chambers 2122
17. Chapman 1878
17. Chappie 272
17. Chariesworth 1403
17. Charity Commrs . . 1033, 1607
17. Charretie 1328
17. Chart 423, 878
TABLE OF CASES.
cix
Page
R. V. Cliawton . . 1222, 1223, 1891, 2284
o. Cheeseman 145
V. Chelsea W. W 669
17. Cheshire Jus 64
V. Chichester (Bishop of) . . 1177
17. Christchurch . . . 127, 1851
17. Christian 684
V. Cbristopherson 1874
V. Cinque Ports Jus 100
V. City of London Court . 43, 805,
822, 1805, 1807
V. Clarence 905, 2135
p. Clark 758, 774, 1602
P.Clarke 1047,1804
p. Clemens 2l.%
u. Cleworth . 702, 1060, 1256, 1360,
2078
I'. Closs 300
t'. Cluderoy 519, 1501
c. Cluer 26
p. Clutton 1976
p. Coady 218
p. Coates 1113, 1873
p. Cockbum 908
p. Coke 1895
r. Colbeck 59
P.Coleridge. . . . 180,247,2085
p. Colley 1925
— ^ p. CoUingwood 1889
p. Comptroller of Patents . . 93, 96
p. Coney 64, 126
p. Consistory Court . . . . 1721
p. Conyers 1210
p. Cooban 858
P. Cook 237, 259, 1039, 1342, 1811,
2148
p. Cookham 516
p. Cooper 1778
p. Cork 2268
p. Cork Jus 99
p. Cothani 1710
p. Cottingham 966
r. Cottle. . . . 2075,2076,2221
V. Countesthorpe 1779
p Cox 8.38, 1256
p. Cramp .... 632, 1298, 1499
p. Crawford 519
p. Cree 780
p. Cridland 203
p. Crisp 1564
p. Croft 60
p. Cross 563
p. Crosthwaite .... 1466. 1849
17. Cniydon Tramways Co 397, 531
r. Cullen 1047
p. CuUum 1335
p. Cnmberworth Half . 815, 1041
p. Cunningham . . . 876, 1804
p. Curran 910
p. Curzon 930
p. Dale 209
0. Damarell 1062
p. Danger 2172
V. Darlington 976
p. Davie 969
P. Davies . . . 796, 2134, 2148
P.Davis .... 1062,1149,2248
p. Dawson 1482
Page
R.P.Day 375,770,772
r. Dayman 1691, 1961
V. Dean 652
p. Deane 68
p. De Banks 159
p. DeGrey . . . 1292,1883,1885
p. De Kromme 1903
p. Delaval 380
p. Dempson 703
p. Denbighsliire 1862
p. Dennis . . . 678, 739, 759, 1821
p. De Portugal 1361
p. Derbyshire 217
17. De Ruiter 955
p. De Rutzen 582
P.Devon 279.637,1601
p. Devonshire 2045
p. Dewitt 691
17. D'Eyncourt 292
p. Dickenson 1366
V. Ditcheat ... 884, 1813, 2022
p. Dixon 992
p. Dobbins 1691
P.Dolby 804,909,1140
r. Doncaster 104
p. Doubleday . . 1365, 1867, 2238
p. Douglas 1628
p. Dover . . 50, 383, 422, 760, 1016,
1191,1446,1681
V. Downes 2246
17. Downshire .... 2075,2188
P. irOyly 1185,1908
p. Drake 1096
— i — V. Dring 44
p. Druitt 1214
p. Drury 59
V. Dublin 669, 14 10
— ^ 17. Duckworth 145
V, Dudman 342
V. Dunn 194
p. Dunsford 1203
p. Durijam Bp 76, 768
p. Durham Jus 1
p. Dutton 1032
p. Dyer 72
p. Dyson 438, 1285
p. E. & W. India Docks Co . 457,
1633
p. E. & W. India Docks & Bir-
raingliam Ry 2111
p. East London W. VV. Co . 2029
p. East Looe 421
p. East Stonehouse .... 1735
17. East Teign mouth .... 1409
p. Eastern Counties Ry . . 506, 752,
975
p. Eatington 1812
p. Edwards 356, 433, 459, 501, 1.%1.
2052
— ■- p. Edmundson . . 356, 1488, 2212
p. Elliott 676, 1244
P.Ellis 432,679,2028
17. Ellison 1381
p. Elswick 554
p. Ely Jus 766
17. Entwistle 1545
P.Epsom 820,1710
p. Erdheim 368
ex
TABLE OF CASES.
R. V. Essex Commrs of Sewers . 29, 959
V. EBsex Co. Co 43
V. Essex Jus 2108
V. ETans . . . 282, 311. 1062, 1G((6
V. Everett 2062, 2069
V, Exeter 690, 970
p. Eye 1313
1?. Eyre .... 189,1394,1779
V. Falkingham 3
V. Fanning 190
V.Faraday 1145
p. Farmer 1062
p. Farre 174
p. FarreU 908
». Fnrrow 42,279
V. Faultleroy 486
1\ Fernandes 1599
I'. Ferrybridge .... 1785, 2128
V. Field 739
V. Fisher . . 17, 188, 457, 779, 2077
V. Fitch 1676
V. Fitzroy Cowper . . 619, 1885
V. Fletcher 482, 437, 674, 988, 1028, .
1612, 1660, 2107
r. Fhntan 1084,2240
w. Flockton 1317
P. Flock wood Commrs . . . 1175
V. Flowers 159
f. Foley 569,1542
r. Foote 438,1028
V, Fordham 1853
V. Forncett St. Mary . . . 1403
». 49 Casks of Brandy . 576,1804
r. Foulkes 615
i;. Francis 892, 754, 911, 999, 1768
V. Fredland 119
17. Freke 615,1161
P.French .... 27,1676,2111
». Frost 1520
t;. Fry 1322
V. Fullagar 1778
r. Fullford 1948,1951
V. Gainsborough Union . 87, 1253
V. Gale 1386
V, Gal way Infirmary . . . 1555
r. Gamble 1113
V. Gamlingay .... 778, 2064
r. Ganz 747, 1030
P.Gardner . . 22,417,1463,1521
V. Casks rth 999
p. Gaskell 1799
V. Gaunt 406
V. Geddington 94
i;. Gee 1085
V. General Cemetery Co . . 2087
V. General Med. Council . . 1101
V. Glamorganshire Co. Co. 1501
V. Glamorganshire Jus. . 427, 545
17. Glossop 1735
17. Gloucester 1252
V, Gloucestershire Jus. . 582, 1418
17. Glover 2006
r. Godfrey 2212
17. Godmanchester .... 1848
V. Goldtliorpe 548
V. Goodchild 1253
V. Goole 1423
17. Gordon 692
R. 17. Goyemment Stock Invest-
ment Co 883
17. Gravesend 1592, 1090. 2194, 2195
V. Gray 238, 708, 1286
p. Great Bolton 867
r. Great Tower Hill Trustees 2076
V. G. W. Ry 100, 676, 1178, 2647
— V, Greenhow 1143
17. Greenland 325
V. Greenlaw 2152
V. Greenwich County Court
Registrar 1724
(7. Gregory 226, 852
V, Grey 1766
p. Grice 1822
p. Grimwade 1824
p. Groombridge 255
p. Gunnell 540
— p. Gwenop 651
p. Gwinear 539
p. Hackney 1039
p. Hadfield 1308
p. Hague 1476
P.Hale 172
p. Hales worth 1610
p. Halifax Co. Co. . . 761,1468
p. Hall . . . 352, 899, 1366, 2085
V. Hallidav 966
p. Hamilton 1667
p. Hammersmith 1652
p. Hammond .... 1489, 1826
p. Hampden .... 1869, 1870
p. Handy 627
p. Hannam 860
V. Hannay 360
V. Hants Jus 1418
p. Harden 870
p. Harding 730
p. Hardy .... 627, 1308, 1490
p. Harley 42
p. Harper 191, 1190
p. Harrald 661
p. Harris 504. 1118, 1128, 1484, 2275
p. Harrod 1401
p. Hart 1818
p. Hartfield " 58,2032
p. Harvey 1247
P.Harwich 1101.1175
r. Haslehurst . . 824, 1326, 1703
p Haslemere 2097
p. Hassall 150
p. Hastings 572
V. Haugliton .... 1381, 1926
p. Hawkhurst 438, 482
p. Hayward 452
p. Heath 1698
p. Henley-upon-Tliames . . 554
p. Hennah 1298
p. Hereford Denn .... 289
p. Herefordshire Jus. . 823, 1275
p. Hermann 420, 945
p. Herring 460
p. Herstmonoeauz .... 2237
p. Hewson 848
V. Heyop 254
p. Hicklin 992, 1307
p. Higham 1062
p. HiU 1217,2211
TABLE OF CASES.
CXI
H. V. HipsweU 2193
V. Hobbs 609, 650
p. Hodges 89, 799, 1363, 1494, 1569,
2176
V. Hodgkinson 2187
V. Hodnett 303
V. Hole 784
p. Holl 201, 438
p. Holland Jus 222, 223
p. HolUs 1762
p. Holloway 159
P.Holmes 1484
p. Holt 290, 801, 1494
p. Hopkins .... 433, 434, 932
p. Hornsea 1143
p. Horrooks 1255
p. Horton 848,2190
r. How 1185
p. Howard 827,2212
p. Howarth 775
p. Howell 603
p. Hube ; . . 1693
p. Huddersfield 1877
p. Hudson 796
p. Hughes . 291, 1783, 2089, 2274
p. Hull 669
p. Hull Dock Co . . . 860,2274
p. Hulme 91
p. Humpbery 2146
— p. Humphrey 43
p. Humphreys 1488
P.Hunt 713
p. Husthwaite 654
p. Hutchinson 1010
p. Illidge 828, 1862
p Incledon 69
p. Income Tax Commrs 618, 1482
p. Ingall 1852
— p. Ingham 958
p. Inland Revenue .... 2042
'—' p. Instan 1168
p. Institution of Civil Engi-
neers 1799,1800
p. Ion 2166, 2167
— ^ p. Ipswich Justices .... 1498
p. Isaacs 1298
p. Isle of Ely 421
P.James 150,1113
p. Jhj 615
p. Jenkins .... 481, 887, 2237
p. Jenner 1149
p. Jennings 2275
p. Jepson 1824
p. Jetherell 1089
p. Johnson . . . 845, 1066. 1322
p. Jones 91.438,691.956, 1194, l:J81,
1567, 1617, 1799, 1824, 2188
p. Jordan 2246
— p. Joyce 2122
p Juby 433
p.Judd 708
p. Kane 66
P.Kay 160.543
p. Kealing 1029
P.Keith 1411,1626
p. Kenardington 339
p. Kennedy 2284
p. Kennet 245
Page
R. p. Kent 1255
p. Kent Jus. . . 1407,1879,1882.
1885, 2233
P.Kerr 96
V. Kerrison 1390
p. Kerry Jus 1038
p. Kershaw .... 396, 945, 970
p. Kerswill 318
p. Keyn .... 623, 1804, 2035
— p. Kildare Jus 1446
p. Kilderby 119
p. King 2148
p. Kitchen 1113
p. Knapp 64
p. Knight 778,2064
p. Knollys 2028
p. Laboucliere 1607
p. Lacy ... 822, 689, 1267, 1378
p. Lambert 1819
p. Lancashire . . 217, 279, 637, 658
p. Lancashire Jus. . . 1420, 2145
p. Lane, and Y. Ry .... 1178
p. Land Commrs 916
p. I^ngford 604
p. Langriville 1292
p. Lamer 691
p. Larwood 1599
P.Latimer 1149
p. Leake 1613
p. Lee 1388, 1692
p. Leeds Canal Co .... 665
p. Leeds County Court . 462, 1752
p. Leeds & Liverpool Nav. Co 1067
p. Lef roy 440
p. Leicester 1852
p. Leicester Freemen . . . 1836
p. Leigh 679, 827
p. Leith 1637
p. Leonard-Smith 2274
p. Leresche 882, 616
p. Levi 862
p. Lewen 1122,1128
p. Lewis 145, 1162, 1444, 1685, 2248
p. Liclifield 72,1698
p. Light 776
p. Lillyman 1650
— p. Limerick Jus 1275
p. Little 864
p. Liverpool .... 1206, 1266
P.Llewellyn .... 1255,1848
p. Lloyd 1824
p. Local Board 1001
p. Local Government Board . 479.
1824, 1490, 1966, 2076
p. Lock 956
p. r^lley 623
p. London 1744
p. London Bp 1177, 1843, 1668,2186
p. London C. & D. Ry . . . 1562
p. Iy)ndon Co. Co. . . 1114, 1699
p. London Jus. 69, 99, 377, 621, 806,
926, 1028, 1095, 1178, 1418, 1427, 1696.
1728, 1866
p. London School Bd . 88, 181, 839
p. London & N. W. Ry . . . 1882
V London & St. Katharine
Docks Co 1602
p. Londonderry, &c, Ry . . 249
CXll
TABLE OF CASES.
R. V, Long 953
V. Longe 2111
V. Longnor 408
V. Loom 1864
V. Lopez 768
V. U)Td Mayor .... 276, 1827
V. Lordsmere 1307
v. Loutli JuB. . . 849,1049,2269
V. Lovell 2007
V. Lowe 1124
V. Lowrie 2172
V. Loxdale 1247, 1866
V. LuelUn .... 843, 978, 2093
r. Luff 169
0. Lunacy Commra .... 1177
V. Lyme Regis 681
». Lynch 1807
V. Lyon 486
V. McDermot 462
r. M*DonRgU 446
V. McGralh 2007
». MKeevep 331
V, McKenzie 738
i;. McKnight 263
i;. Maconochie 622
V. Madeley 2045
». Madge 2182
». Magee 324
V. Maidstone 616
V, Main waring .... 1684, 1736
p. Maiden 1052
V. Mallinson 2009
V. Manchester . 283. 294, ?90, 1826,
1431, 1612, 1799, 1877, 2029, 2186
V. Manchester Jus 1661
V. Manchester W. W. Co 1364, 1368
r. Manktelow .... 1617,2007
». Manley Smith 2006
V. Manning . . . 228, liJ24, 1874
r. Mansfield 169
V. Mario uita Co . . . 988,1662
I'. Marsden 776.1317
V. Marsliam .... 108, 669. 1266
V. Martin 619, 632, 966, 1149, 1676
V. Mashiter 969
i\ Mason 691
». Master 437.1319
i;. Matty 916
V. Maude S03
V. Maulden or Moulden . . . 852
V. Mawgan 1722
V. May 466, 2030
r. Maydenhead 1928
i;. Maynard . .• 291
V. Mayo Jus 1804
V, Mead . 246, 826, 894, 1293, 1865.
1392
V, Mellor 626, 1613
r. Merthyr Tydvil .... 1183
1'. Metcalf 2010
V. Metrop Bd of Works 976, 1000,
15:]6
— V. Metrop Comnirs of Sewers 652
». Middlesex 68,670
i;. Middlesex Asylum . . . 1826
V. Middlesex Jus. 462, 468,806, 1370,
1665
— r. Middlesex Registry . . . 2277
Page
R. V. Middleton 2042
t^. Mid. Ry . 1063, 1806, 1688, 1728.
2062, 2270
». Miles 274
u. Milland 902
». MUlis 1165
r. Mills 814
V. MilTerton 1941
V. Minchinhampton .... 2056
V. Mirfleld 1786
V. Miskin Higher Jus. . . . 545
V. MitcheU 960
r. Monck 1091
». Moody 1676
p. Moore 1300
r. Morbv 2246
— V. Moreley 1001
V. Morris 274
V. Morrish 659
V. Morrison 2213
p. Morton . . . 486, 1306, 2278
p. Mosley 1864
p. Moss 2251
p. Moulden or Maulden . . 852
V, Mount 1444
p. Mountford 1113
p. Munden 703
p. Munslow 1160
p. MussoQ 1876
p. Myott 1733
p. Nacton 839
p Napton 713, 1083
p. Narberth North .... 1785
p. Neal 1609
p. Neat 182
p. Neath 1688
p. Neath Canal Navigation 226, 1364,
1588
p. Nevill 1364, 2028
p. Newman 1778
p. Newport Dock Co . 1067, 1646
p. New Saruni 390
p. Nicholson 069
p. Nillins 784
p.Noakes 1322
p. Norfolk Co. Co. . . . 487. 878
p Norris 467, 13G8
p. North CoUingham ... 867
p. North Curry . . . 969,1731
p. North Mid. Ry 976
p. North Union Ry .... 976
p. Northallerton Co. Co. . . 7
p. Northampton 1601
p. Northowram . . . 494, 1489
P.Norwich 1207,1852
p. Norwood 1731, 1735
p. Nott 1016
p. O'Connell 1129
p. O'Connor 796,1032
p. Offchurch 611
p. Old Alresford .... 727, 728
p. Oldham 915, 1696
p. Ormesby . . . 781, 1878, 2237
p. O'Shay 1650
p. Ouse Commrs 755
p. Outwell 666
p. Overton 1676
p. Owen 941
TABLE OF CASES.
CXIU
R. r. Owens ...... 042, 2274
r. Oxford 1786
V. Oxfordsliire Jus. . 276, 780, 1904
r. Padwick 470
». Page 2167
V. Paget 316
1;. Palmer 1822
r. Parker 183d
r. Parrot 1381
». Paterson 2061
r. Patteson 1868
». Paty 271
V.Paul 1148
r. Payne 119, 1867
p. Paynter 1691
p. Pearce 976
P.Pearson 1128
p. Pease 1110
p. Pelham 019,2286
p. Pelly 828, 769
p. Pemberton 1708
p. PembUton . . 1149,2186,2248
p. Perobridge 1636
p. Penkridge Jus. . . 613. 1891
p. Penny 1132
p. Percy 1601
P.Perry 1298,1811
p. Peterborough 1276
r. Peters 4:^3
p. Phillimore 1691
p. Phillips . . . 1248, 1349, 1700
p. Piddletrenthide .... 2028
P.Pierce .... 420.476,662
p. Piercey 418
— «. r. Pllkington 1889
p. Pink 389
P.Pitt 71
p. Platts 1948
p. Plenty 811,120:^
p. Plowright 867
p. Plymouth . . 670, 1746, 1969
p. Pockett 692
p. Pocock 1849,1799
p. Pontefract 1714
p. Poor Law Commrs . 730, 1328,
16,33
p. Porter 269, 1911
p. Portsmouth 389
p. Portugal 66
r. Postmaster Gen.. , 86, 618, 1708
V. Pott Shrigley 1658
p. Potterhanworth .... 1663
p. Poulter 460
p. Poulton 208
p. Powell 290, 824, 826, 1208, 1273,
1883, 1914
p.Pownall 174
p. Poynder 900,1314
p. Pratt . . . 626, 739, 1437, 1982
p. Prest 869
p. Price 247. 810, 356, 603, 766, 2247
V. Priest Hutton 2131
p. Prince 818, 1046
V, Prowes 2182
p. Pulbrook 160
p. Purdey 1418
p. Pyne 1447
i;. Quainton 1610
VOL. I.
Page
R. p. Radford 2166
p. Raffles 1271
V. Railway Commrs . . 684, 2128
p. Ramsay 311
V, Rarosgate 72, 999
P.Randall 1070,2164
p. Rathbone 1621
p. Ravenscrof t 1437
p. Reader 1946
p. Reason . 614
V. Redman 22
p. Reed 2122
p. Regents Canal Co . . 1067, 2232
p. Registrar Joint Stock Cos 363,
881, 1038
V. Rhodes . 63, 341, 864, 498, 1927
P.Rice 646
i;. Ricliards .... 63, 1381, 1437
p. Richardson 651
p. Richmond .... 1666, 1826
p. Rigby 2240
P.Riley 1,418,986
p. Ring 146
V. Ripon 664
p. Kitson 762
V. Roach 611
P.Roberts 200
p. Robinson . 22, 66, 129, 146, 299.
862, 601, 764, 822, 1089, 1729
V. Robson 408
P.Rochester .... 069,1862
p. Rodley 1626
p. Rogers 141, 1722
». Rose .... 1662,1766,2164
c. Rosinski 966
p. Rotherham .... 1176, 1317
p. Rourke 1777
p. Rothwell 611, 2129
P.Rowlands 93
p. Royal Medical and Chiror-
gical Society 1799
p Rudge 488,1028
p. Runciman 324, 760, 1044, 1666.
1666
r. Rundle 269
p. Ruscoe 1928
p. Russell 1600, 1838
V. Rye 1384
p Ryland 1268
V. Rymer .... 843, 978, 2093
p. Saddlera' Co . . 44, 982, ia34
p. Saffron Walden .... 2257
p. St. Andrew the Less . . 1607
p. St. Anne, Westminster . . 984
p. St. Benedict 1613
V, St. Clement Danes . . . 292
— p. St. George 146
p. St George, Bloomsbury . 927
p. St. George, Hanoyer Square 843
p. St. George, South wark 1286, 1603
V. St George the Martyr . . 1033
V. St. George's 871
p. St Giles 889, 1088, 1313, 1616, 1714
p. St. Gregory 2196
p. St James, Westminster . 1968
p. St John, Bedwardine . . 802
p. St. John, Hackney ... 669
V. St. John, Maddermarket . 1220
CXIV
TABLE OF CASES.
R. V. St. John, Westgate . ... 1317
V. St. Lawrence 654
r. St Leonard, Shoreditch . 1786
V. St Martin-in-tiie- Fields 1609, 1800
V. St Mary Abbott's . . 424, 879
t;. St Mary, Islington 284, 307, 616,
6(59, 1718
V. St. Mary, Lambeth ... 1186
r. St Mary, Warwick . 141, 2282
V. St Marylebone . . 391, 1409
v. St. Matthew, Betbnal Green 1849
V. St Michael 210
w. St Nicholas 2196
V. St Nicholas, Leicester . . 862
u. St Nicholas, Rochester 32, 86, 1313
V, St Pancras . . 843. 1311, 1693
V. St Paul's. Coyent Garden 934, 1806
V. St Peter^s 1610
V. St Petrox 104
V. St Saviour, South wark 984, 1176
r. St Thomas 1616
u. Salford 1668
». Salisbury 2071
V.Salmon 1209
V. Salomons 1319
V. Salop 141, 279
u. Salway 1644
V, Samuel 689, 984
V, Sanders 1873
V, Sandford 969
V. Satchwell 1926
V. Battler 768
V. Saunders 1484
I'. Scot 1616
V, Sedgley 1203, 1636
r. Senior. . . . 2246,2247,2249
V. Sharman lObl, 1861
V. Sharp 399, 401
V. Shaw . . 822, 1130, 1378, 1726
V. Sheehan 1361
V. Sheffield 1262
V. Shellard 663
u. Shepherd 1621
V. Shiles 1248, 1349
V. Shipton 1491, 1680
V. Showier 2190
V. Shrewsbury Ga« Co . 870, 1864.
1368, 2029
V. Shukard 2166
V. Shurmer . . . 1291, 1343, 1886
t;. Silkstone 906,1181
r. Silvester . 702, 1050, 1860, 2078
r. Simpson 2184
». Sinclair 1313
V. Skeen 640
r. Skingle 1864,2028
V. Skinn 1669
V. Slnde 299, 889, 822, 894, 978. 1638
V. Slator 959, 966
u. Slatter 13, 102
V. Slawstone 1826
V. Smallman 326
V. Smith 87, 398, 668, 896, 1062, 1187,
1270. 1808, 1418, 1446, 1647, 1665,1676,
1768, 2168, 2172
V. Smyth 744
v. Snagge 1,80
V, Sneyd 1862
R. V. Somersetshire 2052
V. Somersetshire Jus. . . . 427
17. S. E. Ry 2062
V. South Weald 1179
V. Southampton 217, 1080. 1089, 1601
V. Southampton Commrs . . 948
V. Sottthport 1426. 14U8, 1866, 2162,
2204
V, Southwark & V. W. W. Co 1688
i;. Soutter 58, 1664
t;. Sparrow 57, 1862
V. Spicer 1062, 18(54
t'. Spilsbury .... 784, 1644
V. Spratley 1866
r. Spurrell 1814,1064
r. Stafford 929,1014
1'. Staffordshire 1862
1;. Staffordshire Canal Nar. . 2111
V. Staffordshire Jus. . . . 1418
r. Staines 980, 1972
V. Stallion 1381, 1838
r. Stamper 867
V. Stannard 1039
u, Stapleton 1602, 1736
I'. Steel 244, 438. 1028
— V. Stephenson 908
r. Stepney 474
V. Stevens . . . 2142, 2148, 2276
— t\ Steward of Havering atte-
Bower 1176,1179
V. Stewart 816, 1867
V. Stimpson 2136
V. Stockton 927, 2146
V. Stoddart 188, 1128
V. Stoke Damerel .... 2194
V. Stone 2122
v. Stow Bardolph 867
V. Strugnell 1039
V. Stuart 826
V. Stubbs 1964
V, Sudbury 1402
i;. Sullivan 488
r. Sunley 1041,1617
1;. Surrey Justices 618, 878, 1101,
1276, 1364
r. Sussex 1274
0. Sutcliffe 1819
i;. Swansea Jus 1273
t;. Sweeney 2228
V. Sweet 1669
V. Swift 1621
r. Swindon . 929, 1379, 1390, 1877
V. Swyer 2283
V, Sykes 867
V. Tacey 467
V. Tadcaster .... 211, 2029
V. Tandy 1280
i;. Tankard 2140
r. Tatlock 2172
1;. Taunton St. James . . . 1697
V. Taunton St Mary ... 69
t; Taylor 160, 462
?\ Temple 1799
V. Thallman 1484
V. Thomas 508, 708
V. Thompson 870
V. Thornham 816
V. Thornton 1096
TABLE OF CASES.
cxv
Pa«e
T?.r. Thorp 380
». Thorpe 13<M$
V. Thwaites 1884
V.Tibbie 879
V, Timroins 1517, 2007
V, Tithe Commre 1176
V. Titterton 1663
u.Toke 1317
D. Tolson 190. 202, 1046, 1047. 1149
V. TorolinBon . 22, 822, 1187, 1267
V. Tonbridge 867
V. Toole 69
V. Tooley 1621
V. Totley 808
r. Townrow 212
o. Townsend 69
V, TrafEord 661
V. Treasury 314
V. Tregoning 1146
o, Truro 4a% 409
V. Tuchin 1421
V. Tucker . . . 487, 1603, 1608
V. Tugwell 613
V. Turner 1177, 2084
r. Two Casks of Tallow . . 676
u. Tyler 436, 438
V. Tynemottth 1492
V. Tyree 2094
V. Tyrone Jus 1979
V. United Kingdom Telegraph
Co 877
r. Upper Pap worth .... 1636
17. Usworth 664, 893
r. Vane 1403
r. Vange 180
u. Vaughan 1892
w. Vincent 1819.1911
V. Vine 406
V. Wagstafl 1824
V. Wainaeet .... 887, 1630
V, Wake 1024
V. Waldegrave 361
r. Walker 775. 1714
V Wallace ... 241, 1860, 2188
V. Walton 601
V. Warburton 380
V. Ward 1149
V, Wargrave 1669
V, Warren 1650
V. Warwick 228, 1262
17. Warwickshire 1970
V. Warwickshire Jas. . 866, 1980
17. Watson 272
V. Watta 1300
V. Waudby 2276
17. Waverton 176, 872
17. Weaver 286
V. Webb . . . 673. 966, 1062. 1641
17. Websdell 1145
17. Weil 103
V, Welch 1149, 2135
V, Welland 888
i;. Wellard 1484
». Weller 1483
17. Wellings 908
17. Welsh 2167
V, West 27, 1676
17. West Bromwich Sch. Bd 88, 181
R. V, West Derby 285
17. West Middlesex W. W. . 659
17. West Riding Co. Co . . 64, 1627
V. West Riding Jus. . 174. 463, 582,
1811, 1817
V, Westbrook 1712
17. Westmoreland 59
17. Weston 2228, 2285
17. Wexford 1108
17. Wheatley 1255
17. Wheeler 1151,1159
17. Whipp 1619
17. Whissendine 282
17. White . . 8, 673, 942, 1297, 1305
17. Whitechurch .... 42, 380
r. Whitecross Street Prison . 439
17. Whiteley 999
17. Whiteman 457
V. Whitmarsh 1626
V. Whitnash 1354
17. Whittlngham 637
17. Whixley 272
V. Wicklow Co. Co 424
17. Wigan 756, 912
17. Wilcox 224
V. Wilkes 542
V. Wilkins 973
17. Willats ^ 1006
17. Willesden 1587
V. Williams .... 569, 930, 1824
V. Williamson 59, 680
17. Wilson ... 42, 279, 731, 1861
17. Wilu & Berks Nay. . . . 1692
17. Wiltshire Jus 2286
17. Winder 1843
17. Winter 1381
17. Wistow 1265
17. Wolferstan .... 1611, 1619
r. Wood 688, 774, 2274
17. Woodhall 708
17. Woodhead 1927
17. Woodland 1203
17. Woolpit 389
17. Woolston 811
V. Wootton 554
t\ Worcestershire Jus. . 1418, 1727,
1914
17. Wormingall 2282
17. Wortley 1050,1187
V. Worton 2148
17. Wright 877
17. Wycherley 1640
17. Wycombe Ry 1255
17. Wymondham 1889
17. Yarborough 914
17. Yates 2172
V.York 371,392,418
17. York & N. Mid. Ry . . . 1178
V, Yorkshire 1600
17. Yorkshh« Jos. . 209, 1096, 1418,
1488, 1709
17. Young 438, 1521
-^— 17. Younger 1256
17. Zoological Socy .... 1800
Reichel v. Magrath 778
Reichenbach i7. Quin 1989
Reid 17. Allan 1920
17. Burrows 827
CXVl
TABLE OF CASES.
Reid V. Garrett 1427
V. Keid 21, 67, 105
V. Kigby 1460
V, Shergold 2251
r. Wilson . 626, 1041, 1168, 1342
Reid'8 Brewery Co v. Male . 267, 1573
Reigate r. Croydon .... 307, 2240
V. Hunt 209
Reilly i;. Booth 801
V.Jones 1104
Reinhardt v. Mentasti . 1298, 1299, 1300
t;. Spalding 2081
Reischer t;. Borwick .... 280, 336
Reliance Bg Socy, Re 242, 396, 842, 1127
Remfry v, Natal 2221
Remington v. Steyens 80
Reoanant, /?e 637,638
Ren i;. Bulkeley 1618
Rendall u. Andreae 131
Rendle, Re 1619
Rendlesham v. Meux 96
Reniger v. Fogossa 61
Renner v. Tolley 1677
Rensberg, Ex p., Re Pryce ... 936
Renshaw v. Queen Anne Mansions
Co 650
Rep. Church Body v, Commr of
Valjiaiion 1612
Repton V. Hodgson 1266
Repulse, The 1099
Resolution, The ....... 1211
Kesolven,The 1226
Restitution S. S. Co v. Vine ... 320
Reuter «. Sala . . . . 640,1226,1870
Revelstoke v. Inl. Rev. . . 1016, 1133
Reversionary Interest Socy, Re 487
Review Pub. Co, Re 1660
Reynell v. Lewis 346, 1596
Reynolds, Re . 806
V. Accidental Insrce .... 15
V. Bridge 1106
— V. Brown 656
V.Bullock 605
V.Coleman 2084,2257
V.Doyle 1085
— V. Jex 2261
V. Kortright 1742
V. M*Gloughlin 895
V. Tomlinson .... 1248, 1778
V. Whelan 702, 1211
Rhoades, Re 690, 1742
Rhodes, Re 481. 1644
V. Airedale Commrs 112, 875, 466
V. Bate 2126
V. Bullard 2286
V. Forwood 1901
V. Ibbetson 366
V. Pateley Bridge 680
V.Rhodes . . . .779,924,1011
Rhondda Ry v. Talbot 17
Rhymney Co v. Fowler .... 1627
Rhymney Ry v. Rhymney Iron Co 601,
1561
Rhymney S. S. Co v. Iberian Co . 2267
Rialto, The 688
Ribble Nav. Co v. Hargreaves 1892, 1871
Ribble River Committee v. Croston 1946
V. Halliwell 1905
Ricardo V. Maidenhead .... 1981
Rice r. Howard 49
V. Noakes 1227, 2055
V. O'Connor 667,668
0. Reed 2209
V. Rice 684
V. Slee 1403
V. Stearns 1792
Rich V. Kneeland 348
V. Pierpoint 1891
Richards, ^« 734,1976
V. Banks 747
r. Butcher . 654,1329.2081,2162
V. Delbridge 649
V. Easto 1114,1699
V, Hay ward 714, 1060
V. Kessick 1948
V. Kidderminster 193» 282, 469, 477,
1409
V. L.B.&S.Ry 779
V. Macbride 1276
V. Ricliards 541
r. Sely 430
V. Swansea Imp. Co 896, 1169
Richardson, Re . 101, 964, 1238, 1910,
1940, 2024
V. Bradshaw 162
V. Brown 1268
r. Colne Fishery Co ... • 1886
V. Elmit 472
V. Harris 2103
V. Harrison 402, 1079
V. Jenkins 481
V. Mellish 1611
V. Methley Sch. Bd . . . . 8
V. Power 2183
V.Richardson .... 188,1024
V.Robertson 2188
V. Rowntree 1819
V. Spraag . 1348
V Stormont 128
V. Watson 327
V. Williamson 686
r. Willis 1661
V. Yardiey 806
Richardsons & Samuel, Re 16. 398, 1118,
1362, 1963
Richmond Gas Co v. Richmond . 1268,
1260
Richmond Hill S. S. Co v. Trinity
House 822,1908
Richmond Jus., i?e 1711
Richmond W. W. Co ». Richmond 667
Bickett V. Metrop Ry . . . . 974, 976
V. Mid. Ry 1667,1672
V. Sharp, Re Sharp .... 1603
Ricketts v. Harling 661
V. Turquand 260
Riddel). Re, Ex p. Strathmore . 716, 716
V. Durnford 1646
Rider v. Wood 7
Ridge, /?« 1340
V. Newton 788, 1009
Ridgeway v. Famdale 188
V. Munkittrick 101 1
Ridgway v. Hungerford Market Co 2286
V.Ward 742
Ridler, i?« 1621
TABLE OF CASES.
CXVll
Page
Ridler o. Ridler 816
Ridley. /e« 1462,1746
Ridsdale v. Clifton 175, 716, 1017. 1285,
2184, 2205
Riel r. The Queen 1289
Riga, The 1251
Rigbj V. Connol 2082
p. G. W. Ry 621, 674
p.Okell 417
Rlgden v, VAlUer .... 559, 638, 1023
Right p. Creber 865
P.Day 1848
Right d. Phillips v. Smith . . . 1459
Rigley, Re 318
Riley p. Read 591
p. Warden 121. 2205
Riley to Streatfleld 94
Rimington v. Cannon 549
p. Hartley 842
Rimmer v. Brereton 926
Ringer v.Cann . 824,1362,1.367,1470
Ringwood v, Lowndes 2199
Rio Flour Mills and De Morgan, i2e 1950
Ripley, He 699
p. Scaife 615
Ripon City, The 537
Rippen v. Priest 1228, 1818
Rippin p. Baatin 811
Risdale p. Clifton . . 1358, 1512, 1878
Rishton p. Grissell 1266
p. Haslingden . . 1721, 1793, 1949
p. Lane. & y. Ry . . . . 18
Risk Allah Bey p. Johnstone . . 785
Ritch p. Sanders 1053
Ritchie p. Larsen 45
Riyer Derwent. The . . . 441, 2110
Rirer Steamer Co, Re 2260
Rirers p. Adams 970
Riret^Camac, Re 951, 1055, 2028, 2064
Ririere, Re 57
Rizsom p. Pritchard 858
Roberts. Re . . 171, 1289, 1472, 1673
, Re, Ex p. mil 1713
, Re, Evans p. Roberta ... 186
, Re, Ki£E p. Roberta ... 68. 1582
, Re, Tarleton p. Bruton . . 1859
p. Aulton 559
p. Ball 2107
p. Bignell 574
p. Brett 755
p. Cooper 635
p. Darey 2193
p. Edwards 862
— :- p. Egerton 44, 837
p. Gwyrfai 976
p. Humphreys 2092
p. Hunt 877
p. Jones 472, 817, 1476
p. Karr 11
p. Kuffln 204. 823
^— p. Lucas 190
p. Orchard 758,1628
p. Page 1568
p. Perciyal i;{23
P.Phillips .... 146,147.1960
P.Roberta 1917,2102
p. Sampson 2273
p. Slieffleld 1252
Page
Roberta p. Tregaskis 1214
p. Watkins 285
p. Williams 1489
p. Woodward 1723
Robertaon, Re 192. 1544
p. Broadbent 1918
p. Clarke 596
P.Day 1925
p. Ewer 901
p. Eraser 1413
V. Harris .... 1200, 1625, 2279
p. Hartopp 1088, 1976
P.Jackson 2109
p. Johnson 795, 2007
p. Norris 2107
P.Powell 2238
p. Richardson 66
V. Robertaon 1331
p. Sheward 1153
Robey p. Arnold 1690
p. Snaefell Co 2257
Robins, Re 821
p. Rose 164
Robinson, Re . 10, 619, 1206, 1585, 1909
p. Ashton . . 1578
p. Barton .... 1271, 1947, 1948
p. Briggs 1814
P.Caldwell 828
p Canadian Pacific Ry . . 191
p. Cliff 742
V, Curry 59
p. Dand 89
p. Dhuleep Singh . . . 738, 2215
p. Eyans 1082
p. G. W. Ry .... 1393, 1666
p. Hawksford 1664
0. Heuer 266
p. Jenkins 824. 1219
p. KiWert 1440,1640
p. Restell 876
p. Robinson . . . 141, 1661, 1825
p. Shepherd 1451
p. Smith 1082, 1581
p. Sunderland 99, 1974
p. Sykes 1013
p. Thompson 1422
p. Trevor 19-33
p. Vale 202
p. Waddelow 694
p. Wflddington .... 54, 2257
p. Wall 2261
p. Webb 864, 1583
p. Wlieel Wright 1869
Robinson Gold-Mining Co v. Alli-
ance Assrce 1822
Robinson's Patent 1603
Robson, Re . . 384, 518, 824, 1071, 1125.
1237, 1999
p. Ues 428
p. Owners of "Kate" ... 458
P.Smith 736,1230
Rochdale Canal Co p. Brewster . 659
Rochdale and Haslingden, Re . . 41
Roche, Re 2129
p. Cork Ry . . . 1126, 1130, 1819
p. Roche 1686
Rochefoucauld p. Boustead . . . 1154
Rochford p. Hack man ..... 145
cxvin
TABLE OF CASES.
Rochfort V. Atherley 59
— V, Fitzmaurice 122
w. Rynd 1629
Kock V. Lazarus 1240
V. Seaton 2202
Rock Portland Cement Co v. Wilson 010
Rocke, £:x»., /^eHall 1816
Rockett V. Chippingdale .... 1988
Roddam v. Morley .... 292, 1420
Roddick v. Indemnity Insrce 637, 887,
901, 2180
Roddy i;. Fitzgerald 861, 1011, 1012
RodtMi V. Eyton 2003
V, London Small Arms Co . 869
Roderick v. Aston 2052
Rodger v. Harrison 136, 403
Rodgers v. Richards . . . 1963, 2175
Rodick V. Gandeli 1376
Rodney, The 1152
Rodocanachi v. ElUott . 117, 612, 1744,
1746, 1768
i;. Milbarn 773
Rodriques v. Melhuish 1561
Roe V. Avis 861
V. Bradshaw 186
V. Harrison 129
V. Quartley 1759
». Sales 2119
i;. Siddons . 11, 110, 867, 878, 1768,
2226
Roe d. Berkeley v. York . . 940, 1624
d. Connolly v. Vernon . . . 409
d. Hale v. Wegg 1166
d. Helling v. Yeud .... 1683
d. Pen warden v. Gilbert . . 2086
Roebuck, The 677
Roelandts v. Harrison 718
RofiEey v. Bent 1460, 1971
Rogers, Ex p 768
, Re nil, 1471, 1660
, /2c, J?x p. Challinor . . 2102,2103
i;. Benstead 1088
V. British Ship Owners' Assn 910
t;. Davis 2148
t\ Driver 1859
V. Drury 355
V. Gravat 2264
V. Harvey 2028
V. Hosegood 2, 590, 735, 896, 1198,
1338, 1555
V. Hull 1056
V. Hull Dock Co . . . 1223, 1891
V, James 1891
V. Macnamara 488
V. Manchester Packing Co 197, 2212
V, Rice 1664
V. Rogers . . 23, 836, 867, 1171
V. Thomas . . . 970, 1216, 1705
Rohl V. Parr 2187
Rokeby v. Elliot 2261
Roles V. Rose well 1175
Rolfe V. Hyde 1884
V. Learmouth 263
V.Perry 2239,2250
V. Rolfe 266
V. Thompson .... 1788, 1790
Rolland v. Cassidy 78
Rollason, Re , . . . 1269, 1430, 1815
Rollev.Whyte 780,1046
RoUes u, NeweU . . . 1245, 2040, 2266
Rolls o. Isaacs 1663
V. Miller ... 236, 237, 590, 1566
r. Rolls 481
V. St. George, Southwark . . 2181
Rolpfa, ^xp 139
,ij:x p., i2c Spindler .... 2103
Roltv. Bulmer 605
Romance, The . . . 140,2074,2123
Romer, Re 190, 1436
Ronaldson v. La Touche . . . . 1641
Rook V. Hopley 2278
Rooke's Case 542
Rooke V. Czamikow 817
V. Kensington 924
Rooney v. Palmer 1577
Rooper v. Harrison 880
Roose, Re, Evans v. Williamson 702
V. Perry 1625
Rootes, Re 862
Rooth ». N. E. Ry 1667
Roper, Re . , , 710, 1826, 2000, 2202
, Re, Ex p. Bolland .... 2103
V. Greenwood 15
r. Knott 2248
V. Roper 806
Roper-Curzon v. Roper-Cuizon . . 47
Rosalie, The 2123
Roscoe v. Boden 458
Rose V. Bartlett 1052
V. Coll. of Physicians ... 97
V. Frogley 863
I'. Groves 1912
V. Hill 666
V. Rose 866, 367, 862
1;. Sims 1236
V. Watson 786, 1728
Rosenbaum v. Belson . 1667, 1781, 1823
Rosenberg v. Cook 1985
Rosenthal, Ex p., Re Dickinson ] 38,
2136
Rosenthal!, i2« 1796
Rosevear Co, Ex p.. Re Cock . . 682
Rosewame v. Billing .... 797, 798
Rosewel's Case 122
Ross, Re 184, 527, 597, 598, 1278, 1408
V. Army & Navy Hotel Co . 469
V. Borer 90
V. Bradshaw 866
t;. Buxton 1686
V. Charity Commrs .... 680
V.Hill 348,1778
V. Morris \ 63
1;. Price 1374
V. Ross 1013, 1401
V. Smith 921, 1346
p. Taylerson 59
RoBse V, Wainman , . 757, 1201, 1202
Rossiter, A'e 668
V. Miller .... 1589, 1957, 1968
Rotch V. Edie 1448
Roth, Re 1240, 1623
Rotheram v. Rotheram .... 1012
Rotherflelds S. S. Co v. Tweedy . 186
Rothes V. Kirkcaldy W. W. Co 800, 392
736
Rothscliild V. Corney 1383
TABLE OF CASES.
CZIX
Pag«
Rothschild v. Roy. Mail Steam
Packet Co .... 460,1483,1767
Rouch V. Hall 1790
Rougemont, The 1640
Rottghton V. Gibson 820
lioaUton, Re 181
Round wood Colliery Co, Re . 160, 1263
Roarke v. Short 798, 2068
Rouse's Case 1978
Routledge v. Low 726
Row V. Dawson 1376
Rowclifife V. Leigh 20
Rowe, /J« .... 87, 674, 1016. 1971
V, Gray 820
V. Hopwood 412
i^. Shilson 2227
Rowell v. Inl. Rer. . . .79,1106,1220
V. Rowell 1826
Rowland v. Michell 664
V. Pritchard 2028
Rowlands v. Miller 46
Rowlatt V. Easton 879
Rowlls V. Bebb . 447, 1623, 1667, 1668
Roy V. Beaufort 1106
Roval Agricultural Socy i;. St.
George, Hanover Square . . . 1800
Royal Aquarium v. Parkinson . 43, 424,
669, 1030, 2097
Royal Arch, The 1099
Royal Bank of ScoUand v Totten-
ham 801
Royal Bristol Bg Socy v. Bomash . 1614
Royal Coll. of Music v, Westmin-
ster 661,1799
Royal Coll. of Physicians v. Gen.
Med. Council 1184, 1479
Royal CoU. of Surgeons, Re 1083, 1799.
1801
Royal Coll. of Vet. Surgeons v.
Groves 1633,2186
V. Robinson 1633
Royal Ex. Assrce v. M*Swiney . 1670
r. Tod 1340, 1896, 1895
Royal Ex. Co v. Dixon . . 1019, 2117
Royal Insrce v. Watson .... 267
Royal Mail Steam Packet Co v,
Braham 1464
Royal Mar. Hotel Co, Re . , . 1839
lioyal National Lifeboat Inst. v.
London & N. W. Ry 1981
Royal Socy & Thompson, Re . , 297
Royce v. Charlton 2016
Royle, Re 621
V. Harris 739. 1844
Royse v, Birley . 881, 1047, 1643, 1614,
2120
Rnabon S. S. Co v. London Assrce 162.
896
Rubbins. Re 1999
Rubery v. Grant 1767
Ruby, The 1807
Ruck V. Williams 736
Ruckmaboye v. Lulloobhoy Motti-
chund 189
RudaU V. Nichols 1166
Ruddy, i26 138
Rudge V, Barker 1862
V. Winnall 1109
Fug*
Ruffle. fJxp 886
Rugby Trustees v. Merry weather . 877
Rumball t\ Metrop Bunk .... 1802
V. Munt 177
V. Murray 1441
RumboU V. Nunnery Colliery Co . 1831
Rumney and Smith, Re ... . 132
Rundle v. Hearle 1665
Rush. Re 498. 1326
Rushbrook v. Hood 791
RusseU. Re . . . 10, 852. 8G2, 863, 937
». Babor 1655
V. Conibefort .... 264, 1734
V. Griffith 768
V. Kellett 1359, 2239
». Ledsam 1308, 1691
V. Ligon 1092
». Nicolopulo 1728
V. Niemann . . . 621, 1362, 1638
r. Phillips 1709
r. Queen. The. . . . 317,1438
V. Russell 443, 614. 616, 918, 1176.
1976, 1977
V. Sa Da Bandeira .... 678
V. Shenton 1387, 1890
V. Smith .... 673. 1485, 1486
V. Town & County Bk . 591. 1572
Russell Institution, Re . . . 1022, 1094
V. St. Giles & St. Georjje.
Bloorasbury 1799,2200
Russell and Erwin Co v. Lodge 431, 1944
Russian Spratts', Re 1581
Rust t;. Kennedy 1209
Ruston V. Tobin 1342
Rutlien, Re 1814
Ruther v. Harris 2148
Rutland, i2e 95
w. Doe 387.2285
Rutland. The 216,2083
R utter V. Chapman 970
17. Everett 376
r. Harris 2148
V. Norton 1670
V. Tregent 1490
Ruys V. Royal Ex. Assrce . . . 2073
Ryall u. Bowles 299, 309, 812, 821, 824.
1518
Ryalls V. The Queen 58, 708, 1208, 1222,
1457
Ryan, Tie 1460
Ryan and O'Brien, Re 62
Ryde Commrs, Re 2247
Ryder, 726 101,797
Rye v. Payne 1301
0. Rye 1969
Ryhope Co v. Foyer 89, 1839, 1919, 1965.
2079
Ryland v. Delisle 1306
Ry lands v. Reardon 194
Rylatt 17. Marfleet 2150
Rymer v. Mcllroy 865
Sjibebton v. Skeels 1081
Saccliarin Corp v. Anglo Conti-
nental Co 1962
cxx
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Saccharin Corp v. Heitmeyer . . 600
SacheTerell v. Porter 347
Sachs V. Spielman 267
Sacker, i2e 433
Sack ville- West v. Holmesdale 412, 421,
665, 2067
Sadd V. Maldon Ky 881
Sadler, Re, Ex p. Norris .... 93
V. Johnson 1699
V. Rickards 484
Sadlers' Case 1682
SafEery, J?x p., iZc Brenner . . . 1616
V, Mayer 798, 935
Saffron Walden v. Rayner . . . 1904
Sailing Ship "Garston" Co v.
Hickie 718,1508
St. Alban's r. Battersby .... 173
- — V. Beauclerk 1412
V. Skipwith 82
St. Alphage, London Wall. Re . 766, 970,
2184
St. Andrew's Hospital v. Shear-
smith 1672
St. Asaph V. Llanrhaiadr-ya-Moch-
nant 1253
St. Aubyn v. St. Aubyn ... 522, 733
St Botolpli Vicar v. Parishioners . 226
St. Botolph Without, /?e . . . . 297
St. Catherine's Co v. The Queen . 639
St. Cross Hosp. v. Howard de Wal-
den 234
St. Kdmund, Re 2184
St. Gabriel v. Les SoBurs de la Con-
gr<^gation 1753
St. George, Hanover Sq. v. Sparrow 227
St. George's V. Ballard .... 1272
St. Germains v. Willan . . 1070, 2032
St. Giles, Camberwell v. Crystal
Palace Co 1273
t;. London Cemetery Co . . 1388
St Helen's v. Kirkham 1389
St Helen's Smelting Co v. Tipping 399
St Helen's Tramway Co v. Wood 895,
1465
St. James', Clerkenwell v. Feary . 1976
St. James the Less, Bethnal Green,
Re 624
St. John V. Boughton 24
V. Central Vermont Ry . 2010, 21 73
St. John, Hampstead v. Cotton 1272, 1949
u. Hoopel . . . 1272,1431,1949
St John, Pendlebury, Re . 1729, 2099
St John the Baptist, Timberhill. Re 1769
St John Baptist College, A'jr p. . 270
St John Street Chapel, Re . . 271, 020
St Lawrence, Ramsgate v. Kent
Jus 1827
St. Leger w. Magniac 1339
St. Leonard, Shoreditch v. Franklin 1404
V. London Co. Co 2271
». Phelan 1849
St. Leonard's Trustees v. Charity
Commrs 506, 760, 086
St. Louis Breweries v. Apthorpe . 265
St Luke, Middlesex, Re , , . . 9
St. Margaret's v. Hoskins .... 181
St Margaret's, Rochester v.
Thompson 1850
Page
St Marks, /?«.... 1358, 1729, ia31
St. Martin's v. Gordon 1092
St. Martin's, Birmingham Rector,
Exp 1717
St Martin's-in-the-Fields v. Bird 448, 573,
1838, 1849
St Mary, Battersea v. County of
London, &c, Co 2182
— V. Palmer 1272
St Mary, Islington v. Barrett 1272, 1947.
1950
V. Cobbett 894, 1388
V, Goodman 1874
St Nicholas Aeons 297
St Nicholas, Deptford v. Sketchlev 177,
1506.1858
St Olave's p. Canterbury . . 1429,2032
St Pancras v, Clapham .... 104
V. Norwich 807
St Paul V. St Paul 367
St. Roch V. Quebec Seminary . . 1753
St Saviour v. Burbridge .... 906
St Stephen, i?e ........ 297
St. Thomas's Hosp. v. Charing Cross
Ry 896
V. Lambeth 1602
Sainter v. Ferguson . . . . 1105,1106
Salaman, Exp 176, 1650
V. Warner 715, 717
Sale V. Lambert 1589
V. Moore 1531, 1533
U.Phillips 1390
Sale Hotel Co, /?e .... 1217,1811
Salford v. Lancashire Co. Co. . . 268
Salisbury v. Petty 1346
». Ray 471
Salisbury Co v. Ha thorn .... 874
Salkeld v. Johnston 1212
Salm-Kyrburg V. Pomansky . . . 1741
Salmon, Re, Priest v. Uppleby . . 535
Salmon and Woods, Re, Exp. Gould 111,
1868
Salomon, Re . . . 201, 255, 363, 992
Salomon and Naudszus, Re . . , 563
Salomons v. Miller 1795
Saloway v, Strawbridge . . . 182, 134
Salt, i?e 699
V. Cooper 1446
V. Northampton 1227
Salt Union 0. Harvey . . . 1948,2182
V. N. Staffordshire Ry . . . 1879
V. North wich Bd 1533
W.Wood 1805
Salter v. Cavanagh 674
Saltmarsh v. Barrett 2147
Salton V. New Beeston Co 282, 1662, 2288,
2285
Saltoun V. Pitsligo 815
Salusbury w. Denton . .620,759,1859
Salvin v. N. Brancepeth Co . 671, 1800
Samboume t7. Barry 2050
Sampayo u. Gould v 1^^^
Sampson, Re 750
Sampson and Wall, Re . 388, 1845, 1546.
2145
Samuda v. Lousada 1550
Samuel v. Samuel 164
San Francisco v. Steam Nav. Co . 830
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXl
San Paolo R7 V. Carter . 115.206.746,
1732. 2078
San Roman, The 1638, 1740
Sandbach School Re 1402
Sandbach and Edmondson. Re . . 865
Sandeman v. Rush ton 1714
V. Scurr 882
Sanders, /?« . . 160.1340,1586,2137
— , Re, Ex p. Sergeant .... 1
, Re, Ex p, Wliinney .... 716
V, Ashford 907
V.Jenkins 118,1852
V, Kiddell 322
Sanders-Clark v, Grosrenor M Co 1208,
1200, 1300. 1672
Sanderson. iZe 338.2286
V. Bailey 429, 728
V. Berwick-upon-Tweed 1440, 1640,
2228
V. British Westralian Corp . 1506
V. Cockermouth Ry . . 1252, 1255
Sandes v, Cooke 1011
Sandford V. Seal 1210
w. Irby 1586
Sandgate v, Keene 550
». Kent Co. Co 86
V. Pledge 1974
Sandilands,/2e 1806
Sandiman v. Breach 262, 1359, 1860, 1368
Sandon v. Jervis 117
Sandys v. Markhara .... 739, 1585
». Small 1535,1536
Saner r. Bilton 818, 962, 1362, 1719, 1720
SaniUry Carbon Co, Re . . . . 1185
Sanitas Co, Re 697
Sangster v. Cave 263
V, Cochrane 1938
V. Kay 268
Sanguinetti v, Stuckey's Bank . . 2198
Sankey,/?« 368,1738
Sankey Book Co, i2e 1584
Sansom v. Sansom 473
Sanson, Re 9, 1530, 1531
Snnspareil, The 1911
Sane V. Sant 968
Santley w. Wilde 1227
SanTille 9. Inl. Rev 1844
Sara, The 537
Saracen, The 1099
Sargeant,/2s 1818
Sargent, Ex p.. Re Tahiti Cotton
Co 987
, Re 694, 695
i». Reed 260
StLT\,Re 2102
Sarson v. Roberts ia39
Sartoris, /?e 1971,2274
SaUnita, The 69, 459
Saatnarez 0. Sanmsrez . . . 1548, 2087
Saunders' Case 2255
Saunders, -fforp 1255,1348
,Re 1161,1267,2187
, Re, Ex p. Treheme . . . . 1666
V. Baring 1916
r. Edwards 2264
V. Holbom 1693
V. Jones 1317
— p. Milsome 1915
Page
Saunders v. Pitfield 1815
V. Saunders 70, 1912
i;. Searson 2047
V. S. E. Ry 1439
w. Thomey 1342
V. White 836
w. Wiel .... 1269,1318,1819
Saunders-Davies, Re . . , 1412, 1748
Saunderson v. Bailey .... 429, 728
V, Dobson 644
V. Jackson 1882
Savage, Re 690
V. Carroll 2288
Savery v. Endeld .... 288, 1071
V. Lister 1286
Savile v. Jardine 300
Savill V. Langman 1140
Saville, /?« 1702
Sarin v. Oswestry 679
Savory, Re 1881
Savoy u. Art Union . 1799,1800,2199,
2200
Savoy Hotel Co v. London Co. Co. 566,
945, 1873, 1874
Sawyer v. Paddington 1949
r. Sawyer 215
Sax. /?« 268,281
Saxlehner i*. Apollinaris Co . 248, 2082
Saxon S. S. Co v. Union S. S. Co . 834,
836, 1953
Saxton t;. Bartley 820
V. Saxton 852, 1296
Say 1;. Creed 1278
Sayer v. Bradley 1147, 1278
V. Dufaur 644
Sayers v. Boys 1278
Scadding v. Eyles .... 907, 1991
V. St. Pancras 1002
Scaife v. Farrant 348
Scale V. Rawlins 1076
Scales 17. Lawrence 1720
P.Pickering 362,740
Scarborough, Re 610
V. Scarborough 468
Scarf u. Jardine 1295
Scarfe v. Morgan .... 741, 1354
Scarlet v. Lucton School . . . . 1511
Scarsdale v. Curzon . . 34, 863, 866, 1896
Scatchard v. Johnson 577
Scattergood i;. Sylvester .... 1744
Sceberras Trigona t;. Sceberras
D'Aniico 1146
Schauer ». Field 1761
Scheibler v. Gilclirest 882
Schilizzi v. Derry 1247
Schirges r. Schirges 760
Schletter v. Cohen 1492
Schloss V. Stiebel 2241
Schmidt v. Royal Mail Steam Sliip
Co 657,721
Schmitz, J?x p. 716
Schneider v. Heath 704
V. Norris 1882
Schofield, Ex p 438
V. Hincks 1866
Scholefield v. Redfem 281
Scholes V. Brook 2176
0. Hargreaves . . 417,1088,1198
cxxu
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Scholey v. Peck 1686
f. Walton 23
Scholfield V. Londetborough 12, 98, 1015,
llt>9
V. Spooner 1828
Schomberg, ^xp 176,267
Schove V. Sdimincke . ^ . . . 205
Schreiber v. Dinkel 816
Schroeder v. Central Bank ... 9
Schwan, The 554,962
Schwartz v. Locket 508
Schweder, /?e 886,912
Schwerzerbof t7. Wilkins . . 2118,2151
Scio. The 1519
Scobie V, Colling 148, 193
Scotland Free Church v. Bain 848, 2078
Scotney v. Lomer .... 183,2234
Scott,i:xw., /fe Hawke .... 114
, Re 365, 1291
U.Alvarez . . 156,366,508,1008
V, Baring 203
V. Best 994
V. Bourdillion 410
V. Brown 1757
V. Brownrigg 1210
V, Carritt 1068
V. Clifton School Bd . . . . 1826
V. Cousins 222
V. Gillmore 1923
i;. Glasgow 1439
V. Hastings , 60
V. Jackman ' 1062
v. Key 1141
V. Liverpool 857
V. Mid. Ry 1636
t;. Moore 579
V. Morley 1028
V. North 222
V. Pape 13,2046
V.Parker 2145
V. St. Martin-in-the-Fields 1799, 1800
V, Scott 444, 1279
V. Sebright 684
V, Sliepherd 2097
u. Uxbridge Ry 2118
V. Washington 1488
V. Wilson 2256
Scott's Co u. N. Wheeleries Co . . 1684
Scottish Equitable Assrce v. Beatty 317
V. Inl. Rev 404
Scottish Mtge. Co of New Mexico
V. McKelvie 1679
Scottish North Eastern Ry v. Stew-
art 1178
Scottish Petroleum Co, lie . . . 345
Scottish Widows Fund v. Craig . . 1537
Scovell V. Bevan 48
V. Gardiner 292
Scowcroft, Re 83, 377
Scratton v. Brown 728, 1894, 1805, 1875
Scripps 17. Reilly 840
Scrivener v. Pask 1635
Scully r. Scully 1963
Sculthorpe v. Tipper 899
Scurfield v. Howes .... 606, 2000
Sea Insrce v. Blogg .... 1779, 1780
1;. Carr 841
V. Gavin 1609
Sea Queen, The 330
Seagrove v. Parks 623
Seal. Re 1812
i;. Claridge 147,2263
o. Merthyr Tydfil 572
Seale v. Seale 1347
Seaie-Hayne v. JodreU . . 429, 903, 1166,
1241, 1265, 1700
Sealey V. Stawell . . 1220,1713,1962
Sealy, /?« 871
Seaman, i?« 391,1619
V. Burley 318, 437, 438
». Lee 563
Sear, Exp 1816
V. House Property Co . 239, 2065,
2189
Searle, As 2024
Searlea v. Scarlett 1604
Seath V. Moore 1782
Seaton v. Deerburst 471
V, Heath 989, 2113
V, Seaton 1345
Seaton, The 1885
Seaward v. Drew 853
». Paterson 64, 329
Sebag V. Abitbol 1061
Sebright, Re 943
Seccombe v. Edwards 1349
Second East Dulwich Bg Socy. Re 1678
Second Edinburgh Socy r. Aitken 1883
Securities & Properties Corp v.
Brighton Alharobra 1787
Seear v. Lawson 1583
Seed t;. Bradley 1143,1918
Selby V. Banlons 464, 465
V. Crystal Palace Gas Co . . 1613
Self V, Hove 572
Seligman v. Le Boutillier .... 631
Seller v. Seller 366
Sellwood V. Mount . . 956, 1318, 1669
Selwood, /i« 1291
Selwyn v. Garfit 2208, 2200
Sempler.Pink ; 748
Sen Sen Co v. Brit tens 1694
Senhouse v. Christian . . . 2052, 2225
t;. Harris 1649
Ser£F v. Acton 2224
Sergeant, 7?c 2136,2137
Seijeant, A>;7., /?e Sanders . . . 1
W.Dale 1128
Serle, i2c 1293
V. St. Eloy 1966
Seroka v, Eattenburgh 1267
Serraino v. Campbell . . 161, 366, 1362
Servia, The 678, 1561
Seton V. Lafone 1598
Seton-Smith, Re 898, 899
Sevenoaks and T. & M. Ry v. Lond.
C.& Dover Ry 1138,1189
Severin o. Leicester 1286
Severn v. The Queen 316
Severn and Gierke's Case .... 429
Severn, &c, Ry, /?« 471
Severne to Bird 638
Seward v. The Vera Cruz ... 466
Sewell V. Bishopp 2037
V. Burdick 1422, 2041
V. Taylor 1484
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXIU
Page
Seymour v. Bridge 798
V, Butterworth 1607
i;. Lucas 868,1851
Seyton, i& 184
Shackell v. Cliorlton 46
Shaffers v. General Steam Naviga-
tion Co 1158,1986
Sliaftesbury v. Marlborough . . . 1099
V. WalUce 1202, 1203
Shafto, Re 1068
V. Butler 991
Shaf toe's Charity. Re . , . 535, 2184
SUakespear, Re, Deakin v, Lakin . 1827
Shakle v. Baker 827
Shamrock S. S. Co v. Storey . 1862, 2162
Shand v, Bowes 1871
17. Kidd 1348
V. Sanderson 2261
Shanghai Corp v. McMurray . 74, 676
Sbardlow v. Cotterill . 1289, 1590, 1624,
2041
Sharland, /2s . 9,105,1230,1832,1914
Sharman, /2e 299,2037
V. Mason 981, 1619
V. Sanders 121
Sh^rp, Exp 1515
, Re, Rickett v. Sharp . . . 1603
V. Birch 147
p. Cosserat 358,2143
u. Gibbs 518, 1780
V, Grey 348
0, Jackson 1, 2189
f. Lush . . 665, 2a36, 2037, 2088
p. McHenry . . . 894, 718, 2101
V. Milligan 2157
V. St. Sauveur 50, 1059
V. Sharp ... 30, 606, 1759, 1998
Sbarpe, Re 1928
ff. Dawes 1185
r. Wakefield . . 543,1081,1468
Shattock V. Garden .... 1089, 1302
SluLW,Exp 1816
, Re 804, 644, 1974
V. Benson 235
17. Bull 1888
r. Bunny 1620
p. Gait 768
V. Gould 1067
p. G. W. Ry . ... . 1126, 1259
p. Hertfordshire Co. Co. . . 1028
p. Johnson 1794
p. Kay 845
p. Keighron 2279
p. King 1068
p. Lawless 1531
p. Morley 1825,1487
p. Neale 1773
p. Port Philip Co 285
p. Poynter 1158
p. Reckitt 1689
p. Robberds 75
p. Rowley 249
p. Simmons 753
P.Smith 93,1344,1417
p. Standish 1621
p. Stenton 1440
p. VVooils .... 106, 179. 620
8haw and Ronaldson, Re 1010, 1 172, 1254
Sheard v. Learoyd 20
Sliearman v, Kelly 62
Shears p. Goddard 891
p. Rogers 982
Sheba Gold Co p. Trubshawe . . 1107
Shee p. Hale 2088
Sheehey r. Cokley 2238
Sheehy p. Muskerry . . . 1072,2049
Sheen p. Rickie 733
Sheffield p. Alexander 2189
p. Anderson .... 108, 989, 2139
p. Bradfield 1912
p. Fulham 1949
V. Kennett 1074
p. London Joint Stock Bk . . 1261
Sheffield Bg Socy p. Aizlewood . 1661
V. Harrison 1469
Sheffield Waggon Co v. Stratton . 1072
Sheffield W. W. Co v. Bennett . . 1711
V. Sheffield Corp 1974
Shell, Ex p., Re Lonergan . . . 1684
Shelboume p. Law Investment
Corp 458
p. Oliver 1004, 2052
Sheldon v. Flatcher 1489
V. Sheldon 1655
Shelfer p. City of London Electric
Co 1801, 1692
Shelford p. Louth Ry 1372
Shelley's Case 664,859
Shelley p. Betbell 1039
p. Bryer 1268
p. Shelley 866
Shelmer, Re 1215
Shelton v. Braithwaite 545
Shenstone u. Hilton 240, 499, 548, 1189,
1465
Shepheard, /?s . . . 603,1841,1966
Shepherd p. Berger 2235
p. Conquest 149
p. Henderson 919
p. HUls 380, 726, 1915
p. Kain 708
p. Keatley 1007
V. Kottgen 804, 1520
V. Londonderry . . . 879, 1768
V. Mackoul 1250
p. Nottige 1530
Shepherdess. Tlie 175-3
Sheppard, Ex p., Re Parker ... 214
, Re . 182, 634, 662, 1851, 1860. 1918
P.Bennett 1660,1777
p. Bradford 181
p. Duke 1077
p. Gibbons 1846
V. Gilmore 991
p. Union Bank 1006
Sherborn v. Wells 1125
Sheridan, Re 2020
p. Mid. G. W. Ry . 496. 976, 1310.
1666
p. O'Reilly . . . 608,1706,1716
Sherrard p. Gascoigne . . . 559, 1315
p. Harborough 1994
Sherras p. De Rutzen . . . 1045, 1046
Sherratt p. Mountford 1264
Sherwin r. Shaksi>ear 94
Sherwood p. Ray 1446
CXXIV
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Sheward, /?c 1376
SliieU. Sunderland .... 156,1268
Shield V. Wilkins 1247
Shields V. Howard 274
w. Rait 689
ShielB r. G. N. Ry 263,689
Shilling V. Accidental Insrce . 731, 1309
Shillitoe v. Claridge 1907
Sliilson, Ex p., Re Cock . 488, 993. 1339
Sliimmin v, iBellew 1610
Shine, Re 936, 947
Shipley t;. Marshall 206
Shippey v. Grey 1290
Sliipton V. Thornton 906
Shirley. Re 716
V. Ferrers 1078
Shoolbred v. Baker 1260
P.Roberts 796,1472
t;. St. Pancras Jus 1748
Shoosmith, i26 1911
Shore r. Weekly 561
V. Wilson 815
Shorland, ^xp 402
Shorthorn Dairy Co v. Hall ... 266
Sliortridge, /e6 2146
Shortt V. Robinson 789
V. Smith 738
Shotts Co V. Deas 2274
Slioubridge v. Clark 1483
Shovelton v. Shovelton .... 1630
Showell V. Skittreli 879
Showers t;. Chelmsford Assessment
Committee 1601, 1612
Shrapnel v. Laing 650
Shrewsbury Case 190
Shrimpton v. Shrimpton .... 2234
Shubrick v. Salmon 1667
Shubrook v, Tufnell . . . 717, 1001
Siiurmur v. Sedgwick . . . 816, 1621
Shuttleworth, jBr p 1111
, Re 1863
V. Cocker 911
r. Le Fleming .... 635, 1761
V. Murray 682
Sibery, Re 695
Sibley, /?« 69,1346,1860
V. HIggs 926
U.Perry . . 1013,1014,1401,1988
Sibson V. Barcraig Co 368
Si bun V. Pearce, &c, Bg Socy . . 1186
Sickert v. Sickert 614
Sifldall, /?e 263,798
Siddell r. Vickers 1243
Sidebotharo, Re 68
V. Holland 778, 1381
Sidebottom v. Sidebottom . . . 125
Sidgreaves v. Brewer 68
Sidney v. Wilmer 631
Siegenberg v. Metrop District Ry . 896
Sigler V. The State 1246
Sigoumey v. Lloyd .... 1747, 2160
Silberschildt v. Schott 744
Silesia, The 684
Siikstone Fall Colliery Co, Re 1740, 1920
Sill V. The Queen 763
Sillence, /?« 766
Silver Bullion, The 1099
Silrer Valley Mines, 226 . . . 611,622
SiUester, Re 622, 1725
Sirocoe v. Pethick .... 1839, 2109
Simmonds v. Fulham . . . 1273, 1793
V. Simmonds 734
Simmons, Re 28
r. Mailing 229, 1439
r. MUlingen 768. 2188
r. Norton 82, 647
V.Simmons 1011
r. Taylor 1169
V. White 607, 608
V. Woodward 88, 613
Stmms V. Reg. of Probates . . . 649
Simon v, Sedgwick 288, 811
Simonds v. Hodgson 1238
Simonin v. Mallac 1165
Simons v. Farren ...... 1749
». G. W. Ry .... 1666, 1667
Simonsen, Re 1291
Simpkin, Ex p 463
Simpson v. Beard, Re Beard . . . 1861
». Blues 465
V. Brown 47
V. Clayton 2166
r. Dendy ... 109, 1226, 2047
V. Denison 2070
V. Frew 186
V. Godmanchester . 241, 695, 939
V. Hartopp 1616
i;. Henderson 766
w. Holliday 677,1349
1;. Hughes 1968
V, Lewthwaite .... 779, 2075
V. Manley ... 432, 1620, 1697
V. Margitson .... 1222, 1223
r. Palace Theatre .... 1681
V. Peach 2183
V. Shaw 781
V. Titterell 1596
V. Westminster Palace Hotel 944,
2162
V. Yeend 1322
Sims V. Landray 1882, 1883
V. Trollope 618
Simson, Re 107
Sinclair v. Maritime Assrce ... 16
u. Sinclair 1421
V. Wilson 484
Singer Co v. Lond & S. W. Ry . 683
Singlehurst v. Tapscott S. S. Co . 1674
Singleton v. Ellison .... 222, 223
V. Tonilinson 604, 1788
V. Williamson 273
Sinnett v, Herbert 619
SInnott V. Walsh 667, 694
Sion College, Re, Ex p. Lond. Corp 2121
V, London Corp 1371
Siordet v. Hall 28
Sir John Moore Co, Re .... 679
Sitwell, Ex ;>., Re Drury Lowe . . 677
V. Bernard 2284
Six Sisters, The 1940
Skeats, Re 101, 1369
Skeeles v, Shearly 181
Skegg, 7?e 2128
Skelton, Re, Ex p. Coatea ... 763
Skidmore i;. Bouchier 2068
Skinner, Exp 1888
TABLE OF CASES.
cxxv
Page
Skinner v. Eitch 2052
p. Perry 2061
V. Shew .... 318, 1873, 2051
u. Usher .... 840, 1484. 1498
17. Western Mar Insrce . . . 1916
Skinners Co v. Knight . . . 785, 1665
Skinningrove Co v. N. £. Rr . . 1173,
2128
Skipper v. Skipper 911
Skipwith*8 Case 883
Skipwith ». G. W. Ry 1126
Sklrving v. Williams 1715
Skittrell P. Showell 879
Skottowe V. Young 1945
Skrine v. Ehnore 1699
Skuse V. Davis 1969
Slack V. Sharpe 20
Sladden v. De Lasaux 1267
Slade. /?e 1370
V. Fooks 1810
V. Hawley 1217
Sladen v. Sladen 858
Slanning p. Style 808
Slater, Be 292
r. Dangerfield 1014
r, Pinder 1816
SUtterley p. Ball, /?« Ball . 1074,1075
Slaughter r. Sunderland 227, 1268, 2209
Sleech p. Thorington . . . 1211, 1303
Sleeman p. Barrett . . . 121, 240, 2205
Sleigh p. Tyser 1809
Sligo 1911
Slingsby's Cane 1024
Slingsby p. Grainger .... 700, 788
Slinn, Re 2036
Sloroan p. New Zealand .... 411
Slowman p. Dutton 2048
Sly p. Blake, Re Johnson ... 1541
Smaling, Re 185
Small p. Gibson .... 140, 821, 1809
V. National Pror. Bank . . 1829
p. Smith 1136
p. Torley 1989
V. United Kingdom Insrce 168
Smallcombe p. Olivier 164
Smallwood p. Sheppards .... 867
Smal wood p. Coventry .... 118
Smart p. Clark 906
P.Suva 876,2076
p. Watts 1535
Smelting Co p. Inl. Rev. 607, 1118, 1586,
1587
Smidt p. Tiden 124, 778
Smith, Re 9, 174, 214, 241. 305. 854, 375,
416, 419, 666. 710. 861, 94:^, 961, 1014,
1270, 1296, 1582, 1680, 1726, 1860, 2049,
2258
, Re, Henderson-Roe p. Hitchins 938,
1215, 1738
, Re, Ex p. Mason .... 1316
p. Accident Insrce . . 115, 1811
p. Adkins 500,1886
p. Anderson 162, 235. 236, 268, 353,
485, 798, 1919
P.Archibald 1617
p. Baker 492» 2209
p. Barneby 1081
p. Barnett 2168
Page
Smith p. Barnham . . 1947,2222,2247
p. Baxter 4, 86, 1002
p. Birmingham 86, 88
p. Blackham 432
p. British Marine 1976
p. Broadbent 1327
p. Brown 391, 454, 455
p. Buchan 432
p. Butcher 862, 1066
P.Butler . . . 1049,1656,1657
p. Camelford 1788
r. Campbell 1248
p. Cator 1699
p. Chandler 1210
p. Cheese 810
p. Coffin 2036
p. Cooke 1747
p. Cowell 1001
p. Cranshaw 1591
p. Critchfleld .... 662,1564
p. Darlow 1417
p. Dart .... 460, 1667, 1778
p. Davies 716
p. Dean 1677
p. Deighton 1914
p. Dimes 827
p. Dudley 664
p. Edge 1688
p. Eldridge 2009
p. Penning 941
p. Gamlen 1499
P.Gill 1172
p. G. W. Ry 1064
p. Gronow 164
p. Hailey 1242
p. Hall 72, 73
p. Hancock 998, 999
p. Harding 1470
p. Hawthorn 828
p. Hill 298
p. Horsfall 1014
p. Hudson 12
p. Hunt 1316
p. Hurrell 1110
p. Jobson 307
p. Johnson . . . 960, 1460, 1830
p. Kemp 727, 728
p. Kerr 296, 979, 2199
p. Kerrane 2031
p. Kirby 2174
P.Kyle 1874
p. Lambeth 658
p. Lane. & Y. Ry 616
p. Land, &c, Corp 517
p. Lidiard 1264
p. Llndo ........ 222
p. Lloyd 549
p. McAuley 1209
p. M'Guire 1450
p. Manchester 1081
p. Marrable 1038,1122
P.Martin 110,1193
p. Mason 627, 882, 1609
p. Matthews 1154
p. Mercer 107
p. Moore 2239
p. Morgan 1814
p. MuUer 564
CXXVl
TABLE OF CASES.
Smith V. Mnndj 812, 1436
V. Myers 668
V. Neale 1882
». New York 1828
V. Cakes 1021
V. Osborne 19^9
». Packhurst 2082
r. Farkside Co 866
V, Parsons 1641
u.PendeU 1242
V. Pepper 612
w. Petrie 178
r.Pjman .... 46,773,1728
1;. Redding 1408
r. Reynolds 1080,2268
V, Richmond 63, 1163
». Ridgway 110
r. Robinson 293.2018
V. Rosario Nitrate Co . 620, 1604
V. Scott ... 660. 891. 1006, 22.36
p. Seghill 2023
V. Shepherd 2071
v. Sieyeking .... 366,1486
r. Smith. . 1641,1860,1986,2160
17. Sparrow 1864,2273
^— V. Standing 2
». Stokes 686
V. Surman 826
u. Tebbitt 1702
V. Thompson 288
». Thome 6, 887
V. Vertue 366
f. Wallace 981, 2246
V, Walton . . . 1197, 1241, 1488
t;. Watts 1813
W.Webb 1617
V. Williams 2136
1;. Wills 1178
V. Wilson . 902, 1222, 1393. 1708,
1918, 2061
i;. Wood 246
Smith and Nelson, Re . . . 1010, 1969
Smith and Stott, /^e 1220
Smither t;. Willock 1346
Smithies V. Bridge .... 1199,1200
Smithwick r. Hayden 1337
Smokeless Powder Co, Re 37, 248, 664
Smarthwaite v, Hflnnay .... 2041
Smyth, Re 646
V. Carter 2217
U.Foley 1717
V. Power 1014
V. Queen, The 1692
r. Smyth . . 67,604,1743,2049
Smyth-Pigott ». Smyth-Pigott . . 1962
Smythe v. Smythe 2217
Snape v. Snape 1269
Snark, The 3
Sneath v. Valley Gold Co . . . 1212
Sneesby v. Lane. & Y. Ry ... 16
Snelgrove v. Ellringham Colliery
Co 1901
Snellgrore v. Baily 668
Snclling 17. Huntingfleld .... 2282
Sneyd, i2tf, £x^. Fewings . . . 2138
Snow V. Boycott ....... 1101
17. Hill 1487
r. Poulden 2148
Snow V. Teed 694, 696, 1279
V. Whitehead 896
Snowden v. Baynes 872
Soames v. Lonergan 1288
Soar 17. Ashwell 674,2106
Sod^t^ O^n^rale de Paris v. Tram-
ways Co 309
17. Walker 486
Socy for Prqwgation of Gospel v.
Wheeler 66
Socy of Writers to the Signet t;.
Inl. Rev 1800,2200
Sockett v.Wray 2261
Soden v, Cray 2176
Softlaw V. Welch 1028
Solicitor, /7c A 1326,1734
Solicitor- General v. Law Reyerslon-
ary Socy 1966
Solly 17. Whitmore 624
Solomon v. Cropper 1148
r. Graham 1363
V. Mulliner 418
Solomon and Meager. Re . . , , 602
Soltau, i?« 1091
Soltykoff, /?« 1260
Somerset, iZ^ . . . 216,962,986,2176
w. Cox 1292
17. G. W. Ry 968
17. Hart 1460, 1972
17. Mere 260
t7. Miller 766, 1626
Somerset Commrs v. Bridgewater . 2222
Somes, Re 188
17. Martin 1141,1142
17. Wade .... 677, 1880. 1972
Sommersett's Case .... 1894,2191
Sons of Clergy Corp i\ Skinner 620, 1414.
1909
V. Sutton 279. 620, 1414
Soper u. Arnold 608
17. Basingstoke 1891
Sorensen t7. Keyser 676
Sotheran v. Dening 1766
Sooch 17. E. Lond. Ry . . . 877, 1947
17. Strawbridge 1288
Soulle 17. Gerrard 1848
South Australian Insrce t7. Randell 169
South Durham Co, Re 1668
S. E. Ry.Axp 832
— 17. European, &c, Telegraph Co 28,
2116
17. Ry Commrs 683, 1178, 1679, 1644,
1648
South Hetton Co v. Haswell Co . 2027
17. N. E. News Assn .... 1607
South London Fish Market, Re . 1186
South Staffordshire Trams t7. Sick-
ness, &c, Assrce ... 14, 778, 1888
Sooth Staffordshire W. W. Cor.
Barrow 87,88
17. Stone 426, 427, 1866
South Wales Ry v. Swansea 1644, 1646.
1647
South Yorkshire Coal Owners*
Assn 17. Mid. Ry 962
Southall 17. Jones 617
Southam, Exp 364
, Rcf Ex p. Lamb 766
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXVll
Soathampton Case, Pegler v, Gxa-
ney 403
Soathampton Colly. Co v. Clark . 161,
lObO
Southampton Dock Co v. Hill . . 1887
P.Richards 287,1864
Southampton Steam Co v. Clarke . 2(K)
Soathby r. Hutt 482
Southcombe v. Teoyil 2041
Soathcot V. WaUon 1818
Southend 9. White . . 1311,1316,2188
Southend W. W. Co v. Howard . 789
Southern Ry, ^e 2122
Southgate V. Bohn 1699
p. Chaplin 1003
V. Clinch .... 862, 1274, 1276
Southgate, The 1246
Southland Co V. Nelson . . 637,1101
Southmolton p. A-Q 1993
Southouse p. Bate 661
Southport p. Birkdale 438
r. Morriss 1866
p. Ormskirk . 696, 659, 871, 2029
Southport Banking Co p. Thompson 734,
1200
Southwark & Vauxhall W. W. Co
p. Hampton 818, 438, 1067
Southwell p. Holloway Coll. . . 297
p. Lincoln, Bp 890
Soutter V. Roderick 1248
Sovereign Life Assrce, Re . . , 1604
p. Dodd .... 820. 1286. 1604
Sowerby v. G. N. Ry . . 410, 667. 944
p. Smith 770, 902, 1098
Spackman, /?« 408,1688
P.Foster 277
P.Miller 376
p. Plumstead 114,806
Spaddacini p. Treacy .... 640, 809
Spaight p. Farnwortii 991
Spain p. Cadell 911
p. Mowatt, Re Lake nnd Tay-
lor 1064
Spalding v. Crocker 1610
Spargo's Case 027
Spark p. Heslop 467, 966
p. Furnell 28
Sparrow. Re 1841
p. Caruthers 1764
p. Farmer 2169
1*. Hill 417
p. Oxford, Worcester, Ac, Ry 1159,
2006
P.Paris 1106,1106
Spartali p. Benecke 926
Spswforth p. Alexander .... 1676
Speak p. Powell . . 231, 937, 1902, 2079,
2176
Spearing p. Hawkes .* 767
Spearman, Re 760
Speer, Re 248
Speers, Re 1064
Speller p. Bristol Steam Nay. Co . 966
Spence p. Dodworth, Re Dodworth 810
Spenceley p. Robinson .... 756
Spencer's Case . . . 429, 1296, 1773
Spencer v. Beckett 24
P.Duckworth 716
Spencer p. Lane. & T. Ry . . . . 1601
p. Livett 1870
p. Marriott 82, 1640
p. Metrop Bd of Wks . . . 2006
p.Mid. Ry 193
p. Spencer ... 923, 1494, 2288
p. Swannell 1443
Spice p. Bacon 408
Spicer p. Barnard 796, 902
p. Cooper 1448
p. Martin 991
Spiers & Fond o. Bennett . .11, 76, 640
SpilJer V. Maude 1602
Spilsbary v. Clough 1308
Spineer v. Watts 1661
8!pmtHer, R^, Ex p. Rolph . . . 2103
Spirettr. Willows . . 1840,1900,2198
Spirit of tlie OL-ean, The .... 84
Spittle V. G, W. Ry 2245
Spitzel t\ Chinese Corp 499, 1016, 1382
Spokes t\ Grosvcnor Hotel Co . . 1344
Spong i\ Spong 68
Spooner, Re 1787
• f. Browning 882
Spotten, ife 2031
Spragg p. Hammond 1433
Sprange p. Barnard 1806
Spratt, /?« . . 2036
p.Jefferv 128,206:3
Sprigg p. Sprigg 1761
Spring p. Biles 79, 1851
p. Pride 941
Springett p. Jenings 1742
Springfield, /?e 916
Spurling p. Bantoft .... 1640, 1768
Spurr p. Hall 612
Spurrell p. Spurrell 1997
Spurway, /?c 696
Squire p. Wheeler .... 2244, 2247
Squires, /?« 1111
Stace p. Smith 766
Stacey p. Lintell 1889
Stackhouse p. Bamston .... 2208
Stedhard p. Lee 1794
Stafford p. Buckley 1782
p. Dyer 1638
p. Sutheriand 1369
Stafford Charities, Re 816
Stagg p. Elliott 1450
Stainhank p. Penning .... 211, 994
Staines. Re 1669
p. Staines 274
Stainton, Re 68
Stakesby, The 1876
Stallard p. Marks .... 1749,2092
Stamford, /?« .... 6,943,964,2106
Stamford Banking Co p. Smith . . 1437
Stancliffe p. Clarke 1284
Standard Bk of British S. Africa
p. Stokes 1421, 1649
Standard Co, i?« 786
Standard Discount Co v. IjA Grange 716,
717, 1001
Standard Gold Mining Co, Re . . 1562
Standard Manufacturing Co, Re 192,864,
470, 1229
Standing r. Bowring 1886
Standley, 726 1278
CXXVIU
TABLE OF CASES.
PagB
Stanford, iJxi).,^ Barber . . 182,025
, Re 468
V, WiUianis 1736
Stanger, /2e 183,2230
Stanhope's Case 2060
Stanhope v. filith 800,764
Stanhope Collieries Co, Re . . . 290
Staniforth v. Capon .... 2102, 2103
Stanley v, Couhhurst 1953
V. Eng. Fibres 8
v. Fielden 99
V. Hayes 818
u. Towgood 1719, 2026
». Western Insrce 671, 721, 800, 2176
r. White 2264
Stannard v. Burt 862, 1997
Stansfield v. Cubitt 891
t;. Uobson 24
Stanton v. Brown 2197
V. Hall 1828
— V. Richardson 83
i;. Scrutton 492
Staples t;. Eastman Co .... 446
v. Young 650
Stapleton v. Stapleton 1849
Starbuck v. Starbuck 367
Starey t;. Chilworth Gunpowder Co 992
V. Graham 26
Starr-Bowkett Socy, Re ... . 2144
Startup V. M'Donald ... 892, 1671
Sute i;. Marshall 991
y. Russell 1768
V. Weatherly 761
V.Wilson 1730
Staunton v. Wood 765
Stead, /2e 292,1812,1979
V. Mellor . . . 1631, 1632, 1633
v. Poyer 2044
V. Tillotson 2007
V. Williams 724, 1616
Steamboat Co v. Livingstone . . 830
Stebbing v. Warner 1480
Stedman v. CoUett 688
V. Smith 1421
Steedman v. Poole 941
Steel V. Scott 802
V. State Line Co . . . 1260, 1809
Steel and Nicholls Claim (Bubb v.
Yelverton) 797
Steele, /2fl 1008
V. Brannan 1307
V. Hamilton 2248
V. Hoe 863
V. M'Kinlay 960
V, Mart 1063
». Mid. Ry 896,2248
Steen v. Steen 395
Steers v. Rogers 1428
Steignes v. Steignes 1233
Stein V. Ritherdon .... 646, 1666
Steinman v. Angier Line .... 2048
Stelfoz V. Stelfox 604
v. Sugden 1377
Stella, The 1130, 1368
Stephany, /?«, Ex p. Meyer ... 7
Stephen t;. Cunningham, Re Hamlet 1076
Stephens, iJxD 664,718
, Re 1839
Stephens v. Australian Insrce . . 321
w. Derry 774,1110
V. Green 1840
W.Harris. . . . 1112,1942,1953
». Lond. & S. W. Ry ... 1834
v. Stephens 633
v. Winteringham 73
Stephens and Liverpool, &c, Insrce, /{e 396
Stephenson, /^e 1583
». Dowson 1216,1218
— 9. Langston . 780
». Raine 870
V. Rogers 1783
Stephenson and Cos, Re . . . . 2177
Stepney Case . . 164, 1162, 1666, 1911
Stern v. Queen, The 1166
V. Tegner 1033
Stettin, The 1246
Steuart o. Gladstone 605, 645, 829, 2001
Stevens, £:xo 222
, Re ... . 206, 1001, 1914, 2244
V. Barnet Water Co . . . 87, 1643
». Biller 684
V. Bishop 87
V. Copp 796, 1778
V. Gourley 227
p. G. W. Ry 2245
V. Marstun 160
t;. Meirop District Ry . 1760,2119
i;. Trevor Garrick .... 1844
V. Van Voorst 585. 630
Stevenson, ^xp 1073
V. Abingdon 428, 429
W.Powell 82
Steward v, Dunn 1852
V. Greaves 1858
V. Poppleton 1085
Stewart, Exp 225
, Rm 183, 1586, 2120
, Re, Ex p. Pottinger .... 1402
t;. AUiston 841
V. Jones 1869
w. L. & N. W. Ry . . . 1893, 1424
V. Merchants' Mar Insrce . 163, 683
V. Sanderson 543
V. West Derby Burial Bd 952, 1993
V. W. India & Pacific Co . . 219
Stickland v. Stickland 515
Stileman-Gibbard v. Wilkinson . . 1479
Stiles, Re 1761
V. Miller 600
Stinson, Re 1661
Stirling v. Forrester 896
V. Lond. & S. W. Ry ... 1819
v. Maitland 546
Stock, Ex p 610
1;. Holland 1784
V. Meakin 103, 290, 953, 1379, 2271
Stock^ridge v. Sussams .... 1267
Stockdale v. Nicholson 1081, 1082, 1274,
1280
Stockport Ry, /2e 074
Stockport Sciiools, Re . 271, 1366, 1367,
1798
Stockport and Hyde v. Chester Co.
Co 1766
Stocks ». Barr^ 1705
Stockton V. Kirkleatham . . 1547, 2087
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXIX
Pag«
Stockton Iron Co, Re ... . 678, 9&5
Stockton Ry v. Barrett .... 672
Stockton & Darin, liy v. Brown . 17:^
Stoddart p. Nelson . . . 428,429,728
inSagar 1128
i;. Savile 2269
Stoessiger v. S. E. Ry 1818
Stoffell,2;« 1663
Stogdon, Re 38, 1486
p. Leo 1745
Stoke V. Price 1664
StokeU V, Heywood 389
Stokes V. Arkwright . . . 1202, 1467
V. Checkland 66, 1672
p. Cheek 90
p. Cox 75
V. Heron 90
P.France 1738
V. Salomons 64 1, 646, 1612, 1648.
1869, 2087, 2236
V. Spencer 613
Stokoe V. Cownn 1818
Stolworthy p. Powell . . . .88,2174
V. Sandcroft 79
Stone, Re 1461
p. Commercial Ry .... 2281
p. Dean 1866
p. Greening 700
p. Hyde 492, 1290
p. Liverpool Mar Socy ... 661
V. Mar Insroe 1763
p. Parker .... 476, 899, 1312
P.Yeovil 1969
Stoneham p. Ocean, &c, Insrce . 2182
Stones p. Rowton 889
StoDor,7?« 1828,1844
p. Curwen 626, 1013
V. Fowle 920
Stooke p. Taylor 660,1688
Stoomvart Maatschappij Neder-
Und p. P. & O. Nav. Co . . 91
Storer v. Johnson 327
Storey, /2tf, Ax/?. Popplewell . 490,491
Stone, Re 862
P.Winchester 2193
Stork p. Fox 2190
Storm p. Sarling . 1676, 1812, 1919, 2069
Story P. Sheard 681, 2072
Slotesbury v. St. Giles, Camberwell 102
Stourbridge Canal Co p. Wheeley 88
Stoveld p. Hughes 812
Stow p. Davenport 485
Stowe p. Jolliffe 1675
Stowell p. 2^uch 817
Sioy p. Rees 88
Straoey p. Nelson 2182
Straehan p. Barton 2201
p. Universal Stock Ex. . . 96, 909
p. Universal Stock Ex. (No. 2) 609
Strafford to Mapes, i2s . . 954,2245
Straker p. Kidd 606, 2267
p. Wilson 1667
Strand, Re 943, 1662
Strangways, i2e 182,2025
Stranks p. St. John 1086
Stratford p. Bosworth ... 322, 1968
8tratbe<len and Campbell, A< . . 1462
Strathmore, i5:x;).,/^«Ridaell . 716,716
TOL. I.
Page
Strathmore p. Laing 1771
Strathnaver. The 2074
Stratton p. Hillas 1216
V. Metrop Bd of Wks . . . 1678
Strauss p. County Hotel Co . . 843, 978
P.France 1607
p. Goldschmid 818
Streatfield v. Cooper 641
p. Streatfield 608
Streatham Estates Co. Re . 1541, 1684
StPeatley, /?d 1960
Street, Afi 1436
p. Cover 498, 1722
p. Street 376, 1690
Streeton, Re 1486
Strelley p. Pearson 139, 1642, 2164, 2166,
2159
Stretch p. White 678,1783
Stretton, Re 1685
p. Ashmall 107
Stretton Co p. Derby 736
Stribley p. Imperial Mar Insrce . 1210
Stribling p. Halse . . . 590, 969, 970
Strick p. Swansea Canal Co . . . 1101
Strickland p. Hayes . 1307, 1438, 1669
p. StrickUnd 616
p. Williams 204, 1105
Stride p. Martin 1263
Stringer, Re 1076
p. English and Scottish Mar
Insrce 1746
P.Harper 2037
p. Sykes 2240
Strithorst v. Graeme 1751
Strohmenger p. Atten borough . . 1188
Strong, Re 713, 1904
p. Bird 812
p. Natally 1764
Stronge v. Hawkes 880
Stroud, Re 1349, 1475
^— p. Lawson 1790
p. Wandsworth Bd . . . . 1255
Struthers p. Struthers 852
Strutt p. Braithwaite 1969
p. Finch 834
p. liobinson 1007
Stuart, Re 1673
, i7e, J?xp. Cathcart . ... 688
p. Bell 1569
p. British & African Nav. Co . 1094.
1872
p. Bute ... 662, 82-% 2049, 2172
p. Diplock .... 266, 376, 1051
r. Nixon 164, 1665
p. Scottish Co 697
p. Wrey, Re Wrey .... 2234
Stuart and Seadon, Re . . 480, 654, 967
Stubbins, Ex p , Re Wilkinson . . 484
Stubbs p. Director of Public Prose-
cutions 032
p. Sargon 1849
Stuchbery p. Spencer 2093
Stucley, Re 1846
Studdert, Re 1842
— - p. Grosvenor 944
Studds p. Watson 160
Studdy p. Sanders 813
Studham v. SUnbridge . . 1684, 1955
cxxx
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Stukely v. Butler 2040
Stumm v. Dixon 1029
Stumore v. Campbell 473
Stump V. Gaby 1656
Sturdy v. Henderson 142
Sturge V. Eastern Union lly . . . 660
Sturge and G. W. Ry, Re ... . 244
Sturgis V. Dunn 2031
V. Morse 861
Sturla V. Freccia 1604
Styles V. Middle Temple . . . 122, 848
V. Wardle 461
Suart V. Powell 2210
Suburban Hotel Co, Re .... 1034
Sudbury, i?e tt61
V. Brown 1019
Sudeley, /2e 1714
0. A-6 646
Sudeley and Baines, Re . . , . 1462
Suffell 17. Bk of England .... 1169
Suffield and Watts, Re, Ex p.
Brown 1686
Sugden v. Alsbury, Re Alsbury . 948
Sugg V, Hill 1295
Suggate V. Suggate 444
Sullivan. i?e 756
V. Sullivan 179
Sully, Ex p., Re Wallis . . 236, 1163
p. A-G 266
V. Duranty 669
Summers v. Holbom 2016
Summerson, Re 2208
Sumner c.Wix 1368
Sumpter v. Cooper .... 402, 1098
V. Hedges 1035
Sumption v. Monzani 936
Sun Insrce v. Hart ... 94, 518, 1368
Sunderland, Re 692
V. Alcock 290
Sunderland Bg Socy, Re . . 2253, 2256
Sunderland S. S. Co v, N. of Eng-
land Insrce 726, 906, 1341
Sunk island Trustees v. Patrington 21 1 1
Sunlight Incandescent Co, Re . . 679
Surman v. Darley 893
u. Wharton 1082
Surtees v. Ellison 1722
V. Hopkinson 68,1102
V. Surtees 652
Suse, Re, Ex p. Dever 1901
Sussex V. Temple 1014
Sussex Peerage Case . . . 1629, 1702
Sutcliflfe, Arp 1111
V. Howard 1740
V. Kichardson 1732
V. Smith 817
Sutherland v. Cromartin .... 709
V. Heathcoie 2, 660, 1093, 1571, 1730,
2040
W.Pratt 1127
V. Sutherland 187, 202. 229, 626, 819,
908, 998, 1211
Sutherland, The 2083
Sutton, Re . . 88, 294, 617, 1216, 1846
V. Bath 810
w. Bishop 406
V, Ciceri 1932
p. Fenn 63
Sutton ». Goodrich .... 1971,2184
V, Grey 91
V. Johnstone 1167
». L. C. &D.Ry 1870
r. Moody 796
V. Norwich 1847
V. Sutton . . 94, 292, 1077, 1979
V. Temple 1030
V. Wade 1886
V, Walsh 689
Sutton Coldfield Grammar Sch.,
Re 635,680,629,781
Sutton's Hospital Case .... 889
Svensden v, Wallace . . 802, 803, 804
Swaffield u. Nelson 1661
Swain, Re 216, 1077
— ^ t;. Ayres 1070
V. Fleming 178
Swaine v, Kennerley 303
u. Wilson 2082
Swainston v. Finn 696, 997
Swan, Re .... ^. ... . 966
r. Falmouth 8
V. Holmes 626
V. Sanders 446, 665
— ^ V. Stransham 603
Swansea Improvements Co v. Swan-
sea 1339, 1646, 2034
Swanston v. Twickenham . 1265, 1848
Swanwick v. Vamey . . . 271, 1392
Swayne v. Inl. Key 1967, 2066
Sweet V. Benning 204
V. Maugham 204
V. Seager 231, 2012
V. Sweet 1213
Sweetapple v. Horlock . 628, 630, 1840
Sweeting, Re 1138, 1173
V. Darthez 773, 930
Sweetland v. Sweetland .... 739
Sweetman v. Guest .... 856, 1983
Sweetmeat Co v. Inl. Rev. . 987, 1071,
1456,2004
Sweny v. Smith 2118
Swift t;. Swift 63, 1014, 1062, 1372, 1586,
1658
Swinburne v. Milbum . . 123, 742, 1710
Swiney v. Barry 1169
Swinfen v. Bacon 2249
V. Swinfen . . . 1191, 1238, 1904
Swinford v. Keble 2108
Swinton v. Baily 320
Swire v. Leach 1616
Swyny v. N. E. Ry 1676
Sydney v. A-G. New S. Wales . . 1458
Sydney Bg Aran v. Lyons . . . 203
Syers v. Met. Board of Works . . 997
Syke's Case 202
Sykes, /?6 369.1868
w. Beadon . . . .286,882,1129
V. Scholfleld 1264
V. Sowerby 1386
Sylph, The 466, 1764
Symers t*. Jobson 866
Symington v. Footman .... 842
Symmers v. The King 644
Symonds y. Lloyd 1984
Symons v. Law Socy 1904
V. Leaker 1764
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXXl
Page
Symons r. Sjmons 367
V, Wedmore .... 1006, 1709
Syms r. Chaplin 1884
Synge ir. Synge . . 274,867,516,1670
Syred t*. Carruthera 1855
Taapfe v. Conmee 2000
Taber,/2e 89,1380
Tabernacle Bg Socy v. Knight 950, 1926
Tabor v. Brooks 548
Tabulean v. Nixon 1829
Tadcaster Brewery Co v, WiUon 51, 1607
Tadhanter v. Buckley 879
Tadman v. D'Epineuil 206
Taif Vale Ry v. Amalgamated Socy 2082
r. Barry, Ac, Ry Co . . . . 2084
Tahiti Cotton Co, Re, Ex p. Sar-
gent 987
TaUb7r.OfiE.Rec. 69,206,611,1760,2079.
2170
Tait, 22tf,£:z». Harper .... 93
Taite r. Gosling 134
Talargoch Mining Co t;. St Asaph 659
Talbot, /?e 57,697
p. Jevers 1896
r. Marshfield 47, 1840
V. Tipper 2049
Tallent v. Scott 1656
Talory v. Jackson 1915
Taltamm's Case 851
Tamplin, Re, Ex ;>. Bamett . . . 2102
Tamvaco v. Lucas . . 1225, 1796, 1871
Tancred r. Delagoa Bay Ry . . . 8
Tancred Co v. Steel Co of Scotland 1226
Tankard, /2e 1844
Tanner, Exp 593, 1740
V, Moore 853
p. Morse 2020
r. Oldham 391
V. Smart 5
V. S. Wales Ry . . . . 441, 1766
p. Tebbutt 99
p. Wise 1739, 2020
Tanqueray- Willa ume to Landau, Re 1459
Tanton v. Jervis 1807
Tanyaco r. Lucas . . 1225, 1796, 1871
Taplin r. Taplin 1418
Tapner v. Merlott 864
Tapp p. Jones 473
Tapscott p. Balfour . . . 118, 124, 2161
Tapsell p. Crosskey 945
Tarbuck p. Tarbuck 208
Tarleton p. Bruton, Re Roberto . 1859
Tariing 9. Fredericks 1485
Tarn, Be 657
Tamer p. Walker 1069
Tarrant. Re 395, 675
p. Baker 158, 424
Tarsey, Re 1886, 1900
Tssbargh p. Day 1912
Tasker v. Small 997
p. Tasker 1400
Tassell p. Hallen 51, 621
p. Oyenden 1040
Tatom p. Easier .... 819, 888, 1594
Page
Tatam p. Reeve 798, 935
Tate, ^x;)., /2e Key worth . . . 1816
p. Latham .... 491, 492, 1986
Tatham, jRe 1585
p. Drummond 759
p. Vernon 1014
Tattan p. G. W. Ry 392
Tattersall p. National S. S. Co . . 1809
Tatum, /2c, iJx/i. Harker ... 489
Taunton p. Royal Inf>rce . . . 671, 944
p. Sheriff of Warwickshire . 736
Taurine Co, Re 345
Tautz p. Archdale 501
Tayler p. Web 28. 1901
Taylor's Case 811, 1591
Taylor, jExp 1,1897,2189
, £x /».,/?« Goldsmid ... 434
. Ex p.. Re Potto 661
, Re 542, 568, 1760
, Re, Cloak p. Hammond 429, 1264
p. Ashton 763
p. Briggs 160
p. Bullen 638, 704
P.Caldwell .... 503.916,918
p. Cass 1026, 1682
p. Clay 1112, 2110
p. Clemson 1198
p. Crowland Gas Co ... . 589
p. Dening 1881
p. Evans 1712
p. Fen wick 1489
p. Frobisher 2183
p. George 1531
p. Goodwin 261, 576
p. G. N. Ry 1664
v. Greenhalgh 1446
P.Hall 1634
p. Hickes 328
P.Holt 988
p. Horde 552
p. Humphreys 2092
p. Humphries 2092
p. Kymer 548, 1261
p. T^ird 1449
p. Liverpool & G. W. Steam
Co 107,459,990,2048
p. Manchester, S. & L. Ry 892, 2072
p. Martindale 1956
p. Meads . . 709, 1827, 2277, 2278
p. Mostyn . . . 1072, 1665, 2050
P.Neville 1128,1124
p. Newman 2135
p. NichoU 676
P.Oldham 1871,1947
p. Oram 626
p. Pendleton 659
p. Roe 1851
p. Rolf 489
p. St. Helen's . . 1924. 1946, 2221
p. Smetten 1128
V. Smith 12, 1289
V. Stainton 2239
p. Sturrock 1866. 2198
p. Taylor 47, 1656
p. Vergette 2245
Teale. Re 887
p. Younge 983
Tear p. Freebody . . . 805,946,1829
CZXXll
TABLE OF CASES.
Pag«
Tearle r. EdoU 442
Tebb, i2« 1887
V. Cave 1640
Teevan v. Smith 632, 1231
Tegg, Re 1751
Telegrapti Construction Co, Re 436
Temperton u. Kiusell . . . 860, 1788
Tempest v. Kilner 826
V. Tempest . . 896, 899, 1480, 1494
Temple v. Dickinson 823
w. Pink 743
Templeman v. Trafford .... 1824
Tenants of awning's Case ... 664
Tendring v. Dowton 1638
Tennant, Re 160, 257
i;. Bell 766
V. Howatson 194
t;. Sniitli . 691,614,947,1314,1434,
1463, 1609
V. Swansea Harbour Trustees 1610,
2083, 2179
V. Union Bk of Canada . 163, 2212
Tennison v. Moore 2288
Ternan, Re 1482
Terraz, Exp 437
Terry, Re 694
r. Brighton Aquarium Co . . 626
V.Terry 206,2149
Terry to Wliite, Re . . 688, 1372, 2144
Tesseyman, /^6 1346
Tetley, 7^6 2171
V.Taylor 116
Tetlow V. Ashton 860, 862
Teutonia, The 1638,1778
Tew V. Harris 1283
Tewkesbury Case 1911
Texas Co v. Holtham 670
v.Inl. ReF 1164
Teynham v. Webb 2288
Tliacker, Re 1761
V. Hardy 797, 2068
Thackeray, Ae 1639
Thackwray & Younff, Re . . . 10
Thalmann v. Texas Mills .... 824
Thames & Mersey Mar Insrce v.
Hamilton 1363, 1455
Thames Conservators v, InL Rev. 404, 987,
1071, 1686
•^^ V. Port of London Sanitary
Authority 1180. 1889
». Smeed .... 172,676,675
Thames Haven, &c, Ry v. Rose . 1642.
1864
Thames Tunnel Co v. Sheldon . . 1960
Tliarp. Re 1820, 1969
Tharsis Co v. Lond. & N. W. Ry . 684
V. M'Elroy 124,1675
V. Morel Co 118
Thatcher, /?e 895
V. England 1686
V. Taylor 912
Theatrical Trust Co, i?6 .... 1874
Thellusson r. Liddard ... 644, 1191
V. Rendlesham . . . 608, 1146
V. Staples 1779
V. Woodford 1111
Thelwall v. Finney 141
Theobald v. Theobald 1456
Theodora, The 81
Theta,The 456^456
Thetis, The 1786
Tliin V. Richards 1809
Thistlethwayte, Re 2137
Thomas, iPxp 1111
, Re . 9, 258. 263. 662. 922. 944, 997,
1055, 1089, 1128, 1333, 1380, 2087
, Re, Ex p. Poppleton ... 379
V, Acklam 66
V. Barry Dock Co .... 1830
V, Brown 848
r. Cadwallader . . . 176,2066
V.Cook 1995
i>. Courtnay 1858
V.Cross 998
•^— V. Desanges 462
V. Evans 1192
V. Everard 1214
V. Harries 919,1813
V. Hudson 473
V. Jennings 997
— V. Jones 732
V.Kelly 026,2196
V. Lambert 2^267
V.Lane 892
r. LioniteCo 1988
V. Nokes 766
V. Nurse 37
V.Owen 110,1758
V. Phelps 67, 665
— ^ V. Quartermaine 492
V.Roberts 1961,2101
V. Searles . . . 864,2102,2ia3
V. Stepheoson .... 1629, 2229
V. Stutterheim 857
V. Sutters . . . 1307, 1439, 1669
V. Thomas 378
V. Turner 206. 725
V. Van Os 1092
V.Welch 123
Thoniason v. Moses 862
Thomasset v. Thomasset . . 802, 1142
Thompson, Re . 11. 697, 938. 996, 1074.
1082, 1157, 1161, 1277, 1278, 1436
, Re, Ex p. Wilmot ... 433, 434
V. Adams 1895
V. Ayling 1836
V. Barrett 1676
V. Beasley 1329
V. Bowyer 24
* V. Clerk lOM)
V. Corby .... 1877, 1920, 2239
V. Farrer 1668
V.Gibson 911
V. Gillespy 1779
V. Harding 668
V. Harvey 1863
V. Hill 2188
V. Hudson 1106
V. Ingham 203
V. Lacy 892,978
V. Lap worth . 588, 201 1, 2018, 201 4
V. Lawley 1062
V. Masliiter 1616
V. Parish 416, 1000
r. Partridge 1913
V. Pearce 1861,1614
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXXlll
P»ge
Tliompson v, Kobinson .... 1208
V, Rose : . . 2251
V. Rouke 1018
V. Sanderland Gas Co . . . 228
V, Thompson 614
V. Tomkinson 1060
V Universal Salvage Co . . 117&
V. Ward 1120
r. Ward, Ellis ».,Burch . 690, 896
». Watts 2060
». Whitmore 1464
Thompson and Holt, He . , . . 2209
Thomson, /?e 1076
, iU, Herring v. Barrow ... 647
c.Ansten 2260
». Bums 1708
V. Cianroorris .... 277, 1444
V. Eastwood 2116
V. Hempestall 1068
p. London & Grays Co . 1818, 1401
V. Thomson 184
V, Trustees Incorp 1689
r. Waterlow .... 2132, 2226
V, Weems 1968
Thoriey v. Kerry 904
V. Massani 812, 2100
Thorn v. City Rice Mills .... 490
V. Mayor of London . *. . . 916
Thornber, £x />., He Barlow . 1660, 2183
V, WUson 1968
Thomborow v. Whitacre .... 918
Thome, Ex p.t Re Jones .... 891
. Bb 86
V, Cann 1191
i;. Colson 1927
V. Heard . . . 216, 361, 402, 1936
Tliomeloe v. Hill 827, 828
Thomett v. Haines 2261
Tbomhill v. Thornhill 1860
Thomley i?. Thornley 1023
Thornton v. Charles 1681
V. Clegg 1709
p. France 819
r. Jenyns 2044
Thorold t;. Thorold 1230
Thorowgood v. Collins .... 66
Thorp o. Hart . . . 1067,1068,1334
V. Holdsworth . . 122, 1499, 1918
r. Owen 868,1146
». Thorp 741
Thorpe v. Adams 1909
V. Booth ia33
». Mansell 2186
V, Milligan 1200, 2167
V. Friestnall 986
Thrift V, Youle 1069
Throckmerton v. Tracey .... 1764
ThrosseUv.Marsh 1310
Thmnscoe, The 1466
Thrnpp p. Collett .... 1568,1832
Thorlow,/2e .... 248,1863.1866
Thnrsby v. BrierclifiFe . . . 1208, 1687
Thwaitet v, Coulthwaite .... 207
Thynne v. Shove • 827
Tibbits, i?« 1843
w.Tibblts 1631
V. Yorke 1274, 1690
nbble o. Beadon 2231
Page
Tickle, iZc 2193
V. Brown 1757, 1768
Tidswell, J5::r;i 1374
V. Whit worth . 127, 281, 918, 936,
2011,2018,2014
Tierney, Re 1671
V. Wood 1419
Tiis V. Byers 606, 2266
Tilbury t;. Brown 1097
Tilbury Co, i?« 1014
Tildesley v. Harper 1499
Tilley ». Simpson .... 1739,2233
V. Thomas 1614
Timewell v. Perkins 823
Timmins v. Leeds Forge Co . . . 16
Timmis v. Albiston 390
Timms v. Baker 1039,2119
V. Williams 1812
Timson, /2e 1484
Tindal, /2e 611
Tindall, Exp 768
, Re 2101
Tindle r. Davison 639
Tinkler ». Wandsworth .... 1976
Tinnuchi v. Smart 712
Tipperary 1922
Tippett v. Hart 2041
Tipping D. Howard 1081
Tipton Green Colliery v. Tipton
Moat Colliery 1034 '
Tischler v. Apthorpe 2«>5
Tisdell V. Combe . 109, 431, 1246, 1864,
2266
Tissen v. Tissen 1674
Titchfield v. Horncastle .... 604
Titchmarsh v. Royston Water Co 2226
Titley i;. Wolstenholme .... 132
Tiverton Ry v. Loosemore . . . 2006
Tivnan, Re 137, 1482, 2268
Tobacco Pipe Co V. Loder . .892,1915
Tobacco Pipe Makers v, Woodroffe 93
Tobin t;. Cleary 479
Tod V. Winchelsea 1640
Todd, ^x;> 1844
, Re 1278
V. Kellage 1187
1;. Kerrich 1187
V. Robinson ... 362, 406, 634, 998
V. Stokes 1250
Tod-Heatley v, Benliam 84, 85, 86, 236,
1263, 1299, 1801, 1820
Toft V. Stephenson 24, 1420
Toleman v. Portbury . . 148, 376, 1460
Toler v. Bischop 131)5, 1300
ToUemarclie v. Coventry .... 18'.M$
Toller V. Attwood 1146
Toilet V. Thomas 988
Tom V, Nagle 1784
Tomkins f. JoUiffe 900
V. Jones 870
V. Safifery 128, 848
V, Tomkins 443
Tomkinson o. S. E. Ry .... 946
Tomlin v. Budd 1986
Tomlinson, Re 948, 1316
— ^ V, Ashworth 7
». Brittlebank .... 764,1767
f. Bullock 1426
CXXXIV
TABLE OF CASES.
Pag«
Tomlinson i\ Lond. & N. W. Ry . 1J67
T0QI8 u. Clacton 1629
V.Cuming . 583,1883,1884.1885
r. Luckett 228,1121
V. Wilson . . . 912, 1338, 1664
Tomson v. Judge 2125
Tone V. Preston 1758
Tonneiier v. Smith 45
Tooker v. Annesley 2252
Toomer, Re, Ex p. Blaiberg . . . 2196
Tooth V. Power 202
Topham v. Greenside Co . . . 470, 733
Toplis V. Vanderheyde 206
Toppin t*. Lomaa P06
Torishr. Clark 1835,1967
Torkiugton v. Connor 2192
Toronto i;. Virgo 1697
Toronto Bank v, Lambe .... 534
Toronto Ry v. Regina 1649
Toronto Street Ry v. Toronto . . 2087
Torquay Bath Co, Re 2140
Torrett v. Frampton 1741
Torrington r. Bowman .... 1658
Torva Syndicate v. Kelly .... 736
Tottenham v. Emmett 668
V. Rowell 290
V. Williamson 1389
Toulmin v. Millar 1005
V. Steere 1191
Tourret v. Cripps 1882
Touteng r. Hubbard 612
Toward, 7?c 1583
Tower Tea Co v. Smith .... 698
Tow good V, Pirie 697
Towie V. Topham 1689
Towne v. Campbell 1665
V. Limerick 1988
Townend, A'a:/? 174
Townley,/?c 1216,1216
V. Bolton 1021
V. Gibson 1716, 1899
Towns r. Wentworth 861
Townsend, Re 860, 1079, 1237, 2196. 2197
, Re, Ex p. Parsons . 193, 926, 1095
V. Carus 1704
V. Champcmown 100
r. Hughes 2145,2239
v. Jarman 827,828
t'. Kingston 1349
r. Head 1349
1'. Townsend 514
Townshend v. Windham .... 1832
Townson i*. Jackson 160
Tozer v. Lake 1889
Trade Auxiliary Co v. Middles-
borou(;h Assn 204
Trade Mark Normal, Re , , . . 67
Trafford v. Ashton 1897
I?. Berridge 2049
Tralee and Dingle By, /?<?... 2268
Transvaal Exploring Co, Re . . 891
Trappes v. Meredith .... 66, 868
Travers r. Mason 1891
Travis, Re 2105
I'. Illingworth 389,481
V. Utley 572
Treacher v. Treacher 2237
Treadwell v. L. & S. W. Ry . . . 895
Pag«
Treadwin v. G. E. Ry . . . 1061, 1480
Treasure, 7?e 124,2a37
Treasury Solr v, Lewis .... 568
Trebec r. Keith 1328
Tredegar Iron Co v. S. S. Calliope 2232
Tredwell, Ae 468,586
Tree v. Bowkett 149
Treglia v. Smith's Timber Co . . 76
Trego V. Hunt 827
Treharne 0. Layton 1074
Trehearne, Re 1676
Treherne, Ex p.. Re Saunders . . 1565
Treloar v. Bipge 2139, 2256
Tremoille v. Christie . . . . 56, 1189
Trench, /?«, Ex p. Brandon . . . 1705
Trenchard, JRe 961
Trent v. Hanning 972
Trent Na?. v. Wood 28, 29
Trent-Stoughton v. Barbados Water
Co 456
Trcsham v. Lamb 1181
Tress v. Savage 2197
Treswallen v. Penhules .... 1156
Trethewy v. Helyar 17;i8
Trevalion v. Anderton 1456
Trevelyan v. Charter 361
Trevor v. Hutchins 1750
V, Trevdf 2005
V. Whitworth 1623
Trew u. Ry Insrce 16
Triggs V. Lester 869
Trimble v. Hill .... 509, 796, 1961
Trimmer v. Walsh 353
Trindade v. Levy 73
Trinder v. Thames & Mersey Insrce 721
V. Trinder 1861
Tritton r. Bankart 956, 957
Troitzsch v, Rees 1962
TroUope v. London Bg Trades
Federation 213
Trott V. Buchanan 1738
V. Vernon 1531
Trotter, Re 1726
V.Harris 711
V. Maclean 861
V. Trevor 858
V. Walker 1884
V. Watson 2129
Troup V. East India Co ... . 818
Troutbeck v. Boughey . . . 1677, 1716
Trowell v. Shenton 1289
Trueman v. Hurst 20
Trulock v. Roby 24
Truman v. Kerslake 1389
V. L. B. & S. Ry 1299
Truro, ife 1619
Truscott V, Diamond Rock Co 921, 1254,
1676, 1721, 2026
Trye v. Gloucester ....... 636
Tryon v. Nat. Prov. Inst 203
Tubb p. Good 1388
Tubbs V. Wynne 1378, 1379
Tuck V. Priester 2134
— V. Southern Counties Deposit
Bank 2101,2102
Tucker, Re 468, 922, 1956
V. Good, Re Bonner .... 1810
v. Linger 1201
TABLE OF CASES.
cxxxv
Todball r. Medlicott 1070
Tuff p. Warmau 1260
Tuite V, Bermingham 607
Tulk i;. Moxhay 1774
TuIIifl V. Jackson 201
TuUock p. Dann 23
Tullj P.Terry 1634
Tummons p. Ogle 608
Tunbridge r. Se^enoaks .... 680
Tunbridge Wells p. Baird 025, 1611. 1049,
1951, 2147, 2181
p. Bisahopp 028
Tunnel Mining Co, /ee 188
Tunnicliffe p. Birkdale .... 181
p. Tedd 867
Tupper, Re 1670
c. Foulkes 408
Turcan, ite 244,680
Turabull,i2e . . 184,1028,1515,2088
p. Appleton 1488
V. Hull Underwriters ... 1127
p. LambtonCo 80,034
Turnell p. Sanderson 112
Turner. J^xD 473
, Re 7, 1081, 1673, 1910
. Re, Arnold v. Blades . 604, 2040
p. Barlow 1228
u. Bridgett 1783
F. Buck 390
V. Cuzson 1678
r. Evans 266
r. Goldsmith . 56, 614, 918, 1901
V. Gossot 628, 629
r. Goulden 1891
r. G. W. Ry 1760
r. Green 1886
r. Hancock 416
V. Jones 1007
V. Lond. & S. W. By ... 1866
V. Marriott 2263
V. Maule 2120
— r. Mersey Docks 43
V, Moor 1346
V. Mucklow 1920
V. Mullineax 488, 484
r. Ogden 296
p. Robinson 1618
p. Sawdon 614
p. Stallibras .... 892, 760, 2072
p. Whittaker 137
V. Wright 2217
Turner and Skelton, /?« .... Ill
Turney, Re 1462
p. DodweU 1436
Turquand, £r />., Re Parker 789, 2088
p. Vanderplank 891
Tnrton p. Lambarde 1276
V. Turton 2082
Tnssaad p. London Co. Co. . . . 1892
p. Tussaud 2082
Tustian p. Roper 2164
TuthiU V, Rogers 35
Tuton p. Sanoner 809
Tutton p. Darke 462
Tweed, i?xi> 1686
Tweedale,i<e 1
Tweedsdale, The 1982
Twickenham p. Munton . . 908,1178
Page
Twigg, /?« 1004,1267,2038
Twining p. Morrice 409
p. Powell 648
Twisden p. Twisden 1004
Two Solicitors, Re 1868
Twomey, Re 1491
Twycross v. Grant .... 1047, 1577
Twyford Abbey, /fe 1593
Twyne'sCase. . . 201,760,816,1349,
1621
Tylecote p. Morton 2152
Tyler, JRe 1402
— ^ p. Kingliam 1536
p. London & India Docks . . 1455
p. Yates 008
Tyne Boiler Works Co p. Long-
benton 148
Tyne Keelmen v. Davison . . . 1247
Tynemouth p. A-G 1418
Tynte,£:ar;> 1027
Tynwald,The 81,278
Tyrconnell p. Ancaster .... 822
Tyrone p. Waterford . 924, 1582, 1965
Tyrrell p. Clark 676
Tyrringham's Case 2109
Tyser p. Shipowners' Syndicate . 2008
Tyson p. Smith 1617
U.
Uohtrbd'b Cabb 741
Uhde P. Walters 161
Ulster Bank r. Synnott . . 1138, 1450
Ultzen p. Nicols 978
Ulverstone & Lancaster Ry p. Inl.
Rev 1939
Umbers p. Jaggard 629
Umbilo, The 840
Umfreville p. London Co. Co. . . 454
Umphelby p. McLean 569
Undaunted, The 1260
Underbill p. Roden 468
Underwood p. Barker 1746
p. Secy of State 1551
Union Bank of Hull. Re ... . 1292
Union Bank of London v. Lenanton 221.
1867
Union Bank of Manchester, Ex p,,
y?« Jackson 309
Union Mar Insrce t;. Borwick 835, 1460
Union S. S. Co p. Melbourne Har-
bour Commrs 1464
United Alkali Co p. Simpson . . 1772
United Horse Shoe Co v. Stewart . 968
United Land Co p. Tottenham . . 669
United Merthyr Co, /2e . . . . 34
United Patriots' Socy and Holt. Re 651
United Realization Co p. Inl. Rev. 1819
United Service, The 1260
United States v. Athens Armory . 1822
— p. James Morrison, The . . 330
P.Johns 270
p. Morris 2148
P. Pelly 1546,2211
p. Royall 1801
p. Smith 1482
CXXXVl
TABLE OF CASES.
Pag«
United State* v. William Pope, The 3:50
United Telephone Co v. Harrison . 1243
o. Tasker 76
Universal Life Asiirce v. Bishop . 1679
Universal Stock Exchange v. Stra-
Chan 430,609,798
Unsworth v. Speakman .... 1869
Unwin v. Eykyn 33
V. Hanson 1125
r. McMullen 632
V. Wolseley 1826
Upmann v. Forester .... 817, 979
Uppertnn v. Nicholson 771
V. Kidley 1482
Upton V. Bassett 1021
V. Brown 2269
V. Hardman 629, 1966
V. Townend 663
Urmston Grange S. 8. Co. Re . . 274
Urquhart V. Butterfield . . 183,1283
Usher v. Martin 1310
UsilU. Hales 1910
Uthwatt r. Elkins 177
Uttermare. i?« 1668
Uxbridge, &c, Ry. /2e . . . 800,1363
Uzielli V. Boston Mar Insrce . 686, 1971
V.
Vachell v. Roberts 1716
Vaisey v. Reynolds 702. 930, 1216, 1667
Vale V, Moorjfate Street Co . . . 89
Valente v. Gihbs 2204
Valentine v. Fitzsinions .... 2048
V. Penny 2109
Valentini v. Cannli 2197
Vallancey t\ Fletcher .... 96, 214
ValMc V, Dumergue 1289
Valpy V. Sanders 2209
Valpyft Chaplin, £:* p. . . 1326,1864
Van V, Barnett 1371
i;. Corpe 2169
Van Baggen v. Baines . . . 607, 1073
Van Cutsem, Re 370
Van Duzer, Re 696, 697, 698
Van Eeghen v. Jones 631
Van Gelder v. Sowerby Bridjre Socy 1690
Van Grutten v. Foxwell . 137, 869, 1079,
1469
Van Toll y. S. E. Ry 1742
Vanaston v, Mackarly 1637
Vanderlinden, j^xp., i?e Pogose . 762
Vanderplank r. King 1741
Vanderspar v. Duncan . . . 1066, 1189
Vane r. Barnard 2217
t;. Vane 202,360,861
Vansittart, Exp., Re Brown 319, 1844,
2198
Vardon, Re 80
Varley,i2e 33,1714
V. Coppard .... 129, 760, 1086
u. Whipp 513
Varlo V, Faden 22, 471, 477
Vamey v. Hickman 509
Vaughan, Re 313
V, Booth 665
Vaughan v. Campbell 1667
V, Taff Vale Ry 1800
V. Vanderstegen 2202
V. Watt 2047
V, Weldon 278
Vaughton v. Brine 663
Vautin, Re 766, 1897
Vaux r. Henderson 1270
Vavasour, Re 1469
Veal p. Veal 668
Veale, i?e 79.668,1969
Veaxey r. Chattle 1797
Velocity, The 424
Venables v. Baring 1261
Venes v. Marriott 1833
Venezuela Ry v. Kisch .... 161
Venner v. McDonnell 1964
Venning v. Leckie 1699
Vera Cruz, The 466
Verdin i;. Wray 69
Verdun v. Les Scenrs de Notre
Dame 1763
Verner r. General & Commercial
Trust 256,1672
Vemey, Re 922, 946, 1688
Vernon's Case 1870
Vernon t;. Hallam 828
V. St. James, Westminster 466, 2147
V. Vernon 1681
1;. Wright 742
Verreries de TEtoUe Socy . . 58, 248
Vesey v. Mantell 69
Vesta, The 1872
Vevers v. Mains 1733
Vick 17. Sueter 643
Vickers v Hand 94
V. Overend 2166
i\ Scott 899
V. Siddell 512, 920, 1236. 1270. 1919
Vickery v. Evans 841
v. G. E. Ry 15
r. L. B. & S. Ry 819
Victoria Steamboats, Re ... , 1018
Victorian Ry v. Coultas .... 16
Viditz r. OHagan 1840
Vigar V. Dudman 2066
Vlgnier, Re 697
Village Belle, The .... 316,1942
ViUars, ^xp 1782
Vince, Re 679, 1673, 1662
Vincent v. Going 1661
V. Newcombe 68
17. Sodor & Man, Bp . . . . 1619
17. Spicer 1923, 2202
Vine V. Leeds 406
V. Raleigh 22, 29, 2024
Vines v. Arnold 8, 276
t;. L. B. & S. Ry 820
Viney v, Norwich Union Insrce 112, 629,
1286
Vining, Rf, Ex p. Homann . . . 1616
Vinter v. Hind 1821, 1822
Virginia & Maryland Steam Nav.
Coi7. U. S 1837
Vivar, The 2117, 2268
Vivian, i?e 1364
V. Jegon 1072
V. Mersey Docks 2276
TABLE OF CASES.
cxxxvu
Viriano. Moat 451
V. Mortlock 1788
Visetelley r. Mudie's Library . . 1619
Vizod P. Londen 1026
Voinet p. Barrett 2199
Votsey, Exp., Re Knight .... 284
Voller V, Carter 306
Von BrockdorfE v, Malcolm . 180, 1524
Vorley v. Richardson 184
Vortigem, The 1809
Towles V. Colmer 1386
Voyseyp.Noble 1777,2060
Vulcan. The 716,2027
Vynior's Case 1901
Vyse V. Brown .... 473, 684, 1080
y. V. Bread Co v. Stnbbs ... 774
Vyvyan 17. Arthur 663
W.
Wadi>bll p. Woolfe . 1007, 1729, 2171
WadililoTe, Re 1287
Waddington v. London .... 679
Waddy v. Newton 27
Wade V. Broughton 380
f.Cox 1682
Wadham tr. PostronsterOen. . . 1622
Wadiing v. OHphant 1471
Wadmorev. Toller 771 '
Wadsworth, Re 989, 1686
p. Smith 1959
Wftggett V. Armytage 681
Wagstaff V. Wagstaff 1295
Waikato v. New Zealand Shipping
Co 492,1378
Wain p. Warlters 61
Wainman p. Rosse 767
Wainwright, -^x» 416
p. Blan<i . .• 746
p. Clement 2201
Wait p. Baker 106
Waite,/fe 1291
p. Combes 1216
p. Littlewood 1999
p. Morland . . 20, 68, 216» 684, 685
Wake p. Hall 1128.1206
Wakefield p. Buccleach . . 1899, 1992
p. Lee 782
p. Mafifet 1433
p. Mander 103,782
p. SUte. The 664
Wakley p. Cooke 1002
p. Healey 48
Wala Wynaad Mining Co, Re 867, 1868
Walcot p. Botfleld . . 1223, 1731, 1732
Walcott p. Bloomfleld 186
Waldegrave, /2e ....... 1787
Walden, i2e, -ffjr p. Odell .... 1677
Waldron p. Boulter .... 137, 1014
Wale p. Inl. Rev 2089
p. Westminster Palace Hotel
Co 2121
Wales p. Thomas .... 1411,1674
Walesby p. Gouldstone .... 1371
Waley, Re 750
Walford p. Hackney 1888
Walhampton, Re 2107
Walker's Case 1669
Walker, Kx p. . . 488, 941, 992, 1014
, Exp,, Re Graves . 68, 1479, 1962
f Ex p.f Re Hny^ood . ... 1665
, Re 304, 1288. 1616, 1681, 1676, 1990
, i2c, £;x/?. Gillibrand . . . 1860
, Re, Ex p. mckoW .... 1291
p. Baildon 227
— p. Beauchamp 1604
p. Bradford Bank 810
p. Brisley 87, 89
p. Camden 1082
p. Constable 1891
p. Crystal Palace Gas Co . . 328
p. Evans 1498
p. Gammage, Re Natt ... 808
-^ p. Guarantee Assn . . . . 1010
p. Hicks 1913
p. Hobbs 866
p Horner 1808
V. Hunter 1222
p. Lambeth W. W. Co . . 170, 664
p. Lilleshall Co 16
'^—' If, London 1744
p. Lond. & Prov. Insrce . 280, 948
p. Lond. & S. W. Ry ... 1914
p. Main 1432
p. Mottram 828
p. Nussey 694
p. Payne 1489
p. Petchell 63
p. Remmett 1087
p. Richardson .... 1464, 1995
V, Uostron 2117
p. Shore 841
p. Stretton 1489
p. Uilelli 1958, 2214
p. Walker 1026, 1666
p. Wilsher 817, 2260
Walker & Brown, /?e 1690
Wall, Re 439
, Re, Pomeroy p. Will way 517, 1877
V. Byrne 868, 1918
p. Eyre 62
-^ p. London & Northern Assets
Corp 77. 863
p. Taylor 573, 674, 1726
p. WaU 484
Wallace, ^x;> 1668
P.Allan 1029
p. A-G 1122, 1123
p. Bayldon 1064
V. Gibson 281
Wftllasey p. Gracey 1664
Waller, Re 1211
p. Andrews 1407, 1410, 1436, 1801.
2013
p. Snow 862
Wallerstein v, Herbert .... 149
Wallinger, Re 806
Wallingford p. Mutual Socy ... 1129
Wallington p. Hoskins 679
Wallis, /2« 81.1979
, Re, Et p. SaWy . . . 286,1163
p. Hands 1995
-^— p. Jackson 1495
p. Lomns 2087
p. Lond. & S, W. Ry . . . . 2069
CXXXVIU
TABLE OF CASES.
Pag«
Wallis v. Robinson 1494
V. Smith 626, 1104, 1106, 1106, 1733
Wallis aiid Barnard, Re .... 2110
Walls i;. Atcheson 1996
Wallsend v. Murphy 1890
Walmsley v. Matthews .... 1020
». Milne 1469
V. Rice 996
Walpole V. Boughton 923
Walrund v. Pollard 266
Walsall Case 881,1162
Walsall V. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . 1360
Walsby p. Aniej 1214,2062
Walsh, 12e 1291
V. Grier 2169
V. Johnston 1012, 1013
t;. Lincoln Bp 1276
V. Lonsdale 181, 2197
17. Queen, The 128
V Secretary of State for India 281,
1697
V. Trevanion .... 808, 1839
1;. Walley 207,2206
V. Whiteley 492
Walshaw v. Brighouse 786
Walter, Exp 1888
V.Drew 1831
». Everard 1249,1638
i;. Howe 204, 1466
». Lanei 149,204,368
u. Meakin 1082
V. Rumbal 187
V. Selfe 1299
V. Smith 749
u. Steinkopfl .... 817,1411
Walters p. Green 186
V. Morgan 1886
P.Webb 1642
Walthamstow p. Henwood . . . 243
p. SuineB 660
Walton, i;«» 487
,Iie 862,864
p. Edge 1696, 2266
V. Lavater 2148
V. Mascall 887
p. Ma»kell 887
p. Walford 1103
Walton on the Hill p. Jones . . . 1068
Wnncke c. Wingren . 416, 1871, 2267
Wandsworth p. United Telephone
Co 2181
Wanklyn v. Woollett 1866
Wansbeck Ry, /?e 1649
Wanstead p. Hill . . . 1297, 1299, 1366
Want p. Canipain 1661
p. StalUbrass 1331
Wanzer, /2fi 1830
Warbrick p. Varley 292
Warburton p. Heyworth .... 678
p. Huddersfleld Industrial Socy 1066
Ward, f?« . 10,130,836,946,1207,1760
p. Byrne 738
p. Const 854
p. Duncombe 1292
p. Evre 600. 1981
p. Folkestone W. W. Co 1366, 1697
Ward p. Gray 218
p. Grey . . 1076,1077,1084,1876
p. Hobbs 704
p. I^wson 827, 2161
p. Lumley 262
— p. Monaghan 1 105
p. Pilley 1676
p. Portsmouth 1695
r. Turner 812
p. Ward 4, 614
p. Weir 358
Ward and Corballis, Re ... . 2099
Warde p. Stuart 2231
Warden p. Tye 1972
Warden St. Paul's p. The Dean . 837
Wardle p. Brocklehurst . . 109,2223
Wardroper p. Cutfield 468
p. Richardson 1026
Ware,i2« . . . 1724,1781,1823,2183
p. Egmont 840
P.L.B. &S. Ry 1986
Waring p. Lee 1263
p. Scotland 1072
Warkworth. The 920. 1246
Warlow p. Harrison .... 2261, 2262
Warman p. Seaman 101 1
Warminster & Wilts Co. Co., Re . 1137
Warn p. Bickford 32
Wame p. Seebohm 408
Wameford p. Thompson .... 178:^
Warner p. Brighton Aquarium Co 020
P.Jacob 2123
p Moir 1732
p. Willington .... 1289, 1882
Warren, £:x ».,/{« Hollnnd . . . 1864
,Re. .183,301,434,766,1011,1014
p. Murray . . . 2b6, 1083, 2024
p. Mustard 606, 781. 896, 925, 1878
p. Peabody . . . 838, 1189, 1668
p. Phillips 738
p. Kichardson . . . ? 784, 1693
Warrender p. Warrender .... 1166
Warrick p. Queen's College . 970, 1062
Warrington v. Furbor 1699
P.Leake ' . 640
p. Warrington 1023
Warrington W. W. Co p. Long-
shaw 87
Warter p. Warter .... 1166, 1681
Warton r. Robinson 1774
Warwick v. Graham 1681
p Scott 407
Warwick & Birmingham Can. p.
Birmingham Can. 767, 1198, 2063, 2070
Warwick & Napton Can., Re . . 342
Wash,/?e 1911
Washer p. Elliott 366
Washington p. Young 1183
Wnshoe p. Ferguson 1492
Wass, Re 681
Wassell p. Wassell 616
Wasteneys v. Wasteneys .... 682
Watchorn p. Langford .... 1104
Waterer p. Waterer 1009
Waterfall p. Penistone 1469
Waterford p. Barton 1626
1 At pp. 149, 204, this case is erroneously printed as Walker r. Lane.
TABLE OF CASES.
CXXXIX
Page
Waterford Ry v. G. W. Ry ... 1728
V. Kearney 010, 1254
r. Pidcock 1863
Waterhouse, Re 1879
F.Gilbert 714
r. Keen 1349, 1628
Waterloo Bridge Co v. Cull . 1409, 1410
Wateriow p. Sharp .... 1113, 1297
Waterman v, Ayers 697
Waterpark p. Fennell . . . 1232,2190
Waters. Exp 942
, He 400
p. Monarch Insrce . 937, 038, 994
p. Thanet 6
Watkins, i2e 1068
,Re,Exp,'ErtinB 407
p. Barnard 478, 1477
P.Frederick 638,971
p. Lea 770, 1063
— ^ p. Morgan 095
P.Nash 499
p. Scottish Imperial Insrce . 1734
Watkinson p. Wrexham Ry . . . 684
Watney p. Ewart 1107
p. Musgrave 1678
Watson's Case 2049
Watson, £:x;> 763
, Re . 192, 193, 662, 1074, 1470, 2259
, Re, Ex p. Oram 1973
p. Arundel 94,604,899
P.Atkins 776,1816
p. Birch 1027
p. Cotton 2212
P.Denton 1907
p. Gray 1421
p. Hayes 2236
p. Holliday 469,1106
p. Leamington College ... 84
r. M'Cann 2192
p. McLean 2278
p. ^iartin 988
p. Petts 1627
p. Rodwell 1910
— r. Royal Insrce 1627
p. Sandie 666, 746
p. Spratley 826
p. Strickland 1148
— p. Young 386
Wattnough v. Holgate 1334
Watts, /?« .... 940,996,998,2129
p. Ainswortli 2207
p. Jefferyes 301
p. Kelson . . . 1262, 1768, 2132
p. Porter 648
p. Shuttleworth 1858
Wangh p. Middleton 1297
Wauton p. Coppard 587, 1299, 1800, 1:^1
Waverley Typewriter Co, /2e . . 786
Way p. Bassett 142
Wayman, /2« 1670
Wear Commra p. Adamson . . 91, 240
Weare,i2e 1207
Wearing p. Wearing 1715
Weatherley p. Calder 264
Weaver V. Cardiff 170
P.Floyd 121
Webb,i2e 404
p. Bird 595^1363
Page
Webbp. Byng 1111
p. Earle 446, 660
p. Fagotti .... 231.892,978
p. Fairmaner 1223
p. Hearing 861
p. Herring 1968
p. Jonas 1228, 1661
p. Knight 813
— — p. Manders 245
p. Oldfleld 295
p. Shaw 428
p. Stenton 472, 473
p. Whiffln 1427, 2122
p. Wools 1630
Webber, Re 354, 585, 646, 946, 1277, 1842
p. Lee 997, 1094
p. Richards 875
Weblin p. Ballard 492
Webster. /?« . . . 70.651,1846,1860
— p. Appleton 911
p. Ashton-under-Lyne . . . 32, 38
P.Bond 2262
— ^ V. Donaldson 841
p. Power 961
p. Seekamp 1261
p. Southey 205
p Webster 472
Weddell p. Mundy 52, 1206
Wedderbum. Re 270, 1815
p. AthoU 1265
Wedgwood p. Denton 852
Wedgwood Coal Co, /?«... . 1209
Weed p. Ward 19,1638
Weeding, Re 1861
Weeds p. Bristow 1263
Weekes. /?« 1632
Weeks p. Birch 1559, 1620
p. Kent 786
Wega, The 839
Wegener p. Smith .... 866,1435
Weguelin p. Cellier 856
r. Wayall 1834
p. Wyntt 1834
Weigall p. Brome 1658
Wei kersheim's Case 1693
Weir p. Aberdeen 1809
p. Girvin 46
p. Union Co 323, 2236
Weir Commrs p. Adamson . . . 456
Welby p. Still 483, 1476
Welch, Re 1324
Weld p. S. W. Ry 676
Weldon p. Bradshaw 1076
P.Dicks 1619
p. Gounod 2277
p. Maples 1910
Welford p. Beazeley 1289
Weller p. Collins 1314
p. Stone 1296
Welles p. Middleton 2125
Wellesley p. Wellesley .... 2218
p. Withers 539,1702
Wells, Re .... 895, 946, 1142, 1841
p. Attenborough 2191
p. Brook 1910
p. Chelmsford 1390
p. Greenhill 93
r. Hopwood 1944
cxl
TABLE OF CASES.
Wells v.Ody 1145
r. Porter 1014
I?. Stanforth 1862
17. WelU 1268. 1204
Welsbach Co u. Kew Incandescent
Co 2166
Welsford ». Todd 1621
Welstead, /?e 2173
Welsted v. Swansea Bank ... 470
Welton V. Saffery 1878
Wendon v. London Co. Co. . . 227, 686
Wenham, i?e 176
Wenlock t;. River Dee Co ... 980
Wenman v. Ash 1619
V.Lyon 1166
Wenmoth, Re 810, 320
Wennail v. Adney 1226
Wensley, /2e 1910
Wentworth v. Clay 885
». Mathieu 1178
Werborgh v. Hutchinson .... 1880
Werle v. Colquhoun 265
Wesley. The 2088
West, Re . 24, 688, 989, 1486, 1747. 2147
17. Dobb 1307,2278
r. Errissey 708
V. Francis 408
V. I^wday 1068
r. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 2128
r. Miller 031, 1678
V. Moore 702
p. Orr 1969
V. Potts 621
V. Primate of Ireland . . . 1846
V. Ray 2278
1'. Shuttleworth 1989
f. Skip 812
t;. Turrier, Re Kelly .... 138
West of England & South Wales
District Bank, Re 2094
West Derby v, Atcham .... 807
p. Metrop Assrce .... 617,916
West Friesland, The 1251
West Ham v. E. London W. W. Co 2217
V. Grant 966
17. G. E, Ry 688
17. lies 1629
r. Ovens .... 1816,1818,2172
V. St. Matthew, Bethnal Green 474,
1736
West Hartlepool v. Robinson . . 660
West India, &c, Telegraph Co v.
Home & Col. Mar Insrco . . . 1465
W^est Lancashire Ry, /?«... . 2122
West London Commercial Bank v.
Kitson 741
West London Ry v. Bernard . . 287
17. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 605
West London Sy nd. v. Inl. Rev. 634, 1588,
1781
West Middlesex W. W. Co t7. Cole-
man 87, 664
t;. Snwerkrop 825
West Norfolk Manure Co v. Arch-
dale 747
West Riding, Exp 779
17. Holmflrth .... 279.1177
West Riding Bg Socy, Re 948, 1090, 1186
Page
West Riding Jus. r. The Qaeen 281, 1 1 37,
2111
West Surrey Water Coi7 Chertaey 1989,
2224
Westacott v. Sevan 1686
17. Stewart 1897
Westcar p. Westcar 681
Westcott V. Hodges 471
Western v. Bailey 873
». M'Dermot 226
Western Bank of Scotland v. Addle 1 744
Western Counties Bakeries Co, Re 1325
Western Suburban, &c, Bg Socy
17. Martin 266, 661
Western Wagon Co t7. West. . . 180
Westerton v. Liddell 1868
Westfaling t7. Westfaling 869, 1058,2028
Westmhister v. Bedford .... 1629
Westmore t7. Paine 425, 427
Westmoreland Slate Co v. Feilden 160
Westoll 17. Carter 1075
Weston 17. Arnold 1421
17. Barton 98
Westport Co t7. McPhail .... 1168
Westropp V. Commrs of Public
Works 1287
V. Elligott 62, 1427
Westrup V. Gt. Yarmouth Co . . 2074
Wetherell v. Wetherell .... 995
Wetherhead v. Armitage .... 874
Whaite v. Lane. & Y. Ry . . . . 1400
Whaley Bridge Printing Co v.
Green 1677
Whalley v. Tompson 109
Wharlton v. Kirkwood .... 912
Wharton 17. Barker .... 1279,2043
17. Masterman 22
Whateley 17. Spooner . . . 1216.2285
Whatley i7. Hollowsy ... 1805, 1778
Wheat 17. Brown 673
Wheatley i'. Brymbo Coal Co . . 2265
V. Silkstone Co 723
Wheaton t7. Maple . . . 8,595^1363
Wheeldon v. Burrows 1262
Wheeler, Re 1826
17. Addams 2043
V. Humphreys .... 891, 1793
17. Metrop Bd of Works . . 1578
17. Smith 1683
17. Tootel 1087
Wheeler and De Rochow, Re 940, 1283
Wheeler and Wilson Co t7. Shake-
spear 55
Wheelwright t7. Walker . . 2069, 2108
Whelan,& 68
17. Fisher 1005
17. Palmer 499
Whetstone v. Dewis 1687
Whicker 17. Hume . .261,526,666,600
Whickham v. Ashe 774
Whiley v. Wiley 640
Whinney, Ex p., Re Sanders . . 716
Whistler 17. Paslowe 2268
Whiston, Re 706
Whitaker, /fs . . . . 1741,1814,1828
17. Derby 1265,1347
17. Wisbey 462
Whitby 17. Mitchell 1520
TABLE OF CASES.
cxli
Page
Whitchot t?. Fox 2208
Wliitcliureh, Exp, 438, 1254, 1347, 1976
White'8Ca»e 928
White. £:x» 668,1671
, iSTxp., /?«Nevia 496
, He 197, 2ua, 636, 1077, 1216, 1690,
1704, 1788
,/^^ Ax ©.Mason 68
17. Baker. 606,2000
V. Barber 1623
9. Barrack 482
V, Beazley 2091
V. Binstead 2008
r. Birch 1812,1386
r. Bowron 1868
V. Brigga 1631, 1682
p. By water 120, 1244
9. Carmarthen Ry . . . . 1112
r. Carter 122
V, Cliitty 66, 168, 164
V. CoUina 869, 860
17. Cuddon 1413
V. Feast 203, 688, 2244
17. Fulham 1272
V. Furness 1892
V. Gerocli 1618, 1864
V. Granada S. S. Co . . . . 1094
t*. G. W. Ry 1666
r. Headland's Co . . . 660, 1684
V. Higlit 1074
V. Hill 1074
V. Hunt 1470
V.Lake 1076
r. Morley 1439
17. Norwood Burial Bd . . . 1860
V, Nicholson 1296
17. Parker 1469
17. Repton 86
17. Southend Hotel Co . 183, 1922,
2073
V. Steel 1186
17. TurnbuU 693
r. Tyndall 2042
r. White 444
17. Winchester S. S. Co . . . 1657
17. YeoWl 673
Wliite's Charities, /?e 386
Wiiiteaway ». Godard 764
Whitechurch v. Cavanagh . . . 286
Whitehead v. Clifford 1996
17. Parks 1946
17. Sevenoaks 681
t7. Whitehead 660, 676
Whitehouse, Re 891
17. Fellowes 277
17. Wolverhampton Ry . . 781
Whitehurst 9. Fincher 2148
Whitehiw 9. Whitelaw .... 1011
Whiteley, Exp 64
9. Armitage 121
9. Barley .... 72,167,999
t7. Chappell 632,1476
Whitfield 9. Brand 1618
9. Lahgdale 700, 1226
Whitham 9. Whitham 1417
Whithorn ». Thomas 1736
Whitley, /ie . . . . 1880, 1882, 1883
V. Challis 829
Page
Whitley 9. Gough 1996
Whitlock 9. Horton 430
Whitmore 9. Green 661
9. Wenlock 228
Whitotable Free Fishers v, Elliott 1241
Whittaker, /?e 1829
9. Lowe 938
Whittemore 9. Whittemore ... 638
Whittington v. Seale-Uayne . . 979
Whittle 9. Frankland . . . 614,2176
Whittome 9. Lamb 1311
Whitlon, Ex p., Re Greaves ... 479
Whitty 9. Dillon 2066
Whiiwell,/26 820
9. Harrison 1248, 1609
Whit wham 9. Westminster Brymbo
Co 2226
Whitwood Co 9. Hardman . . . 2237
Whitworth 9. Crockett .... 1699
9. Gaugain 648
9. Humphries 1069
Whymper 9. Harney .... 418, 944
Whyte 9. Tyndall .... 1024,2042
Whytehead 9. Bolton, Re Bowman 1999
Wickenden 9. Webster . 237, 1664, 1616
Wickens, Ax;j. . . . 1144,1668,1670
9. Steel 138
Wicker 9. Norris 2143
Wickham 9. Hawker 767. 902, 1671, 1780,
1836
9. Lee 276, 1468
r. Pliillips 693
V, Walker 966
V. Wickham 91, 2247
Wicks, £x p. . . 946
Wicksteed r. Biggs 323
Widdow, Re 1543
Wiedemann v. Walpole . . . . 1170
Wieler 9. Schilizzi .... 248, 2009
Wigan 9. Strange . 161, 627, 1899, 1927
Wigens v. Cook 1688
Wight's Mortgage Trust, Re . . 402
Wigmore v. Wigmore 1779
Wigram 9. Buckley ... 648, 1107
9. Joyce 406
Wilberforce 9. Hearfield .... 1794
Wilbraham 9. Livesey . . 2164, 2169
Wilby 9. Elston 1281
Wilce 17. Wilce 67, 662
Wilcock, Re . 984
Wilcox 9. Redhead 1057. 2157,2168,2169
Wilcoxon, Re, Ex p. Griffith . . 2190
Wild's Case 806
Wild 9. Southwood 891, 661
9. Waygood . . 372, 1260, 22G9
Wilday 9. Barnett 806
Wildbore 9. Gregory 1288
Wilde 9. Sheridan 276
9. Holtzmeyer 68, 1512
Wilder, Re 63
Wildes 9. Russell 1208
Wilding V. Sanderson 1336
Wiley 9. Chanteperdrix .... 186
Wilhelm Tell, The .... 1787,1807
Wilkes 9. Ellis 148, 222
9. Saunion ..;.... 1034
Wilkins, Exp 738
9. Day 1808
cxlii
TABLE OF CASES.
PftgB
Wilkins V. Jodrell . 628, 789, 1 141, 1142
V. Roebuck 806
Wilkinson, i?e 805,2081
, Re, Ex p. Stubbins .... 434
V. Adam 303, 1253
V. Anglo-Californian Co . . 1863
w. Beal 355
V. Bewicke 972
r. Calvert 1891
». Candlish 1803
». Collyer . . . 127,2011,2014
V, Downton 15
V. Gaston 778
r. Hall 2025
V. Hyde 2073
V. Jobems 820
V. Jolinson 252
i;.JouKhin 1986,2*240
r. Lindgren 1704
V. Malin 1703
». Peel 586
1;. Rogers . . . 401,1555,1873
c;. Smart 190
V. Verity 277
V, Wilkinson .... 516, 1782
Wilks, //« 1847
V. Bannister .... 429, 1810
— V. Groom 322
V. Wood 1107
Willan V. Lancaster 2044
Willans v. Avers 1690
Willcock V. TerreU 473
Willes V. Douglas 187
r. Greenhiil 1860
Willesden and Mid. Ry, Re , , . 683
WiUesden and Wright, Re , . . 550
Willesford v. Watson 2074
Willett V. Boote 7
Willetts V. Watt 492, 2226
William & John, The 1981
William Beckford, The ..... 1787
William Lushington, The . . . 1099
William Money, The 1099
Williames, Re 1041
Williams' Case 810
WUliams, Axp 755,1816
, Ex ».. Re Sari 2102
, Re 9, 90. 481. 681. 806. 1383, 1530,
1531, 1751. 1841, 1910, 2118
, Re, Williams v. Acton . 526, 1738
17. Adams 203
V. African S. S. Co . . . . 2173
V. Ashton 1278
V Bayley 683
V, Beaumont 8l«
V. Bosanquet 2022
p. Brisco 1958
r. Burgess .... 54, 1317. 2257
». Burrell 502,587
r. Cart Wright 1254
V. Davis 679
V, Deggan 245
P.Ellis 261
V. Evans 576
V. Germaine 681
V. Glenton 2246
p. Golding . . . 1366.1367,2094
V, Goose 1527
Pkge
Williams v. Harding 394
V. Hathaway 1597
V. Holmes 1616
V. Hughes 871
r. Jarrett 461
P.Jenkins 2024
V. Jones 411
p. Kershaw 83
p. Lake 61, 1289
p. Lear 2010
p. Lloyd 29
p. Lond. & N. W. Ry . . . 1647
p. Long 1768
r. McDonald .... 201,2092
p. Magyer 2230
V. Mason 1883
p. Mercier 685, 630
P.Nash 461
p. North China Insrce . . . 773
p. Nunn 1663
p. Owen 1296
p. Papworth . . 101, 998. 1141, 1142
p. Phillips .... 100, 178. 867
p. Pinckney 18.644
p. Pott 2279
p. Powning 1272
P.Raggett 861,1669
V. Salisbury 6p 2050
P. Smith 1604
p. Stem 488, 490
V, Swansea Canal Nav. 1865, 1969
P.Thomas 2119.2260
p. Trench 62. 600
p. Wallasey 218
V. Wandsworth Bd of Works 212,
782,1388
p. Waid 817
p. Waters 1901
p. Wilcox . . . 877. 1088, 2229
p. Williams 247. 810. 478, 514. 694,
1011, 1215, 1216, 1532, 1813
P.Wright 44
p. Wynne 936
Williams & Parry, Re 1882
Williams and Stepney, /7e . 1959,2061
Williamson p. Allison 1801
p. Hine 1163
p. Moore 1263
p. Norris .... 1046,1466,1824
p. N. Staffordshire Ry . . . 1912
p. Tiemey 693
p. Williamson .... 1102, 2160
Willingale p. Maitland 970
Willis, Re 193
, Re, Exp, Kennedy .... 148
p. Beauchamp 778
p. Curtois . . 74, 206. 898, 1474
p. Howe 361, 1669
p.Plaskett 1215
P.Poole 866
p. Thorp 290, 485, 1865
p. Watney 807, 2282
p. Wells 661
Willmott, i26 678,1433
p. Barber 1980
Willock p. Noble 709,710
Willoughby p. Horridge .... 848
p. Middleton 644
TABLE OF CASES.
cxliii
Page
Willoughby ». Willoughby ... 1258
Willows ». Ball 1217
Willox r. Rhodes 842
WilU V. Luff 1446
V, WilU 137, 142, 2042
Willson V. Carey 2196
r. Lore .... 1104,1106.1445
Wilmer v. McNamara 1672
Wilmot,J5:x».,yee Thompson .433.434
,Re, , 307.1012
0. Alton . . . 300.471,478,1683
Wilmott 9. Freehold House Co 776
Wilson. Exp 162
. Re 80, 360, 1068, 1461, 1881, 2200
P.Abbott 2284
». AlUree ........ 2016
p. Atkinson 2269
p. Barnes 86
p. Beddard 1881
p. Brett 889
p. Buchanan 1243
p. Burne 663
p. Bury 390
p. Dickson 84, 2174
p. Duguid 1701
p. Eden 896,1063
p. Fendall 2060
p. Ford 1260
p. Glasgow Tramways Co . 1168.
2269
p. Glossop 2240
p. Greaves 1896
P.Halifax 669,1629
p. Hatton 1088
p. Hood .... 428. 1686, 2031
p. Kingston-npon-HuU . . . 466
p. Knubley . . . .471.477.1915
p. Kynock ..... 1621,1728
p. Lloyd 1295
p. Loveland 1688
p. M'Mains 1909
p. Mount 1241
p. Moy Fisheries Co ... . 28
p. NeUon 1608
p. Newberry .... 1300.1601
p. Nightingale .... 1291, 1836
p. Parker 1627
p. RasUll 642
p. Roberts 893
p. Robertson 916
p. St Giles, Camberwell . . 1272
p. Salford 1161
P. Smith 486,2186
p. Sunderland 970
r. Thomas 1470
p. Turner 1141
p. Wallanl 880
p. West Hartlepool Ry . . . 1178
p. Willes 2109
p. Xantho. The . 460, 1468, 1464
p. Zulueta 1060
Wilson and Eastern Counties Nav.
Co 396, 687. 1969
Wilson and Stephens, Re . , . , 2246
Wilson-Stewart, Re lo3
Wilton p. Colvin ... 628, 1618, 1860
Wilts Bank p. Hammond .... 818
WUuhear p. CottreU . . 701, 733, 784
Page
Wiltshire, 7?e 1296.2103
P.Baker 1873
p. Sidford 1421,1422
p. Willett 1878
Wimbish p. Tailbois 431
Wimbledon p. Croydon .... 1847
p. Underwood .... 666,1409
Wimbledon Common Cons. p. Dixon 2062.
2224
Winch p. Thames Conservators . 2076
p. Winchester 1226
Winchilsea. i?« 1787
p. Beckley 1171
Winder, Exp 1890,1616
, Re . 1420
Windle p. Barker 2046
Windover p. Smith 1869
Windsor Ry. /?« 2247
Windus p. Windus .... 1076,1737
Winehouse p. Winehouse, /2e Maggi 1741,
1814
Winestead. The .... 830, 648, 2099
Wing p. Angrave 1644
p. Earle 27
Wingate p. Foster 139.140
Wingfleld, Exp 1619. 1784
p. Winfffleld .... 863,1849
Wingrore, Re 1881
p. Wingrove 2126
Winn p. Bull 1967,1968
p. Mossman 209
Winnipeg p. Barrett . . . 1627, 1668
Winnipeg Street Hy p. Winnipeg
Electric Street Ry 1961
Winsford Local Bd p. Cheshire
Lines Committee 688
Winslow.i?tf 206
p. Tighe 1070
Winsmore p. Greenbank .... 1666
Winspear p. Accident Insrce . . 280
Winston, The 1112
Winstone.ife 1644
Winter. Ax » 2103
, Re . . , . . , 1236, 1684, 2162
p. Loreday 602
p. Miles 1771
Winterbottom, /?e 1663
p. Lees 1698
Wintle. ife 1431,1646,2286
Wirrall p. Newell 681
Wisconsin p. Pelican Insrce . . . 1444
Wise,/?* 1141
p. Birkenshaw 1179
Wiseman p. Cotton 70
p. Vandeputt 1942
Withall,i?« 369
Witham p. Vane 1871
p. Witham 760
Witherby p. Rackham . . . 1469, 1470
Withemsea Brickworks, /?«... 476
Withers p. Withers 871
Withington r. Herring .... 1211
P.Manchester .... 1298,1300
p. Withington 940
Withy p. Mangles . . 1083,1277,1280
Witt p. Amiss 668
P.Banner 1007,1917
— p. Corcoran '542
cxliv
TABLE OF CASES.
Page
Witted 9. Galbroith . . . 1254,1581
Wiz V. Rutton ... 292, 138S, 2012
Wolff V. HurncaBtle 379
1;. Koppel 91
Wolley V. Jeokins 631
Wolmerliausen v, O'Connor . . . 882
Wolmershaiuen v. GuUick . . . 1090
WoUUnton v. Nordiwicb .... 1735
Wolstenholme, /2e 1291
Wolton V. Gavin 1358, 1858
Wolverhampton v. BiUton . 858, 2220
V, Salop Co. Co 680
Wolverhampton Tramways Co v,
G. W. Ry 1766
Wolveridge u. Steward .... 1957
Wolverton v. AG. ... 66, 1273, 1966
Wonibwell v. fielasyse .... 1358
Wood,i?e . 554,684,1240,1462,1860,
2045
p. Beard 1214
V. Boosey 149, 1590
17. Bowron 1004,2051
p. Burgess 979,992
r. Chart 2090
V. Cooper 85, 226
V. Copper Miners' Co . 818, 20«2
u. Cox 818, 1532
V. Davis 1214, 1706
f. Dixie 201
i;. Dorrall 2226
V.Douglas 1622
V. Durham 1170
r. Hunt 1425
r. Lake 2115
1;. Lambert 2059
1;. Leadbitter 1094
». London Co. Co. 1949, 1951, 2086
I'. McCarthy 1789
u. Middleton .... 200,1603
V, Norton 171
V. Odessa W. W. Co ... 1396
V, Penoyre 2234, 2283
V, Riley 1426
r. liowcliffe 1839
17. Silcock 1957
V. Smith 1561
V, Veal 877
V, Walsh .... 1720, 1797, 2026
17. Waud 22.1
17. Wheater 16b7
17. White 387
17. Widnes 1976
17. Wood 1217,2160
Wood's Co. /?e 202
Woodall,J&rp 716,1309
, lU 434
Woodard v, Billericay 1392
V. Dowsing 1344
Woodcock V. Gibson 83
W^oodfall, /2e 1910
Woodgate, /?« 2166
U.Godfrey 136
Woodhall, Re 437, 439
Woodham, /?« 662
17. Atlantic Transport Co . . 562
17. London Co. Co 5^53
Woodhouse t7. Etheridge .... 776
— t^r.Herrick 1011,1412
P*8»
Woodhouse V. Jenkins . . . 480, 1259
P.Murray 403,404
t7. Walker 562. 7 1 1, 104 1, 1913, 2280
p. Woods . 1854
Woodhouselee v. Dairy mple . . 303
Woodley V. Mitchell 1454
Woodroofev Creed 1063
Woods V. De Mattoa 483
p. Townley 1111
p. Woods 694
Woods and Lewis, i2e . . . 489,2245
Woodstock p. bhiilito 1845
p. Shipton-on-Stour .... 957
Woodtborp p. Spencer 881
Woodward p. Ball 97
p. Dowse 2251
p. L. & N. W. Ry 1397
Woodworth p. Sugden 627
Woodyer p. Hadden 877
Woolcomb r. Woolcomb .... 821
Woolcott p. Peggie 2144
Wooldridge. £x;7 551
Wooler p. Knott 60
Woolf p. Hamilton 797,909
Woolford's Trustee p. Levy . 1333, 2008
Woollam p. Kenworthy .... 644
Woollett p. Harris 2146
WoqUey p. Broad 1590
p. Kay 166, 999, 1324
Woolmore p. Burrows 328. 855, 1248, 1952
Woolwich p. Gardiner 1442
p. Robertson 1803
Worcester, Bp, Case 1163
Worcestersliire Co. Co. p. Worcester 181
Wordsworth p. Harley 28
p. Wood 1998
Worley p. St. Mary AbbotU . 280, 1268,
1269
Wormald. Re 65. 92
p. Muzeen 1377
Worsley. Rt 7
p. Worsley 1844
Worthington p. Gimson .... 109
p. Hulton 1176
Worts p. Cubitt 1242
Wragg, /?«.... 182, 351, 1209, 1374
Wray p. Egremont .... 1133, 1836
p. Vesper 2190
Wreck Recovery Co. /?e . . . . 1254
Wren p. Pocock 398
r. Wield 2080
Wrench p. Murray 980
Wrexham p. Hardcastle .... 1881
Wrexham, &c, Ry, /?« 2267
Wrey, Re, Stuart p. Wrey . . . 2234
Wride p. Dyer 618, 1298
Wright. Re .... 605, 1297, 1675
, Ad, ^x/). Arnold 391
p. Atk} ns 694, 695, 897, 1287, 1580
p. Bagnall 817
p. Bull 650
p. Burroughes 748
p. Clements 2030
p. Davies 1887
V. Frant 1849
r. Horton 1854
r. Ingle .... 894, 1C56, 1888
p. Kemp 1348
TABLE OF CASES.
cxlv
Page
Wright V. Marsom 1848
r. Monarch Bg Socjr . ... 551
p. New Zealand Shipping Co 2G0, 768
c. Pearson 272
P.Rattray 2075
i^.Reed 1441
r. Shelton 2272
p. Smith 2249
r. Tracey 1086,2024
V, Vernon 742
r.Wakeford 147
r. Wallaaey 591
r. Wilkin 364, 673
r. Williams 2222
r. Woodgate 1558
Wright to Marshall. /?e .... 2025
Wright & Co, /2c 554
Wnghtson p. Calvert 1211
Wroteslev p. Adams 671, 700, 701, 845,
1309, 1905, 2032
Wrottghton v. Turtle . . . 494, 1897
Wyat Wild's Case 847
Wyattp. Gems 2016
V. Mackenzie 1928
Wybttrd v. Tuck 845
Wykham p. Wykham 1253
Wylde, Re 1023
r. Radford 1816
Wylie, i?« 710,1138
Wyllie p. Harrison 450
Wylson p. Dunn 1058
Wyman p. Paterson .... 66,1674
Wynch, Exp. . 1012
, He 859
Wyndham, &p 162
p. Chetwynd 482
p. Way 2096
Wynne p. Fletcher 2168
p. Ronaldson 463
p. Tempest 967,1678
p. Wynne 614
Wythes, fle 2024
X.
Xbnos p. Wickham .
Y.
498, 1886
Tabbicom p. King 107
Yale P. The King 1863
YandelI,/2« 1904
Yarborough p. Bank of England . 619
Yardley p. Jones 1784
Yarmouth v. France . 1049, 1498, 2269
Yarrow, Re, Collins v. Weymouth . 193
Yites,^*/) 619
PAge
Yates, 2?« . . . 631,1469,186.3.2197
, Re, Batcheldor p. Yates 95, 136, 1817,
1829
p. Chorlton 1311, 1316
p. Evans 1677
V. Higgins 665
p. Pym 1548
p. The Queen .... 1563,1592
Ydun,The 1605
Yeadon Case 676
Yeadon W. W. Co and Rinns, Re . 2268
Yeatman v, Yeatman . . 274, 514, 515
Yelland p. Winter 1148
Yellowly r. Gower 2260
Yelverton v. Yelverton .... 566
Yerbury, Re 2122
Yewens v. Noakes 1834
York, Re 2038
York (Dean of). Re 438, 440
Yorke v. Grenaugh 843
Yorkshire Insrce p. Clayton . . 553, 660,
893, 896, 2028
Yorkshire Ry Wagon Co p. Maclure 649
Yorkshire & N. Mid. Ry p. The
Queen S90, 898, 1178, 1854
Youghal 254
Young, Exp 824
, Re ... 1416, 1650, 1862, 2086
V. Billiter 2198
V. Cook 816, 1887
p. Cuthbertson 877
p. Da vies 1329
V. Douglas 178
»p. Gattbridge .... 1868,1488
p. Higgon 141, 1294
V. Jones 418
p. Robertoon 2188
p. Rosenthal .... 1964, 2166
p. Royal Leamington Spa 965, 1856,
1857
V. S. African Co ... . 862, 487
p. Soutliwnrk, &c, Water Co . 452
p. Turner 1074
Young Manufacturing Co, Re . . 967
Young's Trustees p. Janes . . . 1279
Young and Harston, Re 488, 2243, 2244
Ystalyfera Iron Co v. Neath Ry . 1975
Ytftradgunlkis Commn, Re . , . 212
Ystradyfodwg p. Newport Assess-
ment Committee 1848
Z.
Zadok, The 1211
Zalinoff v. Hammond 1985
Zambaco v. Cassavetti 107
Zanzibar, The 840
Zeta, The 2275
Zetland p. Ld Advocate . . 80, 511, 649
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Page
Magna Charta, a 6 1636
c. 14 179
9 Hen. 3, c. 9 60
20 Hen. 3, c 2 (Stattites o/Mertou) . . 67
C.4 108,1976
40Heo. 3 463
61 Hen. 8, Stat 4 171
52 Hen. 8, c. 8 1688
{.ihitvte c23 701
ofMoHhridyt) «. 2 . . . . 562. 711, 1913
3Edw. I,c4 1467,2-275
c. 9 900
c 34 692
4 Edw. 1, c 1 417
6Edw. l,c. 5 562
c. 13 647
7 Edw. 1 1231
13 Edw. 1 314
c 1 2231
c. 34,8t. 1 2261
C.47 2223
Stat. 5 222
Sut.3 1190
18 Edw. 1, c. 1 1639, 1965
21 Edw. 1 •. 1405
25 Edw. 1, c. 1 1625
{Carta de. c. 3 1625
Foresia) c. 7 ' . 1802
WEdw. l,c. 1 27
17Edw. 2,c. 10 2219
llEJw. 3,c, 6 1018
25 Edw. 3, Sut 5, c. 2 2093
Sut. 6 333
28E<lw. 3,c. 11 900
45 Edw. 3, c. 3 2003
48Edw. 3.2, 8 741
31 Edw. 3, Sut 1, c. 11 778
83 Edw. 8. 88 772
1 Rich. 2, c 4 1188
C.15 837
2 Rich. 2, c. 3 626
"Rich. 2, c 6 690
13 Rich. 2, c. 19 726
15 Rich. 2, c 0 619
URich. 2,c. 1 760
C.9 726
1 Hen. 4,(5. 7 1649
c. 10 135
2 Hen. 4. c. 15 872, 878
4 Hen. 4, c 12 619, 2186
2 Hen. 6. c. 8 851
9Hen. 6.C.4 1018
I Hen. 6. c 3 401
4 Hen. 6, c. 3 1018
8 Hen. 6, c 7 . . . . 293,767,851,1044
c 12 1018
8 Hen. 0, c. 16 .
10 Hen. 6, c. 2 .
14Hen. 6, 12 .
18 Hen. 6, c. 19
31 Hen. 6, c. 7 .
1 Rich. 3 . .
0.11 .
13 liich. 3, c. 19
I Hen. 7,0.6 .
8 Hen. 7, o. 10 .
10 Hen. 7, 0. 4 .
0.22
II Hen. 7,0. 12
0.20
1 Hen. 8, 0. 6 .
7 Hen. 8, o. 26 .
14 & 15 Hen. 8. c. 1
21 Hen. 8,0. 11
22 Hen. 8, c. 5 .
0.18
23 Hen. 8, o. 3 .
{StatuU 0. 5 . 248,
ofSeweri)
0. 14 .
o. 15, B. 2
25 Hen. 8, 0.11
0.20
0.21
c. 22
26 Hen. 8, 0.3 .
0.14
27 Hen. 8. o. 10
{Statute of
Uses)
217,
.969,
0.11 .
0.16 .
0.22 .
28Hen.8,o. 7 . .
0. 11, 8. 3
0.15
81 Hen. 8. o. 12, s. 16
32 Hen. 8, 0.9, b. 2
0.14 .
0. 28, 8. 2
O.30 .
0.84 .
0.87 .
0.38 .
0. 40, 8. 8
0.42 .
88 Hen. 8, o. 6 . .
0.8 . .
o. 9, 8. 14
0.12 .
0.39 .
Page
. 1018
. 1044
. 772
. 1236
. 1747
. 2160
. 799
. 783
. 876
661
. 1626
. 1626
. 762
. 1025
. 1652
. 628
. 2065
. 1744
970, 1600
118, 849
. 1649
641,642,668,814.844,
1848
1969
341
2242
84
1913
814, 1088, 1675
84,723
. 1977
1295. 1925, 1988. 2104.
2160, 2152
1025
1870
327
166
2065
814,1088,1075
. 2169
. 876
. 837
. 1646
152, 298
2;i
. 1018
. 130
502,707
. 814
. 1479
. 1993
1488,2178
873
768
1771
1863
cxlviii
TABLE OF STATUTEa
Page
34 Hen. 8, c. 6 863
84 & 36 Hen. 8, c. 3 2010
c 6 971
c. 8 97, 1992
37 Hen. 8. c. 23 1018
1 £dw. 6, c. 1 600
8.8 274,1066
c. 12, s. 10 888, 1777
C.14 1989
2&3£dw.6,c. 1,8. 1 .... 1341,2130
8.7 680
c. 13 921,1448
c82 1018
C.33 888
8&4£dw.6,c.7 2242
6Edw.6, c. 14 968,1696
6&6£dw. 6,0.4 214
8.2 1896
c6 2066
0.16 1323
7Edw.6,o. 7 2010
26 8 Mary. 0.9 1488
4 & 6 Philip & Mary, 0. 8 1963
lEliz.c. 1 1991
0.2 2180
c. 11 2231
c. 17,8. 3 1192
6Eli2.o. 4 1026.2196
8.31 118,119
8.41 2195
0.9 1087
c. 16 373
0. 18 1126
8 Eliz. o. 4, 8. 2 1217
13 Eliz. c. 6 . . 201, 486, 816, 825, 982, 991.
2171, 2198
8.1 760.824,1621
8 6 1624
0.7,8.2 1174
0.8 136,2166
0. 10 23
8. 3 890, 2194
0.12.8.2 49
C.20 170,2197
8. 1 2196
14 EUz. 0. 5. 8. 6 1708.2169
c. 14 889, 890
18 Eliz. 0. 14 1018
0.17 2036
23 Eliz 406
27 Eliz. 0. 4 . 201, 202, 648. 816, 2029, 2171
8. 2 1621,2196
c. 18 900
8.6 970
29 Eliz. c. 4. 8. 1 1089
31Eliz. o. 6 1652
0.6 413
0.7 417.977
36 Eliz. 0. 2 731
43 Eliz. c. 2 . . 1203, 1247. 1374, 1786, 1916
{Poor Relief 8. 1 . . 969, 1862, 1866. 1963
Act, 1601) 8.4 282.656
8. 7 307, 703, 1232
c. 4 . . 296, 1658, 1798, 1839, 1877
c. 13 196
0. 14 . .• 2010
1 James 1. c. 1 1068
IJaniesl, 0. 11 1544
0. 12 373
c. 16, 8. 1 2083
8,3 1174
8.6 402
0. 19 799
0.21 222,778
0.27 1625
SJameal, O.10 651,652
c 12 1192, 1804
4Jame8],c. 11 664
21 James 1. c. 2 928
{Statute of 0.3 ... . 724,1159,1221.
Monopolies) 1663
c4 1448,1646
c. 13 1018
{Limitation c. 16 . 23, 268. 277, 1761. 2260
Act, 1623) 8.8 80,208,277.892.1189.
1190, 2100, 2264
8.7 641
0.17 135
0.19,8.9 1836
0. 28, 8. 7 1791
8 Chas. 1. 0. 1 262. 1477
lOChas. 1.0. 14 1941
16Cha8.1,c. 14 1869,1870
12Cha8. 2,0. 11 688,1306
8.16 468
0. 13 135
c. 24 766.1831,2031,2088,2250
8.7 760
8.8 432
13 & 14 Cbaa. 2, 0. 4 .... 2116,2130
0.12 . 68,389,1176, 1274,
2029
14Cha8.2,o.4 206
0,9 280
c 12, 8. 18 1175
o. 14 268
15 Clias. 2, o. 9 1923
0. 17, 8. 16 851
0.19 2200
16 Chas. 2, c, 4 401
0.8 1018
17 Chaa. 2, c. 17, 8. 8 786
19Cha8.2, 0.6 1544
22 Chas. 2, 0. 1 401
22 & 23 Chas. 2, o. 1 430
0. 10 666, 1004, 1042, 1278,
1933
8. 6 .... 47, 333
. . 1278
{Statute o/
Distribution)
29 Chas. 2, c.
{Statute of
Frauds)
0.22.
0.25.
8.6
,7
. . 1278
. . 749
837, 1772
. 12, 764, 826, 1803, 1880.
1933, 2197
8. 3 . . . 940, 1994, 2115
8. 4 61, IK). 91, 224, 996, 1 154.
1288, 1417, 1463, 2282
8.6 820
8. 7 . 870, 1164, 1419, 2104
8.8 2029,2104
8. 16 2066
8. 171 12,61,166,594,826,
1154, 1288, 1417, 1881
8. 19 1303
1 This section repld s. 4, Sale of Goods Act, 1893, and by the Sch to that Act it is styled s. 16.
TABLE OF STATUTES.
cxlix
Page
29aiat.2.c. 3.8. 22 84.1161
{Snnday c. 7 . U86, 1050, 1360. 1444, 1666,
Ob$€rvanct 198:^, 2269, 2272
Ad, 1677) B 1 ... 1266, 1863, 2078
C.9 873
31Chas. 2. c. 2 846
{Habeas Corpus B. Q 1789
Act, 1679) 8.9 437
I Jm. 2. c 17, 8 7 1042
c. 18 815
c. 22 1968
1 Win- & Mary. c. 18 . . . 401. 2069
c. 21, 8. 6 1208
Se88.2,c. 2 .... 192
2 Wm. & Maiy, Sess. 1, c 6, s. 1 1781, 1782
8. 2 187, 1291,
1337. 1383,
1781
8. 4 . . 1448
3&4Wm. (JbMary.c. 11 . . . 806,1836
8.6 . 1609,1616
8. 7 . . . 2137
8. 8 . . 104,967
c 14 . . . 477. 1916
4 & 6 Wm. & Mary, c. 16 1228
c. 28, 8. 10 . . . 966
5 & 6 Wm. & Mary, c. 11, s. 8 . . . 861
3&4 Wm 8. c. 4 1626
6 & 7 Wm. 8, c. 4, 8. I 97
7 & 8 Wm. 3, c. 26, 8. 7 . . 1906, 1928. 2197
c. 34. 8. 4 2a3
8&9Wm. 3,c. 11,8. 8 . 204,1101,1175
c. 20, 8. 60 .... ^ 222
c 30, 8. 4 2282
8. 6 806
9 4 10 Wm. 3, c. 16 414
8.2 ... 866,2127
c. 32 811
c. 44, 8. 69 .... 264
10 411 Wm. 3,c 23 .... 1567,2211
C.24 1804
11 & 12 Wm. 3, c. 7, 8. 9 1766
12413 Wm. 8, c. 2 1346
2 4 3 Anne, c. 4 402
c. 11 723
3 4 4 Anne, c. 9 69
4 4 5 Anne, c. 14, 8. 3 641
c. 16 . . . . 189, 1018, 1803
8 20 432
8. 27 1680
5 Anne, c. 8 837
c. 14, 8. 4 ... 887, 1840. 2148
c.24 723
5 4 6 Anne, c. 18 402
6 Anne, c 2, 8. 4 649
ell 2182
c. 16 222, 799
c. 27 723
c. 36 402
8.80 836
8.84 836
7 Anne, c. 12 666
{Middlesex c. 20 402,2277
Reqittry Act, t. 17 403, 409
1708) 8. 18 1028
8 Anne, c. 18. 8. 1 476, 2008
( hmdioid ^ Tenant
Act, 1709) 8. 7 686
c. 19 149
9 Anne, c. 8, 8. 1 1664
(Gaming Act, c 14,i 8. 1 . . . 797,2196
1710) 8. 2 1890
c. 20 1018
10 Anne, c. 2 401, 2069
12 Anne, Stat. 2, c 12, 8. 2 .... 1276
c. 16 136
13 Anne, c. 13, 8. 1 1006
1 Geo. 1, Stat. 2, c. 18, 8. 17 ... . 489
3 Geo. 1, c. 16, 8. 3 1089
6 Geo. 1, c. 18 1018
6 Geo. 1, c 18 222, 224
9 Geo. 1, c. 7, 8. 6 1396
c. 19, 8 4 ... . 637, 746, 1840
c. 22 . . 196, 269, 271, 462, 1381
c. 29 749
11 Geo. 1, c 26 1768
12 Geo. 1, c 29 1492
2 Geo. 2, c. 22, 8. 18 1286, 1889
c.24 418
C.25 486
4 Geo. 2, c. 28, 8. 1 . . . 670, 2026, 2248
8. 2 ... . 242, 768. 1067
». 6 1713
c. 82 1868, 1381
6 Geo. 2. c. 30. 8. 28 1236
7 Geo. 2, c. 8 167, 1021, 1614
c. 21 1322
8 Geo. 2. c. 6 402
8.86 836
c. 13 . . 408. 623, 881, 1240, 1590
c.24, 8.4 1839
9Geo. 2,c. 6 373
c. 36 996,1231
{Charitable 8. 1 . . 184,1464,1616,1765
Uses Act, 8.2 786,2171
1795) 8.8 2196
lOGeo. 2, c. 28 627
c. 31, 8. 5 2104
llGeo. 2,c. 12 919
(Distress c. 19 578, 1669
far Rent 8.3 1443
Act, 17S7) 8. 8 1363
8.9 1363
8. 10 1813
8 13 1069
8 14 ... . 642, 867, 870
8. 18 670
8. 19 786
12Geo.2,c. 13,8. 9 426
c.29, 8. 6 1853
14Geo.2,c.l 271
15 Geo. 2, c 18, 8. 12 604
c.34 271
17 Geo. 2, c. 38, 8.4 . . . 806,1275,1888
8.11 1966
18 Geo. 2, c. 15 1993
c, 20 954
19 Geo. 2, c. 37, 8. 1 786, 2268
20 Geo. 2, c. 19, 8. 1 1366
c. 42,8. 3 628
I In the Statutes 8t I^rge by Pickering, in Cbittv's Statntefi, and irenerally, thi» Act was printed as
c. 14, but in the Revised Edition of the Statutes and in the Short Titles Act. 1896, the number is 19.
cl
TABLE OF STATUTES.
20 Geo. 2, c. 60 . .
24Geo. 2,c. 28 . .
{Calendar {New Stt/lr)
Act, 1750) s. 6 .
C.25 . .
C.40 . .
C.44
25 Geo. 2, c. 29
{Disor- c. 36
aerly Houses
Act, 1761)
8.12 1017,
8.2 .
8.4 .
8.6 .
26 Geo. 2, c. 14. 8, 1 .
c. 33 . .
27 Geo. 2, c. 20, 8. 2 .
28 Geo. 2. c. 19
80 Geo. 2, c. 24. 8. 1 .
3lGeo. 2,0.11,8. 1 .
32 Geo. 2, c. 28 . .
8.1 .
5 Geo. 8, c. 14 . . .
6 Geo. 8, c. 26, 8. 4 .
C.63 . . .
7 Geo. 8, c. 38 . . .
9 Geo. 8, c. 10 . . .
c. 29 . . .
10 Geo. 8. c. 51 . .
11 Geo. 3, c. 29
12 Geo. 3, c. 20 . .
c. 61, 8. 11
8. 18
13 Geo. 3, c. 21
c. 78, 8.1 .
8. 16
8.62
c. 82, 8. 3 .
14 Geo. 8, o. 48, 8. 1 .
C.68 . .
(F/resPre-c.78,8. 41
vention Melrop 8. 83
Act, 1774) 8. 86
c. 96, 8. 97
16 Geo. 8, c. 32 . .
16 & 16 Geo. 8. c. 21 .
17 Geo. 8, c. 20 . .
8.3 .
8.8 .
c. 60, 8, 8 .
c. 58 . . .
c. 56, 8. 10 .
c. 57 . . .
19 Geo. 8, c. 44
21 Geo. 8, c. 49 . .
{Sunday Ob- 8. 1 .
servance Act, 8. 2 .
1780) 8.3 .
21 & 22 Geo. 3, c. 48 .
22 Geo. 3, c. 45, 8. 1 .
c. 77
c. 82 . .
24 Geo. 8,0.11 . .
c. 47, 8. 15
25 Geo. 3, c. 2 . . .
c. 51
26 Geo. 3, c. 88, 8. 8 .
c. 60, 8. 17
c.86,8. 2 .
Page
. . . 2211
72, 801, 1197
1052
. 2282
, 2060
1839, 16B4, 1928
1327, 2058
582,780
. 1608
645, 1608
. 545
. 406
. 1855
. 851
. 1334
. 1603
. 1217
. 967
. 1126
262, 376
. 216
. 1866
. 1795
408, 881
42, 1302
622
. 1221
. 1964
. 1397
. 1040
. 1040
66
. 1852
. 1941
. 1864
. 890
994
. 1044
. 921
16
1947, 2222
. 417
. 2286
1441, 1821
, 1317
706, 836, 1440
. 2195
812
, 1488
408
, 1599
626, 1610, 1569, 1988
546, 1041, 1068
259, 546, 1041, 1068
44
2286
104
, 1361,
1614, 2120
602
284
254
1385
842
1521
899
2195. 2197
. 721,793
26 Geo. 8, c. 107 . .
27 Geo. 8, c. 28, 8. 5 .
28Geo. 3,c. 86. . .
c. 55, 8. 4 .
31 Geo. 8, 0.51, 8. 2 .
82 Geo. 8, c. 28, 8. 1 .
0.60
c.63
38Geo.8, c. 5 . . .
C.18. . .
84 Geo. 8, c. 20. b. 27 .
c. 26, 8. 16 .
c. 61 . . .
35 Geo. 8, c. 68. 8. 2 .
c. 78, 8. 195
C.77. . .
c. 101, 8. 2
36 Geo. 3, c. 52, 8. 6 .
( Legacy Duty 8. 7 .
Act, 1796) 8.8 .
8.12
8.18
8.22
8.4 .
38 Geo. 3, c. 5,
{TMnd Tax
Act, 1797)
17
25
. . 651
. . 1925
. . 293
. . 467
. . 1804
. 114
. 761
. 1694
. . 1126
. 1425
. 2165
16
. 1256
. 1919
. 2008
. 827
. 669
485
. 806
90
. 175
. 807
. 1689
854, 871, 1055, 1058,
2029, 2070
1433, 2156
. 889,890
. . 890
138, 1887
. . 1887
. . 1126
2131. 2132
21, 29. 2042
477, 1511
. . 749
1041, 1110, 2083
. 1885
. 888
468
. 1068
. 1128
452, 610
. 1177
217, 637
. 1383
C.60. .
C.87. .
39 & 40 Geo. 8. c. 36
0.50
C.67
(Accumidaticns c. 98
Act, 1800) 8. 2
c. 99. 8. 17
C.104
41 Geo. 3. c. 23. 8. 4 .
0.63 . .
c 75,8. 7 .
42 Geo. 3,0.116 . .
c. 119,8.2
43 Geo. 3. c. 58 . .
{Bridges c. 69, 8. 2 .
Act, 1803) 8. 5 .
c. 99. 8. 24
c. 108 814
c. 161, 8. 27 170
44 Geo. 3, c. 98 1521
46 Geo. 3, c 28, 8. 4 1919
46 Geo. 8, c. 43, 8. 4 103
47 Geo. 3. c. 15 1929
48Geo. 8,0.47 028
(House C.55 122,143.178,297.691,848,
Tax Act, ISOS) 890. 895, 1314, 1943
c. 75, 8. 1 1803
0.98 20J»1
c. civ, 8. 83 OIH
c. 138, 8. 2 202
c. 149 548, 653
49 Geo. 3, c. 68, 8. 5 275
c. 108, 8. 1 818
c. 126, 8. 3 1323
60Geo. 3, c. 41 854
8. 5 1608
8.6 854.2084
8.7 1377
8.23 .... 1145,1736
52 Geo. 8. c. 16 622
TABLE OF STATUTES.
cli
Page
52 Geo. S, c. 89. 8. 2 330
c. 101 03. 1769
C.180 269,604,622
cl84 672
c. 146 1604.1770
c. 160 . . . 627. 882, 1609. 2223
c. 155 401.1693
a 196, 8. 101 1102
53 Geo. 3. c. 72 1326
c 127 1794
8,7 203
8.12 684
c. 141 1220. 1441
c, 156,8,93 472
c 159 100
8. 1 2174
54 Geo. 8. c. 42 622
c. 56 .... 517,1718.1803
c. 84,8. 1 1852
C.91 1852
C.93, 8. 89 632
c. 96, 8. 1 119
c. 146 1769
c. 146 1769
c. 156, 8. 5 1456
c. 159, 8. 11 1772
8.14 1509
c. 161 1406
c 170, 8. 12 1068
c. 173, 8. 12 1211
55 Geo. 8, c. 68, 8. 2 1941
c 137. 8. 6 . . 1386, 1594, 2150
{Stamp c. 184 . 17, 171, 474, 1007. 1897,
Act, 1815) 1722
8.2 645
8.37 42,1515
Sch 2065
c,192 1995
c. 194, 8. 14 74
[Apcikecariet 8. 20 . . . 97, 651, 1527
Act, 1815) 8. 21 ... . 1627. 1628
c. xxT, 8. 3 ... . 1423, 1610
66Gea3,c. 50 1624
c. 98 781
c. 139 302
8. 9 , . 538,1491,1630
8. 11 ... . 1610,2194
c. W 1175
57 Geo 8, c. 19, 8. 38 228
c. 29, 8. 59 1772
c. 93, Sch 1387
c. 99 2079
c. xxix .... 1197,1411,2016
8. 65 329
c. Ix 222
58 Geo. 3, c. 45, 8. 69 210
8.70 1721
C.69 1955
8. 1 1914
5aGeo.3»al2 1965
8. 1 102
8. 17 . 88, 177. 870, 1868
8. 26 .... 6, 307, 708
C.46 170,2206
c. 50 554, 867
a 184. 8. 39 2146
80 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4, c. 8 1819
1 Geo. 4. c. 87, 8. 1 . . . 1294, 2032, 2284
Page
1 Geo 4, c. 119, 8. 7 1863
8.46 1886
c. liii 1247
8 Geo. 4, c. 39 1016,1970,2214
c.46 647
c. 66, 8. 16 1726
c. 71 271,1365
i Church C.72, 8. 20 1408
"igActJSS^) 8.84 599
c. 126. 8. 32 . 824, 816, 916, 1756,
{Turnpike Roads 2163
Act,18S£) 8.41 649
8.97 945
8.98 945
8. 112 ... . 789, 1431
8. 121 1864
8. 132 1100
4 Geo. 4, c. 34 121
8.8 7,120,1366
c. 60, 8. 41 1128
c. 76 861
(Marriage 8, 16 1727, 1863
Act, 1823) 8. 20 1913
8. 22 1047
c. 95, 8. 57 2152
8. 65 200
8. 75 1131
c. XXX 1927
civ, 8. 35 1604
6 Geo. 4, c. 86. 8. 1 811
c. 74, 8. 2 27
8.9 2071
c.88 774.2169
(Vaqrancy 8.3 . .906,955.2240,2246
Act, 18U) 8. 4 292. 479, 757, 758, 1870.
1466, 1483, 1484. 1768,
1774, 2184, 2240
8.5 951
8.6 768
8.9 1488
8.11 758
8.14 806,1970
8.48 651
c. 84 2091
c. 87 5
c. 118 1894
8.2 1894
8.9 1482
6 Geo. 4, c. 16 386
8.3 1666
8.6 1015
8. 49 104
8. 50 1236
8. 72 1618
8. 82 202
8. 108 370
c. 60, 8. 2 . : 1032
8. 10 1914
8.46 2119
c. 57 1313
8. 2 . . 211,554,1714,2237
c.69 2093
c. 80,8. 101 1921
c. 81 1748
8.11 1648
c. 94, 8.2 1006
c. 108, 8. 45 2141
8. 56 1322
clii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Page
6Geo. 4,c.l20,8.40 1064
c, 126, 8. 59 14U
s. 70 291
8.72 2210
c. 129 1308
8.8 1214,2061
c. clxx, Sell 1364
7 Geo. 4, c. 46 1610. 1862, 1868
0.57.8.31 1188
{Country Banket $' Act, 18£6)
8.32 2201
(Crimhml c. 64, 8. 20 1032
Law Act, 1826) 8. 28 000
7 & 8 Geo. 4, c 27 .... 196, 900, 1442
c. 28, 8. 6 184
C.29 1442
8. 8 ... . 1187, 1667
8. lo 2211
8.2'.) 172
8.38 89
8. 42 . . . 1863, 1669
8.48 799
8.44 1194
8.67 1744
8.76 2132
c. 80 1442
8. 2 1381
8. 3 1»27
8.4 1182
8. 17 ... 1926, 1946
8.40 1862
c. 81, 8. 2 604
c. 61 672
c. 68, 8. 1 2286
clxxy 1246.2222
8.37 ... 1364.2285
8.67 1364
8 Geo. 4, c. xxix 1862
9 Geo. 4, c. 14 1883, 2031
{Statute of Frauds 8. 1 23. 1389
Amendment Act, 8. 6' 1666
1828) 8. 0 6, 2146
8. 7 826
c. 17 1776
8. 2 48, 2146
c. 22, 8. 36 1419
c. 2:^, 8. 7 326
c. 81 480, 1442
8.2 2098
8. 11 . . . 1118,1873,2274
8. 12 . . . 1118, 1878,2274
8. 14 648
8.20 2007
8.22 1047
8.27 867
c. 40,8. 30 1326
8.41 264
c. 60 212. 1443
{Ale- c. 61 66,2187
house Act, 8. 1 209, 643
1828) 8. 4 . . . 1709. 1914, 2088
8.6 1914
8.0 1036
8. 10 896
8. 14 . 930, 1096, 1278, 1709.
2089, 2286
8. 27 28, 1709
8.28 1709
Pi«e
9 Geo. 4, c. 61 8. 29 . 1095, 1348, 1709, 1727
Sch C 64
c. 69 795
c. 69, 8. I 626
{Night 8.9 1322
Poaching 8. 12 1281
Act, 1828) 8. 13 796
c. 77, 8. 6 1878
c. 86 1755
c. cxiii 1789
10Geo.4,c.44,8. 4 1197
Sch 1197
11 Geo. 4 & 1 Wm. 4, c. 21 .... 1020
c. 22 746, 1177, 1458
cc. 86, 46, 47, and
60 . . . 1978
c 40 ... 2, 1925
c. 46 . . . . 1978
C.47 . . . . 1978
{Beerhouse Act, c. 64 . 66. 223, 1748
18S0) 8.81 1607,1617
8. 32 . 173, 313,
462, 895, 1404,
1444
{In/ants* Property c. 65 . . . . 1978
Act, 18S0) 8. 9 749
8. 12 . . 629
c. 66, 8 10 . . 1362
(Carriers* Act, c. 68 . . .623,1397
1830) 8. 1 . 790. 814,
1050, 1126, 1400,
1818, 1886, 2060,
2099, 2278
8.2 . . 1400
8.6 . . 1911
8. 8 . . 1833
c. 70 . . 1192, 18C»2
1 & 2 Wm. 4, c. 18 1813
8. 1 2282
c. 22 1498
8. 4. . . . 846,1177
8.35 1961
1 & 2 Wm, 4, c. 32 796, 796
{Game Act, 1831) 8.2 795
8. 3 ... . 622, 2148
8. 4 795
8. 8 1731
8. 18 1748
8.23 2148
8.30 ... 626,1807
{Truck Act, c 37 . . 121,240,446,2100
1831) 8. 9 14.38
8.23 61,394,1171,1184.
2029
{Church Bg c. 38, 8. 14 289
Act, 1831) 8. 16 780
(SpeciW Con- c. 41, 8. 1 1911
stables' Act, 1831) 8.9 1911
8. 19 1629
c. 44 ... 218, 2062, 2286
c. 65 1921
c. 60 881,1403
c. 66, 8. 17 1821
c. Ixxvi. 88. 64, 57 . . 245
2&3 Wm.4, c. 16, 8. 2 1486
c. 89, 8. 4 408
{Rep, People c. 46 89, 208, 896. 1823. 1411,
Act, 1832) 1691, 1776, 2076
TABLE OF STATUTES.
cliii
Page
2 & 3 Wm. 4,c. 46, s. 18 179, 201, 1811, 1328,
1578, 2028
8.10 1044
s. 20 1044
8 25 2047
8.26 32,179,1811,1323,
1578
8.27 96,228,322,420,589,
1363, 1887, 1736,
2047, 2212
8.28 1967
8.80 2027
8.81 232
8.32 1735
8. 86 .... 72, 1409
8.68 384
8.71 252
c. 58 : 1978
c. 64, 8.26 1011
C.65 1768,1776
[PreteriptioH c. 71 . 624, 1540, 2031, 2060
Act.ISSi) 8. 1. . . . 1002,1761
8. 2 8, 36, 241. 375. 595.
939, 1002, 1368. 1758,
2221
8.3 8.13,36,81.228.375.
695, 939, 1002, 1.363,
2046
8. 4 26, 1002, 1003, 1275,
1905
8. 5 . . 872, 1757. 1758
8. 8 ... . 1466, 1764
c. 88 420.1776
c. 100 1212,2081
c. Uv, 8. 10 1367
c. cv, 8.22 1005
8.80 1005
3&4Wm 4.C. 16 1131
{Dramatic Copy- 8. 1 H'J
right Act, 1833) 8. 2 . 94, 627, 939, 1318.
1411, 1728
c. 19.8. 81 1728
c. 22, 8. 24 2025
8.47 2182
{Real Prop- c. 27 . 873, 1056, 1456, 1520,
frty Limitation 1711. 1712, 1979, 2062
Ad, 1833) 8. 1 . 102, 292, 359, 387,
1464. 1711, 2058
8.2 . 638,722,1464,1684,
1711
8.3 . 641,549,646,646.
722, 750, 792, 985.
1711
8.4 ... . 750,1711
8.5 1711
8.6 278
8.7 . . 286.1711.2024
8. 8 ... . 1070.1711
8. 9 ... . 1711,2279
8. 10 1514
8. 11 887
8. 14 24
8. 15 1711
8. 16 189
8. 20 . . 045, 1620, 1758
s. 24 319
8. 25 286. 674
8 26 . . .202, 360, 1669
3&4Wm. 4,0.27,8.28
8.86
8.40
8.42
Page
.... 24,1228
1668
23, 292, 1027, 1077,
1541
. 24,241,292.655,
. 1876, 14.34, 1551,
1684, 1979
c. 37 706
{Civil Pro- c. 42 1406
eedun Act, 1833) 8. 2 976
8.3 . 24,59,268,277,459,
1444
8. 6 23, 1420
8. 8 1734
8. 18 2206
8.23 1192
8. 28 284, 446, 500. 988,
1981
8.29 2100
73 104
74 165,361
8.1 35,169.290,643,646,
954, 997, 2026
8. 15 491
c.
{Fines and c.
Recoveries Act,
1833)
c76
0.77
0.86
0. 90
8.17 .
8.22 .
88. 23-33
8. 34
88*. 36-37
8.40
8.41
8.47
8.77
8.91
.83
c. 97, 8. 20
0. 99 . .
0. 104 . .
c. 105, 8. 2
8.3
8.4
8.9
0. 106 . .
8.1
8.2
8.3
4&6Wm. 4,0. 22 . .
{Apportionment 8. 2 .
{Dower AcJ,
1833)
{Inheritance
Act, 1833)
Act, 1834)
{Poor Law
Amendment
Act, 1834)
0. 30 . .
0. 89 . .
0.47 . .
o. 62, 8. 27
c. 76, 8. 19
8.32
8.88
8.46
8 48
8.51
8.56
8.58
8.68
. . 1026
1892, 1551,
1598
. . 1693
169, 1593
. 1593
186, 649
136
. 649
649, 648, 997
. 1111
282
. 788
1884
1056, 1364, 1687,
2052
... 647
477, 098, 1769
. 671, 1620
... 671
... 671
... 997
. . 512,868
1066,1063,1624
. . . 1622
. . 1523
. 733,986
. . 283
. . 786
. . 1852
. . 1591
. . 1096
781, 1587
. . 420
843, 1826, 1326,
1397
. . 1897
. . 1970
. . 1409
. . 1409
282, 1616
cliv
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Page
4 & 6 Wm.
4,c.76,i.77 . 813,1363,1886,
1694
8. 79 . .
. 666, 1826
8.97 . .
. 1626,2247
8 99 . .
. . . 1319
8.109 148,807,843,1861,
1384, 1389, 1397,
1403, 1506, 1607,
1643,2181,2186,
2266
(Beerhouse
c.86,8.2. . .
. . . 818
Act, 1834)
8. 19 . .
. 1748
c. 90 . . . .
. 706
8. 1. . .
. 614
5 & 6 Wm.
4, c. 6, 8. 64 . .
. 162
cc. 16, 17 . . .
. 1978
C. 18, 8. 1 . .
. 616
c. 20. 8. 13 . .
. 476
c. 41 . . . .
. 798
8.1
. 909
c. 43, 8. 1
. 1911
{Highway
c.C0,8.4 . .
. 810
AdUsSS)
8.6
'. '. 7
39, 878
8.6 . .
. 970
8.7
. 267
8. 18 . .
1186
8.24 . .
. 280
8.27 . .
2164
8.44 . .
1820
8.46 .. .
1996
8.56 71,104
7,1068,1281
8.66 . .
1126, 1392
8.67 . .
. . 671
8. 70 . .
. . 636
8.72 .. .
739. 1307
8. 78 261, 67
6, 1426, 2246
8. 84 . .6
39. 878. 1941
8. 86 618, 87
3, 1101, 2188
8.88 .. .
. 69,1101
8.89 .. .
. . 1248
8.90 .. .
. . 1318
8.96 .. .
1692,2007
8.98 .. .
. . 1636
8. 103 . .
. . 1818
8. 106 . . .
. 69,621
8. 109 . . .
. . 346
c. 64
1181, 1446
8.2. . .
. . 1676
c. 62
. . 480
C.63
. 830,412
c. 69 . . . .
. . 416
(Municipal
c. 76 . . 208,4
10, 772, 1776
Corporation)
8.2. .. .
. . 460
8.9. . .
72, 420, 2186
8. 16 . . .
. . 1970
8.18 .. .
. . 1852
8. 28 891, /]
^, 632, 999.
1696
8.32 .. .
1240, 1366
8.34 .. .
. . 2248
8. 30 . . .
942
8. 48 . . .
1970
8.62 .. .
, ,
980
8. 63 . . .
686
8. 64 . . .
, ,
1766
8. 68 . . .
1206
8.92 .. .
'22s. 1262
8.96 82, ir
1,162
7, 1710
1^
6 & 6 Wm. 4, c 76, 8. 117 .. . 1091, 1692
8. 142 1866
c. 83, 8.1 1.308
8.4 1591
8.7 J428
6&7 Win.4, c. 13 1736
c. 32, 8.1 1671
8.6 632
(Bread Act, c 87, 8. 4 . . 244. 773, 2164
18S6} 8. 7 .... 267, 742
8 8 1047
c. 64, 8. 26 1511)
c. 66 746
C.69 1929
(Tithe Act, c. 71 1776,2003
1836) 8. 12 . 1060, 1404, 2060,
2061
8. 42 352
8. 46 . . 212, 879, 1758
8. G4 1794
8. 76 670
8. 80 . . . 1438.2166
8. 82 1975
c 76, 8. 63 ... . 134. 326
c 76, Sch A . . . . 1274
c. 77, 8.18 341
c. 79, 8.64 . . 411.623,1144
c 86 1776,1918
C.86 1696,1776
c. 87 611
(Parochial c. 96 89
Assessments 8. 1 . 87, 88, 1263, 1644,
Act, 1836) 1712
8.2 1863
8.6 1914
c. 99 706
c. 106, 8. 44 . . 493, 866, 1204
cll4 654
(Enclosure c. 116 2273
Act, 1836) 8.22 81
8.66 . 179,1391,1403
c. 120, 8. 22 1357
c. cviii, 8. 108 ... . 1854
1 Vict c. 9. 8. 8 882
c. 10, 8. 1 2079
c. 19 104, 832
c. 23, 8 16 179
( Wills c. 26 . 739, 742, 871, 972, 1012, 1068,
Act, 1837) 1066, 1061, 1 166. 1218, 1237,
1806, 1373, 1412, 1461. 1683,
1716, 1769, 1788, 1860. 1968
8. 1 . . . . 1469,1658,2260
8. 3 1918, 1996
8.6 1913
8. 9 ... . 1640,1880.2250
8. 10 2260, 2278
8. 11 . . . 84, 92, 1161, 1808.
1899
8. 16 ... . 180, 1077, 1726
8. 20. . . . 619,2017,2227
8. 21 08, 1000
8.22 370
8. 24 . 396, 694. 780, 946, 1216.
1218, 1296, 2036
8.26 1061,1742
8. 26 1063, 1658
8. 27 . 94, 395, 524, 676, 805, 806,
946, 1626, 1682
TABLE OF STATUTES.
civ
Page
1 Vict c. 26, 8. 28 . 198. 895, 665, 706, 897,
1706, 1789, 1764, 2020
S.20 895,529,630
8.32 1061
8. 83 . 355, 524, 1061, 1466, 1859,
1997
c, 28 819
c.33,8.2 402
(Pott c 86 . . . . 614, 1396, 1521, 1522
Offin {Of- 8. 47 . 188, 220. 836, 401, 570, 596.
fences) Act, 673. 746, 746, 763, 977.
1SS7) 1087, 1135, 1144, 1327,
1395. 1444, 1466, 1621.
1522. 1867, 1869, 1888.
1889,2131,2172,2180
c. 41, 8.87. . . . 1069,1865,2096
c. 48, 8,8 184
c. 67, 8.3 1036
c. 72 1921
c 78 864
c 78, 8. 24 1176, 1698
8. «1 1319
8.38 371
8.44 1207
c. 85,8. 2 1501
8.6 619
8.6 279
c. 89 1381
1 & 2 Vict. c. 20, 8. 22 835
a88,8. 2 1768
c. 48, 8. 29 ... . 617,1374
8.61 666
[Poor Re- c. 66, 8. 48 . . 730, 1328, 1683
lief ilr) Act, 8.61 1607
18S8) 8.71 1316
8.80 1654
8. 114 1361
8. 118 343
8. 12i . 807,910,1036,1316,
1712
c. 59. 8. 16 206
c. 67. 8. 10 ... . 832, 1552
c. 74 1711
8.7 . 56,910,1059,1538
c. 79. 8. 1 370. 888
C.94 1061,1682
c. 98.8. 19 1648
{Plurali- c. 106, 8. 29 2079
ti^t Act, 8. 32 440
18S8) 8. 68 2283
8 108 1440
8.114 440
8.124 .... 180,271
88.126,127,128 . . 1430
c. 109 2061
8. 54 359
{Judgments c.UO,s. 3 1192
Art,18S8) 8.9 675
8. 12 801, 1097, 1217, 1815,
1818
8.13 50,60,291,498.548,
998,1027,1280.1664,
1566. 1817
8. 14 . 661, 938, 994, 1608,
1939
88.14-16 .... 294
8. 15 1970
8.18 1027,1218,1351,1773
1 & 2 Vict. c.
c.
2 & 8 Vict. c.
c
c.
c
c.
c
c.
(Metrop c.
Police Act,
18S9)
c.
c.
0.
c.
c.
{Metrop c.
Police Covrts
Act, 1839)
c.
3 & 4 Vict. c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
(Beerhouse c.
Act, 1840)
c.
c.
110,8.19
8.86
8.37
8.53
8.92
8.93
8.119
117. 8. 4
11 . .
8.7
17. 8. 1
24. 8. 18
29 . .
87. 8. 1
41. 8. 3
42, 8. 63
47, 8. 2
8.46
8.64
8.60
8.63
8.66
49,8.21
50. 8. 10
54 . .
61, 8. 74
65 . .
71 . .
8.24
8.29
8.40
8.64
74, 8. 4 .
84, 8. 1 .
18 . .
24 . .
8.2
36, 8. 61
42. 8. 28
64,8.8
60, 8. 19
61,8.1
8.2
6.15
66. 8. 6
77 . .
8.26
163, J
(Church
Discipline
Act, 1840)
148.!
J, 436.
768,1
639,
(Ry Regn.
Act, 1840)
(Mm.
Corp. (Ir)
Act, 1840)
c. 78.8. 12 ,
c. 82, 8. 1
C.84 . .
c. 86 . .
c. 86, 8 2
8.3
8.9
8.10
8.20 .
8.23 .
C.88 . .
c. 96, 8. 16
8.71
c. 97, 8. 13 .
8.21 .
c. 106 . . .
c. 108, 8. 30 ,
8.64
8.72
22^
Page
291
1793
786
1267
471
656
1126
1854
1641, 1978
643
119
1252
203, 1015
1817
, 476, 644
316, 440
. 1197
. 2020
. 1125
. 1308
. 2188
863, 2188
180
. 843
. 2009
. 871
. 1769
. 1185
224, 853
. 292
290,822
. 1726
. 561
. 1176
1749, 2068
. 1028
. 2243
251, 833
. 242
. 421
. 699
1403, 1660, 2077
1858
1488
1251
2251
833, 1108. 1932.
2107, 2192
.... 251
. 294.938,904
.... 1135
.... 506
. 195, 533. 1534
. . . . 1177
.... 1979
.... 1979
.... 1979
.... 440
.... 995
.... 2249
248, 1009. 1144,
1621, 2131
.... 1645
. . 1645,1647
.... 1481
.... 1874
.... 1825
.... 942
clvi
TABLE OF STATUTES.
3&4 Victc. 108, 8. 93 .
s. 216
c. 110 .. .
c. 113,8.5 .
8.67 .
8. 9.) .
8. 1 . . .
20 . . .
21 . . .
4 Vict. c. 14,
4 & 6 Vict. c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
5 Vict. c. 6, 8.
6 & 6 Vict. c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
(Income c.
Tax Act,
35
c.
( Copjfright c.
Act, 1842)
. . . 2077
200,222.2107
. . . 1219
... 289
. . . 1464
... 255
. . . 2079
... 786
... 166
22 184
SO, 8. 15 328
85,8.90 885
39,8.29 . . 1057,1659,2062
51 945
6 1942
12,8.50 220,380
16 644
24 . . . 843, 561, 1308, 1602
26 1921
27, 8.1 1637
8. 16 ... . 180. 1465
. 48, 484, 949, 1609. 2192
8. 41 56, 685
8.44 56,685
8. 00 . 89, 889, 1569. 1672,
1013
8. 61 . . 294.1108,1902
8. 73 ... . 483.2156
8. 100 . 89, 257, 264, 591,
614. 746, 794. 1519.
1572. 1609, 1627, 1679,
1839, 1965, 2079
2286
. . 483, 980, 2156
618
688, 614, 1463. 1609
623
149
92
8. 4 45, 1006
8. 6 540
44, 8. 1 1006
45 . 149.858,410,1108,1131,
1411.1864,2009,2199
8. 2 . 184. 204, 219, 298.
408, 409, 573, 1476, 1830
39
8. 102
8. 108
8.183
8.146
8.192
8.22 .
8.8
8.13
14
15
16
17
18
8. 19
8.20
8 24
8.26
49, 8. 2
64,8.7
65 8. 21
79, 8. 23
82, 8. 38
84, 8. 17
97
8. 169 802,
,8.4
8.14
725
725, 1690, 1619
... 58
. . . 1319
. . . 1619
. 916, 1047
. 1456,1880
. . . 1466
279, 1618, 1725
. 1690, 1619
. 786, 1319
... 387
. . . 1176
. 1646, 1647
... 242
. . . 1626
... 288
. 48M779
1065,1690,1765
1329
1749. 1896, 2068
1605,2096
5 & 6 Vict. c. 97. 8. 2
c. 98.8. 18
{Fisheries
(h) Act,
c. W, 8. 14
c. 100, 8. 2
8.7
967, 2006
. . 1911
. . 56
. . 1269
279
c. 106, 8.4 1804
8. 114
c 106, 8. 81
tnry Voters
Registration
Act, 1843)
8.20 1192
8.27 28
8.40 104C
8. laS 1275
8. 113 . 1265, 1690, 1765,
2219
729. 1846
. 180,896
c. 109; 8. 26 1384
c. 111,8. 2 1320
c. 116 937
c. 122,8.23 1969
6 Vict, c. 18 1489
{Parliamen- 8.4 16-32
8. 6 260, 1852
8. 13 1862
8.23 1616
8.41 1885
8.42 1856
8. 47 1862, 1885
8. 48 1862, 1885
...... 669
2077
33
941
652
673
243.581,683, 1355
314,326,1384.1408.
1763. 2077
... 996
661. 1798, 2199
1443, 1489
699
597, 698
.65
8.56 .
8.74 .
8.75 .
8.76 .
8.98 .
8.100 .
8.101 ,
c. xxxiii
0 & 7 Vict. c. 36, 8. 1
C.37 . .
( Theatres
Act, 1843)
{Soficitors
Act, 1843)
8. 15
c. 38. 8. 17
c. 40, 8. 35
c. 44,8. 18
c. 56,8. 38
c. 66 . .
c 66 . .
c. 68 . .
8.11
8. 16
8.18
8.23
8.26
c. 73 . .
8.1
8.25
8 26
8.82
8.86
8.87
8.38
8.39
8.41
c. 74, 8. 62
c. 76 . .
c. 79, 8. 18
c. 83, 8. 1
c. 85 . .
1039.
1160,1172
343
302, 848. 661
. 1859
. 2214
484.2041
879, 1484, 1485
879
. 2041
627, 1927
. 2011
180, lOBl
. 1173
. 1268
. 1138
489, 1806, 1858
. . . 423,440
190,276.587,1178.
1358, 1883, 1910, 1969
. 1091, 1969
. . . 1420
. 1436. 1009
. . 115,320
187, 1482. 2268
. .220,221
... 1065
. . 606.1421
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clvii
Page
6 & 7 Vict. c. 86, B. 2 . 370. 846. 888. 1107,
{London Bach- 1424, 16U0. 2222
Nev Carriageg s. 8 488
Act, 1843) 1.22 488
8.33 1484
{UhdAa, C.06 251
IW) 8.2 785.840
8.5 1150
8.8 244
7 & 8 Vict c. 12 149
[IniemaCL Cop^^ 8. 19 725
ri^ Act, I8U) •• 20 . 110. 205. 1352. 1551
c. 15. 8. 22 15
8.73 66.015
c. 18, 8. 3 1085
c. 19 424
8.8 158
8.9 1027
C.22 1929
8.14 . 169.406.528,1162.
2211
C.24, 8. 4 1696
c. 81, 8. 36 . . . . 418. 1085
c 32, 8. 12 281
8. 28 162. 168
c. 33 995. 1914
C.45 1131
c.49,8.8 836
8. 10 ... . 336, 1087
C.62 1864
c. 65. 8.44 1519
c. 81, 8. 65 824
c. 84. 8. 2 . 74. 868. 1421. 1925
8.79 2247
(Rg Regn. c. 85, 88. 0. 10 300
Act,I8U) 8. 25 ... . 1424.1645
c. 87. 8. 10 . . . 272. 880. 888
c90 1978
c. 91, 8. 114 . . 1036.2070.2111
c. 94 1443
8.7 .... 825.2086
{Execution c. 96 1131
Act,ISU) s. 6 473
8.78 1027
{Poor Law c. 101 1096, 1708
Amendt. 8.32 487
Act, 1844) 8. 39 ... . 713. 1088
8.56 292
8. 74 ... . 326, 1096
c. 105 401
c. 106. 8. 156 . 421, 896. 1135, 1406.
1478
c. 110 1863
8.2 ... . 1022.1626
8. 8 . 130. 585, 1085. 1860
8.45 1854
8. 66. . . . 1175,1858
c. Ill, 8. 1 341
c. 112. 8. 9 516
8.16 981
c. 113.8. 13 1176
8.49 663
8A9Vict.clO .... 756,1478,1683
{Comp, c. 16 1054
C.C.Act, 8. 2 ... . 1909,2121
1845) 8.8 586,1086,1070.1812.
1863, 1988
8.8 1961
Page
8 & 9 Vict. c. 16,
98. 14, 15,
16 . . . 208S
88. 18. 19
.... 2088
8 40. .
.... 1975
88. 61-64
.... 1938
8.70. .
.... 92
8. 71 . .
.... 192J
8.89. .
.... 271
8.97. .
.... 1178
8. 185 .
.... 1550
(Comp. c. r
536. 1036, 1061.
a c. {Scot)
1070,
1126, 1863, 1909,
Act, 1845)
2121
(Lands c. 18
C. a Act,
.105,112.270,355.375.459,
472. 1054, 1164, 1890,
1845)
1391,
1420, 1562, 1604.
1988, 2121
8.2 . .
1578, 1909, 2120.
2121. 2270
8.3 162.828,711,860,997,
1086. 1070. 1890.
1645. 1865, 2029
8.6 . .
.... 2005
8. 9 . .
. . . 1969
8.16. .
. 676. 1631
8.17. .
. . . 1975
8.18. .
997, 2095. 2181
8.22. .
856. 1351
8.25. .
. . . 1959
8.84. .
. . 676.1322
8.38. .
. ... 1547
8.49. .
. . . 2047
8. 51 . .
. 1822. 1547
8.68. 450. 712. 973. 976.
1028, 1242, 1781.
2005
8.69. .
. 9. 1054. 1843
8.70. .
. . . 1717
8.76. .
. . . 1890
8.79. .
. . . 1515
8.80. .
49, 950, 2006
8.81. .
. . . 2181
8.82. .
... 416
8.84. .
... 870
8.85. .
. 870,2006
8.88. .
. . . 2246
8.89. .
. . . 2248
8. 92 . 228. 892. 894. 1159.
1363, 1411, 1496
8.93. .
.... 2075
8.94. .
.... 1969
8.96. .
.... 621
8.100 .
.... 2181
8.121 .
.... 2284
8.124 .
.... 1330
8. 120 .
.... 786
8.127 .
10, 39, 40, 547,
1627, 1985
8.128 .
39.40.230.281,
547, 1985, 2075
8. 132 .
.... 835
8. 183 .
494, 1058. 1578.
1628, 1714, 2006,
2271
{Lands c. 19
162, 1080
.1054,1070,1126,
C. a {Scot)
1390.
1645. 1909. 2120.
Act, 1845)
2121. 2270
{Ry C. C, c. 20
457, 1054, 1882, 1685, 1909,
Act, 1845}
2121
clviii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
8 & 9 Vict c. 20, s. 3
326, 822, 1035, 1036,
1070. 1384, 1890, I860,
1988,
B.6 .
8.7 .
8. 11.
8. l:i .
8.14.
B. 15.
8. 16.
8.31 .
8.32.
8.85.
8.46.
88. 46-62
8.47.
8.48.
8.51.
8.53.
8.54.
8.55.
8.57.
8.68 .
1996,2069,2111
456
1498
2075
18
88. 95, 97
8.103
8. 138
8.140
8. 145
c. 26. 8. 10 .
c. 29, 8. 2
c. 31, 8. 12 .
{Rif,C,C. C.33, ...
{Scot) Act, 8. 8
1845)
8.39
523
456, 1255, 1798
... 731
1766
731
217,1254,2111
. . 441
1315,2111
. . 2111
. . 2240
. . 678
1390, 1444
. . 1761
. . 1861
17,272,1315,1390,
1849
8.71 17
8.76 045
8. 77 . . 075, 1202, 1256
88.77-85 .... 1054
8. 78 ... . 518, 1202
8.80 1970
8.81 781
8. 86. . . . 348,2070
8.87 2070
8.89 848
8.90. . 704,1426,1789,
2069, 2152
2069,2148
. . 880
. . 1550
. . 459
. . 1445
. . 1765
56, 461, 642
. . 435
1909 2121
1036, 1054, 1070, '1126.
2069
1766
88.42-^1 1766
8.70 2070
c. 35, 8. 10 . . 486, 1056, 1288
c. 37. 8. 32 163,332
c.38,8. 22 163,332
c. 42, 88. 5,6 348
C.62 1776
c.63,8.6 . . . 421,1035,1391
c. 69 .... 480, 1500, 1779
c. 76, 8. 4 812
c.77,8. 9 . . . . 56, 1U50, 2270
c. 83, 8. 1 1050, 1891
c. 86. 8. 127 338
c. 87, 8. 46 362
c. 100, 8. 46 1853
8.72 766
8.114. 137,209,326,422,
1180, 1430
(/?ea/Pr». c 106,8. 2 835
perty Act, 1845) 8. 3 . . 1702,1994,2197
.... 811,835
. . 486,957,1505
1545
1180
.... 828.1027
. 185,849,798,1188
2134
349
'. ! ! 1*96,* 796, 2251
90,430,609,796,797.
798,008,1961
.... 348, 1197
422
. . 146,1066,1794
cll3 224
C.118 1839
8.62 1329
8.68 1467
8.167 134,311,945,1114.
1157, 1798
. . . 1056. 1419
137, 209. 326, 422.
1035,1430
... 1027
... 167
8&9yictc.l06,8.4
8.5
8.6
c. 107 . .
c. 108, 8. 25
( Gaming c. 109 . .
Act, 1845) 8. 1
8.2
8.17
8. 18
8.24
c. 111,8.24
c. 112
c. 124,8.5
c 126,8.84
c. 127.8. 24
9 & 10 Vict c. 2. 8. 28
c. 3, 8.87
. . 1590,1804
c. 4,8.44 480,714
c. 56 .... 343,454,623
c.62 506
c. 66, 8. 1 . . 1429, 1553, 1851,
1899, 2032
8.4 1877
c. 74, 8. 2 . . 818, 1035, 2185
c.75,8. 3 846
c. 84,8. 10 789
c. 87, 8. 2 . 326, 344, 1036, 2076.
2077
c98 251.507
8. 5 ... . 306, 1402
{County c. 95,8. 24 940
CourU) 8.25 1024
8.57 1565
8.58 1639
8.60 263,275
8.65 1077
8.98 2141
8.118 2245
8.128 263
8. 142 ... . 56. 147
a 96, 8. 17 . . . . 843, 1085
c. 101, 8. 49 . . . 426, 1000
c. 107, 8. 19 333
c. 110, 8. 8 826
8.88 2077
c. 111,8.22 ... 134, 1060
10 & 11 Vict. c. 14. . . .1095,1909,2120.
i Markets and
''airs Clauses
Act, 1847)
{ Gasworks
Clauses Act,
1847)
2121
8.3. 208,272,333,576,
1035, 1036, 1055,
1070. 1988
8. 13 . 59, 592, 678, 1442,
1540, 1873
15. .1801,1909,2120,2121
8. 3 . . 801. 1035, 1036,
1055, 1949, 1988
8.7 228
8. 10 1281
8.14 731
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clix
P«ge
10 & 11 Vict c 16 1909.2121
{Commrs. Clauses 8.8 826,1035,1086.1988
Act, 1847)
{ IF. w, a
Act, 1847)
(Harbours,
4y. Clauses
Ad, 1847)
8. 60 .... 339, 344
c. 17 895
8.2 1056.1909,2120,2121
8. 3 344, 1035, 1036, 1054.
1046, 1950. 1988.
2223.2224
8.6. . 976,1946,2006
8.18 1203
88.18-27 .... 1054
8.25 .
8.81 .
8.35 .
8.38 .
8.40 .
8.68 .
8.74 .
8.98 .
c 27, 8. 2 .
(7otm«
Imprvt. Clauses
Ad, 1847)
8.53
8.87
8.126
8. 167
c. 38, 8. 20
103
. . . 1492
. 1482,1625
. . . 1726
... 721
. . . 2030
... 856
. . . 1791
850. 1540, 2120
8. 3 883, 822, 1035. 1055,
1168, 1392. 1651.
1988, 2180
8.56 ... 1398,1708
8.74 456
c. 32, 8. 66 180,802,1070,1391,
1435
a 33, 8. 4 1036
c. 84 . 1271, 1686. 1909, 2075
8. 3 272, 1035, 1086. 1389,
1950,1988
. . 1373
1778,2029
c. 48, 8. 11
a 48, 8. 22
c. 49. 8. 12
a 50. 8. 14
c. 61, 8. 2
C.05
2029
56, 818, ia35.
10:36, 1467, 1492, 1590, 1765
1683
. 298,546
. . 546
. 435,476
1654, 2185
1909
8. 8 288, 1035, 1036. 1988
c.84,8.8 . . . 880,1086
c. 85, 8. 20 . 243, 1087, 1646
[Taum Police c 89 . 576, 1330, 1648, 1909
Clauses Act, 8.3 . 272,1085.1086,
1S47) 1950, 1988
8.32 1594
8.83 1390
8.35 1485
8.37 .... 262,846
8.38 846
88.40-52 . . . 262.846
8. 45 . . 262. 879. 1498
8.54 .... 262,846
8.58 .... 262,846
88. 60-67 . . . 262, 846
C.96 418
c. 109, 8. 15 . . , . 807
c. 113. 8. 17 1492, 1590, 1765
c. lxxi,8.40 .... 263
11&12 Victc. 1.8. 21 422
c. 2,8. 11 1293
c. 12,8. 3 209;5
c. 21, 8. 92 426
c. 28, 8. 18 11, 134, 481, 1492
11 & 12 Vict c. 29
(Indictable
Offences Act,
1848)
(Sum. Jur.
Act, 1848)
(P. H, Act,
1848)
796
8.7 62
30 796,1281
31.8.9 1825
86 1776
8. 52 . . 485. 625. 863
42 1018,2213
8.2 189
8 9 1176
8.17 908
8. 19 1840
8.20 1394
C.43
8.22
8.25
8.29
8.1
8.5
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.25
8.31
44 . .
8.8
45,8.8
8.78
46 . .
48,8.1
49.8.1
68,8.2
657.571,
8.46
8.64
8.69
8.72
8.74
8.85
8.88
8.89
8.115
8.135
8.144
8.150
78 . .
.... 345
845
.... 1135
856, 1018, 1982
966, 1351, 1370.
1963,2163,2175
. . 419
. . 966
. . 966
. . 967
114, 1870
. . 920
. . 209
666, 1018, 1691
. . 569
249,881,435^1186
. . 1176
. . . 159
644, 1070, 1071
1368,2253
112,199,410,411.
" 1035,1036,1893
. . 1255
1273, 1297, 1364
878,2012
. . 175
. . 1490
1854,1856,1857
. . 1640
. . 1176
12 & 13 Vict.
(Quarter
Sessions
Act, 1849)
91 . .
94.8.46
110 .
112 .
8.3
8.50
8.147
123. 8. 22
clxiii. 8. 61
8.169
8.262
18 ... .
26 . .
8.2
8.3.8.8
36.8.6
45 . .
8. 5
8.7
8.11
. . . 1980
... 456
... 978
. . . 442
... 231
... 231
288, 426, 837
... 231
. . . 1197
... 848
. 1000,1536
112. 10:35. 1036
1035,1036
. . 1248
. . 1871
. . 1124
. . 1478
008. 1211. 1769
. . 202,625
. . . 2181
... 167
... 159
. . . 1418
. . . 1028
... 1350
clx
TABLE OF STATUTES.
12 & 13 Vict
49, 8. 7
50.8.10
66,8.0
68 . .
74 . .
77,8.54
87,8.3
91, 8. 89
Page
1070, 1391
. . 556
1087, 1144
. . 1166
. . 418
. 312,644
315, 880, 1036,
1988
( Crueltif to c. 92, 8. 2 419. 444, 446, 1488
AnimaU Act, a. 3 53, 159, 1039, 1488
1849) 8. 5 .... 651, 919
8.9 1490
8.29 84,380,897,1035,
1883
c. 93,8. 15 326
c. 94,8. 10 ... . 232,410
c95 1769
c. 97, 8. 183 815, 1036. 142:^,
1988, 2077
c. 100.8.32 .... 1060
c. 108,8. 16 . . 2007,2172
c. 106 706, 1070, 1071, 1707,
2118
{BankrgAct, c. 106 2101
1849) 8.65 .... 825
. . 1566
471, 1826
. . 90
. . 1097
797, 1939
391
1560,2002
. . 1207
. . 2002
. . 90
. . 753
c. 107,8. 118 ... . 435
c. 109, 8. 50 . 288, 426, 837
13 & 14 Vict. c. 1, 8. 3 167
C.5, 8. 55 1853
c. 17 1769
c. 18, 8. 51 . . . 287, 1683
c. 21 223
( Trustee Act,
1860)
106 . .
8.65
8.67
8.113
8. 175
8. 184
8.201
8.204
8.211
S.224
8.225
8.276
SchH
107,8. 118
109, 8. 50
1, 8. 3 .
5,8.55 .
17 . . .
18, 8. 51 .
21 . . .
8.4 420,421,1054,1223,
1224, 1805
~'* 8. 2 . . . 144, 1482
1477
95
8. 2 ... . 272,388
2110
86 1776
8. 58 . . 326, 493, 1630
48, 8. 80 422
52,8.76 656
57 . . . 813, 1578, 1812
60 855
8. 2 130, 386, 404. 526.
1130, 1465. 1613, 1821,
1939, 2104, 2142
8.3 2181
8. 10 1821
8. 20 1465
8. 23 ... . 10, 1902
8. 24 1902
8. 25 . . . U76, 1902
8. 30 2115
B. 82 962
28
29
33,
35
13 & 14 Vict. c. 60, 8. 37
8.43
c. 61, 8. 1
8.12
8.13
8.14
c. 68, 8. 24
(Rep People c. C9 . .
(Ir) Act, 1860) 8. 14
8.117
0.72
c,
(Fisheries c
(Ir) Ad, 1860)
8.64
8.3,8 38
88, 8. 1
8.40
C.92. 8. 11
c. 93, 8. 2
c. 100, 8. 9
c. 102, 8. 69
c. 105, 8. 9
c. 115, 8. 49
14 & 16 Vict. c. 18, 8. 6
.... 1^
.... 1172
.... 1077
.... 2178
.... 1176
.... 1855
. 167, 314, 2076
.... 1905
. . 179,1578
134,167,209,314,
S26, 380, 421, 1607.
1965, 2076, 2077
1769
87,136,836. 1056,
2003,2250
. . . 1645,1862
828, 647, 726, 728,
729, 732, 783. 1027,
1265, 1391, 1590, 1766,
1786^1846,2100,2180,
2219
. . . 1376
84, 380, 1383
. 2131
66
c. 14 . .
c. 16. 8. 19
c. 19, 8. 11
8.13
c. 24. 8. 1
c. 25 . .
8.1
c. 28, 8. 2
c. 84, 8. 3
C.36 . .
8.1
8.2
c. 38, 8. 4
c. 57. 8. 162
c. 61, 8. 44
c. 68, 8. 21
c. 72, 8. 1
c. 73, 8. 1
c. 78, 8. 46
6.48
c. 81, 8. 1
c. 86. 8. 12
c.90,8 18
0.92
0.98,
701.
209,
198, 313,
184,
(Evidence
Act, 1851)
. 1036
799, 1092
. 1036
118
320
878, 1036
. 1280
. 1280
. 1404
. 612
1056. 1683
923, 1489
923, 1036
89, 1314
691
297.890
380,916
326. 1419
272, 888
. 1183
. 195
180, 195, 699, 1636,
1819
799
.' '329,1035
... 759
... 833
790,823,1086.
1041
... 264
8.25 422,790,888.1036,
1478, 1766, 1950
8. 24 ... . 99, 1276
8. 44 356. 799, 823, 1036.
1041. 1327. 1351, 1982
0.97,8.29 195.200,811,313,
633, 1404. 2061
0.99 224,286
8.4 986
8. 7 .... 29, 1081
8.13 1561
8.14 . 206,1600,1604
8.19 218
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxi
U & 15 Vict c. 100, 8. 23 .... 2068
( Criminal Procedure b. 24 .... 743
Act,lS51) 8.80 . 710,059, 1&86
c. 102. 8.2 . . . 1867,2181
c. 104. 8. 11 598, 1070, 1086
(Poor Law c 105, 8. 8 682
Amendt, Act, 1851) 8.10 1825
c. zcir, 8. 2 1205
c CY, 8. 22 318
15 & 16 Vict. c. 24 1780, 2250
8.1 ... 739,1344
C.80 418
a 32 418,1184
a 44, 8. 8 2131
[Copfhoid c. 51, 8.1 651
Act, 1852) 8.16 684
c. 54, 8. 10 1
(TrusteB c. 55 855
Ad, 1852) 8.1 94
8.2 2246
c. 57, 8.4 40
( Valuation c. 63, 88. 15, 16 . . . 1612
(Ir) Act, 1852) 8.84 807
8.45167,826,1404.2076,
2077,2094
[Stm Zealand Q. "12,%.^ 1438
Congtitution Act, s. 80 1278
1852)
{Com. L. Pro, c, 76, %. 2 1784
Act, 1852) 8.3 269
8.6 1734
8. 16 1327
8.18 278
8.27 540
8.40 1179
8.49 743
8.64 337
8.79 465
8.172. . . 1059,2022
8. 173 1069
8. 210 . . 242, 786, 1067.
2022
8.222 667
8.226 1987
8.227. . 31,189,1027
[Comiy Rates c. 81, 8. 2 1652
Act, 1852) 8.6 786
8.7 1367
8.34 1408
8.51 421
8.52 900
C.84, 8. 29 1196
c. 83, 8. 42 1446
[Burial Act, c. 85, 8. 82 962
1852) 8.44 1002
8.52 . 313,1384,1402.
1654, 2185
8.53 1196
c. 86, 8. 40 1417
8.06 191
16 & 17 Vict. c. 27, 8. 1 . . . . 842, 1872
c. 80,8. 5 27
c.83,8. 17 . .* . . . 1498
{Income Tax c 84 949
Act, 1853) 8. 2 . . . 264, 1737
SchD 96.114.611,
666, 670, 998, 1609,
1787,2079,2267,2286
TOL.L
16 & 17 Vict c. 84, 8. 40
8.51
8.64
Page
2286
(Sucn Dutif
Act, 1853)
... 990
SchE . . . 1009
c. 41, 8. 8 360
c. 60,8. 3 1465
c. 51 80, 526, 813. 1533, 1661.
1660
8. 1622,1474,1686,2107
8. 2 180, 610. 549, 629,
1586, 1845, 1966
8.8 649
8.10
8.16
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.20
8.21
. . . 2174
66, 677, 1273
... 295
. 1220,2171
... 666
. 88, 180, 355, 389,
2174
. . . . 88,1264
1729
1706
. . . .386,2066
743
. . . 284,1606
8.22
8.81
8.38
c. 59, 8. 10
{Licensing c. 67 . .
{Scot) Act, 1855) 8. 17
c. 70, 8. 2 'IVI6
0.80, 8.50 . . . 1070.2023
c.88 224
c. 86, 8.2 221
c. 89, 8. 6 286
c 91 . 990
cioS .* 860,1*678,1909,2077,
2094, 2120
c. 94. 8.25 . . 426,625,868
c. 96,8. 9 269
8.36 ... . 146,198
c. 97 1708
8. 132 . 97, 137, 209, 326.
422, 1480
C.99 . . . 1444,2064,2091
c. 107 2261
8.857 134,147.288.338.
843. 696, 1069. 2212
c. 112 247, 846
8.80 268,848,576,799,
888, 1019, 1036, 1690,
1927
{Com, L. Pro. c. 113. 8. 4 31, 189, 1027, 1419
Amendt, Act
8.9 1734
{Ir), 1853)
8.108 .... 1876
8.124 .... 640
8.126 .... 640
8. 135 .... 1217
c. 117 1780
{Betting Act,
c. 119 381,1488
1853)
8. 1 188, 237. 269, 347,
660, 1089, 1842, 1486,
1740, 2148
8. 2 . . 347, 349, 1486
8.3 188,237.269,1324,
1486, 1740. 2148, 2162
8.11 768
8. 18 ... . 343, 1197
c. 129, 8. 26 313
c. 131. 8. 1 . . 161, 343, 1510
c. 184. 8. 6 1695
8.7 288
clxii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
16 & 17 Vict. c.
(Charitable c.
Trutts Act,
1853)
17 A 18 Vict. c.
c.
c.
c.
(Ryi- Canal c.
Traffic Act,
1864)
c.
c
i Corrupt c.
Radices Pre-
vention Act,
1854)
Page
136.8.21 20l»4
187,8.17 . . . 1447,1563
8.27 426
8.41 1663
8.62 . .271,620.1866,
1009,2200
8.66 . . 206,620,2107
16,8.2 2109
18,8.8 426
19,8.3 425
20,8.2 200
81 . . . 259,1644,1647
8.1 261,1646,1647,2084
8. 2 18, 688, 2084, 2128
8.6 U61
8.7 976,1034,1126,1666,
1884, 1911
83,8.1 . . 1197,1611,1616
84, 8. 1 2097
86 98, 1468
8.2 364
8. 7 . . 193, 1314, 1468
38, 8. 4 . . . . 1039, 2148
45,8.10 .... 247,846
66 . . 98,198,640,1469
60 919
8.3 666
64,8.1 232
79, 8, 1 201
80, 8. 2 1695
8.76 134,874,1206,1315,
1566, 1695
81, 8. 48 614, 830, 848, 1570,
1605, 1734, 1798
83,8.16 790
89,8.11 1439
8. 12 . . 301, 897, 1768
90 ..... 813, 2166
91 2173
8.42 127,'686, 1056, 1136,
1590, 2076
94 813
96 1929
102 418,1041
8. 2 ... . 217, 1566
8. 8 217
8. 4 2095
14
2245
8.38 168,263,814,609,
1758,2203
c. 103 134, 272, 657, 900, 1036,
1006,1122,1316,1389,
1638, 1554, 1643, 1644,
1950, 2076, 2094
8.22 1466
(Merchant
Shipping
Act, 1854)
c. 104
8.25
8.2 .
8.19 .
8.66 .
8.58 .
8.66 .
8.70 .
8.109
8. 147
8.167
8.169
. . 690
221. 1867,
1246, 1426, 1610,
866,2131,2276
. . 1681
194, 1856
1862,2090
1080, 1856
. . 1080
. . 1806
, . . 1393
. . 589
, . . 1392
17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, 8. 171
8.182
B.189
8.228
8.233
8.237
8.242
8.299
8.303
8.317
•.318
8.864
367
c. 112
8. 870 (1)
(2)
o <^>
8. 379
(1)
(3)
8.468
8.460
B 464
8.603
8.604
8.614
.525
(Com. L. Pro. c.
Act, 1864)
8.83
113 . .
120, 8. 2
126 . .
8.8
8.6
8.11
8.12
8.17
8.22
8. .S4
8.46
8.60
8.60
8.61
18 & 19 Vict c.
c.
c.
c.
16
8.02
8.64
8.83
8.99
8.9
82. 8. 2
39,8.1
c. 40, 8. 3
{Infant Settle- c.
menis Act, 1855)
c.
(Militia Act, c.
1856)
41 . .
43 . .
8. 1 ,
48 . .
67, 8. 4 .
8.7 .
68, 8. 41
67 .
69, 8. 2 ,
70, 8. 3 ,
86 . .
Fk«e
485
1787
1784
1837
472
33
480
2244
1424
1425
1426,1498
1423
1481
1481
1124
623
1414, 2099
1245, 1428
. . 880
. 648, 2088
177, 1336. 1787.
1866, 2257
1787, 1981
. . 1981
. . 2178
. . 2173
. . 1446
684, 1418
. . ia32
. . 1094
1118, 2250
. . 1510
. . 112
. . 19
. . 875
111,818,681,1976
111
375^ 988, 1959
. . 49
. . • 55
. . 857
. . 1325
. . 475
471, 1029
. . 194
. . 1179
. . 634
. . 81
. . 1978
. . 1279
1004, 1283
1204. 1206
631, 836, 1086, 1462,
1846. 1968
826. 344, 1181, 2076,
2077
1479
1151
886, 1845, 2145
. 313
209, 418
. 208
. 1467
. 1038
167, 1228, 1280
198, 928
. 1850
467, 2077
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxiii
Page
18&19Vict. c. 91, S.21 758
c. 104, 8. 1 . . . 808, 1084
c. 108 66. 2266
c. Ill, 8. 1 . . . 1422, 2041
8.8 868
c. 119, 8. 8 2131
8. 52 1425
8. 95 837
c. 120 . 609,1055,1123,1840
8.6 .... 53, 1663
8.21 397
8. 54 1186
8. 58 106
8.67 2185
8. 68 1848
8. 78 . 1865, 1372, 2015
8. 78 . . . 1431, 1949
8.81 1976
8. 85 106
8.88 .. . 456,2147
8. 102 .... 283
8. 105 . 754, 894, 1039,
1273, 2012
8.128 .... 1692
8. 129 . . 714, 1692
8.143 .... 805
8.161 .... 1015
8.204 .... 1848
8.206 .... 2248
8.207 .... 259
8. 250 . 447, 572, 1194,
1338, 1884, 1388,
1788, 1848, 1949
SchA, B . 1124
SchB . . 2075
cl21 1388,1389
8.2 209,418,928,1036,
1855) 1388
8 8 1301
8. 12 245
8. 22 820
c. 122 1601
8.3 113,168,441,1887,
1421
P. 6 . . . 614, 1627
8.8 945
8. 19 946
8.26(2). . . . 1874
(5). . . . 1874
8. 51 . . . 1387, 1888
88. 69-74 . . 460, 1388
B. 73 1887
B. 82 230
8.88(6). . .456,1649
B. 85 . . . . 40, 2138
8.108 .... 1865
Schl 2200
8ch 2, part 1 . . 227
c. 124, 8. 16 1828
8. 18 1328
8. 29 . . 297, 1229, 1797
8. 48 296
c. 126, 8. 23 209
(BwialAet, c. 128, s. 4 1179
1SS5) 8 0 591
8. 18 . 284, 1317, 1718
19A20Victc. 16 1398,1920
8.8 438
{NuisanceM
liemoiHil Act
for England,
{Mttrop Bg
Act,lS6S)
19 & 20 Vict. c.
c.
c. 50, 8. 1
c.
c.
Page
23, 8. 28 9
26 163.441
60, G68, 052. 1891,
2107, 2108
54, 8. 3 747
56, 8. 47 . . 27.3, 481, 1126,
1444, 1466, 1718
c. 58, 8. 48 . 128, 1184, 1805,
2077
c. 60, 8. 1 1782
8.6 281
8.7 281
63 ... . 101,884,2094
65, 8. 9 ... 1060, 1466
68, 8. 2 199, 421, 884. 2094
69. 8. 80 208
77, 8. 1 1979
79, 8. 4 .20, 168, 326, 485,
476, 497. 644, 801, 1126,
1233, 1415, 1586. 1814,
1967, 2203
82, 8. 12 1648
83, 8. 2 ... . 830, 343
88, 8. 50 . 614, 1570, 1932.
2169
c.
c.
{Mer, Law c.
Amendt. Act,
1856)
{Bur. Grounds 0,
(/r) Act, 1866)
c.
(New
Pari$he8
Act, 1866)
92. 8. 2 1979
96 224
97, 8. 1 32
8.3 663
8. 5 966
8.9 . . 19,859,1190
8. 12 . . . 189
8. 13 ... . 23, 2031
98, 8. 2 . . 209,418,2077
88. 8, 35 ... . 199
99, 8. 2 137
c. 102, 8.90 1262
8.97 1734
c. 10.3, 8. 8 . . 160, 108, 351
c. 104 196
8.10 177
8. 14 699
8.33 195,200,681,1404.
2062
c. 107,8. 1 1498
c. 108, 8. 26 . 960, 1371, 1682
8. 36 .... 93, 936
C.120
8.50
8.1
20 Viet, c 11, 8.
c. 18, 8.
c. 16, 8. 2 . 167, 422,
c. 19
20 & 21 Vict. 0.
c.
c.
(Sum, Jur. c.
Act, 1857)
8 . . . .
35,8.8. .
40,8.8. .
43 . . .
8.1. .
B. 2 . 463.
B.3. .
8.6. .
8.12 .
44, 8. 4
47! 8*. 2 459,
48, 8. 2 .
50, 8. 2 .
54. 8. 1
1080. 1294
629, 1466
. . 1966
. . 422
. . 180
834. 1228, 1230
. 1403
. 1444
969, 1406
. 1326
. 1983
426, 1988
722.1854.2091
188, 621
. 867
. 1035
. 1603
1086,1068,2076
303, 1035
. . 2108
. . 1612
clxiv
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Page
20 & 21 Vict. c. 54. 8. 4 216
C.67 1151,1470
s. 1 . . 986, 998, 1133
c. 68 2178
c. 60, 8. 4 . . 00, 163, 435, 799,
801. 982, 1022. 1477,
1492.1653,1695,1979.
2131
8. 00 2088
8.232 1880
8. 361 581
c. 70, 8. 10 1654
c. 71,8.8 198,567,896,1030,
1061, 1130, 1135, 1184.
1391, 1599. 1812, 1986
c. 72, 8. 34 1769
8.78 326,344,880,1056,
1061
c. 73, 8. 14 1489
(Court of c. 77 481
Probate Act, 8. 2 42, 849, 1173, 2250
1857} 8.58 1639
8.78 1910
c. 78, a. 15 70
c 79.8.2 . 20.42.426.557,
1173,1695,1988,2038,
2250
(Burial Act, c 81, 8. 5 1270
18S7) 8. 12 233
8. 23 238
8.28 199
8. 29 . . . 419,2077
c. 83 251,1306
(Matrimonial c. Sb 561,1165
CatfseaAct, 8. 16 . . . 513,1031
J857) 8. 17 . . . 513. 1175
8. 21 . 26, 515, 684, 585,
694, 1698, 1863
8.23 7
8. 25 . 26, 888, 585, 709,
1031, 1585
8. 26 . . . .710,1031
8.27 2240
8.28 . . 70,1741,1912
8. 80 . . . 14, 835, 374
8.81 367,613,615,1670,
2139
8.32 . 1331,1585,1686,
1812
8.33 . . . 1583,1819
8. 36 . . . 302.1142
8.45 1585
8. 59 1819
c. cxlvii, 8. 179 ... . 1757
c. clvii, 8. 8 1855
8. 10 .... 2145
8. 12 ... 263, 276
21 & 22 Vict. c. 27 248
8.7 855
c. 45. 8. 1 422
c. 66, 8. 20 842
(Landed c. 72 2236
Estates Court 8. 1 . 644, 954, 955, 1027,
(/r) Act, 1858) 1055, 1070, 1071, 1391
8.66 595
8. 64 1891
c. 78 1138
c. 76, 8. 38 . . 486, 987, 1056
21 & 22 Vict. c. 77, 8. 2 .
c. 79, 8. 1 .
8.3.
8.5.
c. 84, 8. 1 .
c. 87, 8. 8 .
Pi«e
... 230
... 441
... 441
... 163
. . . 1050
... 253
(Medical Act) c. 90 804
8. 29 . . 962, 980, 1027
8.31 1527
8.32 1527
8.40 2248
8.49 1480
8.50 1993
8.51 1480
c. 93 1041
8.7 1418
c. 95, 8. 18 138
c. 96, 8.4 644
(Loc Gov a 98 1893
Ad, 1858) 8.2 410
8.9 175
8.12 1489
8.84 1268
8.50 1758
8. 55 . . . 1057.1646
c. 100, 8. 3 326, 561, 1695, 1929
8.14 99
0. 101, 8. 7 1563
0.104, 8. 32 . . . ^,1847
€.105. 8. 8 435
(Govt, of c. 106, 8. 1 ' 958
India Act, 1858)
C.108, 8. 9 1593
0.109,8.8 . . . 421.1204
c. cv,8. 25 119
22 Vict. 0.26 317
0.32 406
c. 84 1214,1809
22 & 28 Vict. 0. 17 251,2186
c. 20, 8. 15 958
0.21 647
8.26 1526
0.35 203,1780
8.14 291
8. 25 . 1029, 1228, 1230,
1231
(Law of Pro
perty Amendi
Act, 1859)
8.29
317
8.82
596
0. 86 . .
1824
0. 37, 8. 6
917
8.8
917
0. 49, 8. 1
474
8.4
. . 340,474,580
0. 52, 8. 1
. 843, 1036, 1679
0. 66, 8. 3
2133
0. 59, 8. 1
1648
(Matrimonial
0. 61, 8. 4
. . . 302,1142
Causes Act,
8.5
184.715,1401,1585,
1859)
1842, 1844, 2175
8.7
1041
0. 68. 8. 5
.... 31, 1988
0. 66, 8. 1
1194
0. CTxxiii
. 879, 2040, 2222
8
.54 . . . 1632
B
.66 . 1969,2206
23 Vict. 0. 8
978
c. 11
4.31
23 & 24 Vict.
0. 22, 8. 17
2181
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxv
& 21 Vict. c. 22, 8. 21
8.24
c. 24 . .
c. 26, 8. 3
0.27,8.3
8. 4
8.6
8.21
8.44
c. 32, 8. 2
c. 84 . .
c. 38 . .
8.6
8.0
8.10
8. 13
c. 46, 8. 0
c. 66, 8. 1
8.6
c. 72, 8. 2
c. 78, 8. 7
c. 79, 8. 2
Page
192
262, 822
{Refre^ment
aouxM Act,
I860)
(Law of Pro-
perty Amendt.
Ad, 1860)
{Excise Act,
1860)
[CrotenDebtit ^ c. 1 15
JudgmenU Act, 1860)
c.
(Metropolis c.
Gas Act, 1860)
(Com, L, Pro.
Act, 1860)
(Solicitors
Act, 1860)
.... 1489
.... 1874
... 1748
626, 1618, 1691
. . 747,1921
. . 1607.2191
. 96. 214, 661
213. 1477, 1704
. . . 1780
. . . 1029
. . . 1495
.... 270
, . 502,1541
422, 1036, 1765
1480
1480
.... 180.958
197
427,688,1066.1185.
2173
. . 426
. . 119
. . 342
. . 337
. . 796
1327, 1986
48. 816. 820, 440.
1061, 1184, 1553,
2077
.... 2094
1035, 1070, 1891,
1865
.... 1748
.... 1036
... 94,883
1780
643
1207
849, 383. 656, 801,
1115. 1134. 1194.
1196, 1538, 1949
1990
8. 25 . . . . 264, 349
c. 126,8. 17 1417
8.20 1658
8.39 31
c. 127 1118
. 147. 050, 1695
440. 1188, 1904
202.428,615,988.
1290, 1563, 1685
... 658
... 296
. . .494
. . 672,722
. . 672,722
... 209
. 2130,2131
. . . 1404
282. 486. 1055
385,1004,1171
... 431
. . . 1328
. . 56,329
c. 88. 8. 1
c. 84, 8. 14
c. 86, 8. 12
c. 88, 8. 1
c. 90, 8. 6
c. 02, 8. 2
c. 105, 8. 4
c. 107, 8. 47 .
c 112, 8. 47 .
c. 113,8. 7 .
8.21.
c. 114. 8. 1 .
8.2
116. 8. 0
125, 8. 4
8.6
8.1
8. 26
8.28
c 120, 8.1 .
c. 184, 8. 8 .
c. 136, 8. 8 .
c. 139, 8.0 .
8.7 .
8.37.
cl42. . .
8.2 .
c. 14.3. 8.2 .
c. 144. 8. 7 .
c. 145. . .
c. 149, 88. 2-6
c. 151, 8.7 .
c. 152 1126,1391
23 & 24 Vict 0.
(Landed
Property (Ir)
Ltiprovt, Act,
1860)
(Landlord ^ c.
Tenant Law
Amendt. Act,
1860)
24 & 26 Vict. c.
(Admiralty c.
Court Act, 1861)
153, 8. 4
8.5
8.7
8.9
8.11
8.24
8.25
8.84
8.35
8.37
154, 8. 1
9
Page
.... 326
.... 287
.... 1103
.... 1968
.... 922
.... 1103
.... 230
.... 2023
.... 1391
922
27,* Oi 287, 326,
1000, 1070, 1419,
1461, 1712, 2023
10 130
104 ... . 26
957
(Larcenff
Act, 1861)
10, 8. 2
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8. 10
8.84
11.8.4
21, 8. 2
26. 8. 3
27. 8. 2
41, 8. 1
40 . .
42. 8. 3
45, 8. 2
. . . 278,1867
1868
1868
. . 214, 262. 1868
454, 455. 456, 1868
. 687, 1807, 1868
. . 1549
.31, 1988
. . 1748
... 411
. 1056, 2227
. . . 1659
. . . 1124
1126, 1465, 1578,
2270
c. 47. 8. 2 631, 850, 1108, 1481.
1846. 1871
8. 10 581
c. 52, 8. 4 149
c. 55, 8. 1 2181
8.3 616
c. 62 1802
c. 68. 8. I 147
c. 69. 8. 2 . 326, 2086. 2107
c. 75, 8. 4 .... 209, 380
c. 82. 8. 13 614
c. 88, 8. 2 . 128, 1590, 1909.
2173
c. 86, 8. 19 . 879,1126,1586
c. 91,8.44 1404
c. 94 . . . . 13. 14, 1442
c. 95 1442
C.96 1442.2171
8. 1 663. 674, 988. 1280,
1584,2107,2172
••2 1478
8.8 215
8. 18 209
8.28 2135
8. 24 . . . 720,2135
B. 82 467
8. 86 . . . 1363,1569
8.44 . . . 1187,1667
8.45 501
8. 46 .... 22, 963
8.47 22
8,49 ... . 22,1187
8.60 1777
8.61 233
8. 68 . . . 590,1157
8.66 2211
clxvi
TABLE OF STATUTES.
P«ge
24 & 26 Vict. c. 06, s. 68 . . . . 487, 916
8.04 1497
8. 68 . 616, 1886. 2094
8. 76 66, 162, 299, 684,
1207, 1361, 1818, 2172
88.76-80 .... 1207
8. 76 66, 162, 1207, 1778
8.80 1612
8.86 723
8. 88 . . 299.822,1308
8.96 766
8. 100 . 438, 1217, 1744
8. 103 . . 768, 912, 2218
{MaliciouB c. 97 118. 237, 1442
Damage Act, 8. 8 ... . 1324, 1874
1861) 8.6 228
8. 11 . . 603, 604. 1864
8. 16 . . . 467.1182
8.17 ... 1926,1946
8 29 637
8.36 1808
8.41 2136
8.60 2062
8.61 2136
8. 62 . 688, 1660, 2243
8.68 1160
(Forgery c. 08 1442
Act.iaei) 8. 16 . . . 1411,1626
8.20 486
8.22 191
8.23 27,160,1676,2122,
2218
8.24 160
8.84 1476
8 88 986
{Coinage c. 09 '. . ! ! .* 1442.1617
Offences Act, 8. 1 . 406, 420, 446. 448.
1861) 691, 812
88.9-16 .... 2166
88.20-23 .... 2166
8.30 2166
{Offences c. 100 1442
against the 8. 6 959
Person Act, ». 7 1209
1861) 88.11-16 .... 146
8.16 2052
8.18 146,614,1136,1873
8.19 1118
8. 20 . . . 965,2186
8.27 2
8.29 619
8.42 274
8.44 . . 764,867,1192
8.46 .. . 274,1192
8.47 Q66
8.63 ... . 6,1617
8.64 6
8. 66 . 1046, 1517. 2007
8.66 764
8. 67 . . . 190,1046
8. 68 .6, 42, 279, 1298,
1499
8.69 1298
8. 60 . . 307, 466, 1811
8.61 84
8.68 261
c. 104, 8. 19 168
c. 107, 8. 1 23 ]
Page
24 & 26 Vict. c. 109 .... 730, 782. 2148
(5a/mofi 8. 4 464. 729. 730, 731.
Fishery Act, 977, 1786, 2064, 2287
1861) 8.8 1365
•.9 1785
8.10 1365
8. 11 781
8.20 729
8.27 1946
8.81 984
c. 110,8. 3 467
c. 113, 8. 3 1085
c. 114 1043
8 2.... 221, 1470
c. 116. 8. 48 1366
c. 117.8.4 . . 66,1061,2289
c. 121 2231
c. 132, 8. 8 1402
{Land c. 183, s. 8 . . . . 1890,2222
Drainage Act, 8. 6 1846
1861) 8.28 1060
8.88 .. . 1000,1643
{Bankrg c. 184 2281
Act, 1861) 8. 153 1001
8. 159 2180
8. 192 ... . 161, 983
8. 198 .. . 161. 1969
8. 229 . . 90.436,1477.
2181
8.230 1758
(Dean Forest c. zl, s. 1 794
Act, 1861)
26 & 26 Vict c. 7, 8. 1 058
c. 20, 8. 1 745
(Revenue c 22. s. 12 1460
Act, 186^) 8.13 1810
8.28 . . 260,2275
0.26, 8. 11 1570
C.85 1233
8.6 1914
8.80 1186
8.37 .280,380,866,979,
1868,2085
c. 87. 8. 1 1656
C.88 1839,1923
0.41, 8.1 411
c. 42 1769
0.43 1286,1798
0.46, 8. 2 426
0.63 2231
8. 140 . 954. 1466. 1614
0.64,8.1 . 198.1130.1184.
1430, 1812, 1986
c. 68, 8. 1 1408
(Highvpag 0.61,8.2 421
Act, 1862) 8. 3 . . . 667, 878, 1403
8.32 1403
8.43 1381
(Mer, Ship- o. 68, 8. 3 180
ping Act 8.29 2244
Amendt, Act, 8. 83 1467
1862) 8.41 1112
8.61 426
8. 64 69, 91
(4) . . . . 920
8. 66 . 1302. 1871, 2232
8.67 687
0.64,8.3 .... 380,466
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxvii
25 & 26 Vict. c. 66, 8. 1
c. 67, 8. 48
(Fine Arts
Copyright
Act, 1862)
8.1
PugB
... 209, 1478
1614
. . . 1308,2231
149, 742. 816, 1479,
1725
1797
(ComfL Act,
1862)
8.2 ... .
8. 4 ... .
8. 6 409, 1234, 1466, 1726
8. 11 2134
c.85,8.4. 130,204,404,1233
c 86 218
a 87,8. 6 .... 938,2182
c. 88, 8.1 1208
C.89 . 76,201,241,364,476,
686, 1022, 1187, 1332,
1603, 1802, 1863, 1883,
2231, 2262, 2268
8. 3 990
8.4.
8.6 .
8.10
8.12
8.16
8.18
8.20
8.23
8.26
8.26
8.27
8.29
8.32
8.85
8.38
8.48
8.49
B. 51
8. on
B. 74 .
8.79 .
(4)
(5)
B8. 7^128
8.80 .
8.81 .
8.82 .
8.86 .
8.87 .
8.90 .
8.93 .
B.95 .
284, 235, 353, 379,
763, 793
1466
2136
266
1915
.... 255,363
248
1185
1693
2282
1153
1940
983
55. 168*7, i693, 1974
. 896, 1427, 1541,
1861, 2122
(7) . . 289,1378
. 983, 1854, 1916
2282
362,487,1789,1740,
1920
. 1492, 1668, 1977
396, 1915
. 1176
. 2114
1034
2252
1259
396,484
. 1562
55
. 1915
274, 579
309, 1254, 1563,
1823
8.115 1562
8.129 1740
88. 12&-146 . . . 2252
8. 131 . 182, 1791, 1862,
1932
8. 183 . . . 1402, 2146
8. 184 1915
8.138 1083
8. 141 579
8.145 1535
88. 147-152 . . . 2252
8.153 549
B. 158 1579
Pag«
25&26 Vict.c. 89,8. 159 435
8. 160 435
8.161 .70,353,652.1292,
1823
8.162 62
8.163 1830
8.165 . . . 1208,1325
8. 180 .... 353, 381
8.181 1022
8. 199 . 379, 1022, 1185,
1648, 2140
Table A .... 1836
Art. 10 . 955,
2091
Art. 27 . 1186
Art. 35 . 1185
Art. 48 . 2203
c. 93, 8. 3 198, 1035, 1865, 1949
c.97,8.2 246,326,729,1036,
1590, 1765, 1785, 2178
c. 101 1103
8.3. 222,232,272,826,
338, 557, 1056, 1407
{Afetrop c. 102 1055
Man, Act, 8.53 1949
186£) 8.75 226.805,925,2168
8. 77 102, 212. 754, 940,
953, 1278, 1379, 1388,
2012
8.85 .. . 389,1878
8.96 2012
8. 106 570
8. 107 389
8. 112 272, 326, 844, 573,
1196, 1197, 1272. 1480,
1551, 1949, 1996, 2221
c. 103 846
8. 14 . . . 1652,2172
B. 15 838
c. 110,8. 3 262
c. 111,8. 1 137
c. 114 795
8. 1 ... 795, 1035
26 & 27 Vict: c. 10, 8. 2 189
ell ... 1126,1315,1695
c. 23 ....... 1273
c. 24, 8. 2 . . . 220, 273, 425
c. 26, 8. 3 . . 1055, 1390, 2222
C.27 838
c. 28, 8. 2 708
a 29 258
8. 7 959
(Revenue c. 83, s. 1 1748
Act, 186S) 8. 20 1599
c. 38, 8. 1 197
c. 40, 8. 2 159, 615
{Innkeeper^ c. 41, 8. 1 408, 674, 2243, 2244
Liability Act, 1863) %.^ 978
0.49,8.87 . . . 1204,1519
c. 51,8.15 1425
c. 57, 8. 2 958
(Volunteer c. 65, 8. 24 1152
Act, 1863) 8. 26 1942
8. 45 2203
8. 49 . 102, 1099, 2202
c. 70 1384,2191
c. 71. 8.2 843
c. 73,8.2 958
clxviii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
26 & 27 Vict.
{Ry C.Act,
c. 73,s. Ill .
c. 84, 8.1. .
c. 87, 8. 11 (2)
8. 48 .
c. 88, 8. 3
8.66
(Salmon
Fishery (Ir)
Act, 186S)
(Comp, C.
Act, 186S)
27 & 28 Vict.
(Revenue (No.
Act, 1S64)
{Naval Prize
Act, 1864)
Page
. . 1476
. . 386
. . 1268
. . 562
. . 567
. . 952
c. 90 1221,1808
c. 92,8. 3 2064
8.5 2111
8.6 2111
8. 10 1031
8.36 76
c 94, 8.1 1403
c.96,8.2 1032
c. 97 .... 199, 815, 1136
c. 108, 8. 80 . . 199, 667, 1184,
1695
0. 112 2020
8. 8 200, 261, 1085, 1086,
1066, 1521, 1613, 1646,
1951, 2019, 2265
c. 114, 8. 9 1287
8.19 .
8.44 .
c. 116, 8. 8 .
c. 117, 8. 3 .
c. 118, 8. 28 .
8.30 .
parts
c. 119,8.3 .
c. 120, 8. 37 .
0.124, 8. 3 .
0.125. . .
c. 18, 8. 6 . .
1) 8.9. .
8. 15 .
c. 22, 8. 20 .
c. 24 . . .
c. 25 . . .
1024
730
258, 425, 831
. . 1368
. . 983
. . 482
. . 470
. 848,493
. 60,180
. 67. 988
1190, 1791
. . 1310
. . 1040
. . 1433
184, 326, 1605
875, 1827, 1868
1560
8. 2 822, 875, 1827. 1867,
1868, 1870
8 3 425
8.52 1027
c. 38, 8. 2 . . . . 726, 1865
a 86. 8. 15 1748
c. 36, 8. 2 1660
c. 87,8. 3 308
c. 88. 8. 1 . . 1055, 1103, 1391,
1712
0.89 2172
8. 1 1292
c.44 1593
c.47,8.4 2054
8. 10 2054
Sch A .... 2054
o. 53, 8. 2 . . 29. 43, 326, 1027.
1036, 1135, 1445
c 54, 8. 4 113, 196, 812, 1032,
1126
c 55, 8.1 274
c. 56, 8. 14 2076
c. 67,8.2 1056
c.64 887
8.4 1691
0.65 169,2231
8.4 826
c.67 795
c. 77, 8. 17 842
Page
27 & 28 Vict. c. 80 313
c. 91 ... 466, 1144, 1517
c 92, 8. 3 830
0.94, 8. 2 1594
c.97,8. 7 233
0.98,8.1 197
c. 99, 8. 3 . 168, 287. 326, 426,
481, 493, 1419, 1492,
1588, 1665
c. 101. 8. 8 . . . 879, 1607
8. 18 1597
8. 21 1101
8. 25 1131
8. 48 . . . . 878, 923
8. 51 1878
c. 112 847
8.1 497
8. 2 . 476, 1029, 1055
0. 118, 8. 3 ... . 246. 726
0.114 . 922,954,1060.1662.
1836, 2231
115,8.2 1055
1065
{Highway
Act, 1864)
(Judgments
Act, 1864)
28 & 29 Vict.
(Parliament-
ary Costs Act,
1866)
8.3
c. 120, 8. 2
0. 121, 8. 2
0. clxxviii, 88. 100, 101
c. 18 . .
8.9
(Ahtrop Fire
Brigaae Act,
1865)
(BoviU'sAct) 0.86
0.88
8.1
8.5
1645, 1647
1578, 1647
2180
506
419
0.27 1798
8.2 1477
8 3 1855
8.5 1969
8.9 1578
8. 10 1554
0. 36, 8. 17 2173
0.42, 8. 2 . . 556,557,2061
0.48,8.2 . . . 855,1980
o. 50, 8. 4 . 1036, 1478, 1695
0.56,8.2 . 1135,1538,1566
0. 60, 8. 1 ... 271, 1801
8 2 1891
0. 68, 8! 1 336, 1084, 1087, 1724
0.64,8.2 1084
0.72,8.2 1807
0.78,8.2 . . . 1326,1807
0.75,8.3 . . . 199.1849
0.78 470,1229
0.79 2191
0. 82, 8. 2 312
0. 85, 8. 1 J)64
... 213
579, 939, 1652
. 1684,2083
. . . 1683
8. 2 285. 290. 954, 1027,
1056, 1067, 1070, 1326,
1891, 1688, 1845
0.90,8.2 ... 990,1196
8.82 1497
8.83 1388
0. 94 8. 1 1050
c! 101, 8. 8 286, 470i 954, 955,
1055, 1391, 1514, 1688
0. 102, 8. 1 1489
0.104 439,966
8. 5 . . . 1027,1419
8.6 1979
0. Ill, 8. 2 . . . 1724, 1807
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxix
28 & 29 Vict.
{Salmon
fishery Act,
18S5)
{Prison Act,
18S5)
20&9OVict.
{Sanitanf
Ad, 1966)
30 & 81 Vict.
{British N.
America
Act, 1967)
Page
€.121,8.8 . . . 1687,17(J5
8.35 740
8.86. . . 740,1768
8.89 732
c. 124, 8.8 1476
c. 125,8.2 . 563,1035.1134,
1168,2180
c. 126 1563
8.4 326,439,799,1552,
2094
8.5 1558
8.6 1086
8.9 1082
8.10 850
8.37. . . 119,1367
c. 2, 8. 8 . . . .84, 272, 273
8. 4 . . .326, 557, 1115
c.4,8. 16 1036
c 17. 8.2 278
c. 19 489
c. 81,8. 1 1693
c. 82, 8. 3 1281
c.3p. 8.2 . . . .802,383
c. 87, 8.1 ... 156,2081
c.39,8.2 1548
c. 44, 8. 2 348, 344, 418, 592,
1086
c.47,8.4 1827
c. 49, 8. 24 1590
c69,8. 7 262
c. 71, 8. 2 . . 814, 874, 1206
c. 75. 8. 1 638
a 84, 8. 1 . . 147, 950, 1695
C.89 877,2039
8.64 1973
c. 90, 8. 10 . . . 1878,2013
8.10 1301
8. 57 . . 200, 418, 2077
c.97,8.3 1060
c. 103,8. 1 . . . 855,1186
c. 108, 8. 2 29, 470, 1645, 1648
c. 109, 8. 86 1988
8.87 208
c. 118, 8. 18. ; ... 1402
c. 117,8. 3 . 1035,1136,1153.
1553
c. 118, 8. 4 . 1086, 1036, 1134,
1563
8.7 285
C.122 . 134,847,1115,1117,
1157
c 3, 8. 91 . 163, 164, 316, 659,
1804
8.92. 164,316,534,659
8. 109 2106
Sch 3 . . . 1606, 1766
c. 6 851
c. 15,8. 3 .... 581,666
c.28. 8. 7 1919
c.29 1076
C.36 1776
8.6. . . . 1291,1343
c. 87, 8. 2 198, 657, 900, 1502
c. 88, 8. 1 .... 283, 411
c. 44, 8. 2 . 56, 191, 1180, 1492,
1979
c.46,8.3. .1027,1030,1206,
1890
30&81 Victc.
(Sale of Land c.
by Auction
Act, 1967)
{Real Estates c.
Charges
Act, 1967)
( Vaccination C.
Act 0/1967)
{Revenue
Act, 1967)
Page
46,8.1. . . . . . 1126
48 1780.2261
8. 3 ... 56, 148, 1619
8.4 2261
8. 5. . 1056,1780,2261
8.7 920
62,8.11 . 830,1827,1986
58,6.8 343
56,8.3 343
60 2282
69 1118
8. 1 477
8.2. . 1228,1659,2038
70.8.3.
80, 8. 2 .
82, 8. 5 .
8. 20
84, 8. 16
8.26
8.29
8.31
c.
c.
(P. H. Scot- c.
land Act, 1967)
{Rep, People c.
Act, 1967)
1468
2131
199
1184
1409
1670
99, 1836, 1877, 2041
90,8.1 816, 1495,1887,2079
8.8 2078
8.17
94, 8. 2 .
98. 8. 3 .
101, 8. 8
8.89
102
8.3
(1
(2)
(3)
8.4 .
8.6 .
8.6 .
». 7 (1)
{Ry Comp.
Act, 1967)
8.26
8.31
8.46
8.49
8.61
103, 8. 3
107, 8. 1
108, 8. 1
111, 8. 2
(7)
49,1908,2092
... 557
724, 1435. 1812
160, 198, 479
. . . 1617
208, 552, 690
. . 970
1079, 1151
. . 589
69
1736, 1829
. . 2129
. . 1010
. . 358
. . 1967
. . 670
. . 1735
. . 217
. . 609
. 851, 685
119, 1160
. . 1185
. . 536
119
( Comp, Act, c.
1967)
114.8.2 273,426,1027,1116.
1144, 1867
118,8.1 1326
119,8.3 466
124. 8. 9 1694
125, 8. 4 1560
126.8.3 . . 426.481,1862
127,8.8 . 81.381,426,801,
1029, 1645, 1&48. 1862
8.4 .. . 893.2267
8. 12 1634
8. 15 1586
8. 28 872
128.8.3 . 467,1812,1942
130 800
8. 3 68, 308, 799, 2263,
2287
181 2253
8. 9 . . . 256,1689
8. 18 486
8. 15 . . . . 863, 436
clxx
TABLE OF STATUTES.
PugB
so & 81 Vict. c. 131, B. 26 138, 390, 301, 867,
027,089,041,1373,
1788
88.27-30 . . . 1862
8.86. . . 1016,1476
'8.38. .891,1047,1290,
1826,2208
8. 40 867
.182,8.1 686
183, 8. 1 89
134 861
8.2 1196
8.3 . 842,1184,1611,
1U49
8. 4 806
8.0 40
8. 16 829
. 140, 8. 2 1812
142,8.6 340,802,760,1026,
1682, 2072
8. 7 . . . 1371, 1689
c. .
c.
{Meirop c.
Streets Act,
1867)
c.
c. :
81 & 32 Vict c.
8.10
8.11
8.36
144 . .
8.7
146, 8. 4
4 . . .
8.1 .
8. 2 .
5. . .
12, 8. 2 .
18, 8. 2 .
20, 8. 10
21, 8. 4 .
22,8. 3.
24 . .
25, 8. 3 .
29, 8. 2 .
32, 8. 4 .
38, 8. 2 .
34 . .
1.8.4.
1367, 2072, 2102
. 1714,2174
. . . 1380
136, 1608
616, 849, 2271
1396
764, i622, 2122
. . . 1^2
... 861
. . . 1892
. 801. 1648
. 1466, 1956
. 1086
. 1478
. 861
. 1184
386,337
. 1324
. 767
. 337
948
{Partition
Act, 1868)
c.
(Sea Fish- c.
eries Act, 1868)
(Rep. People c.
{Scot) Act,
1868)
i Rep, People c.
{Ir) Act, 1868)
c.
c.
c.
37, 8. 6 . 218, 801, 832, 1084,
1560
248, 1416, 1847
... 180
820, 1420
40 . .
8.8
8.4
8. 0
41, 8. 2 .
42, 8. 2
46, 8. 6
8. 8
8. 21
8. 28
46, 8. 3
48, 8. 4 ,
8. 49
8. 69
49, 8. 4
8. 26
62, 8. 3
64 . .
66 . .
8.2
69, 8. 3
791
. 232, 1407
. . . 1136
848, 1804, 1806
... 1806
. . . 2276
1804
657, 1267, 1329
. . . 1820
... 217
128, 1305, 1391,
1538, 1601
. . . . 1829
. 200,314,421,
2076
. . 796
. . 662
. . 1478
. . 1478
1086, 1163
31 & 32 Vict. c. 60, 8. 2 . . . 1036, 1812
C.61 1166
c.62 706
c64,8.2. ... 1693,2276
0.68 2231
8.2 116
{Co, Co. Ad' c. 71 1867
miraltyJur, 8.3 43
Act, 1868) (2) .... 2206
(3) . . . . 458
8.6 43
8.9 1988
8.10 273
«.21(1) .... 2180
(2) . . . 66,2180
8.20 716
8.81 482
0,72 800
c. 82,8. 4 1056
0.83,8.2. . . . 116,1931
c. 84, 8. 2 . 426, 626, 712, 863
0.86, 8.1 493
8. 8 1503
a 06, 8. 19 861
c. 96, 8.1 811,814,874.1056,
1126, 1167,1403,2176
8.23 507
0.07,8.4 187,083
clOO 829
8.2 ... 493,1630
0. 101. 8. 3 . 41, 298, 404, 436,
442.476,486.487,646.836.
874.964.987,1030,1084,
1288, 1477, 1648, 1624. 1814.
1866.1068,1986,2176.2276
c. 104.8. 8 661
cl07 2218
8.6 .... 866,380
0. 108.8.2 232
o. 109 ... . 177,312,813
B.6 891
8. 10 . . . 699,1403
(Tdegraph c. 110, 8. 8 . .94, 1066, 2121
Act, 1868) 8.7 180
8.8 86
c. 112, 8. 80 2077
8. 40 209
0.114,8.2 1686
{Larceny c 116 1776
Act, 1868) 8.1 .... 182,408
(Public 0.118,8.2 1798
SchooUAct, 8.3 .. . 667.1269
1868) 8.4 213
8. 13 1496
{Regn.of 0.119 1766
RaSwaysAct, 8. 2 . . . 1646.1647
1868) 8.41 . . . 397.1639
{Pharmacy c. 121. 8. 1 . . . 1040, 1464
Act, 1868) 8.2 1499
8.8 801
8. 15 . 1464, 1500, 1824
8. 16 1600
8. 17 . . . 1184,1824
Sch A . . . . 1409
C.122 861,1286
8.33 416
8.37 2246
0.124,8.6 1921
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxi
31 A 32 Vict. c.
(PaHiamtntarjf
ilectioHi
Act, 1868)
126, s. 3
c. 180
B.4 .
8.6(4)
B. 8
8.0
8.11(11)
8.40
8.68
Page
208, 264, 413, 600>
1107. 1689, 1773
S2 & 83 Vict. c.
c.
{RtvtnueAtt, o.
1869)
1008
. 1882
089
. 989
. 1911-
. 483
206, 1681
. 2072
[Win^and
Beerhouse
Act, 1869)
C.27
(Poor Rate c.
Asseument and
Collection Act,
1869) •
{Irish Chwch c
Act, 1869)
{Co Co.
Adm, Jur.
A mend t. Act,
1869)
8. '2
8.8 1637
10,8.2. . . . 837.1084
11,8.2 220.888
14 800,888
8.4 410
8.11 ... 601,1627
8.12 1040
8. 18 268
8.19(3) . . 1147,1148
(5) . . . . 1148
(6) 281, 261, 1002.
2079, 2176
(8) . . . . 888
(12) ... 888
(l.S) ... 116
(16) ... 116
17, 8. 1 2242
19 1980
8.2. .. . 414,1628
906
8.2 178,818
8. 7 . . . 174, 618, 1890
8. 8. . . . 682,1709,
1710
8. 10 . . . 930,1709
28,8.4. . . . 830,2076
38.8.2 168
40.8.1 1179
8.2. .. . 1644,1983
41 1664
8.2 1068
8.8. .. . 1091,1668
8.4 1091
8.6 1664
8. 16 . . . . 282, 1380
8. 19 1001
8. 20 . 1196, 1384. 1300,
1607, 2186
42 813
8.20 1666
8.32 2061
8.34 1060
8. 72 180. 271, 311, 446.
609. 814, 1082, 1070.
1687
43,8.3 1812
46 879
47, 8. 1 880
8.3 1014
40 1116
61 43,1867
8. 2. . . . 821.1869
8.8(3) .... 468
8.4 468
66,8.1 72,661
8.6 909
8.9 661
32 & 88 Vict.
{Endowed
Schools Act,
1869)
c. 66
4.
6.
6.
7.
11
19
29
{Debtors
Act, 1869)
67,8,
62
3.
(3)
(4)
Page
. . 667,764
... 620
600, 601, 602
... 619
846, 667, 880
. . 680,629
606, 760, 760, 986,
1704
601.602
686,2184
. 872
. 680
1807
( Valuation
{Metropolis)
Act, 1869)
c. 63, 8. 23
C.67 . .
8.4.
(Evidence c.
Further Amendt,
Act, 1869)
{ Contagious c.
Diseases
{Animals) Act,
1869)
{ Bankrif c.
Act, 1869)
148, 884. 662, 920, 1208
4 1437
(2) . . . . 1082
(8) 480, 712. 1616
(4) . . 1326,1904
6 (la) . . . 1.S40
(2) . . 866,1182
6 144
11(13) ... 482
14) ... 1366
16) ... 1366
18(1) . . . 483,476
(2) . . . . 434
(3) . . . . 98
24-28 .... 2214
27 2198
... 349
829, 871, 1668
87, 839, 871, 1196,
138-i. 1664, 1996,
2131,2186^2282
8.6 2172
8.32 69
8.42 .. . 1178,1862
0.46 1683
8.47 76
8.76 1256
68 606
8.2 1170
8.8 1668
8.4» 1027
70,8.6. . 84,272,273,383
8.7 208
8.76 1046
8.89 2166
71 889,384.868.981.1446.
1662, 1816, 1080
6 179,408
7 1670
12
18
16
17
23
81
1816
1664
. 290, 1818. 1814
2181
. . 487.488,880
392, 690, 942. 1106
1402
1237
. . . 214,1076
1788
762
274
. 1782, 1783, 1816
046
1622
1, 819, 1484, 1973
clxxii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
82&38 Victc.71,8 94
( Telegraph
Act, 1869)
c. 78, 8. S
•.23
8.24
c. 74. 8. 6 .
c. 79, 8. 0 .
c. 83, 8. 4 .
c. 87, 8. 2 .
c. 89, 8. 8 .
c. 91, 8. 8 .
c. 94, 8. 14
c. 99, 8. 2 .
8. 18
c. 100, 8. 10
c. 102, 8. 2
8.16
8.46
Sch 1
Page
161
2088
1193, 2018. 2019.
2091, 2121
. . 1622
. . 1622
834,1066
. . 1600
. . 1446
1184. 1666
, . 326
. 426.426
. 288,311
302. ir36
. . 381
. . 670
. . 108
206,1989
1282, 1688.
661
{Metrop c.
Pubiic Carriage
Act, 1869)
83 & 84 Vict. c.
c.
c.
103, 8. 8 .
104, 8. 6 .
107,8.2 .
111.8 14 .
112,8.2 .
113.8.2 .
116 .. .
8.4 .
8.7 .
8 9(1)
6.13 .
3.8.6 . .
7. 8. 103
9,8.3 .
c.
{NcUuratiza- c.
tion Act, 1870)
c.
c.
c.
( Attorney b' c.
and Solicitors'
Act, 1870)
c.
(Apportion- c.
inent Act, 1870)
221. 462. 746
616. 2131. 2218
347
1480, 2020
692. 1820
. . 1281
. . 247
846, 1927
. . 1498
789
i036, ia36
. . 968
{Landlord <
and Tenant
(/r) Act, 1870)
302, 381. 834. 844,
1027. 2062
8. 4 . . . 116,668,1293
8. 84 1274
10 1929
14,8.2 60
8. 17 . . 636, 833, 1326
20. 8. 4 1813
23,8.1. . . . 760,1381
8.6 760
8.6 406
. . . 1600
28 827
8.8 147,326
8. 4 688, 988
8.8 428
8.9 688
8.10 428
8. 17 827
8.20 147
c,29 906
8.3 2003
8.14 406
30 473,1833
34, 8. 3 . . . . 404, 1662
36 21
8.2. . '678,1466.1716
8.6. 90,660,1603.1712.
2084
8. 7 ... . 676. 2236
86.8.11 .... 84, 272
8. 12 . . . 383, 1648
46, 8 16 2077
8.26 1108
8.68 62
P»ee
83 & 34 Vict. c. 46. 8. 69 1086
8. 70 . 922. 1060, 1070.
1419. 1846, 2023
8.71 884
c. 49. 8. 1 . . . . 426, 1027
{Extradition c. 62 1241
Act, 1870) 8.3 1604
8.8 103
8.10 747
8.19 1810
8. 26 22. 220, 406. 678.
788, 888, laSO, 1036,
1136, 2213
c. 66, 8. 9 964
c.67,8.2 844
8. 7. . . . 447,2179
c. 68,8. 21 1476
c. 61. 8. 2 287, 436, 718, 1603,
1604
8.14 1604
8. 21 . . . 436,2114
c. 66.8. 2 1274
c. 70,8.2 667,1116,1766,1767
(National c. 71 1940
Debt, 1870] 8. 8 . 20, 379, 426, 1724.
1939, 1941, 2218
8.62 088
c. 72. 8. 8 302
(EUmentary c. 76 ... 600. 1401, 1664
Education 8.3 610, 984, 1163. 1196.
Act, 1870) 1401, 1407. 1798, 2016,
2186
8.84 362
8.36 1708
8.74 1670
8.91 406
Sch 2. parti . . 436
Sch 8. R. 7 . . . 1326
c. 76 6
(Junes c. 77,8. 6. . . . 1032,1384
Act, 1870) 8.6 1913
8.9 1082
Sch 1032
( Tramways c. 78 « . 2086
Act, 1870) 8. 8 667. 1036, 1116, 1117.
1766
8. 18 368
8. 83 ... . 897, 631
8.42 1678
8.43 2087
8.46 1439
8.61 1319
8.64 735
8.62 1979
c79, 8. 2. . . . 1622,2095
i Foreign c. 90, 8. 4 624
inlistment 8. 8 1199
Act, 1870) (8) .... 2210
(4) .... 1244
8. 30 229, 425. 638. 747.
883. 1168. 1199, 1244,
1867. 1868.2181
c. 91 195, 812, 683, 1206, 1534
c. 92,8.2 128
(M,W.P. 0.93, 8. 7. . . . 1086,1827
^cf, 1670) 8. 8 1716
8.10 183
8.14 306
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxiii
Page
33 & 84 Vict. c. 97 583,1844
(Stamp Act, s. 2 . . 1165, 1928, 1929
1870) 8. 19 1360
8 49(1) .... 1676
8.64 682
8.69 1628
8.70 1088
8.73 2066
8.96 1071
8.105 17
Sch 986
c. 98, 8. 2 . . . . 1928, 1920
c. 99, 8. 8 2236
c. 104 820. 869, 436, 1698, 1797,
2124
c. 109,8.6 2192
8.7 326
c. 110, 8. 4 . . 195,324,1694
c. 112, 8.2 .... 699,814
84 & 36 Vict. c. 3, 8. 4 1696
c. 4, 8.2(1) 1016
c. 11,8.2 617
c. 12, 8. 2 1892
c. 18, 8. 8 610
(BankBoli- c. 17 .... 162,288,464,
daut Act, 1871) 1129
c. 18 1628
c. 22, 8. 2 . 70, 404. 561, 1056,
1083, 1279, 1419, 1465, 1695,
1904, 1989, 2088, 2142
c. 26, 8. 2 . . . . 334, 1323
c.28 1627
c. 81 2082
8.7 1623
8.23 1208
c. 82. 8. 1 (3) .... 1214
c. 36, 8. 2 . . . . 1447, 1609
c. 40, 8.1. . . . 370,2203
{Gasworks c. 41 1801
Clauses Ad, 8. 4 . . 426, 1538, 1988
1871) 8.11 ... 1315,1390
8.36 1258
8.39 1815
c.42,8.6 494
c 43, 8. 8 . 118, 179, 838, 1776,
1996
8.29 1868
c. 44, 8. 2 . . . 179, 195, 1480
8.8 89
8. 11 89
C.45 972
c. 47. 8.2 1186
C.56 398,878
8.2 398
c.61,8.6 1407
0. 65, 8. 3 . . 167, 1027, 1866
c66 1664
c. 70 199, 1116
8.2 1606
c. 78,8. 2. . . . 1645,1647
8. 16 1135
c79 1120
c.84,8. 8 644
c.85,8.2 155,794
c. 86 . 116, 1099, 1199, 1698,
1786
c. 87 986
8.2. .. . 302,1602
Page
34 & 86 Vict. c. 88, 8. 2 661
c. 92, 8. 1 2023
c. 93. 8. 17 2219
{Pedlars c. 96 1095
Act, 1871) 8. 3 . . . . 1442, 1502
8.6 1096
8.22 802
c. 97, 8. 11 .... 115,459
c. 98, 8. 4 1402
c. 100, 8. 2 198
c. 105, 8. 2 . . 422, 860, 1867
8.3 1478
c. 107, 8. 3 1563
C.108, 8. 8 . . . 270.2181
8. 7 . . . 906,1768
(Loc Gov c. 109, 8. 3 . 830, 1909, 2076
{lr)Act, 1871) 8. 12 ... . 59, 161
c. 111,8.3 173
(Prevention of c. 112, 8. 10 849
Crimes Act, 8.11 849
1871) 8. 15 1484
8. 20 802, 487, 969, 1319,
1502
(htetrop c. 118, 8. 3 657, 731, 1196, 1197,
Water Act, 1388, 1389, 1588. 1900,
1871) 2220, 2222
8. 24 1419
8. 34 1497
0.114, 8.1 834
86 & 86 Vict. c. 8, 8. 104 411
c.8,8.2 . . . 196,255,467
c. 16 1406
c. 19, 8. 2 . 149, 883, 1168, 2180
c. 20, 8. 13 888
a 28, 8. 3 .833, 1035, 1680.
2064
0.24, 8. 14 . . . 1602,2107
c. 27, 8. 3 1325
(Ballot c. 33, 8. 1 .... 252, 884
Act, 1872) 8.7 ... 942,1575
8. 16 . . . 1665,2203
8. 16 437
8. 17 826
8.18 287
8.20 . 1477,1762,2203
8.22 1181
8.23 1181
8. 29 ... . 1234
Sch 1 .' 5i5. 326, 419, 428,
657,618.1387,1506,
1698, 2077
c. 85, 8. 1 . 200, 271, 811, 2130
c. 38 1196
8.1 1032
8. 14 487
c. 41, 8. 7 1295
c. 42, 8.1 1617
c. 44, 8. 3 . 426, 561, 832, 1219,
1814
c. 50 . . . 1712,2023,2265
c.61,8.2 1769
8.4 1027
c.57,8.4 474
8.10 1027
c. 68, 8. 4 . . 116, 1027, 1813,
2083
8.21 822
8.56 1742
clxxiv
TABLE OF STATUTES.
86 & 86 Vict. c. 58, 8. 02 1565
c. 60, s. 2 254, 255, 609. 1693.
1762. 2208
8.3 1476
8.28 209,423,609,1823,
1837, 1693, 2077
c. 62, 8.1 199,233.984,1401,
1408, 1405, 1407, 1613,
2016
c. 64,8. 18 . . . . 115,459
c. 65 52
8. 3 . . 282, 1082, 1733,
1889
8.4. . . . 412,1179
c. 68, 8. 14 1036
8.15 . 696,1086,1234
8.16 1812
c. 70, 8. 2 1066
c. 74,8. 2 126
8.8 480
(Coal Mines c. 76 1411
Regn. Act, b. 17 . 486, 1205, 2229
187S) 8. 18 615
8.46 1707
8.51 1674
8.61 626
8. 72 ... . 66,303
8.78 146,147,287,1135.
1208
(MetaUiferous c. 77 2120
Mines Regn, 8 13 . 999, 1467, 1814
Act, 187^) 8. 28 . . . 269,2268
8.36 983
8.41 66,1204,1315,1391,
1492, 1860
8.42 287
c. 78 2242
{P.H.Act, c. 79, 8. 40 1468
187^) 8.48 1103
8. 60 . . 848,667,843
c. 91 1075
8.1 830
8.2 1081
c. 92, 8. 13 1387
8. 14 . 380, 1884, 2186
{Pawnbrok- c. 98 1911
ers Act, 1872) 8. 5 . . 880. 1036, 1172,
1431, 1496, 1874
8. 6 ... . 649, 1431
8. 10 1431
8. 18 749
8.34 1674
8.56 . 625,1384,1445
C.94 1971
(Licensing 8. 8 . 64, 868. 1847, 1466,
Act, 1872) 1748, 1782, 1824
8. 6 1336
8. 12 . . 651, 759, 1096
8. 13 577,1823,1972,2009
8.14 ... 126,1972
8.15 1972
8. 16 ... 1046, 1972
8. 17 . . . 797,1972
(1) . . . . 94
8.25 758
8.29 1913
8.30 469
8.87 1096
ftv
86&86yictc. 94, 8.40 . . . 174,2088
8.42 174,1096,1183,1886
8. 60 ... 1095, 1706
8.62(2) .... 427
8.72(4) .... 2042
(9) .... 2237
8.78 2258
8. 74 209, 326, 421, 567,
1005, 1095, 1096. 1097,
1270, 1392, 1602, 1709,
1748, 2076, 2088, 2136
8. 77 386, 880. 1006. 1095,
1097. 1862, 1892, 1538,
1693, 1748, 1914, 1986, 2136
8.81 1921
8.83 1538
Sch2 1709
86 A 37 Vict c 9 62
C.12 2009
8.2 448
c 17, 8. 2 596
c. 19,8. 1 . . . . 71.1114
c21,8.2 1323
c.22,8.2 149,420
c.30,8.6 167
c.38,8.6 209
a 36, 8. 8 422
C.S7, 8. 8 1392
c. 88,8. 3. . . . 188,1768
c. 41, 8. 2 1329
c. 44 881,2213
U?e^. of
Act^S)
c 48 1646, 1647
8. 8 251, 1186, 1483, 1645,
1647, 1909, 1988, 2084
8.8 1728
8. 11 . 757, 1672, 2053,
2070, 2163
8.14 206,983,1242,1467,
1920, 1931
8. 16 1672
8.17 1162
8. 19 1639
8.28 642
c.49.8.6 718
c.61,8.2. . . . 834,1826
c. 52,8.7 423,426
c.57,8.7. . . 90,832.1103
c.68,8. 12 . . . . 116,469
c.69,8.2. 667,747,2096,2180
C.60 678
c. 63, 8. 1 . . 624. 1064, 1695
(Jud. Act,
c. 66 .... 439,480,481
1873)
8. 19 479, 1028, 1850, 1958
8.24 1760
(3) 1292.1367.2060
(6) . . 1446. 1933
(7) . . 1446, 1581
8.26 .. . 1760,2197
2) . . . . 674
3) .... 2217
(4) . . . . 1191
5) . . . 132, 631
(6) 8, 130, 810, 673
7) . . . . 641
8) 1001,1083,1154
(9) . . . . 2176
8.89 1741
8.46 964
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxv
PftSe
30 & 87 Vict c. 06, 8. 47 487,438,480,1028,
1682
8. 49 . 71, 416, 417, 642.
1026
8.60 717
8. C2 00
8.66 ... 080,1688
8. 67 . . 20, 1342, 1676
8.68 1827
8.83 1828
8.87 147
8.80 1661
8. 100 . 80, 273, 426, 442,
408, 667, 1028, 1172,
1361, 1417, 1447, 1477,
1401, 1406, 1778, 1979
8.118 71
c.67,8.4 . 60,286,803,616
c. 68, J. 8 1284
c69 ... 147,1477,1004
(Si/moo c. 71 2007
Fitkert 8.4 86,328,730,732,836,
Act, 187S) 084, 1816, 1376, 1380,
1763, 1768, 1964
8.16 1490
8.18 1866
8.22 2007
c. 77, 8. 43 . . 102, 339, 2203
c. 78, 8. 4 668
c. 81. 8. 7 667
c. 82, 8. 8 1446
C.86, 8. 16 1467
c. 86, 8. 27 . . 849. 848, 2131
c. 87, 8. 7 . . . 606, 760, 980
c 88, 8. 2 . 221, 426, 426, 667,
747. 1893, 1894, 2090, 2180
37 & 38 Vict c. 9, 8.0 718
{Betting Act, c. 16. 8. 3 188
1874) ••4 ... 666,1208
C.16 1643
c. 21, 8. 3 286
c.27,8.2 837
C.37 1701,1822
c. 40,8.4 1909
{BgSoc^ C.42 661
Ad, 1S74) 8. 4 426
8. 6 2033
8. 0 . . 771, 1087, 1228
8.16 79,1113,1678,2069
8. 82 . . . 988,2262
8 30 960
8.41 1229
8.42 1933
8.48 ... 1678,2168
c 48, 8. 3 1366
8. 7 . 121, 898, 616, 2206
[Ucamng c. 49, 8. 9 1040
Act, 1874) 8. 10 . 1122, 1970, 2092
8. 16 1691
8.17 467
8. 22 920, 1096, 1690, 1866
8.26 1408
8. 80 ... 1842, 1666
8. 32 . 1197, 1270. 1310,
1607, 2076
{M. W.P. c. 60,8. 2 1902
Act, 1874) B. 6 1962
c. 64 1786
Page
87 ft 88 Vict c. 64,8. 3. . . . 1204,1910
{Rating Act, s. 4 1494
XS74) 8. 0 1847
8. 7 681, 720, 1070, 1204
8. 8 ... . 1916, 1917
8.16 127,839,1117,2173
{Real Pro- c. 67 ... 1066,1620,1711
pertg LimUa- s. 1 . . . . 722, 1711
tian Act, 1874) 0.2 1068
8. 3 189
8.7 24,1228
8. 8 . .24, 94. 292, 1027,
1077. 1182, 1541, 1661
8. 10 . . . 674,1813
8.12 189
c.69,8. 3. . . . 411,2068
c. 60,8.2 1066
(Infants c 62 693
Rdie/Act, 8.1. . 893,2197,2198
1874) 8.2 1666
c. 67, 8. 12 . 820, 1043, 1898
c. 08. s. 12 96, 1138, 1173, 1904
c. 69,8.9 1979
8.87 826,1096,1097,1270,
1810.1693,2076,2287
c. 77,8. 14 118,196,311,623
{V.i-P.Act, C.78 1066
2874) 8.1 1783
8.2. . . 64.3,684,2177
8.6 165
8.7 2004
8.9 864,10.39,2170,2177
c. 80, 8.1. . .380,855,1180
c. 82, 8. 9 372, 842, 874, 1388,
1403, 1557, 2168
c.84,8. 6 1400
(PuUie a 86 .... 206, 440. 1617
Worship Regn, 8. 6 . 168, 195, 200, 283,
Act, 1874) 811, 683, 952, 1404, 1406
8.8 1177
8.9 814,1123,1177,1343,
1855
8.13 972
c. 87, 8.9 343
a88, 8. 42 1808
8.48 349,843,800,1816,
1607, 1702, 2181
c. 89, 8. 67 377
c.92,8.6 1812
c. 98, 88. 2,8 .... 658
c. 94.8.8. 271,404,486,644,
712, 874, 964, 987, 1055,
1814, 1986
c. 96 2041
88&89Vict c. 11. 8.2 1080
cl3 162,1129
{Explosives c. 17 460
Ad, 1876) 8.8 672
8.14 667
8.20 607
8.07 1116
8.70 1117
8.107 . . . 302,1602
8.108 199,251,262,568,
067,680,850,977,1184,
1815, 1539, 1648, 1778,
1791, 1867, 1942. 2061,
2054, 2212, 2232
clxxvi
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Page
38 & 39 Vict c. 17, 8. 109 146.208,287,302,
427,493,1186,1168,
1208, 2114
8.116 . . . 1116,1791
B. 118 1117
8. 120 . . . 802, 1602
c 18, 8.6 1806
{Post Office c. 22 1396
Act, 1876) 8.10 1896
8. 11 . . . 667.1896
8. 12 . 977, 1396, 2131
c. 25 1942
c. 86,8. 19 997
8.20 . . 696^677,1127,
1762
326, 1124
. 1866
Sch . . 1891
. 842
699, 814
. 1467
. 879
426,1066
. 1760
149
206.410
c. 66 227. 438, 963, 976, 1319,
1889, 1687, 1721, 1768, 1792,
1847, 1848, 1849, 1990, 1996,
2013
8. 4 . 343, 448, 667, 671,
672,848,894,1066,1116,
1196. 1271, 1388, 1390,
1422. 1637, 1667, 1644,
1791. 1792, 1893, 1948,
1996, 2131, 2220, 2223
8.81
(Municipal c. 40, 8. 1 .
EUctioM Act, 1876) Forms
c. 41, 8. 6 .
c. 42, 8. 8 .
C.46 . .
8.9.
c. 49, 8. 80
c. 60, 8. 6 .
c. 61, 8. 8 .
c. 68, 8. 2 .
(P,n,Act,
1876)
8.6. .
668, 1776, 1791
8.12 .
.... 2181
8.18 .
667, 1386, 1848.
2181
8. 16 .
1266, 1996, 2062
8.17 .
. . . 261, 713
8.21 .
.... 328
8. 22 .
.... 1637
8.82 .
.... 1847
8 36 .
.... 1976
8.86 .
. 99, 1974, 1976
8.39 .
.... 2147
8.41 .
.... 672
8.42 .
. 321, 894. 1692
8. 47 (1)
.... 1801
8.62 .
381, 2220, 2223,
2224
8.64 .
. . 1266,1989
8.67 .
.... 397
8.62 .
.... 789
88. 76-89
.... 360
8.91 .
1302, 1621, 1626
(4)
.... 1301
8.94 .
. 245, 321, 1964
8.96 .
688, 1254, 2012
8. 106 .
.... 1266
8. 107 .
.... 1663
8. 112 1298
8. 114 1801
8. 116 . 673, 1488, 1821
8.117 . 177.1046,1617.
1821
38 4b 89 Vict c 66, 8. 118 .
8. 124 .
8. 126 (2)
8.161
8.162
8.166
8.166
8.157
169
166
P»ge
. . 1308
. . 1581
. . 928
8. 188 '. ' . . . . 1837
8.149 . . . 1948,2181
8. 160 39. 103. 650, 670,
782.878,929,956,1379,
1557, 1741, 1793, 1849,
1951
963
. . . 736,1430
2008
218
. 227, 1271, 1492,
1948
(2) . . . 1268
1268
1758
8. 173 267
8. 174 . 666, 966, 1866.
1895
8. 175 2186
8. 176 2136
8. 180 . . 112,676,1866
8. 189 ... . 72, 1996
8.193 . 106,362,406,996
8.201 496
8.209 1400
8.211 . . . 1176,1409
(15) . 1057,1163,
1339, 1646
(2). ... 1311
8.229 . . 896,804,1912
8. 280 . .• . . . 1912
8.247(7) ... 909
8.251 1982
8.253 69
8.256
8.257
8.261
8.264
8.266
8.267
8.268
8.269
8.271
8.299
8.306
8.308
8.310
8.382
8.848
Schl
.... 1974
290, 966, 1291,
1379, 1687
666,1982
. 278,670
. . 1886
. . 243
479, 1974
479, 1981
. . 2211
. . 980
. . 1974
466, 666, 786
418,2184
. . 976
. . 1759
. . 237
166,868,362,686,
6 1791
C.67, 8. 8 1007
8.80 1464
c. 69, 8. 4 . . . 1409,1682
(Fnendly c. 60, 8. 4 . 77, 883, 420, 423,
Soc. Act, 1876) 801, 961, 1208, 1773
8.8 ... 777,1916
8. 16 . 863, 12a3. 1615,
1634, 1668, 2094
8. 16 2256
8.22 ... . 479,661
8.28 1898
TABLE OF STATUTES,
clxxvii
S8&39Victc.60,8. 80 . . . 888,1808
c. 61, 8. 8 . 485, 625, 868, 922,
1055, 1126
c 62, 8. 2 . . . 273, 826, 964,
1185, 1741
(Sale of Food c.^ 789
and Drugs 8. 2 . . . 577, 788, 1085
Aci, 1S75) 8. 6 . 120, 576, 789, 1047,
1200, 1243, 1464,
1685, 1824
88. 6-9 1782
8.8. .. . 1047,1535
8. 9 . . 10, 76, 540, 1046,
1200,1892
8.14 120,755,1535,1790
8.17 1002
8.21 1975
8.25 .. . 1824,2278
8.26 1563
8.27 ... 603,1047
8.83 208,403,067,1208
8.34 ... 1502,2004
c66 1853
c. 67, 8. 2 . . 557, 1096, 1131
c. 69, 8. 2 . 119. 258, 380, 577,
1035, 1099, 1284, 1458
c. 70 308,1035
c74,8. 2 199
{Jud.Act, c. 77 2258
mS) 8. 10 . . . 1741,1814
8. 12 1001
8. 19 1028
c. 82 1285
[Local Loom c 83 470
Act, 1875) 8.84 . 664,1115,1117,
1651, 1815
c. 84, 8. 3 252
8. 4 425
c. 86, 8. 7 . . . 186, 788, 1004
8. 14 1234
8.15 1150
8.16 1807
8. 18 1234
8.21 1234
(Land C.87 ... 405,1058,2088
Transfer 8.4. 425,426,807,1695,
Act, 1S75) 1968
8. 8 1520
- 8.29 1057
8.48 165
8. 129 2004
a 80, 8. 51 404, 1228, 1652, 1815
(EmfJMtrt cOO . . . 616,1049,2269
and Workmen 8. 8 551
Aa,m6) 8.4 551
8.10 893,1878,2116,2268
8.11 578
8.13 2268
8.14 356,423,427,1492,
1991
8.15 428
c.01,8.5 2050
8.6 248
8. 10 . . . 564,1914
c.92,8.4 9
c 96, 8. 2 . 343, 397, 1747, 2181
39&40yictc. 11, 8.2. . .426,814,2018
a 16, 8. 5 1148
TOL. I.
89 & 40 Vict. c.
( Partition c.
Act, 1876)
16,8.
17 .
8.
18,8.
8.
22,8.
26,8.'
27,8.
29,8.
36,8.
B.
(Industrial
and Prov.
Societies Act,
1876)
(Commons
Act, 1876)
37
41
43,8.
45,8.
8.
8.
48,8.
49,8.
50,8.
51,8.
56,8.
8.
57,8.
58 .
59,8.
8.
61,8.
8.
8.
62,8!
8 947
.... 1416, 1847
2 31,1029
1 2095
7 42
6 420
16 2082
4 1268
2 1115
1 2242
142 330
284 147,288,672,799,
917,1035,1168.1327.
1328, 2212
928
1776
1 815
3 43,77,420,423,427,
801, 1208, 1695
12 1066
17
20
87
6 .
3.
25
34
85
36
44
7 .
(Rivers
Pollution
Prevention
Act, 1876)
(Elementartf c.
Education
Act, 1876)
(Mer. c
Shipping Act,
1876)
40 A 41 Vict. c.
c.
8.
65,8.
67 .
70,8.
8.
75,8.
8.
8
8.
8.
8.
76,8.
77,8.
79,8.
8.
8.
8.
80,8!
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
81,8.
8.
2, 8.
11,8.
2 .
20
10
11
32
47
48
5 .
10
28
28
41
42
8 .
12
2.
3.
425
1027
3. .90,.%6,888,609,
1056, 1654. 1863, 2094
... 153
... 84
. . . 1178
847, 557, 2219
. 283, 2254
. 1682,2185
... 1350
639, 875, 1988
1403, 1735, 2032
307, 2239, 2240
. . 1430
. . 1430
. . 1404
. . 1294
. . 884
. 422,834
. . 1971
81, 56, 717
. . 1865
. . 1631
. 279,691
1177, 1310
1505, 1701, 1905,
1946
21 423.875,1491,1791
22 199, 423, 875, 1491,
1791
. . . 1181
. . . 1812
. . . 1410
. 1670,2261
. . . 1408
... 798
... 286
. . . 1809
355, 455, 1667
. . . 1868
... 71
... 423
. 428, 1135
. . 16.^301
. . . 1287
... 860
. 1027,1651
clxxviii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
40 & 41 Vict c. 15, 8. 3 1798
a 16, 8. 8 . . . . 377, 2064
8.4 1180
{Settled C.18 696
Estates 8. 2 . . 1841, 1966, 2006
Act, 1S77) 8. 4 ... . 1203, 1341
8.17 1791
8.38 673
8.46 2250
(PHscnAct, c. 21,8.4. . . . 844,1140
1S77] 8. 18 . . . 1568, 1560
8.36 1553
8.41 440
8. 56 780
8.57 288,344,1140,1558
8.58 1756
8.60 1552
8.61 1558
c.22,8.3 426
{Solicitors c. 25, 8. 4 715, 950, 1002, 1586,
Act, 1877) 1908
8.17 147
8.23 26
{Comp.Act, c. 28,8. 8 256,667
1S77) 8.5 256
c. 28, 8. 3 426, 441, 705, 1086,
1865
c. 31, 8. 10 . 1116,2220,2224
C.88 ... 386,1414,2046
C.34 . 1053,1099,1118,1230
c. 85 1196
c. 89 56
c. 41, 8. 7 442, 837
c. 42, 8.4 2007
8. 18 . . . 984
c. 45,8.6. ! 360,161*5,2095
c. 46, 8. 1 2254
{S. Africa c. 47 1908
Act, 1877) 8.3 125
8.61 125
c.48,8. 2 50,334,614,830,831,
848,1828,1670.1798,2138
c. 49, 8. 3 405, 834, 1184, 1355,
1552. 1553, 1586, 1812,2094
8.32 1553
c.63»8.30 1502
8.43 1553
8. 70 . . . 283, 1553
8.71 816,440,833,1172,
1355^ 1552, 1553» 2172
c. 54 1654
C.55 1682
c. 66 423
8. 7 209, 287, 326, 426,
884, 1695
8. 81 ... . 89, 1476
(Jud.Act c. 57, 8. 3 81,278,426,442.493,
(Ir),1877) 667, 875. 1029, 1172,
1351, 1417, 1447, 1477,
1491, 1495, 1773, 1979
8. 53 . 818, 1561, 1909
c. 59,8. 26 . . . 837,1941
(Canal Boats c. GO 241,1740
Act, 1877) 8.14 . 261,1168,1391,
1401, 1510, 1791
c. 62, 8. 3 1683
c. 66 1115
c. ccxxzT 2006
Page
41 & 42 Vict. c. 8 1786
0.8, 8. 13 1117
8. 27 . 426, 1056, 1823
0.12,8.6 1182
0.14 1516
8.1 430
o. 16, 8. 12 2227
8. 13 659,895,1110,1671,
1834, 1902, 207»
(Factory c. 16 1160
and Workshop 8. 6 460
Act, 1878) 8.9 1788
8.28 146
8.51 2085
8.82 280
8.93 1870
88. 06, 106, 106 . 286, 326,
423, 427, 493, 966, 967,
1681
Soh4 169,197,604,1686,
1870
(Matrimonial o. 19, 8. 2 1418
Causes Act, 8.8 1685
1878) 8.4 686
0.24,8.1. . . . 884,1812
{Parliament' o. 26 1480
aru and Municipal 8. 4 . . . . 232, 1407
Registration Act, 8.6. 690,896,970,1120,
1878) 1122
8.6. .. . 1829,1967
8. 7 1466
8. 28 . . . 042, 1210
0.29,8.2. . . . 198,1224
(BUUof 0.81 613,1616
bale Act, 8.4 98,186,150,198,471,
1878) 808,1095,1166,1864,
1468, 1469, 1676, 1760,
1817, 1867, 2180
8. 6 . . .686, 733, 2080
8.6. . 148,150,198,487
8. 7 1829
8.8 1296,2102,2104,2196
8.10 147,1007,2088,2102
(3) . 364, 491, 2104
{Metrop 0.32 1601
Man. Act, 8.4 283
1878) 8. 6 667
8.14 1890
0.33 2064
8.2. . 804,1117,1184
aS9, 8. 6 1766
8.6 1766
8. 7 ... . 740, 2007
8. 9 1786
8. 11 . . 271, 776, 1802
0.40,8.2 1553
0.43,8.1. . 657,1404,1695
0.48,8.8. . . 619,020,830
{Weiahts 0.49 1183
and Measures 8. 10 2281
Act, 1878) 8. 11 286, 789, 788, 943,
1198, 1768
8. 12 . . 27, 1768, 1769
8.13 1524
8.14 462,578,833,1941,
2071
8.16 234,287,794,1440,
1481, 1636
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxix
41 & 42 Vict. c. 49, 8. 16 294
8. 19 . . . 1183, 2078
8.24 1929
8.25 2133
8.48 .. . 1517,2183
8. 60 . . . 1116,1117
8. 70 . . . 882, 1928
8.71 1717
8. 74 94, 498, 625, 1492,
1908
8.85 2094
c. 51, 8. 8 198,217,283,280,326,
883,342,567,878,1066,
1404, 1117, 1591, 1664.
1909, 1932, 1996, 2070,
2107, 2111
{P.H,Ire- a 52 l606
iand Act, 1878) 8.2 287,658,573,894,930,
1056, 1889, 1538, 1643,
1791, 1792, 1848, 1893,
1948, 2220, 2228
8.41 760
8.46 594
8.74 1617
8, 107 ... . 22, 1302
8. 152 1837
8.249 1982
c. 58, 8. 10 326
c58,8.9. . . . 878,1767
c.68,8. 6. . 326,1115,1652
(Bigkoprirg c.68,8. 5 1443
Act, 1878) 8.10 1408
8. 14 . . . 598,1404
c. 73, 8. 7 746, 1032, 1320, 1867,
2085, 2131
(CantagioHs c. 74 281
DiweoMcs (Ani- 8. 5 . . . . 84, 259, 272
maUjAct, 8.7 208
1878) 8.84 2177
8. 74 . . . 493,1492
8.76 2181
(T^iegraph c. 76, 8. 2 29,56,75,1613,1951,
Act, 1878) 2020, 2121
8. 12 . . . 1293, 2120
(Highways c 77, 8. 13 281, 421, 422, 1136,
and Locomotives 1148
(Amcndt.) Ad, 8.15 ... 1136,1137
1878) 8.20 804
8.23 .. . 679,2072
8.27 457
8. 32 .... 63, 2148
8. 38 422, 557, 658, 878,
879, 1119, 1196, 1478,
1791
42 & 43 Vict, a 6 ... . 657, 1115, 1117
(BaiJxrs' c. 11 1081
Books Evidence 8. 9 168
Ad, 1879) 8. 10 . . . 425, 1027
c. 18. 8. 1 888
c. 19 961
8.8 845,1066,1751,1982
c. 21, 8. 9 330
8.27 1329
C.22 1611
8. 7 932
8. 9 147
c. 26. 8. 2 . 199, 343, 546, 1391
c. 30, 8. 2 1535
42 & 43 Vict. c. SO, 8.
8.
{Army Disci- c. \
pline and Regn.
Act, 1879)
8.
8,8.
88.
8.
(Petmeum c
Act, 1879)
(Sum. Jur, c.
Act, 1879)
84
88.8.
41,8.
45, 8.
47,8.
Page
8 . . . 600, 936, 1790
6 214, 812, 1636, 1773,
2235
10 1457
59 315
61,64 . . . . 151
181 115, 151, 189. 337,
839, 880, 411, 423,
426, 833
460
2 696
1 . 887, 842, 1645, 1648
6 . . . 860, 831, 958
2 1478
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
43 Vict. c. 19, 8.
48 & 44 Vict c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
49, 8. 4 1287
8. 6 315, 318
8. 9 647
8.12 377
8.16 2098
8. 17 .... 935, 986
8.19 ... 1427,2108
8.30 2
8.31 . 1,64,427,1361,
1418, 2285
8.83 . 59,425,427,468,
521
8.35 818
8.49 . 44,803,720,791,
842, 1117, 1427, 1465,
1980, 2287
427, 1309
. . 1982
98, 193, 1469
686, 2080
, . 419
.50
.51
.4 .
.5 .
8,
60,8'
8.
58, 8. 2 .
54, 8. 18
57 . .
58, 8. 7 .
59 . .
68, 8. 5 .
64, 8. 2 .
8.9 .
74, 8. 2 .
76, 8. 5 .
8 6 .
78, 8. 3 .
8.28
7. . .
4,8.3 .
7,8.2 .
8 . . .
9,8.1 .
11,8.2 .
18, 8. 82
. 1196
. 1606
. 705
462
. 1302
. 326
. 426
320,843
. 2122
667
. 1771
425, 1342
20, 644, 1030
849
. 1011
. 2063
614, 2133
1808
8.88 843,896,1316,1607,
1702
c. 17 1129
c. 19 . 127, 198, 326, 833, 343,
561, 688, 841, 949, 1156,
1404, 1752, 1996, 2010
(InLRev. c. 20 173
Act, 1880) 8.2 216,333,1151,1327,
1977
8. 11 658
8.33 2041
8.40 173,313,2003,2253
8.47 668
clxxx
TABLE OF STATUTES.
{Ground
Game Act,
1880)
44 & 45 Vict
Page
48 & 44 Vict c. 24, b. 8 218, 221, 883, 452;
{SpinU Act, 553, 658, 707, 746, 1085,
1880) 1095, 1194, 1129, 1827,
1491, 1538, 1570, 1921,
1936, 1977, 2212
3. 104 1748
8. 106 1825
8. 107 1825
e. 26 1166
c.33,8. 5 1522
c. 85 2242
e.36,8. 5 . . . 1795,2107
c. 41 1359
8.6 811
{Employer^ c. 42 . . 16, 1049, 1498, 1933
Liability Act, 8. 1 . . 492, 1260, 2270
1880) (1) . . 373,2226
<2) .... 1986
(8) .... 872
(4) . . 1306,1778
(5) 291, 1119, 1645,
2085
». 8 598
». 7 ... 492,1290
8.8 016,1158,1966,2269
c. 47 002, 1815
8. 8. . . . 569,2197
». 5 2184
8.6 1315
8.8 840
c. 4, 8. 1 1540
c. 5. 8. 6 78, 115
c. 9, 8. 4 57
c.11,8.9 171
c. 12, 8. 3 658
8.24 1884
8.32 80
8.38 . .812,998,1426,
1474, 2199, 2200. 2201
c. 14, 8. 6 422, 878
c. 18, 8. 4 . . . . 1115, 1478
0.20,8 3. . . . 1066,1678
8.8 1622
c. 22, 8. 13 592
c. 24,8.8. . . . 1565,1983
c. 84,8. 1 . 199,283,411,1196,
1341, 1388, 1838, 2185
c. 37, 8. 27 1791
8.29 67,288,1298,1391,
1791
c. 40,8.2 217
(Conv.i- C.41 ... 431,1815,2118
L.P.Act, 8.2 1584
1881) (ii) .... 1054
(iii) . . .948,1514
(iv) . . 1156,1230
(v) .... 404
(vi) 1097, 1228, 1229
(vii) . . . 954,965
(viii) .... 1622
(ix) . 719, 720, 1712
(x) ... 229,230
(xi) .... 1205
(xii) .... 2260
(xiii) .... 987
(xiv) .... 1814
(XV) .... 164
8.3(1) .... 1078
Page
44 4b 45 Vict c.
41,8.8(4) .... 1436
(6) . 10, 480, 664,
967.983
8.6 110,895,808,1157,
2226
».7 181, 963, 1230, 147S,
1628, 2063, 2108, 2159
8.10 1070
8.18 1073
8,14 . 785,1071,1086,
1292, 1665, 1703, 1721,
1920, 2155, 2157
(2) . . . 31, 1664
(3) . .2,182,1070
(6) . . 120,1107
B. 15 . 682, 1097, 1231
B. 16 983
8. 17 371)
B.18 95,187,1818,2167
8.19 95
8.20 2160
8.21 .. . 182,1626
8 24 . . . 282, 1679
8. 30 182, 394, 864, 1220,
1228, 1288, 1475, 1669,
1818, 2069
B.81 889,395,1068,1283,
1998, 2278
8.34 404
8.39 183
8.41 1841
8.42 . 1162,1580,2160
B.43 395,938,948,1142
B8. 46, 47, 48 . . . 1525
.8.49 835
8.61 ... . 706,861
8. 63 .... 84, 1989
8.64 1677
B.65 . . . 1677,1976
8.56 . . 2,1677,1904
8.58 183
8.63 644
8.65 . 624,1220,1662,
2129
8.66 .. . 1580,2160
8.67 1886
8.71 602
(Soliciiors C.
Bern. Act, 1881)
44,8. 1 . 827,950,1596,1903
8,2 405
8. 8 688, 939
{Land Law c.
49 922, 952
(/r) Act, 1881)
8, 5. . . . 795,2149
8.8 1541
8.21 886
8. 57 199. 606, 644, 792,
884, 1060, 1855, 1541,
1713, 2021, 2023
8.58 502,884,886,1427.
2021, 2076, 2077
8.60 101
c
51,8.2 2242
c.
64 832
{Regn. of the
Forces Act,
1881)
(Armu Act,
1881)
c. 66, 8. 6 .
c. 67, 8. 2 .
8.43
8.40
c 58, 8. 24
8.45
. 1461
. 1199
. 1698
170,411
. 633
. 1198
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxxi
Pkge
41 & 45 Vict c. 58,8.46 1982
8.60 816
88.62,66 .... 151
. 88.64,65 ... . 1611
8.80 . 624,1687,1853
8.94 1036
8. 122 1327
8. 141 1447
8. 143 615
8. 156 769
8. 163 832
8. 176 . .35, 1899, 2086
8. 179 1161
8. 180 968
8. 189 lasi
8.190 116,161,189,337,
339, 880, 411, 423, 426,
621,745,888,958,1198,
1199, 1208, 1284, 1326,
1602. 1693, 1730, 1899,
1931, 1988, 1991, 2203
a 60, 8. 1 . . 1274. 1810, 1325,
1490, 1591, 1695
8.3 1592
& 61, 8. 1 1983
8.8 1275
&62,8. 2. . . . 1695,2186
8. 17 . . . 1633,2186
c.64,8. 3 283
c. 65, 8. 1 681, 836, 1086, 1605,
1844
c.67,8. 6 262,854
c. 68, 8. 14 1639
C.69 784
8. 5. .... . 1544
8.39 380,609,1134,1320,
1988
46 & 46 Vict, c 2, 8. 2 .... 1396,1728
c. 9,8. 4 . . . . 832,1660
c. 10,8. 11 .... 115,459
{.Vrfrop c. 14, 8. 8 2085
Man, Ad, 1882) 8. 13 . . . 1954,2149
c. 18, 8. 2 285
c. 20, 8.4 1611
c. 22, 8. 8 200, 828
8.4 200,664
c. 24, 8. 1 66
(PrereMfioR c. 25, 8. 6 165
ofCnme(Ir) 8.7 1004
Ad, 1882) 8.20 657
8.34 437
8.36 67.78,115,144,147,
345, 984, 1027
c. 27, 8. 10 ... . 878, 879
c81,8.2. 31,493,964,1029,
1465, 1492, 1695
c. 34 ....... . 643
a 87, 8. 18 ... . 212, 219
{.?. L. Ad, c. 88 431, 447, 1841, 1688, 1816,
m2) 1842
8. 2. . . . 843,1843
(1) 29,646,948,051,
1842, 1848, 1966
(2) . . . . 646
(8) . . 646,1841
(6) .182,1518,2024
(6) . . . . 629
(7) . . . . 187
Page
45 & 46 Vict. c. 38, 8. 2 (8) .
. 2069,2108
(9) .
... 267
(10) .
229,230,948.
051, 1066, 1167.
1204, 1205, 1437,
1614, 1712. 1814,
1936, 2124, 2260
S.3. . .
. 1680, 216^
8.4. . .
. 1680,2161
8.6. . .
... 964
8.6. 95,
417, 1580, 2161
8. 7. • .
. . . 1051
8.8. . .
, . 878,637
8.9, . .
... 487
8. 10 . .
... 720
8. 11 . .
... 913
8. 15 . .
. 696, 1157
8. 17 . ,
. . . 1229
8. 18 . .
. , 95,267
8.20(2) .
. , . 998
<3) .
... 451
8.21. .
. 964,2234
%
. . . 1064
416,666,943
8. 22 . .
. . . 1345
8.25 . .
922, 954, 1720
(6) ,
... 945
(10)
. . 121,702
(11)
. . 226, 701
(18)
(20)
... 922
... 922
8.S0 . .
... 922
8.32 . .
257. 1843
8.33 . 267,1091,1218,
1345, 1860
8.86 . .
. 1692,1791
8.87 . ,
. . 866, 961
8. 45 . .
. . . 1904
(8) .
... 819
8. 46 . .
... 416
8.60 . .
. 130, 1843
8.51 .
961, 1312, 1473,
1732, 2026
8.53 . .
. . . 993
8.54 . .
... 819
8. 66 . .
... 371
8. 68 . .
. . . 2024
(1) .
... 1406
88.58-6:3 '.
... 670
. . . 2024
8. 59 . .
. . . 1841
6.63 . .
. 229, 2024
(Conv. Acty
c 39, 8. 1 (4) .
. 1584, 1622
1882)
8. 3 124,
338, 1290, 1375
8.5. . .
... 553
8.8. . .
. 1625,1579
8.9. . .
. 1526,1579
8.10 . .
. . 528.666
8.11 . .
. . . 1662
8.12 . .
. . . 1231
C. 40, 88. 1, 2 .
. . . 1286
{BiilsofS.
C.43 220,513,1
336, 1095, 1143,
Act, 1882)
1937
8.3. . .
. 193, 1818
8.4. . .
. 1007,1917
8.5. . .
. . . 2102
8. 6 224, 1
488,1493,1965.
2161
clxxxii
TABLE OF STATUTEa
Pkge
45 & 46 Vict. c. 43, s. 7 (2) .... 172
(4) .... 1670
(5) .... 1668
8.8. . 1296,1306,2102,
2196
8.0. 38.401,025,1384,
1674, 2106, 2197
8. 10 1418
8. 14 . . . 556, 1400
8.17 354,460,470,1015
C.47 1601
c. 48, 8.28 . 115,1151,1199,
1382
{Militia Act, c. 49, 8. 10 530
1882) 8. 51 . . . 1151.1199
8.62 422,403,1055,1884,
1492, 1903
8.53 1652
8.57 1781
(3fim. Corp, c. 50 . 208, 1862, 1891, 2127
Act, 1882) 8. 7 209. 232, 411, 1085,
1234, 1384, 1407,
2107
8.8 1181
8.9. .. . 282,1638
8. 11 (2) ... . 632
(8) . . . . 1683
8.12 .... 166,552
0) 090,1824,1696
(2> .... 1071
8.17 2077
8. 22 (3) .... 1441
8 23 1438
8.30 2211
8. 36 . . . 756,1880
8.39 552
8. 41 166, 536, 552, 1568
8.47 ... 1175,1698
8.51 1638
8.53 1752
8.60(3) . . . . 1380
(4) . . . . 1469
8.63 1151
8.77 200,217,254,266,
600,1407,1476,2208
1.88(1) ... . 254
(2) . . 368,1752
8. 106 106
8. 109 106
8. 110 82, 111, 1527, 1710
8.111 2668
8. 140 1852
8. 148 1600
8. 150 1827
8. 163 1683
68.165-168 . . . 1683
8.201 772
8.224 1568
8. 241 351
8. 246 ... . 209, 880
8ch3,part2 . . 1288
Sch5»part2 . . 1501
c. 51 .... 162, 446, 1795
C.52, 8. 8 878,879
C.56 . 609,708,1115,1117.
1612, 1888, 1950, 2019,
2120, 2121, 2270
c57,8. 5 805
Page
45&46Victc. 50,8. 1. . . 426,602,830
{BilUof c.Ol 191,1287
Exchange 8. 2 1 1. 31, 168, 171, 498,
Act, 1882) 882, 960, 1015, 2173> 2277
8. 3 191
8. 4 977
8. 7 (8) .... 712
8.8 1261
8.9 1981
8 10 . . . 142.1334
8.11 521
8.13 301
8.14 464
(4) . . . . 1223
8.15 927
8. 16 2208
8. 17 11
8.18 11
8.10 11,365,1114,1413
8.21 498
8.23 1888
8.25 .. . 1450,1883
8.26 . 742,1450,1883
8.27 2171
8.28 17
8. 29 .... 203, 888
8.30 883
(2) . . 882, 1594
8. 81 . . . 1262,2089
8. 32 (1) . . . . 019
88.82-37 . . 619,1262
8.34 1913
8.35 1747
8.36 1383
8.38 882
S.43 645
8.46 2208
8.47 545
8.48 545
8.49 545
8. 50 . . . 546,2208
8.51 . 1294,1593,2208
8.54 11
8. 55(1) . . . . 574
(2) . . . 619, fiUSO
8.57 . 171,1106,1334
8. 58 . . . 2005,2011)
8.59 1438
8.61 031
8.62 . 1173,1717,2208
8.63 1169
8. 64 .... 08, 1169
8. 65 . . 11, 887, 1593
8.66 ... . 11,887
8.67 ... . 11,887
8. 68 . 887. 1438, 1503
8.73 301
8.76 441
8.77 441
8.78 441
8.80 1287
8.81 1287
8. 82 . 1287, 1436, 1678
8. 83 . . . 451, 1576
8.84 498
8.85(2) ... . 005
8.86 1834
8.88 .. . 1145,2030
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxxiii
45 & 46 Vict, c 61, 8. 89
8
8.
c. 62, 8.
c65, 8.
c. 70, 8.
c. 72, 8.
8.
8.
c. 73, 8.
8.
8
C.74 .
8.
8.
(Post Office
(PareeU)
Act, 1882)
(M. W. P.
Act, 1882)
c76 .
46 & 47 Vict.
(i/iCJi. Corp,
Act, 1883)
(Cheap
TraituAct,
1883)
8.2
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
c. 76, 8.
c. 80, 8.
c. 3, 8.
C.4 . .
c, 7. .
c9. .
c. 18, 8.
Page
. 17, 464, 498, 521,
646. 888, 977. 1261,
1262, 1334, 1438, 1460,
1676, 1883, 1981, 2090,
2171
90 819
91 1888
92 .... 288,463
7 . . . . 1600, 1656
2 1553
2 1323
3 472
11 163
26 718
2 1138
9 1391
11 ... . 82,1845
1136
3 1882
17 220,746,977,1440,
1648
895. 447, 476, 541, 664,
lO'A 1400, 1745, 1828
1. 266,629.709,1257,
1371. 1826, 1829
694,709,1585,1660,
1828
.... 1874
.... 475
21, 26, 386, 709
. 183
. . 1827
8 .
4
5.
11
12
18
15
19 174, 47
21
23
24
3.
1 .
9.
27
C.22,
C.25
c. 80
C.31
c. 33.
c. 84,
8.11
8.28
174
. 1020
, 1000, 1386.
1844
306. 1282
. 1082
393,1585
. 220
. 2107
147,672,708,1036,
1478, 1681
. . . 1234,1605
*. ! i661, 2180
. . . 845,1828
1805
. . . 729,1805
1558
. . . 837,1862
c.3d,
c. 36,
C.37.
&39
C.42.
C.43,
8.8. . . . 344,2076
8. 3 . . 1665, 2269, 2270
8.6 1501
8. 8 699, 1501, 1502, 1648
8.12 308
8. 5 297, 598
8. 7 2184
8. 10 297
8. 11 297
8. 53 . . 620. 830, 1196
8.2 . 1791,1792,1990
619
8. 18 . . . 834, 1812
8. 4 2268
8.26 .. . 167,2086
Page
46 & 47 Vict c. 45, 8. 3 446
c. 47, 8, 2 . . 586. 1560, 1898
C.49 248,1029,1038,1769,2110
(Corrupt c. 51, 8.1 2095
and Illegal 8. 2 . . . . 1921,2127
Practices Pre- 8. 8 217, 413
vention Act, 88. 7-12 .... 909
1883) 8.8 869
8.9 1566
88. 18-21 .... 909
8. 16 . . 164,331,1162
8.18 190
8.28 369
8. 33 . 413, 1752, 2091
8.88 879
8.40 463
8.63 253
8. 64 147. 346. 415, 609,
959. 1030, 1217, 1327,
1437, 1471, 1505, 1609,
1693
8.68 168,959,1181,1208.
1284, 1827, 1478, 1637,
1903
Schl 326
Sch 8 217
(Bankrif c. 52 844.716,1328,1851.1477
Act, 1883) 8. 4 . . 476, 716, 1309
(la) . 403, 433. 808.
1583
(16) .... 764
(U) . 6,7,507,991
1040, 1705
(Iff) 2,4:^,434,662,
715, 926, 1809
(U) . 1291,2001
8.5 80
8. 6 . . . 471. 667, 1477
(la) .... 471
(16) .... 284
(Ic) .... 174
(Id) . 501,1855
8.7 1978
8. 9 ... 434, 1813
8.10 1564
8. 16 1930
8. 17 . . . 368, 1724
8.18 2107
(1) . . . . 478
(6) . . . . 248
(8) . . . . 478
(11) .... 976
8.20 .. . 1853,1855
8.21 .. . 913,1850
8.22 1469
8.24 368
(2) . . . . 808
(3) .... 1662
(4) .... 489
8.25 7
8. 27 . . . 1562.2107
8. 28 ... . 867,808
(2) .• . . . 50
(3)214,286,289,668,
1651, 1671, 2128, 2183
8.30 214
8.31 433
8.32 .. . 368,1010
cIxxxIt
TABLE OF STATUTES.
P»ge
Page
46 & 47 Vict c.
52,8.82(2) .... 1209
46 4b 47 Vict.
c.
62, Sell 2, B. 20 . . 600, 988
88.38,34 .... 41
c.
64,
8. 11 . . . 1435,1461
8. 86 . . . 669.1764
c.
65
8.2 ... 1160,1240
8. 37 . . 469, 476, 1679
8.8 1263
(1) . . . . 1106
c.
66
8.11 1670
(6) . . . 690,942
{PaUnis,
c.
57
,8.8 2081
(8) .... 1090
Designs and
8. 6 . . 612, 1235, 1919
8.38 . . . 1286,1679
Trade Marks
8. 11(1) ... . 96
8.39 1679
Act, 1883)
8.18(1) . . . 412,640
(10) . 1447, 166;l
8.40 174,326,468,1402,
1680,1838
8. 19 640
8.42 . . 21,840,1362
8.23 131
8. 43 . . . 163, 1700
8. 25 . . . 676, 1429
8.44 236.309,471,478.
8.26(4) . . . . 76i
626, 926, 981, 936, 1618,
8 2J) (6) .... 1668
1619, 1683
8. 81 . . . 1028. 1962
8.46 290,434,478,661.
8.32 813,580,968,1083,
662, 1816
1373, 1591, 2061, 2261
(2) . . 1676,1822
8. 46 . 1006. 1428, 1429
8.46 .. . 1782,1816
8.47 1269
(1) . . 661,1883
8. 68 . . . 1819,1690
(2) . . 476,1864
8.69 1690
(3) . . . . -819
8.60 . . 410.617.1869
8.47 478,818,1683,1622,
8.61 1590
8. 64 214, 664, 556, 696.
(1) .319,2171.2198
698,718,866,2081,2264
(2) . . .646.1217
15.67 6&t
(3) . . . . 2088
8.70 829
8.48 .1,434,1364,2188
8,72(2) .... 248
(2) . . 819,1434
8.73 248
8.49 391
8.74(1) . . . 37,851
(2) . . . . 161
8.81 1194
8.68 986,946,1447,1781
8.87 . . 131,242,1590
8.64 403
8. 90 .... 67, 1974
8.66 1683
8.92 641
(1) . . . . 1389
(6) . . . . 993
8. 108 2081
8. 105 . . . 1428, 1694
8.67 1459
8.117 . 220.860,1065,
8.72 . 666,1662,1739.
1084
1868
c.
60
,8.8 1791
8.78 1670
8. 21 . . 63. 199, 568
8.82 1991
(Agricultural
Holdings (En
c.
61
. 922, 1065, 1089, 1458.
8. 96 . . 886, 876, 1738
7-
2022
8.102. . 114,489.716
land) Act, 1883)
8.5. .. . 688.1666
8. 103 1029
8.7 IbM
8.104. . 68.439,1860
8.38 242
8. 106 . . 943, 1662, 1863
8.46 .... 60,689
8. 115 176
8.49 655
8.121 408
8.52 1
8.126 . 426,1362,1477,
8.64 .... 62,884
1974
8.57 2022
(4) . . . . 1177
8.61 423.622.1883.1060,
(5) . . . . 478
(7) . . . . 2088
1109,1161,2022.2284
Sch 922
(10) ... 886
{Agricultural
C.
62
...... 922,1458
8.143 762
Holdings (Scot)
8.35 884
8. 146 1816
Act, 1883)
8. 42 . 9, 622. 884. 1060.
8. 146 1816
1070. 2022
8.162 2107
Sch 922
8. 168 61, 161. 289, 290.
47 & 48 Vict
C.
11
8.6 776
426. 471, 801, 807, 822,
c.
12
, 8. 2 371, 060
1116, 1688, 1739, 1813.
C.
16
,8.6 41
1864,1866,2107
B. 6 41, 1361
8. 169 1446
{S. L. Act,
C.
18
,8.4 257
Sch 1, R. 10 941, 2173
1884)
8.7 229,d024
2 1679
8.8 447
2, R. 12 . . 1897
c.
19
, 8. 9 . . . 803. 842, 2287
1 At this page the Act is en
roneoasly printec
I as of 1882.
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxxv
47 & 48 Vict. c.
c.
c.
c.
(BgSoey
Art, 1884)
(Sum. Jur.
Act, 1884)
{Yorkshire
HiqiMtriet
Act, 1884)
Page
22,8.6 1286
28,8.9 1467
80 826, 987
31,8.18 220,337,968,1130,
1662, 1762, 1826
% . . . 419
.... 160
068
. 34, 8. 2 .
. 37, 8. 4 .
. 38, 8. 3 .
c.
c. 41, 8. 2 266, 661
{Jud, Act,
1884)
43, 8. 6 .
8.7.
8.8.
47, 8. 6 .
64
8
3.
(Xfatrimonial c
Cauaes Ad,
1884)
.... 427
.... 427
2
1032
. . 403, 836, 2004
136, 166, 403, 422,
624. 667, 1228, 1861,
1660, 1696, 1766, 1988,
2260
8.7 1098
8.14 34
66, 8 7 ... 1447, 1900
68,8.2 1611
8. 4 .... 802, 1602
69, 8. 9 668
61,8.8 . . 112,166,360
8. 16 ... . 816,4:^9
62,8.7 1404
8.8 1806
63 1008
8. 2 . . 696, 1030, 2106
6.3 .. . 1662,1661
64,8.16 137,416,1130,1140,
1662, 1663, 1986
616
c.
klectians (C.
^ I. Practices)
Ad, 1884)
8. 2 . .
8. 8 . .
8. 6 . .
70,8.2 . .
88.4-8 .
88. 9-18 .
8.14 .
8. 28 (6)
8.86 2(
8.36 .
. ... 1466
. ... 1686
. . . . 1744
. . 2096,2127
. ... 909
. ... 909
.... 190
. . 1,413,663
9, 282, 411, 1284
1284
c71,
C.72
Sell 8, part 1 . . 413
8. 4 684, 689
8. 6 2208
226,283,624,1888,2116
[Post Office
{Protection)
Act, 1884)
76, 8. 9 .
76, 8. 7 .
8.11
8. 19
8.20
C.77
241
. . 712,1066
. . 2018,2019
.... 1622
969,1208,1396,
1621
1606
48&49yicta3 420,969,1363
[Rep. People '
Act, 1884)
8.8
8.4
8.6 .
8.7
1886
1923
322. 1313. 1814
209, 421, 692, 899,
1120
■ 8. 8 1724
8 9 ... . • 1391
8*. ll' 823,'87*1, 1024, 1067,
1384, 1713
0, 8. 3 . . . . 232, 1284
10. 8. 2 . . . . 1234, 1407
48 & 49 Vict c. 16, 8. 19
( Registration
Act, 1886)
{Redistribu-
tion of Seats
Act, 1886)
Page
422, 1314, 1394,
1407, 1408
Sch 2, Form A . . 1286
c. 17, 8. 32 168
Form 84 .... 1236
c. 18, 8. 2 805
c. 22 1115
c. 23 208
g 9 1044
8. 23* 422,667, 1234, 1404,
1407, 1606, 1837
1407
1407
( Customs fc
Inl. Rev. Act,
1886)
8.24
8.83
c. 25, 8. 2 .
c36, 8. 3 .
8.7 .
c. 39, 8. 9 .
c. 41, 8. 17
C.46 . .
8.2 .
8.4 .
c. 49, 8. 12
c. 60, 8. 27
C.61 . .
8.4 .
8.8(2)
8.11
(8)
(6)
6)
12
21
(Criminal
IMW Amendt,
Act, 1886)
{Housing of
the Woiiing
Classes Act,
1886)
c. 64, 8. 16
c. 60, 8. 1 .
c. 69,8.2
8.3.
8.4.
8.6.
8.11
8.18
8.16
C. 71, 8. 1 .
c. 72, 8. 1 .
8.2.
8.9.
8. ir
8.12
8.13
c. 73, 8. 10
8.26
c, 76 . .
8.29
. 968, 1812
. . 1613
. . 427
. . 668
199,836,860,1116
. . 1183
. . 1409
. . 1409
1168,2180
. . 206
. . 178
... 173
... 632
. . 1800
(2) 106,971,1083,1166
296, 699, 1083
. 236, 2078
. 200, 2200
20, 200, 2130
. . . 1016
... 1490
887, 418, 442. 833,
1619
. 413
413, 1667
. 418
841
91, 966
c. 77, 8. 23
c. 78, 8. 1 .
8.11
49 & 60 Vict. c. 2, 8 1 .
c 11, 8. 7 .
c. 16, 8. 2 .
c. 22, 8.6(7)
8.7 .
c. 23, 8. 8 .
c. 26, 8. 17
. . 1208
. . 1781
. . 198, 667
. . 1122
. . 461
. . 2267
. 366, 1087
. 418,668
. . 1712
842, 2022
. . 877
246, 877, 680, 1066,
2039
. . 63,1846
602,830.1126
. . 609,611
... 776
. 816, 1197
... 128
. . . 1060
. 1197.1602
. 1881,2107
800, 906, 986, 1096.
1180
27 1804,2088
8.9 426
clxxxvi
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Fago
40 & 60 Vict c. 20 022,1468
8. 34 . . 418,440,884
c. 82, t. 9 109, 246
(Tnternational c, 'SS 1660
CopftrightAct, 8. 6 ... . 1660, 1761
1886) 8. 11 160, 206, 1 108. 1462,
1668, 2006
(Riot {Dam- c. 38, 8. 2(1) . . 1607,1763
age$) Act, 1886) s. 0 . . , . 807,1602
c. 41, 8.1 2263
c. 42.8.2 1027
(Medical c. 48 1480
A<A, 1886) 8. 3 . . . . . . 1184
8.17 1680
8.26 2064
8.27 633,1117,1184,1412
c. 60, 8. 3 . 803, 1070, 2023
c. 62, 8.1 616,616
c. 63.8. 17 ... . 109,333
c. 64 679,2062
8.4 1662
8.14 . 1060,2060,2061
c. 67, 8, I 1988
c.69,8.4 63
8.6 886
60 & 61 Vict c. 6, 8. 3 2263
c. 6,8. 6 1619
c9 1786
8. 2 301, 380, 1676, 1693
ell, 8.0
c. 12, 8. 2
c. 13, 8. 2
8.8
c. 16, 8. 4
C.16
(Criminal
Law ^ Pro-
cedure (Ir) Act,
1887)
c. 10, 8. 4 .
c. 20, 8. 2 .
8. 6.
8.7.
8.11
8.19
c. 22. 8. 4 .
c. 28, 8. 8 .
C.26 . .
8.4.
1812
.... 106,467
016
. . . 1447,1468
730
718, 719, 1461, 2033
1636
.... 218
.... 437
.... 186
.... 1736
.147,1006,2276
.... 1094
.... 2033
922
7*1.418,622,800,
c 27, 8. 2
8.3
(Merchandize c. 28 .
Marks Act,
1887)
(Margarine
Act, 1887)
(Land Law c,
(Ir) Act, 1887)
884,1060,1106,2023,
2284
8.6 441
. . . 1162
... 272
. . . 2081
970, 902, 1046
8.3 692,693,822,1160,
1240, 1690, 2080
8.6. . 430,1040,2080
B.21 . . . 427,1036
C.29, 8. 3. . . . 240,1161
8.6 678,1896,1899,1636,
1749
8. 12 1668
8.13 1116
064
8.*l'. '. ! '. 1688,1714
226.233,668,1341.1776.
1838, 2147
33,8.3 1086
8.4 2090
8.7 566
c. SO
c. 32
60 4b 61 Vict c. 88, 8. 8 . . . . 884,1712
8.0 62
8.84 573,606,954,1029.
1057,1060,2061,2276
c.34,8.2 1406
- 8.7 1406
a 85, 8. 1 . 326, 842, 4S7, 557,
678, 875, 060, 1601, 1566
C.37 1655
c.38,8.2. . . . 285,1914
8.8 1096
c. 42, 8. 2 . 198. 233, 302. 346,
000,1004,1136, 1234,1404
C.48 lOSO
8. 2 414, 1086, 1280, 1206,
1628, 1605. 1865, 2206
C.46 ... 1438,1930,2100
c.48, 8. 14 1403
8.17 71,668,1055,1791
c.49,8. 4 1328
c.64,8. 6 220
(Sheriffs Act, ebb, 8. S 900
1887) 8.14 143
8.20 1327
8.20 .. . 1310,2008
8.38 2276
(Deeds of c. 57 1160
Arrangement 8. 4 487
Act, 1887) 8.5 2106
8. 10 . . 428,808,1586,
1778
[Coal Mines
liegn. Act,
1887)
c. 68
1881,2120
. 85, 1205
. . 1187
. . 1729
. . 1526
1672
8.12(1) .
8. 49, U. 12
K.22
R.88
8.50 . .
8. 76 56, 218, 813, 1204.
1891, 1402. 1860, 2263
8. 76 146, 147, 287, 423,
073, 1135, 1606, 1683
8.77 147,287,423,1135
c.62,8.5 1101
c.64,8. 12 2018
(Coroners
Act, 1887)
C.65
c. 66, 8. 2 .
c. 67, 8. 12
c. 68, 8. 1 .
c. 70, 8. 6 .
c. 71, 8. 22
8.41
8.42
1678,1766,2086
.... 1208
. . 817,1604
. . 106,1404
.... 876
688, 1184, 1606
. . 1115,1117
762, 1285
(Copyhold
Act, 1887)
51 & 62 Vict.
( Customs and
Ini. Rev. Alt,
1888)
c. 72, 8.2. . . . 667,1115
c. 73, 8. 11
8. 45
8.40
c. 2. 8. 26 .
c. 6, 8. 2 .
c. 8,8. 4 .
8.17.
914
864, 1238, 1659
. . . . 44
. . . . 1091
. . . . 1812
. . . 262,846
c. 10 . .
all, 8. 8.
c. 12, 8. 4 .
c. 18, 8. 1 .
c. 15, s. 4 .
c. 17 . .
8.4.
. 826,558,1196
. . 1186,1828
. . 1960,2020
. . 131,1086
.... 1461
1285
.... 574
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxxvii
51 & 62 Vict
{Glebe Landt
Act, 1888)
(Law of Dis-
tress AmendL
Act, 1888)
Rg ir Canal
Traffic Act^
1888)
^,
{Loc Girt)
Ad, 1888)
c. 19 961
c. 20, s. 12 179, 196, 343, 814,
1480
c.21,8. 4 178
8.7 1,168
c. 23 . . . \ . . . 1688
C.26 1647
B.7 1116
8.9 960
8.10 1189
8.26 2063
8.27 . 1178,1698,1789
8. 36 . 1646, 1647, 1648
8.37 . . 261,757,1647
8.42 .... 261,364
8.46 1116
8.46 261
8. 66 377, 419, 850. 886.
1189, 1666, 1988. 2033,
2088, 2128
C.29 220,1066
c31,8.4. . 1646,1648,2084
c. 32, 8. 11 . 879,1812,1971
c.88,8.2. . . . 864,1036
8.8 1146
c. 86, 8. 9 . . 487, 1134, 1320,
1611
c.39,8.6 199,678,1067,1891
c. 41 .... 419, 422. 1627
8.2 1161
8.3. . . 43,422,1137
8.11(1) . . 804,1767
2 . . . . 86
(4) . . . . 1766
(6) . . . . 2182
8. 16 .... . 1439
8.21 1660
8.24 779
8.29 479
8.81 422
8.84 1137
8.36 1637
(5) . . . . 1837
8.40 .. . 1123,1406
8.43 960
B.46 48
8.64 422
8.62 41
8.68 . 804.1911,1912
8.69 268
8.74 1411
8.78 • ,160,826,1186,
1186
8.86 .. . 261,1984
8.86(6) .... 421
8.92 1814
8.99 .. . 1661.2277
8. 100 48, 416. 416, 421,
462. 667, 661, 688, 627,
667.670.878,1090,1128,
1187,1196,1323,1326,
Has. 1407. 1408, 1447,
1526. 1685, 1637, 1776,
2147
8. 104 2282
8.118(18) ... 424
8.121 1560
61 & 62 Vict c. 42 . . 296,996,996,1231
{Mortmain 8. 4 . . 786,1765,2196
wui CharitabU 8. 6 . . 610, 1608, 1610,
Uses Act, 1888) 1798
8. 10 . . . 136,2260
8.13 296
(Cfmnty c. 48 428
CmuU Act, 8. 27 941
1888) 8.48 1172
8.50 1207
8.53 31
8.64 ai
8. 66 160, 411, 418, 761,
870, 1468, 1689,
2063
8.67 .... 44,818
8.58 1077
8.69 88
8. 60 . . 418, 696, 2068
8.65 340,399,960,1871.
1487, 1689
8.66 81,730,1367,2192
8.72 1
8.74 263,276,689,1177,
1411
8.81 .. . 3,276,659
8.84 1661
8.88 641
8.90 641
8.98 641
8. 101 81
8. 118 . . . .103,660
8.116 71,392,418,642,
760, 957, 1086, 2072
8. 118 2016
8.119 631
8.120 96,138,1002,1172,
1865
8. 138 . . . 1080, 1294
8. 147 173
8.163 1878
8. 166 1782
8.167 714
8. 162 .. . 440, 2246
8. 166 1661
8.167 440
8. 180 1566
8. 186 31, 168, 423, 1027,
1060,1172,1851,1417,
1639, 1695, 1752,
2094
c. 44, 8. 8 420, 667, 1116, 1117.
1352
c. 47,8. 3. . . . 666,1234
{Patents, a 50, s. 1 1428
Designs and s. 10 214, 664, 641, 698,
Trade Afarks 713. 866, 969, 1240.
Act, 1888) 2081, 2264
8.17 1616
8. 18 786
8.20 1194
8,27 26
c. 61. 8. 4 29, 487, 1029, 1057,
1623
Part IV 290
c. 62 1792
8.3. 228,606,926,1878
c.63,8.2. . . 199,667,880
clxxxviii
TABLE OF STATUTES.
51 & 62 Vict. c. 51, 8. 6
{Sea Fisk-
eriea Regn.
Act, 1888)
{Trmtee
Ad, 1888)
iLavo of
Abel Amendt.
Act, 1888)
52 & 58 Vict. c.
(Customt and
inl. Rev, Act,
1889)
8.8.
c. 10 . .
c. 11, 8. 7 .
8.0.
c. 12, 8 7 .
{Town Police c. 14,8.8.
ClauMes Act, 1889) 8.4.
c. 17 . .
{Weights 0.21,8.1(1)
and Mecuurea 8.21(1)
Act, 1889) 8. 22 .
8.20 .
8.35 .
. . . 1059
8. 10 670
8. 14 200, 877, 421, 729,
850, 1786, 1808, 1804,
2180
c. 59 1661
8.1 2106
8.6. .215.940,085,993
8.8 215,402,1218,1515,
1986, 2106
8.9 1662
c.60,8.3 1767
8. 5. . . . 877,1560
c. 62, 8. 1 325, 477, 1534, 1833
c. 64, 8. 1 1274
8. 4 . . . . 1603, 1608
438
. . 119, 950, 1695
.... 1207
658
1966
184, m, 627, 812,
1426, 1474, 2201,
2202, 2237
8,8.7 1219
8.8.
c. 65, 8. 4 .
8.13
7, 8. 3 .
8.6.
8.11
115, 879
848
c27
Sch
C.29,
C.30,
8.2.
8.8.
8.6.
8.2.
8. 1 .
8. 12
1036,1116
. . 799
. . 1330
262. 576, 846
. 1124
. 2079
. 1240
412, 1335
. 1723
088, 1116, 1183,
2176, 2229
. . . . 1240
. . . . 659
. ... 1389
. . 1814,1460
. . . . 1117
. ... 1425
. . . . 199
63
c. 82 2106,2175
8. 9 2106
c. 40. 8. 16 421
8. 17 . 1002, 1401, 1797,
1798, 2018
c.42,8.2 218
8.28 2003
c. 44, 8. 17 345, 427, 626, 1036.
1401, 2266
c. 45 685
. 34,563.822,1188
. 10()6. 1188, 1496,
1959
563
212, 240, 876, 548,
1465
c. 46, 8. 1 . . 587, 1099, 1897
c. 48, 8. 19 826
{Arb.Aci, C.49 112,530
1889) 8. 1 1010
8.2 895
{Revenue
Act, 1889)
{Factors
Act, 1889)
8.1.
8.2.
8.8.
8.9.
46, 8. 1 .
48, 8. 19
{ & 53 Vict. c. 40, 8. 4 .
8.5.
8.9.
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.19
8.24
8.25
550, 1935, 1976
1, 102, 112, 1174
.... 112
.... 155
.... 1638
19.112,166,274.
876, 1576. 1688
. 274, 375. 635
.... 1028
.... 652
.... 1959
8.27 111,1027,1773,1959
Sch 1 250
c. 50, 8. 18 258
8.21 1560
88.77-82 .... 557
8. 108 1551
8.105 128.232,233,415,
588. 667. 877, 1090,
1891, 1404. 1447. 1525.
1585, 1651, 1654
c.52,8.7 147
8.8.352,1211,1824,1891
C.55 1353
8. 3 . . 51, 334, 831. 1606
c.56,8.9. . . . 843,2131
C.60 1634
c. 62, 8. 4 121, 418
{lnterp.Act, c. 63 228.421
1889) '
{Loc Gov
{Scot) Act,
1889)
B. 1 . 700, 802, 1167, M65,
1889
•.2. . .
. 395. 1463
s. 3 . 61, 1064. 1224. 1805
S.4. . .
. . . 420
1.6. . .
. . . 1402
■.0. . .
. . . 428
1.7. . .
. 420, 1865
(2) .
. . . 288
. . . 2095
(31 .
. . . 1812
(4) .
. . . 48
(6) .
. . . 1560
(6) .
. . 600
(V) .
. . 1802
(8) .
. . . 199
(9) .
. . . 1126
(10).
. . 302
(11).
(12).
. . . 1523
. 344, 2264
(13).
99, 844. 2270
(14).
. 297,343
(16).
. . 698
(16).
. . 1688
(17).
. . 1241
(18).
. . 162
19).
. . 162. 950
(20).
. . 331
■■"S:.
. . 1991
. . 425
i3) .
. . 875
i4) .
. 134,425
ib) .
. . 135
(6) . .
. . 1982
(7) . .
. . 1982
8) . .
. . 1982
i9) . .
. . 1982
(10).
(11).
. . 1982
. 30, 427
TABLE OF STATUTES.
clxxxix
Page
52 & 58 Vict
c. 6S» 8. 18 (12)
. . . 1478
(13),
. 1478
(14),
1687
8.14 .
1773
8.16(1)
1234
w
1234
!!i
'iOO
209
8.16(1) .
! * 100,848
(2)
(3
. 1507,2131
. . 109,843
(4)
. 1607,2131
•. 17 (1)
. . . . 1407
W
. ... 1407
(3)
. . . 1116
8. 18 (1)
... 220
(2)
... 220
(3)
. . . . 837
(4)
... 210
(6)
... 219
(6)
7) ,
... 882
... 336
8. 19 .
. . . . 1468
8.20 .
. . 1561,2277
8.21 .
... 480
8.22 .
... 718
8.23 .
... 1061
8.24 .
. ... 1000
8.26 .
. ... 1366
8.26 .
243, 1355, 1825.
1836
8.27 .
345
8,1865
8.28 . .
'70iB, i20
8.20 .
423
442
658
0, 1425
8.80 .
8. 84 . .
8.86(1) .
.' .84
(2)
... 1426
8.88 .
.805,686, 1722,
2120
(2 ft)
... 670
(2 c)
. . . 1758
8.39 .
. . . . 20
c. 64 . . .
1606
109
8.8. .
\ ' .
c. 66. 8. 11 .
; . . 1100
c.69,8.7. .
. 48, 1600, 1600
8. 8. .
... 1234
c 72, 8. 6 . .
963
L 1315.
8.16 .
'. '. 112^
1610
8.17 .
. . 190,623
8. 18 .
109,326,657
c. 73.8. 4. .
. . . 1387
c. 76 . . . 1
116, 1158, 2017,
2018
63 & 54 Vict.
c 6. . . .
213, 1031, 2107
{Lunacy Act,
8.14 .
. . .1785
1890)
8.20 .
. ... 1704
8.28 .
... 1858
8.40 .
. ... 1183
8.40 ,
. . . . 1177
8. 116 .
. . 1068, 1180.
1152
8. 120 .
. . . . 1781
8. 134 .
. . 1177,2184
8. 283 .
. . . 1140
8.287 .
, ,
1140
Page
53 & 54 Vict c. 5, 8. 841 137, 326, 886, 404,
422,557,661,843,890,
980, 086, 1035, 1056,
1070,1180,1134,1153,
118J, 1228, 1279, 1361,
1430, 1435, 1585, 1603,
1702, 1930, 2088, 2105,
2131, 2102, 2266
c. 6, B. 2 1812
{Customs and c. 8, 8. 6 658
InL Rev, 8. 26 563
Act, 1890) c. 9, 8. 5 78
c. 13,8.4 843
c. 15 1115,1841
c. 16. 8. 1 1507
(/»/. Eev. c. 21, 8. 1 343
Regn.Acty 8. 37 ... . 843,344
1890) 8.38 1281
8. 39 . 20, 883, 342, 493,
822, 875, 977, 1492.
1680
c.24,8.4. . . . 487,1116
c.25,8. 2 1056
c. 27 99, 886, 1029, 1032, 1114,
1724
C.20 1004
8.6. .. . 1267,2038
c. 84, 8. 2 . . . . 454, 1184
c. 35, 8. 2 200, 564
c. 37, 8. 16 . . 210, 745, 1032
{Partnership c. 89 1415
Act, 1890) 8. 2 . 213, 579, 1416. 1662,
1862
-8.3. 218.398,1416,1652,
1684
8.0 1806
8.14 882
8.23(2) .... 1727
8.27 587
8.81 1727
8.45 237
c. 40 . 685, 1097, 1839, 2177
(Jud.Act, C.44 720
1890) 8.1 2097
8.5 673
{Police Act, c. 45 1482
1890) 8.4 107
8.25 ... . 64,1627
8.33 . . . 802,1502
8.34 2094
C.47 1166
c. 48, 8. 3 . . . . 418, 1605
C.52 2086
c. 53 193
c. 54.8. 1 213
8.4. .. . 735,1480
c. 55, 8. 2 . 217, 254, 411, 413,
609, 1407, 1476, 1755,
2095, 2127
c. 56. 8. 3 . . 231, 1259, 1742
c. 57 922
{P,B,Act, C.59 1606
1890) 8. 11 125, 454, 558, 578,
806,1116,1380,1537,
1775,1702,1848.1048.
1096, 2147
8.12 326,802,1097,1914
8.19 572,573,1010,1654
cxc
TABLE OF STATUTES.
Page
63 & 64 Vict. c. 69, s. S6 . . . 1486, 1400
s. 51 802, 326, 1096, 1097,
1602, 1000, 1616
C.60 2017
8.6. 232,283,843,1117
{Comp, Me7n, c. Q2 1187
of Assn. Act, s. 1 (6) . 401, 006, 1186,
1890) 1626
•.8 487
(Comp. C.63 2252,2263
Winding-up s. 1 622
Act, 1890) 6. 3. . . . 426,1662
8.4. .. . 1328,1696
8.6 1177
8.7 636,927
8.8. . . 768,791,008
8.10 . 1208,1217,1326,
2097
8.12 1791
8.15(3) .... 2124
8.26 1328
8. 32 . . 807, 854, 1326
Sch 1, R. 8 . .041,2173
{Directors c. 64 . .277,670,1444,1578,
Liability Act, 1S90) 2144
(AfftropAfan. c. 66, 8. 2 418
Ad, 1890) 8.3. . . . 1256,1388
c. 67, 8.80 232,302,380.1184,
1601, 1602, 2004
c. 68, 8 1 1664
8. 10 ... . 421,667
(5. L. Act, c. 69, 8. 4 . . . 130, 606, 1848
1890) 8.18 37,922,1087,1167,
1676, 1714, 1841
8. 16 .... 101, 928
8.16 2108
88. 16. 17 ... . 2069
8. 18 2207
(Housing of c. 70 ... 1122,2072,2268
Working Classes 8. 2 1302
Act, 1890) 8. 22 1762
8. 29 . . 828, 692, 1890,
1960
8. 63 . . . 417,1122
8.74 . . 187,188.2267
8.92 . .657.1116,1117
8.93 397,422,658,1056,
1791, 1988
8.96 1988
8.96 397,427,664,1184,
1228, 1466. 1791
8.98 .. . 1802,1637
Sch 2 687
(Bankry Act, c. 71, 8. 1 816, 434, 463, 1309
1890) 8. 3 . . 107, 1797, 1817
8.6 1797
8.7 7
8. 8 .60, 214, 867, 373,
1742. 1914,2001,2128
8. 11 164. 476, 478. 662,
1833, 1477, 1864, 2116
8.15 1662
8.23 851
64 & 56 Vict. c. 1, 8.13 . 199,1507,1653
c.2. 8. 18 1648
c. 8, 8.3 8,1402
8. 6. . . . 1402,1466
c. 4, 8. 3 2017
FMe
54 & 66 Vict c. 8, 8. 1. . 655,1378,2062
(Tithe Act, 6.2 2061
1891) 8.6. .. . 333,1662
8.9. . 1391,2060,2061
8.10 670
ell 1736
c. 16, 8. 1 115
c. 17,8. 2 198
c. 19.8.8 633
c.21 1795
c. 22, 8. 14 . . . 657,2147
c. 29, 8. 12 644
c 80. 8. 1 . . . . 1064, 1288
c. 31, 8. 9 117, 1136, 1168. 1827,
1868,1962
c. 32. 8. 7 . . . 232, 878, 1866
c.83,8. 2 71
c.84,8.4. . 204,1115.1661.
1939, 1941
c. 36 193
c. 37, 8. 13 96
c. 38, 8. 27 628. 589, 661, 761.
987. 1036, 1168, 1928. 1929
(Stamp Act, c. 39 62. 683, 666, 1699. 1703,
1891) 1712, 1722, 1894
8. 9 987
8.18 1860
.8.28 1928
8. 29 .... 162, 163
8.80 682
8.82 191
8.88 1576
8.38 162
8.43 1528
8.44 987
8.49 298
8.62 393
8.54 .... 404,482
8.67 2066
8. 69 404, 634. 926, 1088,
1118, 1183, 1588
8.69 499
8.76 1071
8. 82 . 746, 1016, 1164.
1322, 1817
8. 86 . . 79, 684, 1228
8.88 17
8.91 1602
8.92 1603
8. 98 ... . 16,1503
8. 101 1677
8. 108 1940
8.111 2213
8. 113 1282
8.122 . .6(51,987, 1163.
1165, 1108. 1217. 1928,
1929. 1936, 1939
Schl . 986,987,1166,
1456, 1029. 1707. 1718.
1819. 1844, 1903. 1964
c. 40,8.38 1633
8. 62 . . 218, 421. 1389,
1653, 1791
c. 43, 8. 2 ... 354. 1115
8.4 .... 377,860
c. 44, 8.2 2106
c. 45,8.6 644
c. 46, 8. 12 . . . 1896,1694
TABLE OF STATUTES.
CXCl
5i & 55 Vict. c.
{Purduueof
Land (It)
Att, 1891)
{Elementary c.
Edmcation
Act^ 1891) c.
a
c.
(Mortmain c.
and Charitable
Usee Act, 1891)
(P. U. Lon- c.
dxM Act, 1891)
55 & 56 Vict. c.
48,0.26 1060
8.42 .89,135,190,879,
422,1027,1116,1117,
1816, 1507, 1623, 1653,
1895
51 . . . 1281,1892,2238
56, B. 5 1614
8. 10 . . . 153,1798
57 706, 784, 836, 884, 1086,
1693, 1988
61 1158
62,8.3 718
63,8.6 87.8
04 402
8.6 1028
65,8.28 .. . 1513,1821
66 . 288, 826, 842, 404, 416,
549, 573, 667, 1029,
1072, 1683
8.77 791
8.88 771
8.89 863
8. 95 706, 771, 807, 954,
1027. 1055, 1057, 1070,
1475, 1514, 1693, 1694,
1695, 1757, 1842, 1845,
1933, 2025, 2061. 2108,
2140, 2250
69,8.5 2054
72 909,1929
78 995, 1231
8.3 996
8.4 186
8.0 592
74 1166
8. 11 . . . 219,1206
75, 8 6 ... 460, 2018
8.7 244
76 . . . 581,1339,1606
8.2 1302
(1ft) .... 578
(le) . 894,978,1538
88.2-18 .... 1802
8.4. .. . 245,1180
8.11 1351
88.19-22 . . 1298,1322
8. 38 . . . 927,2270
8. 41 (2) ... . 321
8. 47 177, 673. 789, 759,
1092, 1821
8.49 452
8.83 1887
8.96 2118
8.99 1791
8. 112 1763
'8. 116 2246
8. 117 1982
8. 128 . 56.3, 1365, 1392
8. 185 670
8. 141 125, 159, 227, 272,
814, 421, 454, 461, 890,
894, 1048, 1124, 1168,
1196, 1389, 1538, 1644,
1693, 1792, 1898, 1908,
1948, 2180
Ixxviii 1892
4, 8. 7 . . . 959, 963, 1982
55 & 56 Vict. c.
(Conv. 4r
L. P. Act,
1892)
(Clergy Die-
cipline Act,
1892)
c. 82, 8. 2 .
{Burgh Police c.
(Scot) Act,
1892)
(Private
Street Works
Act, 1892)
{Telegraph
Act, 1892)
(Shop Hours c.
Act, 1892)
Page
6,8.6 . . .219,426,1087,
1560
8,8.5 1036
9 797, 798, 935
11.8.2. . . . 186,1115
13 1721
8. 2 . 1071, 1086, 1107,
1665, 1703
8.8. . 719,2140,2157
8.4 1071
8.5 1071
14 1117,1596
17.8.3. . . . 481,1865
18,8.1 762
19 1942,2041
23, 8. 24 77, 147, 382, 1328.
1695
27, 8. 1 . . . 860, 435, 1353
8.8. .. . 875.1435
8. 4. . . . 14.35,2086
31, 8. I 1895
8.20 . 68,421,422,609,
1056
8. 21 421, 422, 525, 596
!, 8. 2 1225
8.8 74,753
8. 12 113, 288, 325, 918,
1029, 1030, 1186, 1590
.39,8.9 162
40.8.4. . . . 1609,1984
42 167,1401
8. 18 303
43,8.28 .. . . 1056,1199
8. 25 199, 209, 419, 421,
427
47,8.3 272
50, 8. 6 . . . . 1162, 1895,
1786
58, 8. 27 348, 558, 718, 719,
1384, 2203
54, 8. 16 71, 421, 557, 1056,
1115
55, 8. 4 . 199, 222, 227, 232,
262, 272, 302, 326, 333,
426, 806, 896, 900. 964,^
1056. 1114,1126.11.34.
1815, 1391, 1502, 1508,
1554, 1557, 1865, 1950,
2094
8.120 .... 1315
8.381 .... 1950
57 103
8. 5 557, 558, 573, 1389,
1480, 1538, 1848, 1949.
1996. 2147
8.7 989
8. 8 . . . . . . 1178
8.10 782
8.18 290
8.25 570
58 22,1339
59 2287
8.9 381,558.1124,1692,
1767, 1791, 2287
62.8.3 1874
8.9 1874
8.10 566
I At this page the Act is erroneously printed as the P. H. Scotland Act, 1892.
cxcu
TABLE OF STATUTE&
Page
55 & M Vict
.C.63 . . . 1116.1158.2018
c. 64, 8.1. .
... 980
•.6. .
. 427, 1029
c.65,s.7. . .
. 2021,2028
1. 12 . .
. 199.1143
66 & 57 Vict
c.2.8.3 . . .
. . . 1596
c.4,t.4 . .
... 633
c. 5 . . . .
. . . 1698
•.29. . ]
L328, 1589, 1724
c. 6
. . . 1575
c.8
. . . 1115
cl3,B.7. . .
... 558
c. 15, 8. 8 . . .
... 427
c. 17,8.9. . ]
L285, 1923, 2180
C.21 . . 404
, 548, 816, 1621
c.23,8.5. . .
... 633
c. 26 . . . .
667,1553
>6. 427. 1116,
c. 32, 8. 2 . .
1(
1802
c. 38 ....
. . . 2268
c.36,8. 3. .
... 566
c. 38, 8. 5. .
. 29, 1135, 2086
{Industrial
and Providen
c. 89, 8. 8 . . .
. . . 1694
t 8.4. . .
... 961
Societies Act,
8.27 .
. . . 1179
189S)
8.44 .
... 874
8. 79 . 77. 134, 345, 801,
1325, 1465. 1584. 1694.
1696. 1778
c. 42. 8. 15 191
r, 466. 610, 670,
1140. 1784. 1798
c.44.8.2. .
... 379
c.48,8.3. . .
... 427
c52,8.2. .
. . . 1805
(Trustee Act,
C.53 . 150,1008,1152,1815,
1893)
2106
8. 1. .
1661,2106,2175
8.5(1) .
. . . 1662
(2)
. . 1228
(3)
. . 470
8!
. . 1011
470. 1228
8.8. .
. . 1996
8.9. .
. . . 1581
8.10 .
. 1063, 1283,
1475
0)
1998, 2278
(4)
. . 389
(6)
. . 395
8.12 . .
2104. 2184
(4)
. 4a3.404
8.16 .
. . 165
8.17 .
. 1674.2035
8.23 .
. . . 1525
8.26 .
. . 2246
88. 26-41
. . . 2184
8.81 .
. . . 2115
8.85 .
. . 1902
8.45 .
215, 986, 993
8.50 16
986.1
5. 404, 386, 526.
228, 1280, 1481,
1513, 1
586, 1757. 1814,
L939, 2080, 2104
c. 55. 8. 11 .
. ... 1326
c. 56, 8. I . .
. ... 1160
8 8. .
. . . 272,981
8.9. .
. . . . 419
c.57,8. 2. .
. . . 108
P>8«
66 4 67 Vict. c. 61 1605
(PubUc Authorities 8.1 81,387,1028,1465,
Protection Act, 1628, 1629
1893) 8.2 1563
(A/. W.P, c. 63 1028. 1827
Act, 1893) 8.2 781,985,1844,1446,
1661
8.8. .. . 710,1133
c 64. 8. 7 162
c.66.8.4 1773
(Shop Hours c. 67 .... 209, 419, 421,
Act, 1893) 22B1
c.68, 8. 17 670
8.26 397,964,1114,1116.
1117
c.69,8. 6. . . . 832,1796
c. 70,8. 2 1812
(SaUof c. 71 826
Goods Ad, 8.2 1250
1893) 8.4. . 12,37,604,826.
1288, 1417, 1681, 1881.
1933
8.10(1) ... . 641
(2) . . . . 1222
8.13 513
8.14 120
8.15 1790
8.18 1784
8.25(1) .... 409
(2) .... 876
(3) . . . . 1189
8.26 1866
8.35 12
8.38(1) . . . . 2139
(2) . . . . 1824
88.44-46 . . 982,1942
8.66 1664
8.58 148.189.1731.2262
8. 62 31, 158. 240. 498,
1097, 1492, 1685,
1782
(1) . 398,499,663,
703, 822. 1683,
1828, 1919, 2215
(2) . . . . 819
. (3) . . . . 982
(4) . . . . 497
(LocGov a 78 . 697,1388,1406,1654
Act, 1894) •• 1 1775
8.2 1408
8.8 1849
8. 6 ... . 818, 2268
8.7 2186
8.9 71
8.10 1060
8.11 670
8. 17 663
8.21 421
8.25 .. . 878,1091
8.44 1408
8.68 41
8.70 622
8.75 184.812.421.697,
609, 610. 1114, 1403,
1408, 1539, 1653, 2107,
2185
8.84 102
c. Izzxi
TABLE OF STATUTES.
CXClll
57 & 68 Vict c. 2, s. 5
c. 11, 8. 3
c. 12, 8. 2
c. 16. 8. I
Page
{Jud. Act,
'1S94)
{Finance
Act, 1894)
c. 24
C.28
c. 30
... 1136
068, 1646, 1812
. . 99,1001
(1). . . 1074,1098
(4) 1626
(6) 1466
2242
c. 26 1708, 1864
c. 27, 8. 19 . . 802, 846, 976
8.21 498
. . . 427,1796,2667
477
8.1 1426
8.2 1426
(1). . 180,184,286,
993,1842
8.3. . 202,1221,1622
8.6 646
. 366, 1842
... 1962
. 6 646
8. 7 . . 1168, 1221, 1651,
1662
(7) 286
8. 9 ... . 124, 1422
8.13 468
8. 14 . . 124,293,484,
674
8 19 .... . 646
s! 21 (l) '649, 1474, 1842
(6) . . . . 947
8. 22 .63, 843, 366, 478,
668, 668, 963, 977, 1426,
1684, 1724, 1842, 1843,
2250
8.23 663,964,977,1474.
1660, 1679, 1842, 2107
... 478
199, 668, 2203
(2).
(8).
(Prevention
of Cruelty to
Children Act,
1894)
8.24
c. 88, 8. 12
c. 40, 8. 7 .
c. 41, 8. 16
8.28
8.26
1866
413, 1008
269, 1401
. 1960
88.26,26,27 302,346,427,
498,626,1036,1116,
1168, 1208, 1478, 1490
8 26 ..... 2266
200
... 1636
. . . 1316
476, 482, 1781
404, 436, 874, 1066,
Sch
c. 42, 8. 1 .
8.2.
c. 44, 8. 8 .
8.18
c.46,8.4 1198
iCopykcld c. 46, 8. 84 886
Act, 1894) 8. 94 . 44, 698, 621, 874,
1066, 1126, 1167, 1712,
1936, 2022, 2176
[BgSocy c.47,8.8 2263
Act, 1894) 8.12 1129
8. 14 1678
8. 16 . . . 832, 1795
c. 61 808
c.68,8.4. . 1124,1607,1791
{Ry^Canid c. 64, 8. 1 . . . . 962,1672
Traffic Act, 1894) 8.4 1879
c. 66
roi*i.
Page
67 & 58 Vict. c. 67 881
(Diseases of 8.39 1526
Animals Act, 8. 69 . 84, 269, 272, 544,
1894) 657, 787, 746, 988, 1035,
1109, 1361, 1852, 1501.
1602, 1648, 2001, 2186
8.60 1501
8.69 983
8.71 .. . 1266,2131
{Loc Gov c. 68 1406, 2268
(Scot) Act, 1894) 8.26 1060
8.64 282,233,598,1061,
1234, 1404, 1812, 2077
C.69, 8. 60 1502
{Mer.Ship- 'c. 60 . 221,1392,1426,1481,
ping Act, 1894) 2232
8. 1 221
8.2 1681
8.8 231
8.4. .. . 1696,2132
88.6-13 .... 1693
8. 13 1510
8. 24 1856
8. 27 . . . 1362, 2090
8. 31 1856
8. 67 180
B. 86 . . . 1368, 1908,
2071
• 8. 00 231
8. Ill 1867
8. 116 1774
8. 132 486
8. 140 45
8. 141 .. . 1247, 1795
8. 148 1706
8. 156 1787
8. 162 539
8. 166 1734
8. 167 .. . 637, 1099.
1897
8. 186 886
8. 191 1424
8. 207 . : . . . 1837
8. 214 1116
8. 232 2206
8. 260 1806
8. 261 1806
8. 267 . . . 1424, 1426
8. 268 . . 479, 613, 1932,
1936
8. 270 337
8. 281 1498
8. 820 1428
8. 341 1423
8. 342 1428
8. 870 .. . 729, 1810,
2204
8. 419 2244
8. 422 1467
88.436-446 . . . 1113
8. 436 328
8. 437 78
8. 488 769
8. 443 769
8. 446 460
8. 461 2264
8. 456 . • . 833, 1868
8. 458 1809
CXCIV
TABLE OF STATUTES.
67 & 58 ^ct. c. 60, 8. 459 2141
s. 460 1667
■.487 428
s. 492 . . 633, 822, 1892,
1723, 1871, 2212, 2232
s. 502 .... 34, 2173
8. 503 84, 285, 554, 1368,
2174
8. 604 1446
8. 510 .. . 1786, 2275
8. 532 2180
8. 588 467
8. 544 . . . 1412, 1786,
2257
8. 545 1786
8. 546 . . . 1336, 1787,
1866
8. 547 . . . 1787, 1981,
1982
8. 549 1081
8. 552 1787
8. 573 1481
8. 586 1633
8. 591 1481
8. 594 1481
8. 603 1481
8. 605 1481
8. 606 . . . 1481, 2210
8. 6ia . 423, 1027, 1134,
1135
8. 618 . 628, 1124, 1414,
2099
8. 622 . . . 321, 1481
8. 625 . . 216, 231, 330,
1245, 1424, 1481, 2083
8. 634 1101
8.688. . . .584,1418
8. 742 . . 281, 302, 836,
842, 343, 377, 882, 425,
604,745,850,886,1080,
1100, 1101, 1168, 1240,
1481, 1509, 1723, 1788,
1807, 1866, 1986, 2054,
2099, 2180, 2206
(London Bg c. ccxiii 227, 1865
Act,18H) 8.5 39,40,113,168,216.
225,2:^,288,445,565,
591, 677, 722. 769, 760,
843,846,857,969,1088,
1268, 1387, 1419, 1420,
1422, 1539, 1601, 1767,
1925, 1948, 1949, 2212,
2226
8.7 2085
8.8 840
8.9 533
8. 10 340
8. 13 ... . 744, 971
8. 14 744
8. 17 441
8. 22 1068
8. 39 666
8. 41 ... . 626, 888
8. 43 . . . 623, 1492
8. 59 1422
8. 64 1267
8. 73 . . . 1576, 1874
8. 74 . . . 104, 1411
P>8«
67 & 68 Vict. c. ccxiii, 8. 76 1422
8. 77 . . . 381, 1122
8. 78 1964
88. 82-84 .... 1954
8. 86 2086
8. 88 1649
. . 1387,2138
.... 1965
.... 1892
.... 1966
.... 1964
.... 1627
.... 2184
.... 391
.... 26
.... 805
. . 558,1096
.... 2210
.199,1507,1063
.... 2287
.... 232
c. 13, 8. 2 R4
c. 19, 8. 2 379
8. 17 326
c. 21, 8. 7 . . . . 633, 1806
c. 25 1228,1571
{Friendly c. 26, 8. 10 (1) .... 661
Soc, Act, 1896)
c. 27 922
8. 1 2284
8.90
8. 102
8. 126
8.136
8. 146
8.201
8.202
8.212
8.215
Fart 3
13
Sell 1.
58 & 69 Vict c. 2, 8. 14 .
C.5. . . .
c. 6, 8. 3 . .
8 6 1163
c. 82, 8.1. . 421,1116,1862.
1939
c. 34, 8. I 1823
c. 36, 8. 7 . . 961, 1666, 1866
C.87 686
8. 23 . . . 662, 1796
8.27 2151
(Sum. Jur.
c. 89, 8. 4 . 382. 444, 615, 1269.
Act, 1896)
1468, 1593, 1869, 2246
8.5. . 1693,1666
8.7 774
c. 40, 8. 1 692
c. 42, 8.28 729
c. czzz, 8. 36 .... 2080
69 & 60 Vict. c. 8, 8. 2 1100
ell 2268
c. 12 610
c. 16, 8. 9 . 68, 418, 1168, 1316.
1661, 1668, 2172, 2282
c. 28, 8. 10 801
c.26 776,1219
8.8. .. . 777,1329
8.86 2107
8.66 1283
8.68 561
8.87 2260
8.102 43,423,427,1055,
1208
8. 106 77, 213, 345, 801,
1066.1186,1326, 1466.
1684, 1694, 1696, 1608
c.26, 8.1 961
8. 17
C.27 . .
8.3.
c. 28, 8. 6 .
8.15
(Friendly
Soc. Act,
1896)
{Finance
Act, 1896)
318
247
2068
1684
TABLE OF STATUTES.
cxcv
50 4 00 Vict c. 28, 8. 19 . . 478, 646, 674
8.24 478
8. 86 . . 80, 1068, 2140
C.81 2268
C.34, 8. 12 1646
{Judicial C.86 1031
TrusUeAct, 8.1 2106
1S96) 8. 3 . . 600, 887, 1876,
1673, 2106
c. 36 1100
c. 37, 8.1 63
c44 2100
88.1-8 .... 485
C.46 1930
8.4 1205
{LandLmo c. 47 022
{Ir)Act, 8.5 62,602
1895) 8.6 62
8.22 99
8.81 1988
8.40 62
8.47 763
8.48 . .592,884,1027,
1081,1060,1070,1103.
1467, 2023
(Light Rail' C. 48 1100,1646
wag$Act, 8.21 347
1896) 8.26 29
8.28 1862
c. 49, 8. 1 . 624, 1064, 1288
c. 60, 88. 12, 13 . ... 688
8. 19 349, 618, 614, 843,
1021, 1826, 1833, 2131
c51 2186
c.63,8.8. . . . 371,1116
(P. JJ. /«- a 54 1606
tandAei, 8.8. . . . 371,1116
1896) 8.18 1184
8.28 826
8.31 930
8. 84 . . . 1606,2076
8.35 1606
c. 66 2242
60&61 Victc.6. . . . 1117,1808,2201
c. 16. 8. 1 1798
c 19 .... 825, 736. 1634
c. 20, 8. 7 1866
c.22,8.6 1168
c.24,8.6 1880
c.25,8.8 801
c.27,8.9 801
c. 28, 8.1 1308
C.29 1882
c.81 1115
c. 34. 8. 1 1284
{Workmen's c. 87 16,662,594,616,2231
Comp. Act, 8. 1 164
1897) (1) . . . . 16,1376
(2) . . . .530.1881
8.2 317
8.4 82
8.7. .. . 662,2269
(1)2,381,623,868,933,
1132. 1720, 1796
(2) 607,616.628.686,
1204, 1636. 1646.
1870, 2120
Schl . 154,1413,1756
60 & 61 Vict. c. 38
IP, H.Scot-
land Actf
18S7)
8.
8.
88.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
c. 43. 8.
c. 48
c. 61
c. 52
c. 5.3, 8.
c 66,8.
P>8«
1600
1. 8 126. 150. 198. 2:i3,
272.326.350.464.461,
479,481.657,686,894,
1041,1043. 1056.1186,
1184. 1316. 1389, 1404,
1688, 1792. 1812. 1867,
1893, 1948, 2186
4 936
12 1115
16-81 .... 1802
126 1617
145(16) ... 29
163
179
192 ,
198 .
8 .
10
6.
c. 57, 8. 16
(Land
Trannfer
Act, 18S7)
c. 59
c. 62
C.06
8.
8
8.
8.
8
8.
8.
c. 66, 8.
61 & 62 Vict. c. 10, 8.
(Ftnance Act, 8.
c. 14. 8.
c. 16. 8.
c. 17, 8.
8.
C. 21, 8.
c. 25. s.
(Comp. Act, c. 26 .
1898)
c. 28, 8.
(Loamotives c. 29, 8.
Act, 1898) 8.
c. 30, 8.
(Criminal c 36, 8.
£vid. Act, 1898) 8.
(Loc Gov c. 37 .
(/r) Act, 8.
1898) 8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
. 1982
.... 1837
.... 1114
.... 1606
. 419, 667, 1478
.... 1982
. . 1117, 1816
... 302, 460
. 372.440.441
883. 1116, 1197.
2220
1082, 1116, 1117,
1490
.... 2119,2141
2201
406. 1067. 1068, 1520,
1660, 2041, 2088
1 . . . . 1466, 1669
1842, 2026, 2108
. 1067
. 1645
49
. 179
. 406
6.
8.
11
12
16
20(2)
(11)
24
14
4.
6.
14
4
8.
4.
. . 421
1066, 1476
. . 667
. . 838
. 404, 482
. . 1848
. . 1867
261, 1116
288, 716, 950, 1002.
1636
147
. . 198, 199, 1404
801
. ... 891,941
6 1060
12 680
17 . 68, 287, 419, 421,
1119,2207
3 1798
1. . . . 841,1926
6 69
421
18 1161
22 ... . 421,667
54 1929
66 668
61 1382
66 807
66 218
71 718
CXCVI
TABLE OF STATUTES.
P»«e
P««e
61 & 62 Vict
. c. 87, 8. 74
167
62 & 68 Yicl
t.c.23,8. 19 .
. . . . 80
8.98
1116
c. 30, 8. 15 .
. . 847
8.104
2211
c. 32, 8. 14 .
. . 1798
8.109
160, 168, 199, 842,
C.35 ...
. . 061
880, 688, 667, 1027.
c 38, 8. 8 . .
. . 658
106C
^ 1115, 1116, 1130,
c. 39. 8.1. .
. . 406
ll3fi
, 1139, 1181, 1328,
0.44,8.1. .
.
. 1895
1447
, 1525, 1542, 1617,
1658^2076
8.10 . 1
8.11 .
1893.
1601, 1736
. . 1394
8. 115 .
.... 423
c.46,B. 7. .
. . 923
c. 39 . ,
1768
c 47, 8. 18 .
0.50,8.29 .
. 56, 1361
{Prison Act,
C. 41, 8. 11
1663
. 150
1898)
8.12
1224
8.80 .
688, 1625, 1627,
8.14
.... 1658
1663, 2018
C.42 . .
1008,1116,2105
{SaU of
Food and
0.51,8.1. .
... 917
c. 44, 8. 8 .
2089
8.26 .
300, 1116, 1161.
8.7.
886
Drugs Ad, 1899)
8. 26 . .
1699
(Revenue
c. 46, 8. 1 .
712
... 789
Act, 1898)
8.14
1326
63 & 64 Vict
.0. 4,8.4. .
... 592
c. 48, 8.1. .
.... 2089
(Finance
0. 7,8.11 .
. . . 1426
8.18
. . 179,588,1260
Act, 1900)
c. 49, 8. 2 .
.... 1670
0. 8,8. 1. .
. . . 2203
c. 50, 8. 10
. . 1607, 1653,
(Common'
c. 12 ...
... 352
1924
wealth of Aus
tralia Cousin.
8. 6 . .
. . . 1081
c. 67, 8. 1 .
1683
Act)
8.11
. 284,285,600
0.20,8.4. . ,
. 697. 2176
8.12
. . 600,1605
{ Workmen*s
0.22,8.1. . .
... 64
c. 58, 8. 1 .
1694
Comp. Ac/,
0.26,8.6. . .
,
720
c. 60 . .
961
1900)
a 26 ... .
. 1067
8.27
. . 670,1168
0.27, 8. 16 .
. 1646
62 & 63 Vict
c. 7,8.6.
.... 1197
0.28 . . .
, ,
. 061
{Finance
c. 9, 8. 2 .
. . 495,2253
0.29,8.8. . .
,
. 1408
Act, 1899)
8.4.
. . 1862,1910
0.32,8.2. .
562, 1391
8.6. .
.... 1164
0.83 .. .
,
84,666
8.8.
. . 1114,1116
0.84.8.6. . .
, ,
. 1224
C. 11, 8. 2 .
. . 888. 1562
(Comp, Act,
1900)
0.48,8.1. .
. 8631
(London Goo
c. 14 . .
1123, 1197, 2268
8.3. .
. 1632
Act, 1899)
8.24
609
8.4. .
, ,
. 2208
8.80
.... 667
8. 7 . 13^
5.890
867,939.
8.84 4
3, 688, 1090. 1114,
1526, 1686, 1663
8.8. . .
Ml, 1
1016, 1874
. 1491
c. 17.8.2. .
. 179,646,2061
88. 9-U .
, ,
. 1602
{Electric
Liahting
{Clauses) Act
c. 19, 8. 1 .
.... 1909
8. 10 . .
. 891, 2208
Sell, 8. 1 .
113, 383, 421, 454,
8. 14 . .
198, 854, 470
609.
556, 609, 621. 807,
8. 83 . .
. . . 1374
1899)
976,
1136, 1492. 1626,
0.49, 88. 17-42 .
,
. 2211
1646
, 1837, 1913, 2020,
2033,2086
8.78 .
8. Ill .
•
. 2077
. 2211
Sch, 8. 8 . .
.... 1050
0.60 . . .
8.3. .
•
62
Sch, 8. 18
. . 609, 801, 2220
. 1067
c. 22, 8. 8 .
.... 691
0.51,8.6. .
. 1210
c. 28, 8. 6 .
.... 2039
0.56, 8. 2. .
. 1618
8.7.
.... 2089
0.68,8.8. .
,
. 1781
8.8.
.... 2039
0.69 ...
. 2268
8.9.
.... 2039
0.68.8.8. .
. 1070
1 At this p«ge the Act is erroneously printed as Comp. Act, 1890.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS. &c.
Note : the nse of Small Capitals tkroughoat the book, suggests a reference to the Word
or Phrase bo printed.
Where Dales are given in the last column of this Table, thai indiccUes that the item against
which ii appears is a SerieSf or Volume, of Reports of Cases, and these Dates also indicate
theperiod covered by such Reports,
A.
Abdrsviatioks. Explaxatioxs. Period.
Abbott Abbott (afterwards Ld Tenterden, C. J.) on
Merchant Ships and Seamen, 13th ed.
Abb. Abbott's United States Circuit Court ReporU.
Addams A ddams* Ecclesiastical Reports 1822-1826
Add. C Addison on Contracts, 9th ed.
Add. T Addison on Torts, 7th ed.
Admon Administration.
Ads, or Admors .... Administrators.
A.&E Adolphus and Ellis 1834-1841
Affd Affirmed.
AU. AUbama Reports.
AL&N Aloock and Napier 1831-1838
Aleyn Aleyn 1646-1649
Alien Allen's Massachusetts Reports.
Amb Ambler 1737-1788
And Anderson 1558-1603
Ann. Co. Co. Pr Annual County Court Practice.
Ann. Pr. ...... . Annual Practice ; the reference is usually to
the Order and Rule of Court, and is ap-
plicable to any Edition.
Anstr. Anstruther 1792-1796
App. Ca. ....... Law Reports, Appeal Cases 1875-1890
JVote, in snd since 1891 these Reports are cited hj the year, e,g,
1891, A. C.
Appnrts Appurtenances.
Arb Act, 1889 Arbitration Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V. c. 49.
Arch. Bank Archbold on Bankruptcy, 11th ed.
Arch. Cr. Archbold's Pleading and Evidence in Criminal
Cases, 22nd ed.
Arch.P.1.. Archbold's Poor Law, 15th ed.
Arnold Arnold 1888-1889
cxcviii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
Abbbsyiations. Explanations. Pkkiod.
Am Arnonld on Marine Insurance, 7th ed.
Art Article.
Asp Aspinall 1871, and in
progress
Assn Association, cliiefly in names of cases.
Assrce Assurance, diieflj in names of cases.
Atk Atkyns 1786-1766
A-G Attorney-General, — in names (tf<
B.
Bac. Ab Bacon's Abridgment.
Bail C. C Bail Court Cases (sometimes called Lowndes
& Maxwell) 1862-1864
Baldwin Baldwin on Bankruptcy, 8th ed.
Ball&Beatty Ball and Beatty 1807-1814
Bankry Bankruptcy.
Bankry Act, 1849 .... Bankrupt Law Consolidation Act, 1849, 12 &
18 V. c. 106.
„ 1861 .... Bankruptcy Act, 1861, 24 & 26 V. c. 184.
„ „ 1869 .... Bankruptcy Act, 1869, 82 & 33 V. c. 71.
„ 1888 .... Bankruptcy Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V. c. 52.
„ 1890 .... Bankruptcy Act, 1890, 68 & 54 V. c. 71.
„ „ (Ir), 1872 . . Bankruptcy (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1872,
85 & 86 V. c. 58.
Barb. (N. Y.) Barbour's New York Supreme Court Reports.
Barnardiston Ch. Ca. . . Barnardiston's Chancery Cases 1740-1741
Barnes Barnes' Notes of Cases 1732-1760
B. & Ad Barnewall and Adolphus 1880-1884
B. & Aid Barnewall and Alderson 1817-1822
B. & C Barnewall and Cressweli 1822-1880
B. & Aust Barron and Austin 1842
Baxter Baxter's Tennessee Reports
Beatty Beatty 1814-1880
Bea Beavan 1838-1866
Bell C. C BeU, Crown Cases 186a-1860
Benedict Benedict's United States District Court Re-
ports.
Be^j Benjamin on Sales of Personal Property,
8rd ed.
B. &S Best & Smith 1861-1870
Beven Beven on Negligence in Law, being 2nd ed.
of Beyen's Principles of the Law of Neg-
Bills of Ex. Act, 1882 . . Bills of Exchange Act, 1882, 45 & 46 V. c. 61.
BillsofS. Act, 1854 . . . Bills of Sale Act, 1854, 17 & 18 V. c. 36.
,. 1878 ... BiUs of Sale Act, 1878» 41 & 42 V. c. 81.
„ „ 1882 . . . Bills of Sale Act (1878) Amendment Act,
1882, 46 & 46 V. c. 48.
Bing Bingham 1822-1884
Bing. N.C Bingham, New Cases 1834-1840
Blackb Blackburn on Sales, 2nd ed.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c. cxcix
AbBUKVIATIONS. EXPLAXATIOKS. Pk&IOD.
Bl. Com BUckstone's Commentaries, the paging being
that of tlie 6th ed« ; the edition chiefly
used being the 12th by Christian, wherein
Blackstone's last paging is preserved in the
margin.
Bl. H Blackstone, Henry 178d-1700
Bl. W Blackstone, William 174^-1780
BUgh Bligh's Reports of Cases in the House of
Lords 1819-1821
BUgh^N.S. Bligh. New Series 1827-1887
Bd Board.
B. &P. Bosanquet and Paller 1796-1804
B. &P. N. R Bosanquet and Fuller, New ReporU . . . 1804-1807
Bolt Bott 1768-1827
Brod. & B Broderip and Bingham 181&-1822
B. & F Brodrick and Fremantle 1840-1866
Bra C. C Brown's Chancery Cases 1778-1794
Brown P. C Brown's Parliamentary Cases 1702-1800
Brownl. & Gold Brownlow and Goldesborough 166&-1626
Brown. & Lush Browning and Lushington 1868-1866
B. &Macn Browne and Macnamara; but generally
herein cited as By & Can Traffic Ca. . . 1881, &i. p.
BuckL Buckley on the Companies Acts, 7th ed.
Bg Buildmg.
Bg Socy Act, 1836 . . . Building Societies Act, 1836, 6 & 7 W. 4, c. 32.
,,1874. . . . BuildingSocieties Act, 1874, 37&88 V.C.42.
„ 1884 .... Building Societies Act, 1884, 47 & 48 V. c. 41.
„ „ 1894 .... Building Societies Act, 1894, 67 & 68 V. c. 47.
Bnlst Bulstrode 1608-1649
Bunb Bunbury 1713-1742
Burr. Burrow 1756-1772
Burr. S. C Burrow's Settlement Cases 1732-1776
Byles Byles on Bills of Exchange and Promissory
Notes, 16th ed.
C.
Cab. & El Cabab^ and Ellis
Cald. Caldecott's Settlement Cases
Cal California Reports.
Callis The Reading of Robert CalUs on the Statute
of Sewers, 23 H. 8, c. 6, delivered by
him at Gray's Inn, August, 162Z
Camp. Campbell
Carp. Carpmael's Patent Cases
C. & K. Carrington and Kirwan
C. & M Carrington and Marshman
C. & P. Carrington and Payne
Carter Carter
Carth. Carthew
Carver Carver on Carriage of Goods by Sea, 3rd ed.
Ca. t Hard Cases, temp. Hardwicke
1882-1886
1776-1786
1807-1816
1602-1842
1848-1863
1841-1842
1823-1841
1664-1676
1688-1701
178a-1787
cc TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
Abbreviatiokb. Ezplanatioks. Pebiod.
Ca. t. Talb Cases in Equity, temp. Talbot 173^-1737
Ch. Ca Cases in Cliancerjr 1060-1093
Cliallis Challis on Real Property, 2nd ed.
Chalmers Chalmers on Bills of Exchange, 6th ed.
Ch. D Law Reports, Chancery Dirision .... 1875-1890
Nott^ in and aipce 1891 theae Reports are cited by the year and
Toluine, e.^; 1891, 1 Ch.
Ch. Rep Reports in Chancery 1625-1710
Ch Law ReporU, Chancery Appeals .... 1805-1875
Chaney (Mich.) .... Chaney's Michigan Reports.
Ch Chapter.
[vol. !., 1819,
Chitty Chitty -! vol. ii , 1770-
[ 1822
Chitty Eq. Ind Chitty^s Equity Index, 4th ed.
CI. &F Clark and Finnelly 1831-1840
Co. Litt Coke upon Littleton, the edition here used
being the 18th by Hargrave & Butler.
Coll Collyer 1844-1846
Col Colorado Reports.
Colt, Reg. Ca Coltman, Registration Cases 1879-1885
Com. Ca Commercial Cases 1895,&i.p.
Commrs Commissioners, — chiefly in names of cases.
C. B Common Bench Reporto 1845-1856
C. B. N. S Common Bench Reports, New Series . . . 1850-1805
Com. L. Pro. Act, 1852 . . Common Law Procedure Act, 1852, 15 &
16 V. c. 76.
„ „ 1854. . Common Law Procedure Act, 1854, 17 &
18 V. c. 125.
„ „ 1800. . Common Law Procedure Act, 1800, 23 &
24 V. c. 126.
Com. L. R Common Law Reports 1854-1855
C. P. D Law Reports, Common Pleas Division . . . 1875*1880
Co Company.
Comp Act, 1862 .... Companies Act, 1862, 25 & 26 V. c. 89.
„ 1867 .... Companies Act, 1867, 80 & 31 V. c. 181.
„ „ 1877 .... Companies Act, 1877, 40 & 41 V. c. 26.
„ 1879 .... Companies Act, 1879, 42 & 48 V. c. 70.
„ „ 1880 .... Companies Act, 1880, 43 V. c. 19.
„ „ 1898 .... Companies Act, 1898, 01 & 62 V. c. 20.
„ „ 1900 .... Companies Act, 1900, 03 & 04 V. c. 48.
Comp Mem of Assn Act, 1890 Companies (Memorandum of Association)
Act, 1890, 58 & 54 V.c. 02.
Comp Winding-up Act, 1890 Companies (Winding-up) Act, 1890, 53 &
54 V. c. 88.
Comp C. C. Act, 1845 . . Companies Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845,
8 V. c. 16.
Comp C. Act, 1868 . . . Companies Clauses Act, 1863, 20 & 27 V.
c. 118.
Com Comyn 1696-1740
Com. Dig Corny n's Digest.
Con. & L Connor and Lawson 1841-1848
Conv & L. P. Act, 1881 . . Conveyancing and Law of Property Act,
1881, 44 & 45 V. c. 41.
TABLE OF ABBEEVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
cci
Abbbbviatioks.
Coot Act, 1882
Conr & L. P. Act, 18
Explanations.
. Conveyancing Act, 1882, 46 & 46 V. c. 39.
, Conveyancing and Law of Property Act,
1892, 66 & 56 y. c. 13.
Cooper C. P Cooper, Charles Purton
Cooper t. Brongliam . . . Cooper, Charles Purton, temp. Brougham .
Cooper t Cott Cooper, Charles Purton, temp. Cuttenham
Cooper G Cooper, George
Coote Coote on Mortgages, 5th ed.
Corp Corporation.
Co. Co County Court, or (especially in names of
cases) County Council.
Co. Co. Act, 1888 .... County Courts Act, 1888, 61 & 52 V. c. 48.
Co. Co. B County Court Bules, 1889.
Cowel Cowel's Interpreter by Tho. Manley, 1672.
Cowen Cowen's New York Beports.
Cowp Cowper
Cox Ch Cox's Chancery Cases
Cox C. C Cox's Criminal Cases
Cr. &Ph Craig and Phillip
Cranch Cranch's United States Supreme Court
Beports.
Cr. & Dix Crawford and Dix
Cr. & Dix Ab. Ca. . . . Crawford and Dix, Abridged Notes of Cases
Cr. Creditor.
Crim. Et. Act, 1898 . . . Criminal Eyidence Act, 1898, 61 & 62 V.
c 36.
f^ y I Croke, temp. Elizabeth, James I., and I
^.cl: : : : : : :l c--^- • I
Cr. & J Crompton and Jervis
Cr. & M. Crompton and Meeson
Cr. M. & B Crompton, Meeson, and Boscoe
Cm. Dig Cruise's Digest of the Laws of England re-
specting Beal Property, 4th ed.
Cmmingham Cunningham's K. B. Cases, Srd ed
Curt. Curteis
Cush Cushing's Massachusetts Beports.
Cp Compare.
Period.
1887-1838
1833-1834
1846-1848
1815, with
a few earlier
casea in and
from 1792.
1774-1778
1745-1797
1848, &i. p.
1840-1841
1839-1846
1837-1888
1581-1641
1830-1832
1832-1834
1834-1835
1784-1735
1884-1844
Daly Daly's New York Common Pleas Beports.
Dan. Ch. Pr Daniell's Ciiancery Practice, 7th ed.
Dart Dart on Vendors and Purchasers, 6th ed.
D. & M Davison and Merivale
Deacon Deacon
Dea. & C Deacon and Chitty
D. & Sw Deane and Swabey
Dears Dearsley, Crown Cases
Dears. & B Dearsley and Bell
Debtors Act, 1860 . . . Debtors Act, 1809, 82 & 33 V. c. 62.
Deft Defendant.
1848-1844
1835-1840
1832-1835
1855-1857
1852-1856
1856-1858
ccii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
Abbreviations. Ezflanatioks. Pskiod.
Def Definition.
D. G DeGex 1844-1848
D. 6. F. & J De Gex, Fisher, and Jones 1850-1862
D. G. & J De Gez and Jones 1856-1860
D. G. J. & S De Gex, Jones, and Smith 1862-1865
D. G. M. & G De Gex, Macnaghten, and Gordon .... 1851-1857
D. G. & S De Gex and Smale 1846-1852
Den Denison 1844-1852
Dick Dickens 1550-1702
Dillon Dillon's United States Circuit Court ReporU.
Distd Distinguished.
Doug. Douglas 1778-1785
Dow Dow 1812-1818
Dow & CI Dow and Clark 1827-1831
Dowl Dowling, Practice Cases 1830-1841
Dowl. N. S Dowling, Practice Cases, New Series . . . 1841-1843
Dowl. & L Dowling and Lowndes 184^-1840
D. & R Dowling and Rjiand 1822-1827
Drew Drewry 1852-1850
Dr. &Sm Drewry and Smale 1850-1865
Dru Drury, temp. Sugden 1843-1844
Dr. &Wal Drury and Walsh 1837-1841
Dr. & War Drury and Warren 1841-1843
Durnford & East . . . . F. T. R.
Dwar Dwarris on Statutes, 2nd ed.
Dyer, or Dy Dyer 1613-1682
East East 1800-1812
East P. C East's Pleas of the Crown.
Eden Eden 1767-1766
E. &6 Ellis and Blackburn 1852-1858
E. B. & E Ellis, Blackburn, and Ellis 1858
£. &E ■ . . Ellis and Ellis 1858-1861
Elph Elphinstone, Norton, and Clark on the Inter-
pretation of Deeds.
Encyc Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England.
Eq. Ca. Ab Equity Cases Abridged, 5th ed.
Eq. Rep . Equity Reports 185.3-1856
Esp Espinasse 1703-1810
Espy Especially.
Ex Exchequer Reports 1847-1856
Ex. D Law Reports, Excliequer DiTision .... 1876-1880
Exon Execution.
Exs, or Exors Executors.
Far well Farwell on Powers, 2nd ed.
Fawcett Fawcett on Landlord and Tenant, 2nd ed.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &o. cciii
Abbreviatiosib. Ezplamatioms. Period.
Fearne Ck>nt. Rem. . . . Fearne on Contingent Remainders and Ex-
ecutory Deviaes, 9th ed., by Charles
Butler.
Fed. Rep Federal Reporter.
Finch Finch, Heneage 1678-1680
Fisher Fisher on Mortgages, 6ih ed.
F. N. B Fitz-Herbert, Natura Brevium.
Florida Florida Reports.
Fon. B. C Fonblanque, Bankruptcy Cases 1840-1862
Fort Fortescue 1696-1788
Forrest ....... Forrest's Exchequer Reports 1800-1801
Foster Foster's Crown Law Cases 1708-1760
F. & F. Foster and Finlason 1866-1867
Fox & Smith Fox and Smith 1822-1824
Friendly Soc. Act, 1868 . Friendly Societies Act, 1858, 21 & 22 V. c. 101.
„ 1875 . Friendly Societies Act, 1876, 86 & 89 V. c. 60.
„ 1806 . Friendly Societies Act, 1895, 68 & 69 V.c. 26.
„ 1896 . Friendly Societies Act, 1896, 60 & 60 V. c. 26.
Fiy Fry on Specific Performance of Contracts,
Srded.
Gale Gale on Easements, 7th ed.
G. & D. Gale and Davison 1841-1848
Gallison Gallison's United States Circuit Court Reports.
Georgia Georgia Reports.
Giff. Giffard 1867-1866
Gilb. Eq. Rep Gilbert's Equity Reports ....... 1706-1727
Godb Godbolt 1676-1642
Ooddard Goddard on Easements, 6th ed.
Godefroi Godefroi on Trusts and Trustees, 2iid ed.
Goodere Goodeve on Real Property, 4th ed.
Gould. Gouldsborough 1686-1602
Gow Gow 1818-1820
Gray Gray's Massachusetts Reports.
G. N. Ry Great Northern Railway.
G. W. Ry Great Western Railway.
H.
Hagg. Adm Haggard, Admiralty Cases 1822-1838
Hagg. Con Haggard, Consistory Cases 1789-1802
Hagg. Ecc Haggard, Ecclesiastical Cases 1827-1883
Hale P. C Hale's Pleas of the Crown.
H&Tw Hall and TwelU 1849-1860
Hamilton Hamilton on Company Law, 2nd ed.
Hard. Hardres 1666-1660
Hare Hare 1841-1858
H.&R Harrison and Rutherford 1865-1866
cciv TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &a
Abbbbviatiohs. ExFLAKATioirs. Pbriod.
Hawk Hawkins on the Constractioo of Wills.
Hawk. P. C Hawkins* Pleas of the Crown.
Hayes Hayes 1880-1882
H. &M. Hemming and BCiiler 1882-1865
H. Bl Henry Blackstone 1788-1796
Heredtts Hereditaments.
Hetley HeUey 1627-1631
HIU HiU's New York Reports.
Hob Hobart 1603-1626
Hodges Hodges 1835-1837
Hogan Hogan 1816-1834
Holt Holt 1688-1710
Holt N. P Holt» Nisi Prios Cases 1815-1817
Hop. & Colt Hopwood and Coltman 1868-1878
H.&P Hopwood and PhUbrick 1863-1867
H. L Honse of Lords.
H.L.Ca. House of Lords Cases 1847-1866
Hudson Hudson on Building Contracts, 2nd ed.
Hud. &Bro Hudson and Brooke 1827-1831
Hump Humphrey's Tennessee Reports.
H. &C Hnrlstone and Coltman . . . t^. . . . 1802-1866
H. & N. Hurlstone and Norman 1866-1862
Hn Herein, or hereon.
L
ni Illinois Reports.
Inl. Rer Inland Revenue, — chiefly in names of cases
or statutes.
Inst Coke's Institutes.
Insroe Insurance, — chiefly in names of cases.
Interp Interpretation.
Interp Act, 1889 .... Interpretation Act, 1880, 62 & 63 V. c. 63,
g^ven in exteruo in the Appendix.
Iowa Iowa Reports.
Ir Ireland.
Ir. L. R Irish Law Reporto 1888-1860
Ir. Eq. Rep. Irish Equity Reports 1838-1860
Ir. Cora. Law Rep. . . . Irish Common Law Reports 1860-1866
Ir. Ch. Rep Irish Chancery Reports 1850-1866
Ir. Rep. C. L Irish Reports, Common Law 1867-1877
Ir. Rep. £q Irish ReporU, Equity 1867-1877
L. R. Ir Law Reports, Ireland 1878-1893
Note, In and alnoe 18M theM Reporto are cited by the year,
e.g. 1894, 1 I. R. ; ainoe 1877, and atill, the odd-nnmbered
Tolmne reports Equity cases and the eTen-nnmbered volnme
CoBunon Law oases
Jac Jacob 1821-1822
Jac. &W Jacob and Walker 1819-1821
TABLE OF ABBEEVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c. ccv
Abbrkyiations. Explanations. Period.
Jacob Jacob's Law Dictionary '* enlarged and im-
prored " by Tomlins and brought by him
** to the end of the reign of our late vener-
ated Sovereign George the Third," 3rd
quarto ed. Sometimea this book is cited
as Tomlins, or Tomlins' Law Diet
Jarm Jarman on Wills, 4th ed.
Jebb&B Jebb and Bourke 1841-1842
Jebb&Sy Jebb and Symes 1838-1841
Johns Johnson 1858-1860
J. &H. Johnson and Hemming 1850-1862
John. N. T. Johnson's New York Reports.
Johns. Cas. Johnson's New York Cases.
Johnson Johnson's Maryland Reports.
Jo.T Jones, T 1667-1684
Jo. W Jones, William 1620-1640
Jones & Carey Jones and Carey 1888-1830
J. &LaT Jones and La Touche 1844-1846
Jdgmt Judgment
Jud. Act, 1873 Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1878,
86 & 87 V. c. 66.
„ „ 1875 Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1875,
88 & 39 V. c. 77.
„ „ 1881 Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1881,
44 & 45 V. c. 68.
„ „ 1884 Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1884,
47&48V.C. 61.
„ „ 1800 Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1800,
58 & 54 y. c. 44.
„ „ 1894 Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1804,
57 & 58 V. c. 16.
„ M (Ir) 1877 . . . Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Act,
1877,40&41 V. C.57.
„ „ „ 1887 . . . Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Act,
1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 6.
Jud. T. Act, 1806 . . . . JudicialTrusteesAct, 1896^59&60y.c. 85.
Jur. Jurist 1837-1854
Jur. N. S Jurist, New Series 1854-1866
J. P Justice of the Peace 1887,&i.p.
Juta Juta's Cape Colony Reports.
Kay Kay 1858-1854
K.&J Kay and Johnson 1854-1858
Keble Keble 1661-1679
Keen Keen 1836-1888
KeUwey Keilwey, ed. of 1688 1496-1578
Kelynge W Kelynge, WUliam 1730-1784
Keyes Keyes' New York Court of Appeal Reports.
Knapp P. C Knapp's Privy Council Cases 1829-1836
CCVl
TABLE OF ABBKEVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
L.
Abbbbviatioiis. ExFLA-HATioirs. Pbbiod.
Lane. & Y. Ry Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway.
Lauds C. C. Act, 1845 . . Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1846, 8 V.
C.18.
Lands C. C. (Scot) Act, 1846 Lands Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act,
1846, 8 V. c. 19.
Latch Latch 1624-1627
L. J. 0. S. Ch Law Jonmal, Old Series, Chancery . . . 1822-1831
L.J. 0. S. K.B „ „ King's Bench . . 182^1831
L. J. O. S. C. P. . . . . „ „ Common Pleas . . 1822-1831
L.J. O. S. Ex „ „ Exchequer . . . 1830-1831
L. J. O. S. M. C „ ,» Magistrates' Cases 1826-1831
L. J. Bank „ New Series, Bankruptcy . 1882, &i. p.®
L. J. Ch „ „ Chancery . . .1831,&Lp.
L. J. E. B., or Q. B. . . . „ „ King's, or Queen's,
Bench (in and
from 1876,
Queen's, or
King's, Bench
Dirision). . . 1831, &i. p.
L. J. C. P „ „ Common Pleas (in
and from 1876 to
1880, Common
Pleas DlTision). 1881-1880
L. J. Ex „ „ Exchequer (in and
from 1876 to
1880, Exchequer
DiTision) . . . 1831-1880
L.J.M. C „ „ Magistrates' Cases 1831-1896
L. J. P. C „ „ Privy Council . . 1866, &i. p.
L. J. P. & M Law Journal, New Series, Probate and Matri- ( 1858-1859
monial . . . (1866-1875
L. J. P. M. & A „ „ Probate, Matrimonial,
and Admiralty . 1860-1865
L. J. Adm „ „ Admiralty . . . 186^1875
L. J. Ecc .. „ Ecclesiastical . . 1866-1875
L. J. P. D. & A „ „ Probate, Divorce, and
Admiralty . . . 1876,&i.p.
Law Jour Law Journal Newspaper.
L. J. N. C Law Journal Notes of Cases.
L. Q. Rev Law Quarterly Review.
L. R. A. & E Law Reports, Admiralty and Ecclesiastical . 1866-1875
L. R. C. C. R „ Crown Cases Reserved . . . 1866-1875
0 Tke N'ew Series of the Law Joumalf having the longest continuity qfanysenes of reports^
the endeavour has been to refer thereto qud every case herein cited and there reported lohich
has been decided in or since 1831; as much as practicable the contemporaneous reports have
been re/erred to^ but where that is not done the addition of 1831 to ihe number of the volume
of the Law Journal wUl approximately give the A.D, of the case, so that, if reported in any
other series ofreports^ it will be readily found there.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c. ccvii
Abbretiatioxs. Explanations. >
L. R. C. P Law Reports, Common Fleas
L. R. Eq „ Equity
L. R. Ex. „ Exchequer
L. R. H. It. „ House of Lord«, English and
Irish Appeals
L. R. Ind. App ,, Indian Appeals
L. R. Sc. & D. App. ... „ Scotch and Dtrorce Appeals .
L. R, P. 0 „ Privy Council
L. R. P. & D „ Probate and DiYorce . . .
L. R. Q. B ,1 Queen's Bench
Vf, App. Ca. : Ch. D. : Ch. : C. P. D. : Ex. D. : P. D. : Q. B. D.
L. R. Ir Law Reports, Ireland
L. T. 0. 8 Law Times ReporU, Old Series
L. T. „ „ New Series ....
Lew Times Law Times Newspaper.
Lea Lea's Tennessee Reports.
Leach Leach, Crown Cases
Leake . Leake on Contracts, 3rd ed.
Lee EfOC Lee, Ecclesiastical Casei
L & C Leigh and Care
Leon Leonard
Ler Levinz
Lewin Lewin on Trusts, 10th ed.
Lewin C. C Lewin, Crown Cases
Lindley Comp Lindley on Companies, 6th ed.
Lindley P Lindley on Partnership, 6tli ed.
Litt Littleton's Tenures, the version used being
that in the edition of Co. Litt here used.
Litt Rep Littleton
L. & G. t Plunk Lloyd and Goold, temp. Plnnkett ....
L.&G. tSug. . . .
Loc Gov Act, 1858 . .
„ » 1888 . .
.. „ 1894 . .
„ (Ir) Act, 1871 .
18»8 .
„ (Scot) Act, 1889
1894
Loc Gov Bd . .
Loflfk
LB.&S.Ry . .
L. C. & D. Ry . .
Lind.&N. \V. Ry
Lond. & S. W. Ry
London Bg Act, 1891
London Co. Co. . .
London Gov Act, 1899
Lloyd and Goold, temp. Sugden
Local Government Act, 1858, 21 & 22 V. c. 98.
Local Government Act, 1888, 51 & 52 V. c. 41.
Local Government Act, 1894, 56 & 57 V. c 73.
Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1871, 31 &
35 V. c. 109.
Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, 61 &
62 V. c. 87.
Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1889, 52 &
53 V. c. 50.
Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1894, 57 &
58 V. c. 58.
Local Government Board.
Loflfk
London Brighton & South Coast Railway.
London Chatham & Djver Railway.
London & North Western Railway.
London & South Western Railway.
London Building Act, 1894, 57 & 58 V.
c. ccxiii
London County Council.
London Government Act, 1899, 62 & 63 V.
c. 14.
Peuioi).
1865-1875
1865-1875
1865-1875
1866-1875
1878, &i.p
1866-1875
1865-1875
1865-1875
1865-1875
1878-1893
1843-1859
1859,&i.p.
1730-1814
1752-1758
1861-1865
1540-1615
1660-1697
1822-1833
1626-1632
1833-1889
1835
1772-1774
ccviii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
Abbreviations. Explvxations. Period.
Long. & Town Longfield and Townsend 1841-1842
LowDdes & Maxwell ... See Bail C. C.
L. M. & P Lowndes, Maxwell, and Pollock 1860-1851
Lush Lashington 1860-1862
Latw . Lntwjche, Ke^tratlon Cases 1843-1853
Lutw. E Lutwyche, Edward 1688-1704
M.
McL McLean's United States Circait Conrt Re-
ports.
Mac. & G Macnaghten and Gordon 1849-1852
Macq Macqueen, Scotch Appeals 1851-1865
MacS MacSwinney on Mines Quarries and Minerals,
Ist ed.
Mad Maddock 1816-1822
Maine Maine Reports.
Manchester S. & L. Rj . . Manchester Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway.
M. &G Manning and Granger 1840-1844
M. & R Manning and Ryland 1827-1830
Manson Manson's Bankruptcy and Winding-up Cases 1894, &i. p.
Man wood Man wood's Forest Laws.
Mar. Ca Maritime Cases by Crockford and Cox . . 1860-1871
M. W. P. Act, 1870 . . . Married Women's Property Act, 1870, 33 &
84 V. c. 93.
„ „ 1874 . . . Married Women's Property Act (1870)
Amendment Act, 1874, 87 & 38 V. c. 50.
„ 1882 . . . Married Women's Property Act, 1882, 45 &
46 V. c. 75.
„ 1893 . . . Married Women's Property Act, 1893, 56 &
57 V. c. 63.
Marsh Marshall 1813-1816
Mass Massachusetts Reports.
Maude & P Maude and Pollock on Merchant Shipping,
4th ed.
M. &S Maule and Selwyn 1813-1817
Maxwell Max\yell on the Interpretation of Statutes,
2nd ed.
M'Cle M'CleUnd 1824
M'Cle. & Y M'Cleland and Younge 1824-1825
M. & W Meeson and Welsby 1886-1847
Mem Memorandum.
Mer Law Amend. Act, 1856 Mercantile Law Amendment Act, 1856, 19 &
IX) V. c. 97.
Mer Shipping Act, 1854 . Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, 17 & 18 V.
c. 104..
„ 1862 . Merchant Shipping Act, 1862, 25 & 26 V. c. 68.
„ 1876 . Merchant Shipping Act, 1876, 89 & 40 V. c. 80.
„ 1889 . Merchant Shipping Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V.c. 46.
TABLE OF ABBEEVIATIONS, SIGNS, &o. ccix
Abbbxviatiokb. Extlanatioxs. Period.
Mer Shipping Act, 1894 . Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, 57 & 68 V. c. 00.
Mep Meriyale 1815-1817
Met Metcalfe's Maasachutetts Reports.
Metrop Bg Act, 1855 . . MetropoIiUn Building Act, 1855, 18 & 19 V.
C.122.
Metrop Man. Act, 1855 . . Metropolis Management Act, 1855, 18 & 19
V. c. 120.
„ „ 1858 . . Metropolis Management Amendment Act,
1858,21 &22V.C 104.
,, „ 1862 . . Metropolis Management Amendment Act,
1862,25&26 V.C.102.
„ „ 1878 . . Metropolis Management and Building Acts
Amendment Act, 1878, 41 & 42 V. c. 32.
„ „ 1882 . . Metropolis Management and Building Acts
Amendment Act, 1882, 45 & 46 V. c. 14.
„ „ 1890 . . Metropolis Management Amendment Act,
1890, 53 & 54 V. c. 66.
Metrop Ry Metropolitan Railway.
Mid. Ry Midland Railway.
Mid. G. W. Ry Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland
Minn Minnesota Reports.
Miss Mississippi Reports.
Mo Missouri Reports.
Mod Modem 1669-1732
MoU Molloy 1827-1828
Mont. Montagu 1829-1882
Mont. & Ayr Montagu and Ayrton 1833-1838
Mont&B MonUgu and Bligh 1832-1833
Mont. & Cbitt Montagu and Chitty 1838-1840
Mont. D. &D MonUga, Deacon, and De Gex 1840-1841
Mont. & M'A Montagu and Macarthur 1820-1830
Moody Moody's Crown Cases 1824-1844
Moo. &M. Moody and Malkin 1820-1830
Moo. & R Moody and Robinson 1830-1844
Moore Moore, Francis 1512-1021
Moore C P Moore, J. B., Common Pleas and Exchequer
Chamber Cases 1817-1827
Moore Ind. App Moore, Indian Appeals 1880-1872
Moore P. C Moore, Privy Council Appeals 1836-1862
Moore P. C. N. S Moore, Privy Council Appeals, New Series . 1862-1873
Moore & P Moore and Payne 1827-1881
Moore & S Moore and Scott 1831-1834
Morr Morrell, Bankruptcy Cases 1884-1893
Mtge Mortgage.
Mtgee Mortgagee.
Mtgor Mortgagor.
Moseley Moseley 1726-1730
Mun Corp Act, 1882 . . . Municipal Corporations Act, 1882, 45 & 46 V.
C.50.
„ „ 1883 . . . Municipal Corporations Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V.
c. 18.
My. & C Mylne and Craig 1835-1841
Hy. &K. * Mylne and Keen 1832-1835
TOL. I. n
ccx TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
ABBBEYIATIOarS. EZFLAHATIORS. PSKXOD.
N. & M Nerille and Manning 183^1836
N. &P Neville and Perry 1836-1888
N. Hamp New Hampehire Reports.
N. R New Reports 1862-1866
N. Y New York Reports.
N. Z. L New Zealand Law Reports.
Newb Newberry's United States Admiralty Reports.
Nolan Nolan on the Poor Laws.
N. B. Ry North British Railway.
N. E. Ry North Eastern Railway.
Notes of Ca Notes of Cases 1841-1860
Noy Noy . .* 1660-1649
11 Note.
Obs Observation, or Observations.
Odgers Odgers on Libel and Slander, 8rd ed.
Ohio Ohio Reports.
O^io St Ohio Sute Reports.
0*M. &H O'MaUey and Hardcastle 1869, &i.p.
Ord Order.
Orl. Bridg Orlando Bridgman 1660-1667
Owen Owen 1666-1616
Palm Palmer 1619-1629
Palmer Co. Prec Palmer's Company Precedents, Vol. 1, 7th
ed. ; Vol. 2, 8th ed. ; Vol. 8, 8th ed.
Par Paragraph.
Park Park on Marine Insurance, 8th ed.
Parker Parker 1743-1767
Pat. Ca Patent Cases, by Cutler 1884,&i.p.
Paterson Paterson's Scotch Appeals 1861-1873
Peake Peake 1790-1812
Peake Add. Ca Peake, Additional Cases 1796-1812
P. Wms Peere Williams 1696-1736
Penn. St Pennsylvania State Reports.
P. & D Perry and Davison 1838-1841
Phil. Ecc Phillimore 1809-1821
Phil. Ecc. Law .... Philllmore's Ecclesiastical Law, 2nd ed.
Phill Phillips 1841-1849
Pickering Pickering^s Massachusetts Reports.
Pit Plaintiff.
Piatt Piatt on Leases.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c. ccxi
Abbreviations. Explanatio2cs. Period.
Piatt Coy Piatt on Covenants.
Plowd. Plowden 1660-1680
PoU Pollexfen 1660-1686
Pop Popham 1692-1027
Pr. Ch Precedents in Chancery, Finch 1680-1722
Price Price 1814-1824
P. D Law Reports, Probate Divorce and Admi-
ralty Division 1876-1890
Note, in and dnoe 1891 theae Beporta are cited by the year, e. g.
1891, P.
P. H. Act, 1848 .... Public Health Act, 1848, 11 & 12 V. c. 63.
„ „ 1872 Public Health Act, 1872, 36 & 86 V. c. 79.
„ „ 1876 Public Health Act, 1876, 88 & 39 V. c. 66.
„ 1890 Public Health Acts Amendment Act, 1890,
68 & 64 V. c. 69.
„ Ireland Act, 1878 . Public Health (Ireland) Act, 1878, 41 & 42
V. c. 62.
„ 1896 . Public Health (Ireland) Act, 1896, 69 & 60
V. c. 64.
„ London Act, 1891 . PubUc Health (London) Act, 1891, 64 & 66
V. c. 76.
„ ScoUand Act, 1867 . Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1867, 30 & 81
V. c. 101.
„ 1807 . Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, 60 & 61
V. c. 38.
Q.
QoJk "As regards," "in relation to," "for the
purpose of,*' or " within the meaning of."
Q. B Queen's Bench Reports 1841-1862
Q. B. D Law Reports, Queen's Bench Division . . 1876-1890
Notey in and since 1891 theae Beporta are cited by the year and
volume, e.g. 1891, 1 Q. B.
R.
Ry Railway, — chiefly in names of cases, and
then signifying Railway Company.
Ry&Canal TrafBc Act, 1864 Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1864, 17 & 18
V. c. 31.
„ „ 1888 Railway and Canal Traffic Act. 1888, 61 & 62
V. C.26.
„ „ 1804 Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1894, 67 & 68
V. c. 64.
Ry Ca., or Rail. Ca. . . . Railway and Canal Cases 1835-1864
Ry & Can Traffic Ca. . . Railway and Canal Traffic Cases : C/j, B. &
Macn 1856,&i.p.
Ry C. C. Act, 1846 . . . Railway Clauses Consolidation Act, 1846,
8 V. c. 20.
ccxii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &a
Abbreviatioks. Ezplanatiomb. Pebiod.
Ry C. C. (Scot) Act, 1846 . Railway Clauses Consolidation (Scotland)
Act, 1846. 8 V. c. 33.
Rj C. Act, 1863 .... Railway Clauses Act, 1863, 26 & 27 V. c. 92.
Ry Comp. Act, 1867 . . . Railway Companies Act, 1867, 30 & 81 V.
c. 127.
Raym. T T. Raymond 1660-1684
Raym. Ld Lord Raymond 1694-1732
Redman Redman on Landlord & Tenant, 5th ed.
Reed Reed on Bills of Sale, 11th ed.
Regn Regulation.
Repld Replaced by, — t. e. a statute or section re-
placed by the one following this abbreyia-
tion.
Rep Coke's Reports 1672-1617
Rep People Act, 1832 . . Representation of the People Act, 1832, 2 & 8
W. 4, c. 45.
„ „ 1867 . . Representation of the People Act, 1867, 30
&, 81 V. c. 102.
„ „ 1884 . . Representation of the People Act, 1884, 48 &
49 V. c. 8.
„ (Ir) Act, 1882 Representation of the People (Ireland) Act,
1832, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 88.
,, „ 1850 Representation of the People (Ireland) Act,
1850, 18 & 14 V. c. 69.
„ „ 1868 Representation of the People (Ireland) Act,
1868, 81 & 32 v. c. 49.
„ (Scot) Act, 1832 RepresenUtion of the People (Scotland) Act,
1832, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 65.
„ „ 1868 Representation of the People (Scotland) Act,
1868,31&32V. c. 48.
Rettic The same as Sessions Cases, Scotch, 4th Series.
Revd RcTersed.
Rice Rice's South Carolina Reports.
Rob. Ecc Robertson, Ecclesiastical Cases 1844-1853
Robt. N. Y Roberteon's New York Superior Court Re-
ports.
Rob. C Robinson, Christopher 1798-1808
Rob. W Robinson, William 1838-1850
Robson Robson on Bankruptcy, 7th ed.
Rogers Rogers on Elections, Vol. 1, 16th ed. ; Vols.
2 and 3, 17th ed.
RoUe Rolle 1614-1625
Rol. Ab Rolle's Abridgment.
Rop Roper nn Legacies, 4th ed.
Rose. Cr Roscoc's Digest of the Law of Evidence in
Criminal Cases, 12th ed.
Rose. N. P Roscoe's Digest of the Law of Evidence at
Nisi Prius, 17lh ed.
Rose ' . . . Rose 1810-1816
R Rule, or Rules.
R. S. C Rules of the Supreme Court, 1883.
Russ Russell 1823-1829
Russ. Cr Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanours,
6th ed.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c. ccxiii
ABBRKVIATIOV8. EXTLAVATIOMS. PERIOD.
Rum. & My Riusell and Mylne 1829-1838
Russ. & Ry Russell and Ryaa 1800-1823
Ry. &M00 Ryan and Moody 1823-1826
Salk Salkeld 1680-1712
S, C. Same Case.
Saund. Saunders ( F. Wms. Saund.) 1666-1672
SaTile Sayile 1680-1694
Sayer Sayer 1761-1766
Sch Schedule.
Sch.&Lef Schoales and Lefroy 1802-1807
Scot Scotland.
So. Scott 1834-1840
Sc. N. R Scott, New Reports 1840-1846
Sc. L.R. Scottish Law Reporter 1866, &i. p.
ScrnttoQ Scrntton on Charter-parties and Bills of
Lading, 4th ed.
Selwyn N. P. Selwyn's Nisi Prius, 12th ed.
Sess. Ca. 4th Ser Sessions Cases, Scotch, 4th Series .... 1874-1898
Seton Seton on Decrees, 6th ed.
S.L. Act, 1882 Settled Land Act, 1882, 46 & 46 v. c. 38.
„ „ 1884 .... Settled Land Act, 1884, 47 & 48 V. c. 18.
„ „ 1887 Settled Land Acta (Amendment) Act, 1887,
60 & 61 V. c. 30.
„ „ 1890 Setded Land Act, 1890, 68 & 64 V. c. 69.
Show Shower 1678-1694
Sid. Siderfln 1667-1670
Sim Simons 1826-1862
Sim. N. S Simons, New Series 1860-1862
Sim. & St Simons and Stuart 1822-1826
Skinner Skinner 1681-1697
Sm. & G Smale and Qiffard 1862-1868
Sm. L.C Smith's Leading Cases, 9th ed.
Smythe Smythe 1839-1840
Sneed Sneed's Tennessee Reports.
Socy Society, — chiefly in names of cases.
Solr Solicitor.
Solrs Act, 1843 .... Solicitors Act, 1843, 6 & 7 V. c. 78.
„ 1860 Solicitors Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V. •. 127.
„ 1870 .... Attorneys and Solicitors Act, 1870, 38 & 84
V. c. 28.
Solrs Rem Act, 1881 . . . Solicitors Remuneration Act, 1881, 44 & 46
V. c. 44.
Solrs Rem Ord .... General Order made under Solicitors Re-
muneration Act, 1881.
8l J Solicitors' Journal.
S. S. Ry South Eastern Railway.
& W. Ry South Wales Railway.
Spelm Spelman's Glossarium Archaiologicnm.
Spinki Spinks, Ecclesiastical and Admiralty . . . 1863-1866
ccxiv TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
ABBRKVIATI0K8. ExPLAKATIOSS. PSBIOD.
Stat Statute.
Stat. Def. Statutory definition, or definitions : this ab-
breYiation generally indicates that the
word or phrase under consideration hito
received interpretation by the section cited
or stated.
SUrlcie Starkie 1816-1828
Steph. Cr. Stephen's Digest ofthe Criminal Law, Srded.
Stone .' . Stone's Justices' Manual.
Story Story on Equitable Jurisprudence.
Stra. Strange 1716-1748
Sty., or Style Style 1046-1666
Sucn Dy Act, 1863 . . . SnccAslon Duty Act, 1868, 16 & 17 V. c. 61.
Sug. Pow Sugden on Powers, 8th ed.
Sug. Prop. Sugden on the Law of Property as adminis-
tered by the House of Lords.
Sug. V. & P Sugden on Vendors and Purchasers, 14th ed.
Sum Jur Act, 1848 . . . Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1848, U & 12
V. c. 43.
„ „ 1867 . . . Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1867, 20 & 21
V. c. 43.
„ ., 1879 . . . Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1879, 42 & 48
V. c. 49.
„ „ 1881 . . . Summary Jurisdiction (Process) Act, 1881,
44 & 46 v. c. 24.
„ „ 1884 . . . Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1884, 47 & 48
V. c. 48.
„ „ 1896 . . . Summary Jurisdiction (Married Women)
Ac^ 1896, 68 & 69 V. c. 89.
„ ,. 1899 . . . Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1899, 62 & 63
V.C.22.
" (Ir) Act, 1861 . . Summary Jurisdiction (Ireland) Act, 1861,
14 & 16 V. c. 92.
Sumner ] Sumner's United States Circuit Court Reports.
Swabey Swabey 1866-1869
Sw. & Tr. , Swabey & Tristram 1868-1866
Swanst Swanston 1818-1819
Sthc But that case.
Stklc But that last, or latter, case.
Sv But see, or See however, or But consider, or
Compare.
Svh But see hereon.
Svth But see thereon.
Svthc But see that, or as to that or this, case, or
those cares.
Svthlc But see the, or as to the, last or latter case.
Taunt Taunton 1807-1819
Tax Cases Cases on Customs and Inland Revenue
Acts 1876,&lp.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &o. ccxv
Abbbbtiatioms. ExPLABAnoHB. Pbriod.
T. & M. Temple and Mews, Criminal Cases .... 1848-1851
T. R Term Reports, same as Dnmford and East . 1785-1800
Termes de la Ley • . . Termes de la Ley, — tlie edition used being
that published in London and " printed bj
Jo. Beale & Ric. Heame for the benefit
of all that are studious in the Common
Laws of this Realme, 1641"; "a book of
great antiquity and accuracy " (per Bayley,
J., 6 B. & C. 229). If the word is not
found in the edition mentioned, then refer
to that of 1721.
Texas Texas Reports.
Theobald Theobald on Wills, 5th ed.
Times Rep Times Law Reports 1884, &i. p.
Tomlins F.Jacob.
Touch The Touch-Stone, commonly cited as Shep.
Touch.
Tudor Char. Trusto . . . Tudor on Charitable Trusto, drd ed.
Tudor's L. C. M. L. . . . Tudor's Leading Cases on Mercantile Law,
Srded.
Tudor's L. C. R. P. . . . Tudor's Leading Cases in Real Property,
4th ed.
T. &R Turner and Russell 1822-1825
Tyr Tyrwhitt 1880-1836
Tyr. &Q Tyrwhitt and Granger 183&-1836
Th Thereon.
The ........ That case, or those cases.
Tkle That last, or hitter, case.
U.
U. S United States Supreme Court Reports.
U.S. Dig United States Digest
Vaisey Vaicey on Settlements.
Vaugh. Vaughan 1665-1674
V. &P. Vendor and Purchaser.
y. & P. Act, 1874 . . . . Vendor and Purchaser Act, 1874, 87 & 88 y.
c. 78.
yentr. yentris 1668-1684
yem yemon 1681-1719
Vem.&S yernon and Scriren 178^1788
yes Vesey, junior 1754-1817
yes. sen. , ^ Vesey, senior 1746-1755
y.ftB. Vesey and Beames 1812-1814
Vin. Ab Viner's Abridgment.
V. See.
Va See also.
ccxvi TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &a
Abbrkviationb. EzpLANATioirs. Period.
Vf See further.
Vh See hereon.
Vih See thereon.
Vihc See that, or aa to that or this, case or those
cases.
Vthlc See the, or as to the, last or latter case.
W.
Wallace, or Wall. . . .
W. W
W. W. C. Act, 1847 .. .
Watson Eq
Webster
W.N
W. R
Wend
Wheaton
White & Tudor . . . .
Wight. ........
Wilberforce
Willes
W. Bl
Wms. Bank
Wms. Exs.
Wms. P. P
Wms. R. P
Wms. & Bruce
Wms. Saund
Wils. Ch
Wils. Ex
Wils. KB
Wilson & Shaw ....
Winch
Wis
W. & D
Wood
Wood
Woodf
Workmen's Comp Act, 1897
„ 1000
Wallace's United States Supreme Court
Reports.
Water Works, — chiefly in names of cases.
Water Works Clauses Act, 1847, 10 & 11 V.
c. 17.
Watson's Practical Compendium of Equity,
2nded.
Webster, Patent Cases 1601-1855
Weekly Notes 1866, &i. p.
Weekly Reporter 1852, & i. p.
Wendell's New York Reports.
Wheaton's United States Supreme Court
Reports.
White & Tudor's Leading Cases in Equity,
7th ed.
Wightwick 1810-1811
Wilberforce on Statute Law.
Willes 1787-1758
William Blackstone 1746-1780
Williams on Bankruptcy, 7th ed.
Williams on Executors and Administrators,
9th ed.
Williams on Personal Property.
Williams on Real Property.
Williams and Bruce's Admiralty Practice,
2nd ed.
Saunders' Reports, with notes by Williams,
6th ed 1666-1672
Wilson's Chancery Reports 1818-1819
Wilson's Exchequer Reports 1805-1817
Wilson's King's Bench Reports 1742-1774
Wilson and Shaw's Scotch Appeals . . . 1825-1834
Winch 1621-1626
Wisconsin Reports.
Wolferstan and Dew's Election Cases . . . 1856-1868
Wood on Mercantile Agreements.
Wood, Tithe Cases 1660-1798
Woodfall on Landlord and Tenant, 16th ed.
Workmen's Compensation Act, 1897, 60 &
61 V, c. 87.
Workmen's Compensation Act, 1900, 68 &
64 V. c. 22.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &o. ccxvii
Abbrkviatioms. Explaxatioks.
Whe Which case, or ca^es.
Wkcv Which case see.
Wkevf Which case see further.
Whl Which last or latter.
Whle Which last or latter case.
Whlcv Which last or latter case see.
IVhv Which see.
IVhpa Which see also.
Whvf Which see farther.
Whvh Which see hereon.
Pbriod.
Tate Lee Yate Lee, on Bankruptcy, 2nd ed.
T. B Tear Books of Reports of Cases . . .
Telr. TelTerton
Tounge Tounge
T. & C. Ch Tounge and Collier, Chancery Cases .
T. & C. Ex. Tounge and Collier, Exchequer Cases .
T & J. Tounge and Jervis
1307-1587
1602-1613
1880-1882
1841-1843
1884-1842
1826-1880
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
ON THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS.
The documents whereby conclusions or directions are recorded
are various in kind, and the rules for their interpretation must
somewhat vary.
But underlying the special rules for construing the different
classes of documents, there are two fundamental rules.
I. lEberg Bocument miwt 6e reafi in its true Itflijt
Bearing that Rule in mind we get the full and proper meaning of
the doctrine enunciated by Lord Wensleydale in Qrey v. Peanon^
that; —
II. ''Sn construing fflHills, anti, intieeti, Statutes anti all
9Rritten lEnstruments, tije grammatical antr ortiinarg
sense of tlje toortrs is to lie atiijeretr to, unless tijat
tooulti leati to absurliitg, or some repugnance or incon-
sistencg toitli tije rest of tije instrument ; in toljirij case
tije grammatical antr ortntnarg sense of tfie biortis mag
6e moKifietJ so as to aboiti tfjat absurliitg, repugnancg,
or inconsistencg, but no furtijer/'
In repeating this latter canon in Ahhott v. Middleton^^ Lord
Wensleydale said, — "This rule was in substance laid down by Mr.
Justice Burton in WarhurUm v. Loveland? It had previously been
1 26 L. J. Ch. 481 ; 6 H. L. Ca. 106.
« 28 L. J. Ch. 114 ; 7 H. L. Ca. 114, 116.
> 1 Hud. & Bro. 648.
ccxx INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE
described by Lord EUenborough in Doe v. Je%%ep^ as * a rule of
common sense as strong as can be.' It had been stated (by Lord
Cranworth when Chancellor) as * a Cardinal Rule/ from which, if
we departed, we should launch into a sea of diflSiculties not easy
to fathom;^ and as the tfolDm HuU when applied to Acts of
Parliament, by Chief Justice Jervis, in Mattiaon v. Rart^ and by
Mr. Justice Maule as ^ the most general of rules, a general rule of
great utility,' in Qether v. Capper.^^ ^
But a little reflection will sliow that this Golden Rule cannot be
properly applied until the document under discussion has been put
in its true light. How otherwise can the " Ordinary Sense " of the
words employed be rightly determined ? A word ordinarily employed
in one sense in the time of Queen Elizabeth, may have quite another
ordinary sense now. So that in construing statutes regard must
be had to the time of their enactment,^ and old deeds and other
instruments must be construed as they would have been at their
date.^ So of a Will, the circumstances which the testator would,
or ought to, consider when making it, must be borne in mind.^^ So
in construing a Mercantile Documeut before you can begin to read
it in its ordinary sense, you have to know somewhat of the trade to
which it relates, and it is often required to know the sense in which
the phrases employed are used in that trade. That is to say, you
must put the document in its true mercantile light. So again a
word sometimes has a legal meaning, different from its popular
meaning ; and then the circumstances at the inception of the docu-
ment have to be attended to in order that it may be seen whether
the word in question is a phrase of art, and so to receive its ordinary
legal meaning, or whether it has been used as the language of com-
mon life, and, therefore, to receive its ordinary popular meaning.
In such a case either meaning would be the ordinary meaning ; and
what would have, in the first instance, to be determined would
be, — which ordinary meaning ought to be adopted? That could
« 12 East, 203.
• Gundry v. Pinniger, 1 D. G. M. & G. 602 ; 21 L. J. Ch. 405.
« 23 L. J. C. P. 108; 14 C. B. 386.
» 24 L. J. C. P. 71 ; 15 C. B. 706 : Va, Rhodes v. Bhodes, 51 L. J. P. C. 63; 7 App.
Cal. 92 : and per Halsbury, C. Leader v. Duffy, 58 L. J. P. C. 16; 13 App. Ca. 301.
8 Vih, Ward v. Folkestone W. W, Co, 24 Q. B. D. 384. Historical works may be
used to elucidate ancient statutes ( Bead ▼. Lincoln, Bp., 1892, A. C. 644 ; 62 L. J. P. G. 1).
9 Sutherland v. Heathcote, 1892, 1 Gh. 475; 61 L. J. Ch. 248.
M Per Ld Blackburn, Bowen t. Lewis, 54 L. J. Q. B. 67; 9 App. Ga. 913.
CONSTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS. ccxxi
only be done by, first of all, putting the document in its true light,
— by considering the circumstances out of which the document
arose.
Written documents cannot dispense with extrinsic illumina-
tion. Indeed many documents need the aid of parol evidence.^^
And though the general rule of law prevents the admissibility of
extrinsic evidence to vary a written document; yet it is con-
ceived that that rule (to which there are many exceptions) only
shuts out evidence of extrinsic facts directly and specially relating
to the document in question, and never prohibits the consideration
of the circumstances that are general to the class of documents of
which that in question is one or out of which the document itself
sprang. In other words, there is no rule of law which prevents
any document being read, as it ought to be read, in its true light.
" The law is not so unreasonable as to deny to the reader of any
instrument the same light which the writer enjoyed." ^
The law indeed interposes to determine what extrinsic circum-
stances may be employed by the light of which particular classes of
documents may be read. Hereon the reader is referred to the works
which will be found enumerated at the close of this chapter.
It is, however, safe to say that it is better (where possible) to
gather the circumstances out of which the document under consider-
ation arose from the document itself. This can mostly be done by
considering its recitals and^general structure ; whilst the meaning
of individual phrases is sometimes shown by the document itself
furnishing a dictionary,^' and more frequently, even if not generally,
such meaning is shown by the context, on the principle that words,
like men, are known by the company they keep (Nbacitur a aociis)^ —
in truth '' every possible expression a man can use may be explained
away by the context." ^*
It may possibly be objected that the first canon here proposed
u V. Obs of Jeisel, M. R., Shardhw ▼. CotteriU, 51 L. J. Ch. 866; 20 Ch. D. S8.
u Wigram on Extrinsic Eridence, 4 ed., 86, Example 6 to Proposition 6, cited by
Lindley. L. J., Dathwoodv. Magniac, 1891, 3 Ch. 865; 60 L. J. Ch. 817: "I must, to
construe this Will, sit down in the testatrix's chair and know all she knew "; per
Kekewich, J., Re Plant, 48 S. J. 63: " Some extrinsic evidence is necessary for the
explanation of erery Will"; per Coleridge, J., Doe v. Bottom, 4 A. & E. 82: Vf,
Leigh V. Leigh, 15 Ves. laS, 104 : Re Hodgson, 1898, 2 Ch. 545 ; 67 L. J. Ch. 591 : Plant
T. Bourne, cited Mt, at end.
w Per Ld Cairns, Hill ▼. Cro(^, cited Child, p. 303.
" Per Wood, V. C, Holmes v. Prescott, 33 L. J. Ch. 271.
ccxxii INTEODUCTOKY CHAPTER ON THE
is only a part of that so firmly laid down by Lord Wensleydale.
But though the two canons are intimately associated, yet the
first is quite distinct from the second. The first is the intimate
preface of the second. By applying the first a knowledge is
obtained about a document; the second then guides to its true
interpretation. As to this second canon of construction, those
who say a document is not to be read literally must show some
reason why.^^ Not so very long ago one used to hear something
about the Equity of a Statute,^^ about Strict and Lenient Con-
struction,^^ and about construing private documents on their Broad
Principle. But though narrow technicalities are not now favoured
by the Courts, yet it is perhaps not too much to say that the prin-
ciple laid down in Orey v. Pearson is universally applied so as to
hold all documents to mean what they say, — the question now
being, What does the document say? If it speaks plainly, that
plain meaning is to be followed; if it speaks ambiguously, or
doubtfully, the meaning of what it says must be ascertained in a
natural and grammatical manner, and by such aids as the law
allows ; if it speaks so as to lead to absurdity, repugnancy, or incon-
sistency, that absurd repugnant or inconsistent conclusion is rejected
because it could not have been meant.^® In every case, therefore,
what has to be sought is. What does the document say? — e.g., a
case must be within the words of a statute ; it is not enough to say
that it is within the mischief intended tp be prevented.^ And so of
private documents. Thus, for example, in an assignment to cred-
itors an ultimate trust for the debtor can only arise by express pro-
w Per Jeaael, M.R., Sutton v. Sutton, 62 L. J. Ch.386; 22 Ch. D. 516: per Knight
Bruce, V. C, Parker v. Marchant, 1 Y. & C. N. R. 800, adopted by Eelier, M. R., Anderson
V. Anderson, 1895, 1 Q. B. 758 : 17i, Re TredweU, 1891. 2 Ch. 640 ; 60 L. J. Cli. 667.
^ This is sometimes sought to be reTived under the new name of Legislation by
Construction ; V. per Williams, J., Re English Scottish and Australian Bank, 62 L. J. Ch.
828.
17 "I cannot concur in the contention that because these Acts (the adulteration
Acts) impose penalties, therefore their construction should necessarily be strict.
I think that neither greater nor less strictness should be applied to those than to
any other statutes " ; per Day, J., Newhy ▼. Sims, 68 L. J. M. C. 229 : " A liberal
interpretation means no more than that the document should receive its true construc-
tion according to its language, object, and intent " ; per Russell, C. J., Be Arton, 66
L. J. M. C. 54 : Vf, per Halsbury, C, TennaM v. Smith, 1892, A. C. 154 ; 61 L. J. P. C.
18: per Russell, C. J., A-G. v. Carlton Bank, cited Receipt, p. 1677 : London Co. Co,
V. Aylesbury Dairy Co, cited Forecourt.
M Per Parke, B., Miller v. Salomons, 21 L. J. Ex. 191 ; 7 Ex. 546.
M Scott V. Leyg, 2 Ex. D. 89; 46 L. J. M. C. 267 : Vf, per Pollock, C. B., and Mar-
tin, B., Nicholson v. Fields, 81 L. J. Ex. 288; 7 H. & N. 810.
CONSTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS. ccxxiii
yision, and it is not enough to say that the debtor ought to have
what surplus remains after his debts have been paid in full.®
Sweeping general words often present a difficulty. Their wide
terms induce the doubt as to whether they were employed in their
absolutely literal sense, and whether so to construe them would not
conduct to absurdity. In such cases it has been said, ^^ One of the
safest guides to the construction of sweeping general words, which
it is difficult to apply in their full literal sense, is to examine other
words of like import in the same instrument, and to see what limi-
tations must be imposed on them. If it is found that a number of
such expressions have to be subjected to limitations or qualifica-
tions, and that such limitations or qualifications are of the same
nature, that forms a strong argument for subjecting the expression
in dispute to a like limitation or qualification." ^ So, wide words
may be controlled to a reasonable particularity and compass, by
the recitals and other antecedent matter,^^ or by the main purpose
of the document.^
But, probably, it is not possible to formulate any rule that would
guide safely to the conclusion that the literal meaning of any given
phrase is to be set aside on the ground of its leading to absurdity,
repugnancy, or inconsistency ; and still less as to what should be
the reading in lieu of that so set aside. Each case of that kind,
unless covered by authority, would have to take care for itself,
subject to this one general principle, which would probably be of
universal acceptation, that the argument of convenience ought not
to prevail except as a last resource.^
To say, as even eminent judges have said, that documents are to
be construed by the light of Common Sense does not seem to render
verbal problems more easy of solution. Common Sense, as here
applied, is a term of the pumpkin order. It is round, smooth, and
fair to view — but hollow. It was Common Sense which proved to
the wise men of antiquity that there could be no antipodes ; for how
could people walk with their heads downwards like flies from a
ceiling ? *
» Smith V. Cooke, 1891, A. C. 297; 60 L. J. Ch. 607.
M Blackwood ▼. The Queen, 52 L. J. P. C. 14 ; 8 App. Ca. 94.
« Arlington ▼. Merrtcke, 2 Wms. Saund. 411 : Esdaile ▼. La Nauxe, 1 Y. & C. 394;
4 L. J. Ex. Eq. 46 : Danbif ▼. Coutts, 54 L. J. Ch. 577; 29 Ch. D. 500.
2B Glifnn Y. Margelson, 62 L. J. Q. B. 466.
M Per Jessel, M. R., Spencer v. Metrop Bd of Works, 52 L. J. Ch. 255 ; 22 Ch. D. 167.
» ly, per Ld Macnaghten, Keighley v. Durant, 1901, A. C. 246; 70 L. J. K. B. 665.
ccxxiv INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE
It is, perhaps, more to the purpose to say that " Popular language
should be expounded popularly."" But before that rule can be
brought into operation it must be ascertained whetlier the words in
question are popular ones or not. To this end the first canon here
stated may, possibly, be useful. Thus, Acts of Parliament, as
proceeding from a popular assembly, frequently ,^7 and Mercantile
Contracts, as employing the language of the market, generally, will
be interpreted in a popular sense and in accordance with the trade
usage applicable to the particular contract ; ^ whilst Deeds, Wills
professionally prepared, and such-like solemn and formal docu-
ments, are usually couched in the language of conveyancers, and
the " Ordinary Sense " of such language would be its technical
meaning.
But irrespective of the distinction between technical and popular
meanings, a word may have different meanings, and then we get
this Rule, — " Where we find a term which is used in more than
one sense, which has a primary, secondary, and tertiary, meaning
the rule of construction is this — The law has settled which of its
several meanings is the primary one, and then you require a con-
text to give it one of its other meanings." ^ To say that the law
" has " settled the primary meaning of words is only true in a very
limited measure indeed. The primary legal meaning of a word can
never be absolutely predicated until the authorities on that word
are duly considered ; and then not always. When, however, such
primary meaning is known (and it is hoped that this Dictionary
may to some degree help in that knowledge), then the rule as stated
in Pigg v. Clarke guides to the " Ordinary Sense " of a word having
more than one meaning. But when the primary legal meaning has
not been settled by decision, then it is necessary to remember that
the legal primary meaning would not, necessarily, be the primary
etymological meaning, but would be collected from the ordinary
import of the word as used in ordinary conversation.*^
In the uncertainty arising from the different meanings of words
» Per Pollock, C. B., Aggn r. Nicholson, 26 L. J. Ex. 860; 1 H. & N. 166.
" Stradling v. Morgan, Plowd. 205 a, cited by Halsburj, C, BeUCox v. Hakes, 60
L. J. Q. B. 04; 16 App. Ca. 518, and bj Bowen, L. J., Re Standard Manufacturing Co,
60 L. J. Ch. 800 ; 1891, 1 Ch. 646.
« V. per Esher, M.R., on Charter-Parties, Nottebohm v. Richter, 56 L. J. Q. B. 34.
» Per Jesiel, M.R., Pigg v. Clarke, 45 L. J. Ch. 860 ; 8 Ch. D. 674.
» Be Terry, 19 Bea. 580: Elph. 48.
CONSTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS. ccxxv
there is some help frequently to be derived from the rule that, —
When it can be seen that a word is clearly used in a particular
sense in one part of a document, that will, generally, be its mean-
ing throughout the document.^i But even this rule is not of
universal application ; for the same word may be used in different
senses in different parts of the same document.^
One other general rule may be added, viz., — Such a construction
of doubtful words and phrases should be adopted as will give a
reasonable meaning to every word and phrase in the documeut.
The time in relation to which a document is to be construed is
the time when it comes into life. That is to say : —
An Act of Parliament^ when it comes into operation (s. 36,
Interp Act, 1889) : .
A Contract, its date :
A Deed, its delivery : ^
A Will " shall be construed, with reference to the Real Estate
and Personal Estate comprised in it, to speak and take effect
as if it had been executed immediately before the death of
the testator, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the
Will." 8*
There remains to bear in mind, in concluding these remarks on
the fundamental canons of construction, and also in the use of the
Dictionary, that cases on construction help the Court in determin-
ing the true meaning of words and phrases ; but they lay down no
absolute rule which prevents the Court of Construction arriving at
n Courtauld v. Legh, 38 L. J. £z. 49; L. R. 4 Ex. 130 : Fertnoy*8 Case, 5 H. L. Ca.
745: Blackwood v. The Queen, ante: 2 Jarm. 842: Foster v. Wybrants, Ir. Rep.
11 £q. 40.
* Courtatdd ▼. Legh, snp : Carter v. BentaU, cited Issuk, p. 1011 : Doe d. Angell v.
AngeU, 15 L. J. Q. B. 193; 9 Q. B. 328, cited Rent, p. 1712 : Gill ▼. Barrett, 29 Bea.
872 : £L r. Alien, L. R. 1 C. C. R 371. 373, 374 ; 41 L. J. M. C. 99, 100 : per Bowen, L. J.
Cooke T. New River Co, 57 L. J. Ch. 389; 38 Ch. D. 56 ; 58 L. T. 830 ; affd 14 App. Ca.
69a
«• Co. litt 85 b : Clayton's Case, 5 Rep. 1 : Touch. 72 : Elpb. 119.
•* 8. 24, 1 V. c 26, on whv Contrart Intbwtiow. Probably, a Will, qua its legal
operation is, generally, to be read according to the law existing at its date ; V. Jones ▼.
Ogle, 8 Ch. 195 ; 42 L. J. Ch. 334 : Re March, 27 Cli. D. 166 ; 54 L. J. Ch. 148 : Sv, on
the contrary, Haduck r. Pedley, L. R. 19 Eq. 271 ; 44 L. J. Ch. 143, followed in Con-
stable T. Constable, 11 Ch. D. 681 ; 48 L. J. Ch. 621 : Vf, Lawrence v. Lawrence, 2G
Ch. D. 795; 53 L. J. Ch. 982: Re Bridger, 1894, 1 Ch. 297 ; 68 L. J. Ch. 186. Vh, 87
8. J. 42.
VOL. I. 0
CCXXVl
INTEODUCTOEY CHAPTEE ON THE
its own conclusion in the absence of decision upon the same instru-
ment, or on the same word or phrase.^
The Rules of Construction of the several classes of documents
will be found fully treated and illustrated in the following
works : —
Sitte of l^arltament*
Dwarris on Statutes.
Maxwell on the Interpretation of Statutes.
Wilberforce on Statute Law.
Broom's Maxims, Ch. 1, sect. 2.
Bacon's Maxims, Eeg. 10, 16, 19.
Barrington on Statutes.
ConcracC0«
Addison on Contracts, Book I., Ch. 2.
Chitty on Contracts, Ch. 5.
Leake on Contracts, Part 1, Ch. 4, sects.
2 and 3.
Anson on Contracts, Part 4.
Pollock on Contracts, 7th ed., Ch. 6.
2 Smith's Leading Case8,i^o«v. Tranmarr.
Broom's Maxims, Ch. 8.
Lindley on Partnership, Book 3, Ch. 9.
1 Maude & Pollock on Shipping, Ch. 6.
Abbott on Shipping, p. 307 et seq.
MacLachlan on Shipping.
Scrutton on Charter-Parties and Bills of
Lading.
Carver on Carriage of Goods by Sea.
Wood on Mercantile Agreements.
£DeeO0*
Elphinstone Norton and Clark on the
Eules for the Interpretation of Deeds;
with a Glossary.
Piatt on Covenants.
Piatt on Leases, Part 6.
Hamilton on Covenants.
Broom's Maxims, Ch. 8.
Co. Litt. 36 a.
Bacon's Maxims, Beg. 21.
The Touch-Stone, Ch. 5.
«6 Per Jessel, M.R., Athill v. AthiU, 50 L. J. Ch. 126 ; 16 Ch. D. 223, 224
CONSTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS.
ccxxvu
Wiillg*
Hawkins on the Construction of Wills.
Jarman on Wills, passim^ but especially
Ch. 51.
Williams on Executors, Part 3, Book 3,
Ch. 2.
Theobald on Wills.
Wigram on Extrinsic Evidence.
Tudor's Leading Cases on Real Property.
Tudor on Charitable Trusts, Ch. 5.
Gilbert on Wills.
9t0cellaneou0 Writings*
Broom's Maxims, Ch. 8.
Bacon's Maxims, Reg. 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 16,
19, 20, 23.
Real's Cardinal Rules of Legal Interpre-
tation.
THE
JUDICIAL DICTIONARY.
A. — "A" is sometimes read as "the"; e,g. an act done "with a
yiew ^ of giving a creditor a fraudulent preference (Bankry Act, 1869,
8. 92; and now s. 48, Bankry Act, 1883), means with the view, — the real,
effectual, substantial, dominant view of giving a preference {Ex p. Hill,
Me Bird, 52 L. J. Ch. 903 ; 23 Ch. D. 695: Exp. Taylor, 18 Q. B. D.
295: Vh. Be Mills, 58 L. T. 871; 4 Times Rep. 284: He Tweedale,
1892, 2 Q. B. 216; 61 L. J. Q. B. 505; 66 L. T. 233: Hew's Trustee v.
Hunting, and Sharp v. Jackson, cited View: Re Clay, 3 Manson, 31,
Vthe, Re Eaton, 66 L. J. Q. B. 491 ; 1897, 2 Q. B. 16; SvthU^ Re Laurie,
46 W. R. 491; 67 L. J. Q. B. 431). V. Motive.
So " an Attorney acting geuerally in the action " may appear for a
party in a County Court, s. 10, 15 & 16 V. c. 54, means the attorney
(Bookham v. Fotter, 37 L. J. C. P. 276; L. R. 3 C. P. 490; 16 W. R.
806 ; 18 L. T. 479) ; and a like interpretation was given to the like phrase
in s. 72, Co. Co. Act, 1888 (R. v. Snagge, 1894, 2 Q. B. 440 ; 63 L. J.
Q. B. 689; 70 L. T. 874; 42 W. R. 603). Cp. Ex p. Pratt, cited An.
" A ** may sometimes be read as " some," e,g. in an Order under s. 28
(5), 47 & 48 V. c. 70, directing a prosecution for " a " Corrupt Practice
(R, V. Rileyy cited Cobrupt Practice). But more frequently " a " is
the equivalent of " any " ; and therefore where by s. 52, Agricultural
Holdings (England) Act, 1883 (46 & 47 V. c. 61 extended to distresses
generally, s. 7, 51 & 52 V. c. 21), bailiffs for levying a distress on an
agricultural holding are to be appointed in writing " by the judge of a
County Court," that does not mean " of the County Court in the district
of which the holding is," but means " of any County Court " ; so that a
bailiff appointed by any County Court judge may levy an agricultural
distress anywhere (Re Sanders, Ex p. Sergeant, 54 L. J. Q. B. 331).
So, Recognizances on an appeal to Quarter Sessions, " before a Court of
Summary Jurisdiction," s. 31 (3), 42 & 43 V. c. 49, may be before any
such Court (R. v. Durham Jus., 1895, 1 Q. B. 801 ; 64 L. J. M. C. 189 ;
72 L. T. 465; 43 W. R. 423; 59 J. P. 264). So, "Notice to appoint
an Arbitrator," s. 5, Arb. Act, 1889, does not require that an Arbitrator
be named in the Notice (per Esher, M. R., Re Eyre and Leicester, cited
Appoint, at end). So, semble, " a Solr " producing a deed is thereby
1
ABANDON
authorized to receive its consideration, s. 56, Con v. & L. P. Act, 1881,
means anij Solr {King v. Smith, 1900, 2 Ch. 425 ; 69 L. J. Ch. 598 ; 82
L. T. 815, commenting on Dai/ v. Woolwich Bg. Socy,^ 68 L. J. Ch. 280 ;
40 Ch. D. 491; 60 L. T. 752; 37 W. R. 461).
But " on, or in, or about a Eailway, Factory," &c, s. 7 (1), Work-
men's Comp. Act, 1897, does not mean " any " Ry, &c, but means the
Ry &c of the Employer of the Workman {Francis v. Turner, 1900, 1 Q. B.
478; 69 L. J. Q. B. 182 ; 81 L. T. 770; 48 W. R. 228; 64 J. P. 53).
It is difficult to read " a " as " all " : — the phrase ** a Lessee includes
an Original or Derivative Under-lessee," s. 14 (3), Conv. & L. P. Act,
1881, does not include all Under-lessees, e,g, it does not include an
Under-lessee of part of the demised property {Burt v. Gray, 1891,
2 Q. B. 98; 60 L. J. Q. B. 664; 65 L. T. 229 ; 39 W. R. 429).
A grant of " a " Right of Sporting on land, gives only a concurrent
right ; but " the " right would give it exclusively {Grafiam v. Ewart,
25 L. J. Ex. 47 ; 26 lb. 97; nom. Eioart v. Graham, 29 lb. 88; 7 H. L.
Ca. 331 ; Vthc Devonshire v. 0' Connor^ cited Freehold : Vf, Suther*
land V. HeathcotCy cited Liberty op Working). V. Fishery: Exclu-
sive Right: Hunting.
So a clergyman may be "a" Minister of a Church, without being
** the " minister. V, Minister.
" A Share " ; V. Be Fickus, cited Share.
A License to fish " with a Rod and Line," does not justify the use
of more than one Rod and Line {Comhridge v. Harrison, 72 L. T. 692;
64 L. J. M. C. 175 ; 59 J. P. 198). By a covenant not to erect any
building " except a private dwelling-house," not merely the class of
building is defined in the exception but only one of that class is permitted
thereby (per Denman, J., Smith v. Standing, 32 S. J. 734). Vf, Kim^
her V. Admans, and Bogers v. Hosegood, cited House.
So, the provision for issuing a Bankry Notice against a Debtor, " if a
Creditor has obtained a Final Judgment against him, " s. 4 (1 g), Bankry
Act, 1883, means one jdgmt, and two or more jdgmts cannot be included
in any one Notice {Be Low, 1891, 1 Q. B. 147; 60 L. J. Q. B. 265 ; 63
L.T. 694; 39 W. R. 181).
The provision in s. 1, Exors Act, 1830, 11 G. 4 «&j 1 W. 4, c. 40, that an
exor is to be deemed " a Trustee " for the Next-of-kin, quk an undisposed
of residue of personalty, does not make him an " Express Trustee " {Be
Lacy, 1899, 2 Ch. 149; 68 L. J. Ch. 488; 80 L. T. 706; 47 W. R. 664).
Vh. s. 30, Sum. Jur. Act, 1879, as doubted and expounded by s. 8, Sum.
Jur. Act, 1884
r. An : Every : One : The.
ABANDON. — "Abandon or expose " a child under two years of
age, s. 27, 24 & 26 V. c. 100; — These words " include a wilful omission
to take charge of the child on the part of a person legally bound to do so^
ABANDON 8 ABANDONMENT
and any mode of dealing with it calculated to leave it exposed to risk
without protection " (Steph. Cr. 196, citing R. v. White, L. R. 1 C. C. E.
311; 40 L. J. M. C. 134: R. v. Falkingham, L. R. 1 C. C. R. 222; 39
L. J. M. C. 47). Vf. Arch. Cr. 839, 840 : Eosc. Cr. 348.
A creditor does not " abandon the excess " of his claim, s. 81, Co. Co.
Act, 1888, by merely suing for part of his demand ( Vines v. Arnold^
8C. B. 632; 19 L. J. C. P. 98).
Abandoned Lands ; V. Superfluous Land, at end.
Abandon Salvage; V. Salvage.
ABANDONMENT. — In a policy of Marine Insurance, Abandon-
ment is of the essence of a claim for constructive total loss.
"The word 'abandon' is one in ordinary and common use, and in its
natural sense well understood; but there is not a word in the English
language used in a more highly artificial and technical sense than the
word 'abandon'; in reference to constructive total loss, it is defined to
be a cession or transfer of the ship from the owner to the under- writer,
and of all his property and interest in it, with all the claims that may
arise from its ownership, and all the profits that may arise from it, in-
cluding the freight then being earned " (per Martin, B., Rankin v.
Fotfer, 42 L, J. C. P. 200; L. R. 6 H. L. 139 : Vh. Park, ch. 9). In
a Notice of Abandonment it is not necessary to use the word" abandon " ;
an equivalent expression suffices (Curriev, Bombay Insrce, L. R. 3 P. C.
78, 79). Vf, 8 Encyc. 192-195.
What is an Abandonment of a Wreck, so as to avoid liability respect-
ing it; V. The Snark, 1899, P. 74 ; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 22; 80 L. T.
25; 47 W. R. 398, and cases there cited; affd. 1900, P. 105; 69 L. J.
P. D. & A. 41; 82 L. T. 42; 48 W. R. 279. V. Owner, towards end.
" The surrender of a Child to an adopted parent as an act of prudence
or necessity under the pressure of present inability to maintain it, and
if done in the interests of the Child, cannot be regarded as an Abandon-
ment or Desertion, or even as unmindfulness of parental duty," within
8. 3, Custody of Children Act, 1891, 54 V. c. 3 (per Fitz-Gibbon, L. J.,
Re O'Hara, 1900, 2 I. R. 244).
An Abandonment of Possession, by a Sheriff in an Execution, or by a
Bailiff in a Distress, is always one of fact, to be determined on the facts
and circumstances of each case {Bagshawes v. Deacon, 1898, 2 Q. B.
173; 67 L. J. Q. B. 658; 78 L. T. 776; 46 W. R. 618: whc reviewed,
amongst other authorities, Swan v. Falmouth, 6 L. J. 0. S. K. B. 374;
8 B. & G. 456 : Ackland v. Faynter, 8 Price, 95, and Eldridge v. Stacey,
15 C. B. N. S. 468; 33 L. J. C. P. 31 ; 9 L. T. 291 ; 12 W. R. 51. Vf.
Lumsden y. Burnett, 1898, 2 Q. B. 177; 67 L. J. Q. B. 661; 78 L. T.
778; 46 W. R. 664: Bannister v. Hyde, and Jones v. Beimstein^ cited
Possession).
As to Waiver, or Abandonment, of a Ri3Ht, " it is necessary to under^
ABANDONMENT 4 ABATE
stand precisely what is the qualification which has heen introduced by
the case of Freeman v. Cooke (18 L. J. Ex. 114: 2 Ex. 654) into the
doctrine of law as it was laid down by Ld. Denman in Pickard v. Sears
(6 A. & E. 469-474), — * The rule of law is clear, that where one by his
words or conduct wilfully causes another to believe the existence of a
certain state of things, and induces him to act on that belief so as to
alter his own previous position, the former is concluded from averring
against the latter a different state of things as existing at the same
time.* In Freeman v. Cooke^ Parke, B., in delivering the jdgmt of
the Court of Exchequer, qualified that proposition by saying, — * In most
cases the doctrine in Pickard v. Sears is not to be applied, unless the
representation is such as to amount to the CoirrRACT, or License, of the
party making it.' So that, I apprehend, where there is a Vested Right
or Interest in any party, the principle of law, as now firmly established,
is that he cannot waive or abandon that right except by acts which
are equivalent to an Agreement or to a License " (per Chelmsford, C,
Clarke v. RaH, 6 H. L. Ca. 655, 656 ; 27 L. J. Ch. 618, 619) . V. Palmer
V. Moore, 1900, A. C. 293; 69 L. J. P. C. 64; 82 L. T. 166, in who, on
that principle, it was held that there had been an Abandonment of a Share
in a Lease. CJp. " Discontinuance of Possession," sub Discoxtixuaxce :
Dispossession.
To constitute Abandonment of a Trade-Mark an intention to abandon
must be shown: mere evidence of non-user is insufficient {^Mouson v.
Boehm, 53 L. J. Ch. 932; 26 Ch. D. 398). V. Commencement.
Abandonment of an Undertaking, e.g, a Ry ; V, Re Hull, Bamsley, &
W. Riding Ri/y 37 S. J. 477: Re Manchester , &c. Trams Co, 62 L. J.
Ch. 752: Commencement. .
Abandonment of a Way is not shown by mere non-user {Ward v.
Ward, 7 Ex. 839; 21 L. J. Ex. 334: Cook v. Bath, L. R. 6 Eq. 177:
James v. Stevenson, 1833, A. C. 162; 62 L. J. P. C. 51 ; 68 L. T. 539);
so, of a Right to Light (Newson v. Pender, 27 Ch. D. 43: Smith v.
Baxter, cited Interruption).
Cp. Relinquish.
ABATE. — *' * Abate ' is both an English and French word, and sig-
nifieth, in his proper sense, to diminish or take away, as here (s.475, Litt.)
by his entrie he diminisheth and taketh away the freehold in law descended
to the heire : and so it is said, to abate an account, signifying subtraction
or withdrawing, &c, and to abate the courage of a man. In another
sense it signifieth to prostrate, beat downe, or overthrow, as to abate
castles, houses, and the like, and to abate a writ; and hereof commeth a
word of art, abatamentum, which is an entrie by interposition." " A
Disseisin, is a wrongful putting out of him that is actually seised of a
freehold. An Abatement is when a man died seised of an estate of in-
heritance, and betweene the death and the entry of the heire, an estranger
ABATE 6 ABLE
doth interpose bimselfe and abate." (Co. Litt. 277 a; Vf. lb. 134 b).
Vh. Cowel : 3 Bla. Com. 167.
ABATEMENT.— V. Abate: Deductions. Vh. 1 Encyc. 15-20.
ABDICATE. — "^Abdication,' is a disinheriting, or rather a vol-
untary act of renouncing, disowning, &c. " (Termes de la Ley).
ABDUCTION. — V. Steph. Cr. 191-194, stating 24 & 25 V. c. 100,
as. 53, 54, as explained by the authorities there cited. Vf, Arch. Cr.
854: Rose. Cr. 232-238: 1 Encyc. 21: Vf. Knowingly.
Earl of ABERDEEN'S ACT. — The Entail Provisions Act, 1824,
5 G. 4, c. 87.
ABET. — V. Aid ob Abet.
« Abettor "; V. Termes de la Ley: 1 Encyc. 23, 24
ABEYANCE. — ***In abeiance'; That is, in expectation, of the
French word bayer^ to expect. For when a parson dieth, wee say that
the freehold is in abeyance, because a successor is in expectation to take
it " (Co. Litt. 342 b). " So, it is a maxim in law, That of every land
there is Fee Simple in some man, or else it lies in abeyance " (Cowel).
Vf Termes de la Ley : 1 Encyc. 25.
ABI DE. — '< Abide the Event '' ; V. Event : Kesult.
Deposit " to abide the event " of a Wager ; V. Deposit : Coveb.
ABILITY. — In the sense of being able to pay, as used in 9 G. 4, c. 14,
8. 6; V. Lyde v. Barnard, 1 M. & W. 101 ; 5 L. J. Ex. 117; 1 Sm. L. C.
195-197. Accordingly, a Certification of Shares is not a representation
of the "Credit," or "Ability" of the intended Transferor, within the
section {Bishop v. Balkis Co., cited Cebtification).
Vf. Legal Disability.
ABJURATION. — Is a voluntary Banishment, "a renouncing by
oath, OP forswearing of the realm" (Cowel: Termes de la Ley): but,
semble, it cannot be partial, it is " a deportation far ever into a forreine
land" (Co. Litt. 133a): it is "a civil death," like to one pbofbssed in
kelfgion (lb.). Vh. Newsome v. Bowyer^ 3 P. Wms. 38: 1 Encyc. 26.
Cp. Kelegation : Tbanspobtation.
ABLE. — A gift of residue to an infant "if he shall be ahle to dis-
charge the executors " is good, because, by action in Ch. D. he is " able "
to discharge the executors {Ledward v. Haasells^ 2^ L. J. Ch. 311 ; 2 K.
6 J. 370).
An acknowledgment to pay " when able " or " as soon as I can," throws
the onus of proving the debtor's ability to pay on the creditor {Davies v.
Smith, 4 Esp. 36 : Besford v. Saunders, 2 Bl. H. 116: Tanner v. Smart,
6 B. & C. 603: Philips v. Philips, 3 Hare, 281, 299: Smith v. Thome^
ABLE 6 ABSCOND
18 Q. B. 139; 21 L.J. Q. B. 199: Meyerlwffy. FroeJdkh, 4 C. P. D. 63;
48 L. J. C. P. 43); and the Statute of Limitations, on such an acknow-
ledgment, runs from the time when, in fact, the debtor is able, whether
that state of things be known to the creditor or not ( Waters v. Thanety
2 Q. B. 757: Hammond v. SmUh, 33 Bea. 452).
" Able, Practical Surveyor, or Valuer "; V, Survkyor.
" Chargeable " is not the equivalent of Poor Person " not able to
work," in s. 26, 59 G. 3, c. 12 (Ke Morten, 5 Q. B. 691).
ABODE "Abode," "Place of Abode"; F. Place: Va. Usual
Place of Abode: Last.
ABORTION.— Procuring Abortion, s. 58, 24 & 26 V. c. 100; Fh.
Administer : Cause to be taken : Noxious : Poison. Vf, Arch. Cr.
793: Rose. Cr. 239: 1 Encyc. 29, 30.
ABORTIVE. — An "Abortive Trial " is when the case has gone off
without a verdict, without the fault, contrivance, or management of the
parties; but not when there has been a verdict, though that has been
set aside {Croker v. Orpen, Jebb & B. 43).
ABOUT.— F. Botime v. Seymour, 24 L. J. C. P. 202; 16 C. B.
337: Alcock v. Leeuw, 1 Cab. & El. 98. Va. More or Less: Say:
Thereabouts.
Vf. In or about.
In a Charter-Party, the phrase " now sailed, or about to sail^" im-
ports, in its latter clause, that the ship is just ready to sail (per Esher,
M. K, Bentsen v. Taylor, 1893, 2 Q. B. 274 ; 63 L. J. Q. B. 15; 69 L. T.
487; 42 W. R. 8). Vf. Now.
" About to suspend payment " ; F. Suspend : Notice.
ABOVE. — " At the above date "; V. Attest.
ABROAD. — A Trustee resident in Normandy, though he has at-
tended in England most of the meetings of trustees and is still willing
to act, is " abroad," quk vacating his trust and a power to appoint new
trustees {Re Stamford, 1896, 1 Ch. 288; 65 L. J. Ch. 134). In each
case it is a question of fact; Vh. Re Moravian Socy,, 26 Bea. 101;
6 W. R. 851 ; O'ReUly v. Alderson, 8 Hare, 101.
" Resident abroad " ; Fl Reside, at end.
ABSCOND. — An Absconding Debtor, is, semble, an Insolvent
Debtor who " departs for distant countries before the necessary pro-
ceedings can bo taken to make him a bankrupt " (Preamble to 33 & 34
V. c. 76). That statute was repealed by the Bankry Act, 1883, by s. 4
(1 cT) of which the phrase for ** absconding " seems to be, a Debtor who,
with intent to defeat, or delay, his Crs, " departs out of England, or, being
out of England, remains out of England." Vf. Absent ; Depart.
ABSCOND 7 ABSENT
Bankrupt " has absconded, or is about to abscond " (s. 7, Bankry Act,
1890, amending s. 25, Bankry Act, 1883), are words ''without limita-
tion as to time, and mean, has absconded before, or is about to abscond
after, the Notice or Petition " (per Smith, L. J., E. v. Northallei'ton
Co, Co, Judge, 68 L. J. Q. B. 26 ; 47 W. R. 68; affd. in H. L., 68 L. J.
Q. B. 896; 1899, A. C. 439; 80 L. T. 814).
Absconding Deft; V. Jopling v. Stuart^ 4 Ves. 619: Graver v.
Temjjle, 9 Sim. 623; 8 L. J. Ch. 213: Hele v. Ogle, 2 Hare, 623:
Hamilton v. Hamilton^ Ir. Bep. 6 Eq. 48.
ABSENCE. — Judicial Separation obtained in the " Absence " of the
respondent, s. 23, 20 & 21 V. c. 86, means, his or her non-appearance in
the suit (PhiUips v. Phillips, L. E. 1 P. t& D. 169; 36 L. J. P. & M.
70; 14 L. T. 604: 14 W. R. 902).
ABSENT. — " Absent " does not connote that the person referred to
was ever previously present; its ordinary sense is, to describe a person or
persons as not being in a particular place at the time referred to {Ash'
bury y. EllU, 1893, A. C. 339; 62 L. J. P. C. 107; 69 L. T. 169).
Cp, Return.
S. 4 (1<^ Bankry Act, 1883: — "The result of the cases is that a
man's intentionally keeping away from any place, where he would in the
ordinary course of things be, is absenting himself, though it is not an act
of Bankry unless it be with intent to defeat or delay his creditors " (Yate
Lee, citing Exp. Meyer, Re Stephany, 41 L. J. Bank. 33: L. R. 7 Ch.
188) ; but the absenting need not be " from a particular place by physical
bodily absence " (per Williams, J., Re Alderson, 1895, 1 Q. B. 183 ; 64
L. J. Q. B. 190). Vf. Re Worsley, W. N. (1900), 269 : Yate Lee, 47-60 :
Wms. Bank. 20: Robson, 137: Baldwin, 84. V. Depart. Cp. Abscond.
To " absent himself " from his service within s. 3, 4 G. 4, c. 34 (re-
pealed), meant absent himself without lawful excuse {Re Turner, 9 Q. B.
80; 16 L. J. M. C. 140: Re Geswood, 23 L. J. M. C. 36; 2 E. & B.
952), and knowing he had no such excuse {Rider y. Wood, 29 L. J.
M. C. 1). Vf, Willett V. Boote, 30 L. J. M. C. 6; 6 H. & K. 26: Ash-
more v. HoHon^ 29 L. J. M. C. 13.
Generally, a Workman who refuses to avail himself of the convenient
access to his work at the time and in the manner required by his Em-
ployer, '' absents " himself from his work, and gives his employer a claim
for damages for breach of contract {Press v. Bowes, 62 L. J. M. C. 145;
affd. nom. Bowes v. Press, 1894, 1 Q. B. 202; 63 L. J. Q. B. 166; 70
L. T. 116; 42 W. R. 340; 68 J. P. 280); so, if the workman is late at
his work {Tomlinson v. Ashworth, 60 J. P. 166).
A Disqualification of a Member of a Board who " absents " himself for
a stated period, is not saved by his merely casually looking in at a
meeting of the directors or other governing body and taking no part
ABSENT 8 ABS. ASSIGNMENT
therein; but if the Minutes record his presence at a meeting, and adds,
he ** remained neutral," he could not have been " absent " {Riehardson
V. Methley School Bd., 62 L. J. Ch. 943; 1893, 3 Ch. 510 ; 69 L. T. 308;
42 W. R. 27).
ABSOLUTE. — V. Absolute Assignment: Absolute Damage:
Absolute Owner: Discretion: Disposal: Full and Absolute.
ABSOLUTE AND INDEFEASIBLE. — As used in 88.2, 3, Pre-
scription Act, 1832; V, per Lindlej, L. J., Wheaton v. Maple, cited
Easement.
ABSOLUTE ASSIGNMENT. — An "Absolute Assignment"
which (after " Express Notice in writing ** to the debtor) entitles an
assignee to sue in his own name for a chose in action under s. 25 (6),
Jud. Act, 1873, need not, necessarily, be an assignment equivalent to a
sale out-and-out; it may be only an Equitable Assignment, and of only
a part of the debt or fund {Durham v. Robertson^ inl: Sv, Bence t.
Sheai^an, 47 W. R. 360; 1898, 2 Ch. 582; 67 L. J. Ch. 513; 78 L. T.
804: fFhlCy as to Notice, V, Payment: the Notice must, if it gives
date, give it accurately, Stanley v. English Fibres^ Lim, 68 L. J.
Q. B. 839).
An assignment by way of mortgage is '' absolute " if in terms it is so;
and though such an assignment is for the purpose of securing payment
of a debt, yet it is not " by way of charge only," for a " Charge " is a
mere appropriation of a particular fund to a particular debt (Burlinson
V. Hally 53 L. J. Q. B. 222; 12 Q. B. D. 347). But the assignment
must purport to be absolute ; it will not suffice if it purport to be by way
of charge only (Durham v. Robertson, 1898, 1 Q. B. 765; 67 L. J. Q. B.
484; 78 L. T. 438). It has been said, that if a mortgage assignment,
absolute in its terms, contains a proviso for reconveyance, it is not " ab-
solute ** within the section (Nat. Frov, Bank v. Harle^ 50 L. J. Q. B.
437; 6 Q. B. D. 626). But can this latter distinction bo maintained ?
Semble, not (Tancred v. Delagoa Bay By, 23 Q. B. D. 239; 58 L. J.
Q. B. 459; 38 W. R. 15; 61 L. T. 229; 5 Times Rep. 587; and Vthle,
per Smith, L. J., Mercantile Bank v. Evans, inf.).
An Assignment to a Debt Collector by the Crs of a person of their
respective debts against such person, in trust for collection and rateably
distributing what may be collected, is ** Absolute," within the pro-
vision, if it is so in terms (Comfort v. Betts, 1891, 1 Q. B. 737; 60
L. J. Q.^B. 656; 64 L. T. 685; 39 W. R. 595); but, "I hereby assign
the whole of my rights under Agreement A as security for (a sum stated),
aud appoint you my attorney to exercise such rights either in my name
or your own," is not an "Absolute Assignment " (Mercantile Bank of
London v. Evansy 1899, 2 Q. B. 613 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 921 ; 81 L. T. 376).
An authority from A. to B., to pay C. so much periodically " until
ABS. ASSIGNMENT 9 ABSLY. ENTITLED
further order," is an " Absolute Assignment " (Kntll v. Prowse^ 33 W. R.
163); but a cheque is not (Schroeder v. Central Bank^ 24 W. R. 710;
34 L. T. 735 : V. Chabqe).
ABSOLUTE DAMAGE. — As to the phrase, in a Marine Insur-
ance, " Absolute Damage caused by the Perils insured against " ; F".
Forwood V. North Wales Mut. Mar. Insrce^ 9 Q. B. D. 732 ; 49 L. J.
Q. B. 243, 593.
ABSOLUTE OWNER. — A Power to Trustees to sell or lease and
manage " as if Absolute Owners '*; held, to enable them to sell the real
and leasehold property in consideration in whole, or in part, of a Fee
Farm Bent, or to grant Leases thereof for 999 years, or any less term,
in consideration, in whole or in part, of Rent-Charges or Ground Rents
{Re Jackson, 44 S. J. 573).
Qui Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V. c. 62,
" * Absolute Owner,' means the owner or person capable of disposing,
by Disposition or otherwise, of the Fee Simple, or Dominium Utile of
the whole interest, of or in land, although the land, or his interest
therein, is burdened, charged, or incumbered " (s. 42) ; a similar defini-
tion was provided for England by s. 4, 38 & 39 Y. c. 92 (repealed).
ABSOLUTELY. — "If any independent meaning can be given to
'absolutely,' it must be 'unconditionally'" (per Rigby, L. J., Re
Pickworth, cited Either).
As to the value of this word (added to a Testamentary Gift) for the
purpose of preventing a Precatory Trust, V. Re Sanson, 12 Times
Rep. 142: Re Williams, 1897, 2 Ch. 12; 66 L. J. Ch. 485; 76 L. T.
600; 45 W. R. 519: — or to prevent an execution of a Special Power,
V. Re Sharland, 68 L. J. Ch. 747; 1899, 2 Ch. 536; 81 L. T. 384:
Sv, to the contrary, Re MUner, 1899, 1 Ch. 563; 63 L. J. Ch. 255; 80
L. T. 151; 47 W.^R. 369.
As to whether " Absolutely," in a Use in a Deed, will operate in lieu
of Words of Limitation, so as to give a Fee Simple, V, Lysaght v.
M'Grath, 11 L. R. Ir. 142.
ABSOLUTELY ENTITLED. — Trustees for sale, having now
power to give a complete discharge for the purchase money, are parties
or persons "absolutely entitled" within s. 69, Lands C. C. Act, 1845,
and s. 23, 19 & 20 V, c. 23 {Re Gooch, 3 Ch. D. 742: Re Hohson,
47 L. J. Ch. 310; 7 Ch. D. 708: Re Thomas, W. N. (82) 7; 30 W. R.
244: but Re Hohson was doubted in Re Smith, 40 Ch. D. 386; 58 L. J.
Ch. 108, yet followed in Re Morgan, 1900, 2 Ch. 474; 69 L. J. Ch.
735; AS W. R. 670), even though the power of sale has not become
exercisable {Re Evans, 14 Ch. D. 511: Re St. Luke^s, Middlesex^
W. N. (80) 58) ; and so (when acting jointly with a Tenant for Life)
are Trustees who hold upon trust for sale on request of the Tenant for
ABSLY. ENTITLED 10 ABSTRACTION
Life {Re Ward, 54 L. J. Ch. 231; 28 Ch. D. 719). But a Tenant for
Life, though unimpeachable for Waste, is not within the phrase {Re
Eohhison, 1891, 3 Ch. 129; 60 L. J. Ch. 776; (j^ L. T. 244; 39 W. R.
632). Vh. Exp. Haberdashers' Co, 31 S. J. 126; 55 L. T. 758: Re
Curwen, W. N. (80) 83.
A Tenant for Life is not a person " absolutely entitled " within s. 23,
Trustee Act, 1850, 13 & 14 V. c. 60, except for the purpose of an appli-
cation limited to the income only; nor is one of two or more trustees
(Mackenzie v. Mackenzie, 21 L. J. Ch. 385 ; 5 D. G. & S. 338; 16 Jur.
723). But persons duly appointed new trustees are so "absolutely
entitled" (Re Russell, 20 L. J. Ch. 196; 1 Sim. N. S. 404: Re Baxter,
2 Sm. & G. App. V. : Re Ellis, 24 Bea. 426 : Lewin, 813, 814).
ABSOLUTELY SELL. — A conveyance, made by a Eailway Co
selling Superfluous Land, provided that the purchase-money should
not be payable until two years after the statutory period for such a sale:
held, that whether the company did " absolutely sell and dispose of " the
land, within s. 127, Lands C. C. Act, 1845, was too doubtful for the title
to be forced on a subsequent purchaser (Re Thackioray and Young, 58
L. J. Ch. 72; 40 Ch. D. 34; 59 L. T. 815, on consideration of judicial
dicta m.Lond, & S. W. Ry v. Gomm, 51 L. J. Ch. 530; 20 Ch. D. 562:
Vf, Ray V. Walker, 1892, 2 Q. B. 88; 61 L. J. Q. B. 718).
ABSOLUTION.— V. Confession.
ABSTRACT. — An "Abstract of Title," within the meaning of a
Condition of Sale restrictive of requirements, means a perfect abstract, —
t.6. perfect so far as the vendor ought to make it, and that condition will
(in the absence of patent and substantial errors or omissions) be gen-
erally fulfilled if the vendor honestly makes the abstract as perfect as
he can, having regard to the materials within his control (Dart, 321).
Copies of plans on abstracted deeds, — at any rate when the plans are
of the essence of the description, — should be delivered with he Ab-
stract to make it "perfect" (Dart, 345: V. 30 S. J. 796). Sv. Blackr
hum V. Smith (18 L. J. Ex. 187 ; 2 Ex. 783), in which Parke, B., in
delivering the judgment of the court said, — " We are not aware that a
map or plan is ever deemed to be necessary as a part of an Abstract."
Vf, Delivery.
"Abstract," as used in s. 3 (6), Conv, & L. P. Act, 1881, is to be
distinguished from " Abstract of Title " (Re Johnson, 54 L. J. Ch. 889;
30 Ch. D. 42).
ABSTRACTION. — " As to what constitutes an Abstraction," — of
part of an Article of Food, within s. 9, Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875,
— "I feel considerable difficulty in realizing, if, — dealing with a com-
modity of this kind (Milk) in the usual and ordinary way, and not
ABSTRACTION 11 ACCEPTANCE
omitting to observe anj reasonable or customary method of equalizing
the distribution of the fatty particles of the milk, — it so happened that
a portion of the milk sold in the evening contained a percentage less than
that sold earlier, that that is an * Abstraction ' under the first or latter
part of the section " (per Russell, C. J., Spiers & Pond v. Bennett^ 1896,
2 Q. B. 65; 6o L. J. M. C. 144; 74 L. T. 697; 44 W. K 510 ; 60 J. P.
437). V. Disclose : Skimmed Milk.
ABUSE. — "I am not aware that the word 'abuse,' applied to a
Woman, is ever used except with reference to sexual intercourse. Cer-
tainly, in more than one Act of Parliament, the word * abuse ' has had
that meaning applied to it, and, in my opinion, it always imports some
offence of that nature " (per Pollock, C. B., Re Thompson, 6 H. & N.
200; 30 L. J. M. C. 24; 3 L. T. 409; 9 W. K. 203), but, in the same
case, Bramwell, B., differed, and said, '' To my mind, the word ' abused '
conveys no definite meaning; it is not a Word of Art; in popular lan-
guage, it means, calling names — abusing by words ": from which latter
view Chaunell, B., dissented, whilst Wilde, B., was " not prepared " to
agree with Pollock, C. B.
Words of mere abuse are not Slander.
V, Gbueltt to Animals.
ABUT. — Where two or more properties, with entrances from two or
more streets, are occupied for one purpose, they are one entity, qu^ an
Improvement Area, and " abut " on all the streets ( The Oxford v. Zon-
don Co. Co., 1898, 2 Ch. 491; 67 L. J. Ch. 655; 79 L. T. 22).
If a Conveyance of Land, either in terms or by a plan, describes the
parcels as " abutting " on a Road or Street, an implied Right of Way is
granted and the grantor is estopped from saying that the land on which
the property abuts is not a Road or Street {Roberts v. Karr, 1 Taunt.
495: Espley v. Wilkes^ L. R. 7 Ex. 298; 26 L. T. 918: Fuimess Ry v.
Cumberland Bg. Socy, 52 L. T. 144 : Roe v. Siddons, 22 Q. B. D. 228;
60 L. T. 345; 37 W. R. 228).
V. Adjoin : Bounding : Fronting : Forming.
&C. — V. Et Cetera.
ACCELERATION.— F. Extinction.
As to Acceleration of Estates, Benefits, and Powers ; F. Theobald, 693,
694.
ACCEPTANCE. — " * Acceptance,* is a taking in good part, and as
it were an agreeing unto, some act done before, — which might have bin
undone and avoyded (if such acceptance had not bin) by him or them that
so accepted " (Termes de la Ley).
For definition and requisites of, and liabilities on, " Acceptance " of a
Bill of Exchange, F.ss. 2, 17, 18, 19^ and 54, Bills of Exchange Act,
ACCEPTANCE 12 ACCEPTED
1882; Vth. Meyer v. Decrotx, 1891, A. C. 520; 61 L. J. Q. B. 205, cited
Favour : Edwards v. Walters, cited Mature : " Acceptance for Honour,
supra protest," ss. 65, 66, 67, lb. : Local Acceptance.
As to duty of Acceptor, V, Scholfield v. Lo7idesborough, 1896, A. C.
614; 65 L. J. Q. B. 593; 75 L. T. 254; 45 W. R. 124.
Acceptance made ; V. Made.
F7^. Chalmers, 3, 8, 40 et seq. : Byles, 255-278.
As to the difference between " Acceptance " and " Receipt " of Goods
under the Statute of Frauds, repld s. 4, Sale of Goods Act, 1893; V. Blackb.
30, citing Boulter v. Amott, 1 Cr. & M. 333 : Va. Taylor v. Smithy 61
L. J. Q. B. 331; 67 L. T. 39; 40 W. R. 486. Vf,, as to " Acceptance,"
under s. 4 (1, 3), Sale of Goods Act, 1893, Howe v. Palmer, 3 B. & Aid.
321: Hanson v. Armitage, 5 Ih. 557: Edan v. Dudfield, 1 Q. B. 302:
Castle V. Sworder, 6 H. & N. 833 ; 29 L. J. Ex. 235; 30 lb. 310: Marvin
V. Wallace, 25 L. J. Q. B. 369: Gardiner v. Grout, 29 L. T. 0. S. 110:
HaH V. Bush, 27 L. J. Q. B. 271; E. B. & E. 494 : Nicholson v. Bower,
28 L. J. Q. B. 97 : Holmes v. Hoskins, 9 Ex. 753 : Ourrie v. Anderson, 29
L. J. Q. B. 87 : Ctisack v. Robinson, 30 L. J. Q. B. 261 ; 1 B. & S. 299 ;
Smith V. Hudson, 34 L. J. Q. B. 145: Farrer v. Kirkby, 4 Times Rep.
543: Abbott y. Wolsey, 1895, 2 Q. B. 97; 64 L. J. Q. B. 587; 72 L. T.
581; 43 W. R. 513: Accepted: Delivery.
As to what is an Acceptance of Goods, generally, V, Add. C. 517:
Perkins v. Bell, 1893, 1 Q. B. 193; 62 L. J. Q. B. 91; 67 L. T. 792.
Acceptance of Offer; V. Leake, 16-27: Subject to.
Acceptance of Shares in a Co; V, B:tg Lead Mining Co. v. Montague,
30 L. J. C. P. 380; 10 C. B. K. S. 481: Be London & Northern Bank,
cited By Post.
ACCEPTED. — Goods sold are " accepted " by the buyer, within
s. 17, Stat, of Frauds, repld s. 4, Sale of Goods Act, 1893, when they, or
a part of them, have been, actually or constructively, received by him
under such circumstances as import a recognition of the contract, or, as it
is now expressed by subs. 3 of the latter section, " there is an Acceptance
of Goods when the buyer does any act in relation to the goods which
recognizes a pre-existing contract of sale, — whether there be an accept-
ance in performance of the contract or not " : Vf s. 35. Acceptance of
goods sold in order to examine their quality, is none the less an acceptance
within the section {Page v. Morgaii, 54 L.J. Q. B.434; 15 Q. B. D.228;
33 W. li. 793 : Kibble v. Gough, 38 L. T. 204 : Svthlc, Taylor v. Smith,
61 L. J. Q. B. 331; 67 L. T. 39; 40 W. R. 486). As to constructive
acceptance, V. Add. C. 921 : Acceptance.
Guarantee of all Bills of Ex. " accepted " by A., construed by Pollock,
C. B., and Martin, B. (diss. Bramwell, B.), as referring to future Bills
{Broom v. Batchelor, 25 L. J. Ex. 299 ; 1 H. & N. 255). V. Given.
" Accepted Office " — e,g. of Town Councillor — has a colloquial, as
ACCEPTED 13 ACCESSORY
well as a technical meaBing ; and whether a person has " accepted " is a
conclusion to be collected from all the circumstances (B. v. Slatter, 9 L. J.
Q. B. 115; 11 A. & E. 607; 3 P. & D. 263). Cjp. Appointed.
ACCEPTOR. — Of a Bill of Exchange ; V. Acceptance: Renun-
ciation.
ACCESS. — "In my judgment, the word 'Access' as used in s. 3,
Prescription Act, 1832, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 71 — ' access and use of Light '
— does not refer to the access through the orifice, through the aperture,
through the window, but to the freedom of passage over the servient ten-
ement, and I think some confusion has arisen from supposing that the
access referred to there, is the access through the window of the dominant
tenement. Undoubtedly the two are closely connected togethery because
the right acquired under this section of the statute by the dominant
tenement is governed and measured by the access to the dominant tene-
ment, and therefore the aperture which lets the light into the dominant
tenement defines in a manner familiar to us all the area which must be
kept free over the servient tenement. The two things are closely con-
nected together; the one is the measure of the other; but they are not
the same thing" (per Fry, L. J., Scott v. Fapcy 55 L. J. Ch. 432; 31
Ch. D. 554; 54 L. T. 399; 34 W. R. 465. Vf. Greenwood v. Homsey,
55 L. J. Ch. 917; 33 Ch. D. 471; 55 L. T. 135; 35 W. R. 163: Cooper
V. Straker, 58 L. J. Ch. 29; 40 Ch. D. 20).
V. Actually Enjoyed.
" Access " to Children, in a Deed of Separation, does not include Cus-
tody (Evershed v. Evershed, 30 W. R. 732; 46 L. T. 690); nor does a
covenant to give " Access " bind the covenantor to keep the children in a
place where the covenantee can conveniently have access to them {Hunt
V. Hunt, 28 Ch. D. 606; 54 L. J. Ch. 289).
ACCESSORY. — " An Accessory Before the Fact is one who directly
or indirectly counsels, procures, or commands any person to commit any
felony or piracy whiclkis committed in consequence of such counselling,
procuring, or commandment. Knowledge that a person intends to com-
mit a crime, and conduct connected with and influenced by such knowl-
edge, is not enough to make the person who possesses such knowledge,
or so conducts himself, an accessory before the fact to any such crime,
unless he does something to encourage its commission actively " (Steph.
Cr. 32: Vf. B, Art. 40-44). Vf. Arch. Cr. 15-20: 24 & 25 V. c. 94.
" Every one is an Accessory After the Fact to felony who, knowing a
• felony to have been committed by another, receives, comforts, or assists
him, in order to enable him to escape from punishment; or rescues him
from an arrest for the felony; or having him in custody for the felony,
intentionally and voluntarily suffers him to escape ; or opposes his appre-
hension:— Provided that a married woman who receives, comforts^ or
ACCESSORY 14 ACCIDENT
relieves her husband knowing him to have committed a felony, does not
thereby become an accessory after the fact " (Steph. Cr. 35). Vf. Arch.
Cr. 1227 : Rose. Cr. 157-164 : Terraes de la Ley : Cowel : 1 Encyc. 58-60 :
24 & 2h V. c. 94.
F. Accomplice.
"Accessory to or Conniving at" Adultery, s. 30, 20 & 21 V. c. ?>^\
F. Connivance.
" Accessories " to Guns; held, not to include duplicates of their parts,
which, accordingly, had to be paid for as " guns " (^Armstrong & Co v.
Motchkiss Coj 13 Times Rep. 188).
ACCIDENT. — "An effect is said to be accidental when the act by
which it is caused is not done with the intention of causing it, and when
its occurrence as a consequence of such act is not so probable that a person
of ordinary prudence ought, under the circumstances in which it is done,
to take reasonable precautions against it " (Steph. Cr. 143).
" The idea of something fortuitous and unexpected is involved in both
words, 'Peril ' or * Accident ' " (per Halsbury, C, Hamilton v. Pandorfy
57 L. J. Q. B. 27; 12 App. Ca. 524; 57 L. T. 726; 36 W. R. 369).
" Suppose a man were to go blind-fold along the street and to run against
something, — Could any one say, he met with an Accident ? He would
do an act that would be very likely to lead to a mischief. It is different
with the person who might suffer by such act ; he might fairly say that
he met with an Accident, — a Peril which is liable to every man who
goes out in the road and meets with negligent people " (per Bramwell, B.
Lloyd V. Gen. Iron Screw Collier Co, cited Perils of the Sea).
" The word * Accident ' may be used in either of two ways. An Acci-
dent may be spoken of (1) as occurring to a person, — or (2) as occurring
to a train, or vehicle, or bridge. In the latter case, though several per-
sons were injured who were in the train, or vehicle, or on the bridge, it
would be an Accident to the train, or vehicle, or bridge. There might,
however, be said to be several Accidents to the several persons injured "
(per Bo wen, L. J., South Staffordshire Tramways Co v. Sickness &
Accident Assrce, cited One Accident).
Cp, Misfortune : Adventure, at end.
An Exception in a Charter-Party against " Riots, Strikes, or any other
Accident " does not include a snow-storm. " An accident is not an ordi-
nary occurrence, but something which happens out of the ordinary course
of things. A snow-storm, however, is one of the ordinary operations of
nature, and may be described rather as an Incident than an Accident " (per
Willes, J., Fenvnck v. Schmalz, 37 L. J. C. P. 80; L. R. 3 C. P. 313:
Vf. 1 Maude & P. 357: Laurie v. Douglas, 15 M. & W. 746).
"Accidents," or "Dangers," "Of the Sea," are synonymous with
" Perils of the Sea." ( V. Dangers : Perils of the Sea.) Cp. Act of
God.
ACCIDENT 16 ACCIDENT
"Accidents to Railways and to Mines or Piers," in an Exception to
a Charter-Party ; held, to include accidents preventing the cargo from
being brought to the place of shipment, as well as those preventing the
shipment (Furness v. Forwood, 2 Com. Ca. 223; 13 Times Rep. 500).
Cj). Detention by Ice.
Delay through " Accidents to Railway " in such an Exception ; V. Re
Richardson and Samuel^ cited Control.
Death by drowning {Trew v. Ry Insrce, 30 L. J. Ex. 317; 6 H. & N.
839), even if the insured were drowned in shallow water whilst in a state
•of insensibility (Reynolds v. Accidental Insrce, 22 L. T. 820), is an
** Accident " within a Policy against accidents. So of a Fright {Pugh
V. L. B. & S. Ry, 1896, 2 Q. B. 248; 65 L. J. Q. B. 521; 74 L. T. 724),
though injuries from fright may be too remote in an action for Negli-
gence (Victorian Ry v. Coultas, 57 L. J. P. C. 69; 13 App. Ca. 222;
68 L. T. 390; Sthc not followed in Dulieu v. White, 1901, 2 K. B.
669: Vf. Sneesby v. Lancashire & Y. Ry, 45 L. J. Q. B. 1; 1 Q. B. D.
42; 33 L. T. 372; 24 W. R. 99: Wilkinson v. Downton, 1897, 2 Q. B.
67 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 493; 76 L. T. 493; 45 W. R. 525). But Sun-stroke
is not an Accident within a Policy (Sinclair v. Maritime Assrce^ 30
L. J. Q. B. 77; 3 E. & E. 478). V, Secondary: Caused by: One
accident.
" Accident," s. 22, Factories Act, 7 V. c. 15 ; V. Lakeman v. Stephen-
son, 37 L. J. M. C. 57; L. R. 3 Q. B. 192; 9 B. & S. 54. " Accident,''
8. 15, Peak Forest Canal Act, 34 G. 3, c. 26 ; V, Evans v. Manchester^
S. & L. Ry, 3 Times Rep. 691.
There is no " Accident," — nothing "fortuitous and unexpected," —
within 8. 1 (1), Workmen's Comp. Act, 1897, if injury or death ensues
from the rupturing of a blood-vessel through internal weakness (Ilensey
y. White, 1900, 1 Q. B. 481; 69 L. J. Q. B. 188; 81 L. T. 767; 48 W. R.
257; 63 J. P. 804: but Cp, TimminsY. Leeds Forge Co, inf.), or from
a strain caused by unusual exertion (Roper v. Greenwood, 83 L. T. 471),
or from something poisonous getting into a hlistered hnger (Walker v,
LiUeshall Co, 1900, 1 Q. B. 481; 69 L. J. Q. B. 192; 81 L. T. 769;
48 W. R. 257 ; 64 J. P. 85) ; but if an unexpected occurrence itself causes
damage, it is none the less an " Accident " because the resultant damage
is increased by a bodily weakness (Lloyd v. Sugg, 1900, 1 Q. B. 481 ;
69 L. J. Q. B. 190; 81 L. T. 768; 48 W. R. 257); and, semble, if work
be rendered harder by something unforeseen supervening, e.g. a frost,
and the workman, continuing his work, gets ruptured through the work
being harder, that is an "Accident " (Timmins v. Leeds Forge Co, 83
L. T. 120).
As of general acceptation there can be no Accident " in the discharge
of Duties " if the injury arises through disobedience of lawful orders
( Vickery v. Q. E. Ry, 79 L. T. 121). Vf. " In the course of his employ-
ment," sub Employment.
ACCIDENT 16 ACCOMMODATION
Stoppage of an Apprentice's Wages when a stand-still is caused through
" Accident "; V. Tubn-Out.
" Policy of Insurance against Accident," qu4 the Penny Duty by Stamp
Act, 1891, "means, a Policy of Insrce for any payment agreed to be
made ujpon the death of any person, only from Accident or Violence or
otherwise than from a Natural Cause, or as compensation for Personal
Injury ; and includes any Notice or Advertisement, in a newspaper or
other publication, which purports to insure " such payment (s. 98). That
definition does not include an Insrce to an Employer against his liability
under the Employers' Liability Act, 1880, or the Workmen's Comp. Act,
1897, because that liability itself lies at the very root of the matter, — it
springs out of the workman's employment, and that employment is the
Condition " upon " which the liability of the insurer depends; therefore,
a Policy of such an Insrce must be stamped as a Deed, if under seal, or,
if not, as an Agreement (Lancashire Insrce v. InL Rev., 1899, 1 Q. B.
353; 68 L. J. Q. B. 143; 79 L. T. 731; 47 W. R. 396; 63 J. P. 21).
On Accident Insurance, generally, V. 1 Encyc. 61.
V. Inapvebtence : Inevitable: Fatal: Poison.
ACCIDENTAL. — V. External in the case there cited (Hamlyn
V. Crown Insrce) Esher, M. R., defined " Accidental " as an " unex-
pected result," whilst Lopes, L. J., said, the word meant " something
unforeseen and unexpected and casual."
Omission, to file Contract, " Accidental or due to Inadvertence " ;
V, Inadvertence.
"Accidental Slip, or Omission," in Matters of Practice; V. Ready.
Furcell, Ir. Rep. 9 Eq. 591: ffatton v. Harris, 29 L. R. Ir. 303.
ACCIDENTALLY.— By s. 86, 14 G. 3, c. 78, a person in whose
premises a fire " accidentally/ begins " is exonerated from liability to his
neighbour for damage occasioned by such fire : — " Accidentally " there
is not used in contradistinction to " wilfully," but means, " a fire pro-
duced by mere chance, or incapable of being traced to any cause "; and
does not mean a fire arising from negligence (Filliter v. Fhippard, 17
L. J. Q. B. 89; 11 Q. B. 347: Vh. Add. T. 341, and cases there cited).
As to the common law responsibility for damage caused by fires, see Add.
T. 339, and obs, at commencement of Lord Lyndhurst's judgment in
Canterbunj v. The Queen, 12 L. J. Eq. 281; 1 Phill. 318.
" Carelessly, or Accidentally, " break a Street Lamp ; V, Carelessly.
ACCLIMATIZE. — Machines are " acclimatized " when, after having
been set up in the rough, they are worked for a little time to be smoothed
and put into gear, so as to be made true and work smoothly (^Armitage v.
Haigh, 9 Times Rep. 287).
ACCOMMODATION. — " An < Accommodation Bill ' has been de-
fined to be a Bill on which the Drawer has no right to sue the Acceptor "
ACCOMMODATION 17 ACCORD
(per Pollock, C. B., Kitif/ v. Fhillips, 13 L. J. Ex. 332; 12 M. & W. 705),
because it is given by the Acceptor for the Drawer's accommodation.
'' An Accommodation Party to a Bill is a person who has signed a
Bill, as Drawer, Acceptor, or Indorser, without receiving Value therefor,
and for the purpose of lending his name to some other person.
" (2) An Accommodation Party is liable on the Bill to a Holder for
Value, and it is immaterial whether, when such Holder took the bill, he
knew such party to be an Accommodation Party or not " (s. 28, Bills of
Ex. Act, 1882) : and so of an Accommodation Party to a Note (s. 89, lb.).
*^ Works for the Accommodation of Lands adjoining the By, " s. 68,
By. G. G. Act, 1845, do not, semble, comprise matters beneath the sur-
face of the land, e.g. Drains (/?. v. Fisher, 32 L. J. M. C. 12; 3 B. & S.
19J ; 7 L. T. 325). Observe, that the Accommodation is to be for the use
of " lands adjoining the By," not for outside lands (Ehondda, &c. Ry v.
Talhotj 1897, 2 Ch. 131; 66 L. J. Ch. 570; 76 L. T. 694); and it must
be for the use of such adjoining lands in the condition and circumstances
thereof when the By was made (R. v. Brown, 36 L. J. Q. B. 322 ; L. B.
2 Q. B. 630; 16 L. T. 827 ; 15 W. B. 988: Rhondda Ry v. Talbot, sup.) :
regard must be had to that rule in determining what Accommodation
Works are "Insufficient," within s. 71, lb. (Rhondda Ry v. Talbot).
V. WOEKS.
V. Pkopeb Lodging.
ACCOMPANY. — Things "accompanying," or "to accompany,"
each other, should, as nearly as possible, be simultaneous. Therefore,
an Agreement, referring to, and confirming, a previous Deposit of Deeds,
is not " accompanied with " the deposit, so as to be liable to Duty as a
Mortgage, within Sch. tit. " Mortgage," 55 G. 3, c. 184 : s. 105, Stamp
Act, 1870 : 8. 88, Stamp Act, 1891 (^Fyle v. Fartridye, 15 L. J. Ex.' 129;
15 M. & W. 20). Cp. At.
ACCOMPLICE. — V. Accessory.
As to evidence of an Accomplice; V. Kuss. Cr.^Bk. 5, Ch. 5, s. 6: Kosc.
Cr. 113-118: Arch. Cr. 360; 1 Encyc. 68.
ACCOMPLISH. — "*One of these Bills of Lading being accom-
plished, the others shall stand void ' ; — which I understand to mean,
that if upon one of them the shipowner act^ in Good Faith he will have
* accomplished ' his contract, will have fulfilled it and will not be liable
or answerable upon any of the others " (per Ld Cairns, Glyn v. B. & W.
India Dock Co, 7 App. Ca. 599; 62 L. J. Q. B. 146; 47 L. T. 301; 31
W. E. 201).
ACCORD. — An Accord, or an Accord and Satisfaction, "is an
Agreement betweene two at the least to satisfie an ofEence that the one
hath made to the other, when a man hath done a trespasse, or such like,
ACCORD 18 ACCOUNT
unto another for the which hee hath agreed with him to satisfie and con-
tent him with some recompence, which, if it be executed and performed,
then, because that this recompence is a full Satisfaction for the offence,
it shall be a good barre in the law, if the other, after the Accord per-
formed, should sue againe any action for the same trespasse " (Termes de
la Ley), '' and, generally, in all actions, where Damages only are to be
recovered, Arbitrament, or Accord with Satisfaction, is a good Plea "
(Blake's Case, 6 Rep. 44).
Vh. Add. C. 1232: Add. T. 46: Rose. N. P. 653: Leake, 755:
1 Encyc. 69-71, Cp. Concord: Gree.
ACCORDANCE. — V, In accobdance with, the form: In ac-
cordance WITH THE JUDGMENT.
ACCORDING. — Discharge of Cargo " according to the Custom " of
the Port ; V. The Nifa, 1892, P. 411; 62 L. J. P. D. & A. 12: Vf.
Customary.
A conveyance by A. " according to his Estate and Interesty^ may be
narrowed by the context to less than the whole of A.'s Estate and In-
terest ( Williams v. Pinckney^ cited Estate).
. "According to the Rate Book'*) V. Palmar v. Balrotheryy 1895,
2 I. R. b%^.
"According to their Respective Powers^*' s. 2, Ry & Canal TraflBc
Act, 1854, does not refer to Powers restricted by any private agreements
with individuals (Rishton v. Lane* & Y. Ry, 8 Ry. & Can. Traffic
Ca. 74).
" According to the Statute "; V, Frost v. Willium^, 7 A. & E. 773.
" According to the /Stocks "; V, Per Stirpes.
' " According to the Terms "; V, Terms.
ACCORDINQLY. — Agreeably; conformably; or in that capacity
{Lindley v. Girdler, 13 L. J. Q. B. 53).
" Accordingly," s. 13, Ry. C. C- Act, 1845, means not only that the
Ry, to be carried on an arch, shall be in the place described {Little v.
NewpoH Ry, 12 C. B. 752,761 ; 22 L. J. C. P. 39), but also that it shall
be according to the Plans and Sections {A.-G, v. Tewkesbury Ry, 32
L. J. Ch. 482).
ACCOUNT. — " By the Common Law an Action of Account for the
rents and profits may be maintained by the Heir, after he has at-
tained the age of 14 years, against the Guardian in Socage; so, at
the Common Law, Account will lie against the Bailiff or Receiver, and
(in favour of trade and commerce) by one Merchant against another "
(Selwyn, K P., tit. "Account," quoted by Tindal, C. J., Cottam v.
Partridge, cited Merchant). "The limited notion I attach to the
Action of Account, is, that it lies only where there has been a privity
ACCOUNT 19 ACCOUNT
between the parties; not to the case of ordinary dealing between one
tradesman and another " (per Tindal, C. J., lb,).
" An Action for an Account is not a series of actions for damages for
breach of contmct on which you get separate jdgmts. The Account is
taken and you get j<lgrat for the balance " (per Lindley, M. R., Man-
ners V. Pearson, 67 L. J. Ch. 306; 1898, 1 Ch. 681; 78 L. T. 432; 46
W. R. 498). Vf, Merchant's Accounts.
" Suits for such Accounts as concern the trade of merchandize between
merchant and merchant/' s. 9, Mer. Law Amend. Act, 1856, means.
Suits in Courts of Equity (per Stirling, J., Re Friend, 1897, 2 Ch. 421;
66 L. J. Ch. 737; 78 L. T. 222; 46 W. R. 139, referring hereon to Knox
V. Gye, 42 L. J. Ch. 234; L. R. 5 H. L. 656).
* I hereby guarantee A.'8 account with you, to the amount of £100,"
** is an undertaking merely to be answerable for some existing account "
(per Tindal, C. J., Allnutt v. Ashenden, 5 M. & G. 397; 12 L. J. C. P.
124), although the existing account is considerably under £100: the
guarantee was accordingly held void because based on a past considera-
tion. At the end of the report in M. & G. the reporter adds this note, —
** Had mercantile witnesses been examined at the trial, it is probable
that they would have concurred in stating that the word * account ' in this
guarantee would be understood, in the commercial world, as equivalent
to the word 'dealings.' " Vf. Continuing Guarantee.
" Wholly or in part matters of Mere Account, " s. 3, Com. L. Pro.
Act, 1854; — The meaning of the power of ordering a Compulsory Arbi-
tration under these words is, " that where the matter in dispute consists,
either wholly or in part, of matters of Mere Account, the compulsory
reference may be either of the whole, or of part only, of the matter in
dispute, as the Court or Judge may think fit " (per Jervis, C. J., deliver-
ing jdgmt of the Court in Browne v. Emerson, 25 L. J. C. P. 105, 106;
17 C. B. 361). In Clow v. Harper (47 L. J. Ex. 393; 3 Ex. D. 198),
Cockbum, C. J., said that " when the matter in dispute involves mere
matter of account, then it is competent to the Court to send the whole
matter for the decision of the arbitrator. But when it is only in part a
matter of account, and quoad the rest a matter of fact or law, the latter
part is not a proper subject of the Order, but the Order must be limited
to the questions of account." Brett, L. J., concurred in that opinion;
Bramwell, L. J., doubted. But the section cited is now replaced by
s. 14 (c), Arb. Act, 1889, which omits the word "mere," and, under it,
the Court can compulsorily refer an action when part of the dispute is
substantially a matter of account {Hurlbatt v. Bamett, 1893, 1 Q. B.
77; 62 L. J. Q. B. 1; 67 L. T. 818; 41 W. R. 33, displacing Weed
v. Ward, cited Question). Vf, Ann, Pr.
An action for Dilapidations, or for breach of covenant to Repair " is
one of Mere Account " where only the quantum is in dispute (Cummins
V. Birkett, 27 L. J. Ex. 216; 3 II. & N. 156: AngeU v. Felgate, 31 L. J.
ACCOUNT 20 ACCRUE
Ex. 41; 7 H. & N. 396); secus if the liability is disputed (Claw t.
Hai*per, sup.).
Vh,f as to reluctance to limit the Judge's discretion in making the Order,
Sheard v. Learoyd^ 2 Times Rep. 632: Knight v. Coales^ 19 Q. B. D.
296; 56 L. J. Q. B. 486; 35 W. R. 679: HurWaU v. Bamett, sup.
" Accounts, &c, which circumstances may require "; F. Require.
An Account Stated is, ''an agreement by both parties that all the
articles are true " (per Mansfield, C. J., Trueman v. Hursty 1 T. R. 42).
Vh, Rose. N. P. 619.
V, Accounts: Books op Account : On the Account : Mekchant*s
Accounts : Mutual Accounts : Debt, Claim ob Demand.
ACCOUNTABLE.— V. Not liable.
" Accountable Officer," quk Part 2, Customs and Inl. Rer. Act, 1885,
48&49 V. c. 61; F. s. 12.
" Accountable Receipt " ; V» Receipt.
»
ACCOUNTANT. — A person who carried on business as Agent to
an Accountant, and was employed as accountant by other persons, was
held to be properly described as "Accountant," for the purposes of
the Bills of Sale Acts {Briggs v. Boss, 87 L. J. Q. B. 101; L. R. 3 Q. B.
2Q%)\ but a clerk in the Accountant's Office of a Railway, who occasion-
ally works for other people after office hours, is not properly described as
" Accountant " (Larchin v. North Western Deposit Bank, 44 L. J. Ex.
71; L. R. 10 Ex. 64). In the latter case, Mellor, J., said, " I think in
Briggs v. Boss we went to the extreme limit."
F. Government Accountant : Public Accountant.
Stat. Def., Scot. 19 & 20 V. c. 79, s. 4 : — Accountant of the Court of
Session, 43 & 44 V. c. 4, s. 3.
ACCOUNTANT GENERAI Stat. Def., 33 & 34 V. c. 71, s. 3;
53&54 V.c21, 8. 39.— Jr. 20&21 V.c. 79,8.2.
ACCOU NTS. — As used in the power of reference given by s. 67, Jud.
Act, 1873, " Accounts " is widely interpreted, so as to include questions
requiring scientific investigation (Rowcliffe v. Leighy 3 Ch. D. 292: Fo.
Boch V. Boor, 43 L. T. 425; 49 L. J. Q. B. 665).
V. Account : Keep Accounts.
ACCRETION.— r. Increase: 1 Encyc. 81.
ACCRUE. — ''Rent accrues when it becomes due, and at no other
time. If, however, there be no demise, and an action be brought merely
for Use and Occupation, then the compensation due for such Actual Oc-
cupation 'acorues,' like Interest, de die in diem" (per Patteson, J.,
Slack V. Sharpe^ 8 A. & E. 373). But when a tenant becomes bankrupt
ACCRUE 21 ACCUMULATION
during the currency of a quarter, or other period, the current rent is
apportionable under the Apportionment Act, 1870, and the proportionate
part up to the bankrj is " Bent accrued ducj prior to the date of adju-
dication," for which the landlord, after the expiry of such quarter or
other period, may distrain under s. 42 (1), Bankry Act, 1883 (Re BoweUj
1895, 1 Q. B. 844; 64 L. J. Q. B. 454; 72 L. T. 472; 43 W. B. 447).
Cp. Re Lueasy cited Due.
A Title " accrues " when the instrument creating it, or the fact con-
stituting it, first becomes operative ; therefore s. 5, M. W. P. Act, 1882,
applies only to property of a married woman her original title to which
accrued after the commencement of the Act, and it does not embrace
property in Bemainder at the time of, but which comes into possession
after, the commencement of the Act (Beid v. Reid, 55 L. J. Ch. 294;
31 Ch. D. 402; 34 W. B. 332 : Vf. Re Parsons, cited Contingent: Re
Beaupre, 21 L. B. Ir. 397). Cp, Acquibe.
Covenants to settle property which may " accrue " ; V. Haare v.
Hornby, 2 Y. & C. Ch. 121; 12 L. J. Ch. 151: Maclurean r. Lane,
7 W. B. 136; 5 Jur. N. S. 56. In Hoare v, Hornby, Knight-Bruce,
v. C, said, *' * Accrue ' must be intended as meaning that which might
come by a fresh and new Title." Cp. Entitled.
A cause of action for a Tort ** accrues " when it becomes effective, i.e.
when the resulting damage manifests itself. V. Cause of Action.
" Accruing Debt " ; V. Debt.
'* Accruing Dividend," in a Public Co, is a dividend in process of
being earned, but not yet declared; and a testamentary declaration that
a bequeathed Share in a Co " shall carry the dividend accruing thereon "
at the testator's death, passes to the legatee the dividend declared thereon
after his death for the period then current ; and the legatee takes it with-
out apportionment, because by those words it is "expressly stipu-
lated " that there shall be no apportionment {Re Lysaght, 1898, 1 Ch.
115; 67 L. J. Ch. ^5\ 77 L. T. 637).
Commission, " on all moneys accruing from Engagements,^* is only
payable on what is actually earned, and not on what ought to have been
earned {Didcott v. Friesner^ 11 Times Bep. 187).
" Bights accrued " ; F. Bights.
" Accruing Share and Interest "; V. Greenwood v. Sutdiffe, 23 L. J.
C. P. 98 ; 14 C. B. 226. Vf. Share.
" Arising or Accruing "; V. Arising: by Cesser; V. Cesser.
V. First Accrued : Cp. Arise.
ACCUMULATION. — Bequest of a sum to be invested, ^'and all
Bonuses and Accumulations thereof " ; V. Re Oram, 16 L. T. 376.
" It cannot, perhaps, be considered as quite settled whether an Accumu-
lation which arises, not by the direction of the settlor, but by operation
of law, is within the Thkllusson Act," 39 & 40 G. 3, c. 98 (Watson,
ACCUMULATION 22 ACCUSTOMED RENT
Eq. 5, whv for consideration of cases thereon). The word " accumu-
late " is not necessary ; a direction to " invest, " or the like, for a period
prohibited is within the Act {Matthews y, Kebley 37 L. J. Ch. 8, 657;
L. R. 4 Eq. 467; 3 Ch. 691 : Re Mason, 1891, 3 Ch. 467; 61 L. J. Ch. 25 :
Sv, Re Fope, 45 S. J. 45; 70 L. J. Ch. 26). As to the exception from
the Act, of a provision for Debts, F. Varlo v. Faden, cited Debts : — As
to a similar exception of Portions, V, Portion: — qu^ Eepairs and
Improvements, V. Vine v. Raleigh, 1891, 2 Ch. 13; 60 L. J. Ch. 675;
63 L. T. 573: Re Mason, sup.
Vf, hereon generally, Watson, Eq. 4, Tit. " Accumulations " : 1 Encyc.
82: Accumulations Act, 1892, 56 & 56 V. c. 58, on whv Re Danson^
cited Land.
The legislation hereon applies to a Charity, as well as to an indi-
vidual ( WliaHon v. MastermaUj 1895, A. C. 186 ; 64 L. J. Ch. 369 ;
72 L. T. 431 ; 43 W. R. 449).
In the phrase " Accumulation, or Deposit, which is a Kuisance,
or injurious to health," s. 107, P. H. (Ir.) Act, 1878, " Accumulation "
and "Deposit" are used in their natural sense: — "'Accumulation'
implies some gradual accretion, a heaping up of matter increasing from
day to day; and 'Deposit' means something that is put down in some
place and left there. Both these words involve the idea of a certain
degree of permanency, and cannot be held to touch the case of loading
and unloading manure from the Company's waggons at a Ry Station, for
the purpose of its delivery to farmers who come to take it " {G. N. Ry
V. Lurgan, 1897, 2 I. K 351).
ACCUSATION "Accusation," s. 49, 24 & 25 V. c. 96, means
allegation of misconduct ; but in s. 46 it is confined to an allegation
charging crime as therein specified {R. v. Tomlinson^ 1895, 1 Q. B. 706;
64 L. J. M. C. 97; 72 L. T. 155; 43 W. K. 544; 18 Cox C. C. 75).
V. Accuse : Menace : Infamous Crime.
ACCUSE. — To "accuse, or threaten to accuse" of a Crime, s. 47.
24 & 25 V. c. 96, is not restricted to the narrow meaning of accuse by
course of law, but means, to allege, or threaten to allege, before any
third person (per Patteson, J., R, v. Robinson, 2 Moo. & R. 16), whether
the prosecutor be really guilty of the crime or not, if the object be ex-
tortion {R. V. Gardner, 1 C. & P. 479). Vf. R, v. Redman, L. R. 1 C. C.
R. 12; 35 L. J. M. C. 89 ; 14 L. T. 303 ; 14 W. R. 56: Accusation.
ACCUSED PERSON. — Stat. Del, 33 & 34 V. c. 52, s. 26.
ACCUSTOMABLY.— V. Usually.
ACCUSTOMED RENT. — "Old and Accustomed Rent"; F.
Mount jot/ s Oase^ 5 Rep. 3 b.
" Accustomed Rent " ; V, Doe d. Douglas v. Lock, 4 L. J. Q. B. 113 ;
2 A. & E. 705 ; 4 N. & M. 807.
ACCUSTOMED RENT 23 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
" Ancient and Accustomed Rent " ; V. Doe d. Biddulph v. Hole^
20 L. J. Q. B. 57 ; 15 Q. B. 848.
"Yearly Ferm or Rent . . . accustomablj yielden or paid," s. 2,
32 H. 8, c. 28; 13 Eliz. c. 10; V. Doe d. Tennyson v. Yarborough,
7 Moore C. P. 258; 1 Bing. 24.
Vh. Sug. Pow. 793 : Farwell, 625.
V, Ancient Rent.
ACKNOWLEDGE. — "I acknowledge A. B. to be my heir-at-
law " ; held to pass the testator's lands in fee (Parker v. Nickson,
32 L. J. Ch. 397; 1 D. G. J. & S. 177). In giving judgment in that case
Westbury, C, said, — " Nothing is better settled in our law than that
the words * I make A. B. my heir,' or * I declare A. B. to be my heir,'
or even the words * A. B. is my heir,' amount to a devise to A. B. in fee
of all the inheritable lands of the testator " ; for as " Jerman, J., said
(Taylerv. Web^ Styles, 301, 319), 'the word Heir implies two things:
first, that he shall have the lands ; secondly, that he shall have them in
fee simple.' " So of a nomination of an heir by such expressions as '' I
appoint " or " I nominate *' (Spark v. Pumell^ Hob. 75). So where a
testator constituted his dearly-beloved wife sole executrix and " Heiress
of all his lands and real and personal estate/' to sell same at pleasure
and to pay debts and legacies, she was held entitled to retain the surplus
proceeds after payment of debts and legacies, and that there was no
resulting trust in favour of the heir as regards such surplus (Rogers v.
Rogers, 3 P. Wms. 193, stated 1 Jarm. 570). V. Sole Heir.
F. Acknowledgment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. — An Acknowledgment, in writing, of a
Debt, s. 1, 9 G. 4, c. 14, and s. 13, Mer. Law Amend. Act, 1856, so as to
take such debt out of the Limitation Act, 1623, 21 Jac. 1, c. 16, must,
— (1) admit that the debt is due, and (2) promise, or justify the infer-
ence of a promise, of payment unconditionally, or (if conditionally) it
must be shown that the condition has been accomplished : — For the cases
laying down and illustrating this interp^ V. Rose. N. P. 676 et seq.:
Add. C. 1259 et seq. : 45 S. J. 443-445. An Acknowledgment by one of
several Exors suffices (Re Macdonald, 1897, 2 Ch. 181 ; 66 L. J. Ch.
630 ; 76 L. T. 713; 45 W. R. 628, distinguishing Tullockv. Dunn^Hy.
& Moo. 416, and Scholey v. Walton, 13 L. J. Ex. 122 ; 12 M. & W. 510 :
Va. Asthury v. Astbury, inf.). Vf. Attended to: Only.
An Acknowledgment of a Deed, or Specialty, by writing or part
payment or part satisfaction, s. 5, Civil Procedure Act, 1833, 3 & 4 W. 4,
c. 42, will suffice if it contains a clear admission of the Specialty Debt
(Add. C. 1258 : Vf. Moodie v. Bannister, 28 L. J. Ch. 881 ; 4 Drew. 432 :
Howcutt V. Bonser, 18 L. J. Ex. 262; 3 Ex. 499 : Forsyth v. Bristowe,
8 Ex. 721 ; 22 L. J. Ex. 255). ^
Qu^ 8. 40, Real Property Limitation Act, 1833) 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27, repld
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 24 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
8. 8, 37 & 38 V. c. 67 ; V. Chinneri/ v. Hvans, 11 H. L. Ca. 115; 4 N. R.
620 : Toft V. Stephensouy 21 L. J. Ch. 129 ; 1 D. G. M. & G. 28 ; 7 Hare,
1: St. John v. Boughton, 7 L. J. Ch. 208; 9 Sim. 219: Barrett v.
Birmmgham, 4 Ir. Eq. 637 : Blair v. Nugent^ 3 J. & La T. 668 : Mil-
lington v. Thompson^ 3 Ir. Ch. Rep. 236 : Hill v. StaweU, 2 Ir. L. R.
302, on whlcVf Barrett v. Birmingham, sup., Morrogh v. Power, 6 Ir.
L. R. 494, and Hannan v. Power, 8 lb. 606. Vf, Payment.
Qu^ Rent (not reserved by a formal Lease, as to whv s. 3, 3 & 4 W. 4,
c. 42), and Interest on money Charged upon land, or Interest on
Legacy, s. 42, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27; V. Holland v. Clark, 1 Y. & C. Ch. 151 :
Jortin V. S, E. By, 6 D. G. M. & 6. 291 : Holding v. Lane, 1 D. G. J. &
S. 122 ; 32 L. J. Ch. 219: Astbury v. Astbury, 1898, 2 Ch. Ill; 67 L. J.
Ch. 471; 46 W. R. 636; 78 L. T. 494: Be West, 3 L. R. Ir. 77: Gren-
fell V. Girdlestone, 2 Y. & C. Ex. 662; 7 L. J. Ex. Eq. 42 : Be Fitz-
maurice, 15 Ir. Ch. Rep. 445. Vf. Payable.
Acknowledgment of Title, s. 14, Real Property Limitation Act, 1833;
V. Curzon v. Edmonds, 6 M. & W. 295 : Dublin Socy v. Bichards, 1 Dr.
& War. 258 : Dublin Corp v. Judge, 11 Ir. L. R. 8 : Spencer v. Beckett,
4 Q. B. 601 : Fursdon v. Clogg, 10 M. & W. 672 : Jayne v. Hughes, 10
Ex. 430; 24 L. J. Ex. 115: Ley v. Peter, 3 H. & K 101; 27 L. J. Ex.
239 : Goode v. Job, 1 E. & E. 6 ; 28 L. J. Q. B. 1 : Phillipson v. Gihbo^i,
6 Ch. 434; 40 L. J. Ch. 406; 24 L. T. 602 ; 19 W. R. 661.
Qu^ Mtgee in Possession, s. 28, Real Property Limitation Act, 1833,
repld s. 7, 37 & 38 V. c. 67 ; V. TnUoek v. Boby, 12 Sim. 402 : Stans-
field V. Hobson, 3 D. G. M. & G. 620; 22 L. J. Ch. 657: Thompson
V. Bowyer, 11 W. R. 975; 2 N. R. 504: Batchelor v. Middleton,
6 Hare, 75.
Note. The cases in tbe last four preceding pars may be referred to as
regards each.
V. Payment.
Vh. Darby & Bosanqnet on Stat, of Limitations, 2nd Ed. 266 et seq.
At p. 108, 1 Jarm., the following rules are deduced from the cases,
there cited, as to what is an Acknowledgment by a testator of the signa-
ture to his Will : —
" (a) The signature to be acknowledged may be made by the testator,
or by another for him.
" (b) A testator, whether speechless or not, may acknowledge his sig-
nature by gestures.
" (c) There is no sufficient acknowledgment, unless the witnesses either
saw, or might have seen, the signature, not even though the testator should
expressly declare that the paper to be attested by them is his Will."
Note: This proposition cited and approved by Jessel, M. R., Blake y.
Blake, 51 L. J. P. D. & A. 36 ; 7 P. D. 102 ; which case upholds Dr.
Lushington's ruling hereon in Hudson v. Parker, 1 Robert. 14; but
overrules that of Sir Cresswell Cresswell in Gwillim v. Owillim, 3 Sw. &
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 25 ACQUIRE
Tr. 200, and of Ld. Penzance in Beckett v. Howe^ L. R. 2 P. & D. 1 ;
39 L. J. P. & M. 1.
" (d) When the witnesses either saw or might have seen the signature,
an express acknowledgment of the signature itself is not necessary, a mere
statement that the paper is his Will, or a direction to them to put their
names under his, or even a request by the testator, or by some person in
his presence, to sign the paper is sufficient." Vh. Daintree v. Fasulo,
57 L. J. P. D. & A. 76; 13 P. D. 102; 58 L. T. 661.
" (e) When the signature is seen or expressly acknowledged, it is not
material that the witnesses are not told that the instrument is a Will, or
are deceived into thinking that it is a deed.
'' (f) It is sufficient, on a re-execution, merely to acknowledge the
signature made on a former execution."
ACOLYTE. — " The Acolyte is he who bears the lighted candle
whilst the Gospel is in reading, or whilst the Priest consecrates the Host "
(Phil. Ecc. Law, 89).
ACQUIESCENCE. — This word does not mean simply an active
intelligent consent, but will be implied if a person is content not to oppose
irregular acts which he knows are being done (per Cairns, C, Evans v.
Smallcombe, 37 L. J. Ch. 793; L. R. 3 H. L. 249),
" If a person having a right, and seeing another person about to com-
mit, or in the course of committing, an act infringing upon that right,
stands by in such a manner as really to induce the person committing the
act, and who might otherwise have abstained from it, to believe that he
assents to its being committed, he cannot afterwards be heard to complain
of the act* This, as Ld Gottenham said in Leeds v. Amherst (2 Phill.
117; 16 L. J. Ch. 6 ; 10 Jur. 956), is the proper sense of the term 'Ac-
quiescence,' and in that sense may be defined as quiescence under such
circumstances as that assent may be reasonably inferred from it, and is
no more than an instance of the law of estoppel by words or conduct "
(per Thesiger, L. J., De Bussche v. Alt^ 8 Ch. D. 314 ; 47 L. J. Ch. 389 ;
38 L. T. 370). But " * Acquiescence ' imports full knowledge " (per
Tumpr, L. J., Life Assn. of Scotland v. Siddcd, 3 D. G. F. & J. 58, 74).
Vf. Redgrave v. Hurd, 20 Ch. D. 1 ; 61 L. J. Ch. 113; 45 L. T. 485;
30 W. R. 251: Buckl. 501-508. Vf Staitding by.
It is not necessary to bring an action in order to show that a person
has not " submitted to or acquiesced in " an intebruption of an Ease-
ment within s. 4, Prescription Act, 1832, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 71; "Acqui-
escence " under that section is a question of fact (Bennison v. Cartwrighty
33 L. J. Q. B. 137; 6 B. & S. 1: Qlover v. Coleman, L. B. 10 C. P.
108; 44 L. J. C. P. 66).
Vh. 1 Encyc. 90-96.
ACQUIRE. — Moneys of a deserted wife, not reduced into posses-
sion by her husband before desertion, and payable after desertion, are
ACQUIRE 26 ACQUITTAL
"acquired" by the wife after the desertion within a 21, 20 & 21 V.
c. 85 (Nicholson v. Drury Building Co, 47 L. J. Ch. 192; 7 Ch. D. 48:
Vf. Cooke V. Fvller^ 26 Bea. 99) ; but rents of the wife's leaseholds re-
ceived after her desertion bj an agent appointed by her before the mar-
riage, are not within the word (JKingsman v. Kingsman^ 50 L. J. Q. B.
81; 6 Q. B. D. 122; 29 W. R. 207; 44 L. T. 124; 45 J. P. 357),
Property which a wife, after a judicial separation, " may acquire^ or
which may come to or devolve upon her," s. 25, 20 & 21 V. c. 85; V. Re
Imole, 35 L. J. Ch. 177; 35 Bea. 92; L. R. 1 Eq. 470: Re Coward and
Adamsy L. R. 20 Eq. 179; 44 L. J. Ch. 384; Waitev. Morland, 38 Ch.
D. 135; 59 L. T. 185; 57 L. J. Ch. 655; 36 W. R. 484: ITUIy. Cooper,
1893, 2 Q. B. 85; 62 L. J. Q. B. 423; 41 W. R. 600; 69 L. T. 216 :
Re Hughes, 1898, 1 Ch. 529; 67 L. J. Ch. 279; 46 W. R. 502; 78 L. T.
432.
V. CoMK to: Conquest. Cp. Accrue: Devolve,
Damages awarded to a Wife, in an action brought in the joint names
of herself and husband, is Money or Property " acquired " by her, within
s. 5 M. W. P. Act, 1882 (Beasley v. Roney, 1891, 1 Q. B. 509; 60 L. J.
Q. B. 408; m L. T. 153; 39 W. R. 415; 55 J. P. mOT).
After-acquired Property, Settlement of ; F. Entitled.
" Acquire Qualification " ; F. Qualification.
Saving of Right, &c, "acquired, accrued, or incurred," s. 215
(2), London Bg. Act, 1894; F. R. v. Cluer, 67 L. J. Q. B. 36.
A " Right acquired," which is saved by s. 27, Patents, &c. Act, 1888,
" means some specific Right which, in one way or another, has been ac-
quired by an individual, and which some persons have got and others
have not got, — e,g, every one has a right to wear spectacles, but he
does not 'acquire a Right' to wear them by the fact that he does wear
them " (per Channell, J., Starey v. Graham, 1899, 1 Q. B. 411) ; there-
fore, a man who, prior to the Act, had been accustomed to call himself a
" Patent Agent" did not thereby "acquire" any Right to continue that
title without registration under the Act (S, C, 1899, 1 Q. B. 406; 68
L. J. Q. B. 257; 80 L. T. 185).
" Right acquired," s. 104, 23 & 24 V. c, 154; V. Foley v. Gallagher,
2 L. R. Ir. 389.
The right of a Solicitor (who has neglected to renew his Certificate) to
apply for a fresh one, is not a "Right acquired or accrued," within
proviso (B), s. 23, 40 & 41 V. c. 25 (Re Chaffers, 15 Q. B. D. 467).
ACQUISITION OF GAIN F. Gain.
ACQUITTAL. — ** * To acquite him * : acquite is compounded of ad,
and the old verbe quietare, and signifieth in law to discharge, or keepe in
quiet, and to see that the tenant be safely kept from any entries, or other
molestation for any manner of service issuing out of the land to any lord
that is above the mesne. And hereof commeth Acquitall, and quietus
ACQUITTAL 27 ACRE
est, (that is) that he is discharged; and he that is discharged of a felony,
&c, by judgment, is said to be acquitted of the felony, dcquietatus de
felonid ; and if he be drawne in question againe, he may plead auterfoits
acquite " (Co. Litt. 100 a).
" The word * Acquittal ' is verbum equivocum, and may in ordinary
language be used to express either the verdict of a jury, or the formal
judgment of the Court, that the prisoner go thereof without day " (per
Tindal, C. J., Burgess v. Boetefeur, 13 L. J. M. C. 126; 7 M. & G. 481:
Vf. Cowel, Acquitall), Cp, Convicted.
" Acquitted on the Indictment,^* in a Recognizance under s. 5, 16 &
17 V. c. 30, means, acquitted on every Count, and if the deft is acquitted
on some of the Counts but Convicted on one, he is not entitled to the
Costs provided by the section {R. v. Batjard, 1892, 2 Q. B. 181 ; 67 L. T.
313; 40 W. R. 525; m J. P. 650).
ACQUITTANCE. — " * Acquittance ' is a discharge in writing of a
summe of money, or other duty which ought to be payed or done " (Termes
de la Ley), Vf. Cowel.
A " Clearance " Certificate from one branch of a Friendly Society to
another, is not an " Acquittance " within s. 23, 24 & 25 V. c. 98 {R. v.
French, 39 L. J. M. C. 58; L. R. 1 C. C. R. 217).
Acquittance or Receipt ; F. R, v. West, cited Receipt.
ACQUITTED.— V. Acquittal.
ACRE. — The statute De Mensurandis Terris, 34 Edw. 1, c. 1, defined
an Acre as 10 perches in length and 16 in breadth, and so on, or, as ex-
pressed in Termes de la Ley, " * Acre ' containeth in length 40 perches
and in breadth 4 perches," but it adds^ there were " divers Customes of
severall countries " varying this admeasurement. Vf, Co. Litt. 5 b.
'' ^y the grant of an Acre of land, doth pass so much as is an acre
by measure in that country, by the ordinary account and measure of
the country" (Touch. 95). But in Wing v. Earle (Cro. Eliz. 267)
Gawdy, J., said, " If one sells land and is obliged that it containeth 20
acres, this shall be according to the Law and not according to the Cus-
tome of the country." Semble, in cases of question it was for the jury
to say which acre was meant ( Waddy v. Newton^ 8 Mod. 275). But
5 G. 4, c. 74, s. 2, provided, " that the Acre of land shall contain 4840
Square Yards, " — an enactment replaced and re-enacted by s. 12, Weights
and Measures Act, 1878, and which, apart from a context, is of general
application, whether " Acre " is used in a Contract, Will, or other In-
strument {O'Donnell v. O'Donnell, 13 L. R. Ir. 226).
Qui Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment Act, Ir. 1860, " * Acre/
shall mean, Statute Acre " (s. 1).
Vf. Elph. 658: Portman v. Mill, 2 Russ. 570.
ACROSS 28 ACT OF COD
ACROSS. — V. S. E. Rij v. European^ &c. Telegraph Co, 9 Ex.
363; 23 L. J. Ex. 113.
Nets " stretched across " a River, s. 27, Fisheries (Ir.) Act, 1842, 6 &
6 V. c. 106 ; V. Wilson v. Mot/ Fisheries Co, 19 L. R. Ir. 270.
V. Through.
ACROSS COUNTRY V. Evans y. Fratt, 11 L. J. C. P. 87;
3 M. & Q. 759.
ACT. — Continuing a thing in its former condition, is not an act done
{WordswoHh v. Harley^ 1 B. & Ad. 391). Sv. Done.
An Order to pay costs, is not an Order " to do an a^it," within R. 6,
Ord. 41, R. S. C. {Re Deakin, 1900, 2 Q. B. 478; 69 L. J. Q. B. 797;
83 L. T. 39).
" Act, or Operation of Law "; F. Surrender.
" Appear, act, or behave *' ; V. Keeper.
"Act" which recognizes Contract; V, Recogntze.
Appeal "against any act of any Justice," s. 27, Alehouse Act, 1828;
V. comparison between " Act " and " Order," per Ld Herschell,
Boulter v. Kent Jus*, cited Court op Suiimary Jurisdiction.
" Act as a Broker " ; F. Broker.
"Act as a Solr"; V. Re Simmons, 16 Q. B. D. 348: Solicitor:
Practise.
Will " act exclusively for " A.; F. Mutual Reserve Assn. v. New York
Insrce, cited Whole.
" Called on to act "; F. Called.
F. By Whose : Purposes : Acts : Immoral.
ACT JUSTLY.— F. Precatory Trust.
ACT OF BANKRUPTCY. — F. Wms. Bank., 2 et seq: Baldwin,
65 et seq: Yate Lee, 11 et seq: Bankruptcy.
ACT OF GOD. — " Act of God " means not a mere misfortune, but
something overwhelming (per Martin, B., Oakley y. Portsmouth Steam
Packet Co, 25 L. J. Ex. 101; 11 Ex. 623), such as storms, lightning,
and tempests, which could not happen by the intervention of man (For"
ward V. Pittard, 1 T. R. 33), and loss from which could not have been
prevented, or avoided, by any reasonable amount of foresight, pains, or
care (Nugent v. Smith, 45 L. J. C. P. 697, 708; 1 C. P. D. 441, 444).
Therefore, damage from an escape of water from a frost-burs ted pipe,
the bursting being caused by negligently leaving the boiler filled with
cold water in frosty weather, is not an Act of God (Siordet v. IfalL
1 Moore & P. 561; 4 Bing. 607).
" By the * Act of God,* is meant a natural, not merely an inevitable.
Accident " (per Mansfield, C. J., Trent Nav, v. Wood, cited in Forward
ACT OF COD 29 ACTED
T. Fittardy 1 T. R. 28. In the report of Trent Nav. v. Woody in 4 Doug.
290, Lord Mansfield's words are, " The * Act of God ' is natural neces-
sity, as wind and storms, which arise from natural causes, and is distinct
from inevitahle accident " ; but in 3 Esp. 131, the words are, " The * Act
of God ' is a natural necessity and inevitably such, e.g. winds, storms,
&c").
"In the older, simpler, days I have myself never had any doubt but
that this phrase does not mean Act of Grod in the Biblical sense of the
term, under which everything almost is said to be the Act of God; but
that, in a mercantile sense, it means an extraordinary circumstance which
could not be foreseen, and which could not be guarded against" (per
Esher, M. R., Fandorfy. Hamilton^ 55 L. J. Q. B. 548; 17 Q. B. D.
675).— Vf. Nichols V. Marsland, 46 L. J. Ex. 174; L. R. 10 Ex. 255;
2 Ex. D. 1: Nitro-phosphate Co v. L, & S. Katharine's Dock Co^
9 Ch. D. 503; 1 Maude & P. 350: Benj. 551: Carver, 8-12: H. v. Ussex
Commrs of Sewers, 14 Q. B. D. 561; 11 App. Ca. 449,
By s. 727, New York Civil Code, an "Act of God" is defined as
"irresistible super-human cause."
Permanent Illness is an " Act of God," excusing the performance of a
Contract for Personal Services (Boast v. Firth^ 38 L. J. C. P. 1; L. R.
4 C. P. 1: Vf. Leake, 607); sectts, of a Contract to Marry {Hall v.
Wright, 29 L. J. Q. B. 43; E. B. & E. 746, 765).
If a Bailment, e.g. a horse, dies or falls sick, " sans ascune default
ou negligence " of the bailee, it is an " Act of God " and excuses
him ( Williafns v. Lloyd, Jo, W. 179). Sv. Beatson v. Schank, cited
IXABILITY.
Cp. Accident: Chance: Inevitable Accident.
ACT OF PARLIAMENT. — K. Local Act of Parliament.
"Act of Parliament," s. 2 (1), S. L. Act, 1882, is not confined to
Private Acts but includes General Acts, e.g. the Accumulations Act^
1800 ( Vine v. RaUigh, 1896, 1 Ch. 37).
" Co incorporated bj Act of Parliament " ; V. Company.
" Instrument, not being an Act of Parliament " ; V. Deed op
Settlement.
Stat. Def. — 29 & 3a V. c. 108, s. 2; 41 & 42 V. c. 76, s. 2; 51 & 52
V. c. 51, s. 4; Interp. Act, 1889, s. 39; 56 & 57 V. c. 38, s. 5; 59 &
60 V. c. 48, s. 2b. — Scot. 21 & 28 V. c. 53, s. 2; 60 (& 61 V. c. 38,
s. 145 (15).
ACT OF STATE. — A Foreign Patent is an " Act of State," within
8. 7, 14 & 15 V. c. 99 (Be Betts, 1 Moore, P. C. N. S. 49).
ACT OR DEFAULT.— "Wrongful Act or Default"; T. Default.
ACT OR PRACTISE. — r. Practise.
ACTED. — V, Innocently acted.
ACTING 80 ACTION
ACTING. — "The person acting in the Administration," s. 32, 44
V. c. 12, does not mean the person who has acted by taking Probate but,
means the person who is really acting at the time when the question of
further Duty arises, and, therefore, an Exor who has fully administered
is not liable under the section {A.-G. v. Smith, 1893, 1 Q. B. 239; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 288; 68 L. T. 6; 41 W. R. 245).
Justices "acting unpkr the Summary Jurisdiction Acts," s. 13 (11),
Interp. Act, 1889, means, Justices exercising summary jurisdiction
(per Ld Davey, BotUter v. Kent Jus., cited Coukt of Summary
Jurisdiction).
Acting in the Ordinary Course of business; V, Mercantile Agent.
ACTING TRUSTEE. — An "acting" Trustee is one who has
taken upon himself to perform some of the trusts ; the phrase does not .
include one who, in limine, has refused to act {^Sharp y. Sharp, 2 B.
& Aid. 405, stated Lewin, 776: Vf. Lewin, 278. Cp. Continuing
Trustee.
A person who, pursuant to a Power, appoints a New Trustee but has
not otherwise acted in the Trust, is an " Acting Trustee " {Re Cunningham
andFrayling, 1891, 2 Ch. 567; 60 L. J. Ch. 591; 64 L. T. 558; 39
W. R. 469).
Cp. Barb Trustee.
ACTION. — This is a generic term, and means a litigation in a civil
court for the recovery of individual right or redress of individual wrong,
inclusive, in its proper legal sense, of suits by the Crown (Bradlaugh v.
Clarke, 52 L. J. Q. B. 505; 8 App. Ca. 354; 48 L. T. 681: Va. jdgmt
of Brett, M. R., in A.-G. v. Bradlaugh, 54 L. J. Q. B. 214; 14 Q. B. D.
667; 52 L. T. 589; 33 W. R. 673). ''Action, n'est auter chose que
loyall demande de son droit" (Co. Litt. 285 a). Even before the Jud.
Acts, " Action " included a Suit in Equity {Pennell v. Smith, 5 D. G.
M. & G. 187). As used in s. 3, Limitation Act, 1623, it includes a Set-
off {Remington v. Stevens, 2 Stra. 1271). Cp. Decree.
For the purpose of the Jud. Acts, " Action " means " a Civil Proceed-
ing commenced by Writ or in such other manner as may be prescribed by
Rules of Court; and shall not include a Criminal Proceeding by the
Crown " (s. 100, Jud. Act, 1873). An Originating Summons is within
this definition {Re Fawsitt, Galland v. Burton, 54 L. J. Ch. 1131; 30
Ch. D. 231; 34 W. R. 26, 158: Re Vardon, 55 L. J. Ch. 259; 31 Ch.
D. 275; 53 L. T. 895; 34 W. R. 185); but as used in the Third-Party
procedure, R. 48, Ord. 16, R. S. C, "action" does not include an
Originating Summons {Re Wilson, 60 L. J. Ch. 101; 45 Ch. D. 266;
63 L. T. 100; 39 W. R. 58): Vf, Writ of Summons. An Interpleader
Issue is not such an Action {Hamlyn v. Betteley, 6 Q. B. D. 63; 60
L. J. Q. B. 1; 29 W. R. 275; 43 L. T. 790), nor are Garnishee proceed-
ings {Ma^on V. Wirral, 4 Q. B. D. 459), nor proceedings on a Petition
ACTION 81 ACTON BURNEL
(Re Wallis, 23 L. R. Ir. 7 : So. Suit) ; nor is a Company Summons an
Action ( F. Trial); nor a Summons under s. 14 (2), Conv. & L. P. Act,
1881 (Locky. Fearce, 1893, 2 Ch. 271; 62 L. J. Ch. 582; 68 L. T. 569;
41 W. R. 369).
A Counter- Claim is not an "Action," within s. 66, Co. Co. Act,
1888, not even when (the original action being at an end) it happens to
be the sole matter in issue; and, therefore, it cannot be remitted for trial
under that section (Delobbel-Fltpo v. Varti/, 1893, 1 Q. B. 663; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 398).
Admiralty Causes are not included in " Actions," as that word is used
in 8, 101, Co. Co. Act, 1888 (Tlie Tijnwald, 1895, P. 142; 64 L. J.
P. D. & A. 1; 71 L. T. 731; 43 W. R. 509: The Theodora, 1897, P. 279;
66 L. J. P. D. & A. 50; 76 L. T. 627).
*' Action," in ss. 53, 54, Co. Co. Act, 1888, does not include a Motion
by a Trustee in Bankry to recover property of the bankrupt (Re Lock,
63 L. T. 320; 39 W. R. 15).
** Action " is used in s. 1, Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893,
in its wide generality (Uarrop v. Ossett, and Fielden v. Morley, cited
Pursuance).
F. Cause: Suit: Writ op Summons.
An action in rem, apart from statutory definition, is not generally
included in the word "Action," e.g. in a provision requiring notice
before action (The Longford, 58 L, J. P. D. & A. 33; 14 P. D. 34).
Action on the Case; V. Case.
Action on Contract; V. Contract.
" Action founded on Contract or Tort " ; V. Founded on : Contract :
Tort.
Extra costs for " conducting Actions or Suits " ; V, Conducting.
Cp. Cause of Action. V. Maintain: Personal Action: Real
Action: Popular Action.
Other Stat. Def. — 15 & 16 V. c. 76, s. 227; 17 & 18 V. c. 125, s. 99;
22 & 23 V. c. 63, s. 5; 23 & 24 V. c. 126, s. 39; 24 V. c. 11, s. 4; 30 &
31 V. c. 127, s. 3; 39 & 40 V. c. 17, s. 2; 45 & 46 V. c. 31, s. 2, c. 61,
s. 2 ; 51 & 52 V. c. 43, s. 186; 56 & 57 V. c. 71, s. 62. — Scot. 39 & 40
V. c. 70, s. 3. — /r. 16 & 17 V. c. 113, s. 4; 40 & 41 V. c. 57, s. 3;
(Action or Suit), 11 & 12 V. c. 28, s. 18.
ACTIONS. — " Where one releases to another all * Actions,' not only
JVctions depending, but also causes of actions are released" (Altham's
Case, 8 Rep. 153 a, 153 b) ; " but within a submission of all actions to
arbitrament, causes of action are not contained " (Co. Litt. 285 a). V. Suit.
ACTIVE. — F. On Active Service.
ACTON BURNEI The statute of Acton Bumel "is a stat
made 13 Edw. 1, ordaining the Statute-Merchant; and was so called
ACTON BURNEL 82 ACTUAL
because it was made at Acton Burnel, a Castle in Shropshire^ anciently
belonging to the family of Burnel " (Termes de la Ley).
ACTS. — " The covenant (i.e. for Quiet Enjoyment) is that the lessee
should hold the premises without any lawful eviction, interruption, &c,
by or from the lessor, or by or through her * Acts, Means, Right, Title,
Forfeiture, Privity or Procurement.' Now the word * Acts,' means some-
thing done by the person against whose acts the covenant is made; and
the word < Means' has a similar meaning, something proceeding from
the person covenanting." (Per cur., Spencer y, Marriott, 1 B. & C. 459;
2 D. & R. 665. Vf. Dennett v. Atherton, L. R. 7 Q. B. 316; 41 L. J.
Q. B. 165; 20 W. R. 442: Stevenson v. Fowell, 1 Bulstr. 182: Dart,
884: Sug. V. & P. 602: Elph. 487, 488: 2 Piatt, 310).
But " * Means and Procurement ' have a large extent " (Palm. 340) :
and where a husband procured a conveyance to himself, remainder to
his wife, the wife was held as claiming by " means " of her husband^
" although she claims by title derived from another " (Butler v. Swin^
nerton, Palm. 339; 2 Rol. Rep. 286; Cro. Jac. 657).
All ^^ Reasonable Acts," in a covenant for Further Assurance, means
such as the law requires; but do not include an unnecessary act (per
Wood, B., Warn v. Bickford, 9 Price 51. V. Pudsey v. Newsam^ Yel v. 44 :
Dart, 887: Sug. V. & P. 613), or one that is impracticable (Elph. 493).
ACTUAL. — The word "actual" does not, usually, advance the
meaning. Speaking generally a thing is not more itself because it is
spoken of as " actual," nor is an act more done or enjoined because it is
said, or required, to be " actually " done. * Thus the phrase " Actual
Seizure** in s. 1, Mer. Law Amend. Act, 1856, means no more than
" Seizure " {Gladstone v. Padwick, 40 L. J. Ex. 154; L. R. 6 Ex. 203).
V. Seizure.
But where a word has a constructive legal meaning not completely
corresponding to the fact it indicates, then the addition of " actual " will
intensify that word, so that it will not be fully satisfied by such legal
meaning (F. R, v. St, Nicholas^ Rochester^ cited Occupation). Thus
where, as in s. 26, Rep. People Act, 1832, a freeholder, &c, must, in
order to qualify for his vote, have been ** in the actual Possession " or
receipt of the rents and profits of his tenement for six months before the
last day of July, that means a possession in fact as distinguished from
merely a possession in law; and therefore the owner of a Rent-charge is
not in such possession or receipt until he has had " the manual receipt
of the rent itself, or some part of it, or something in lieu of it " (per
Tindal, C. J., Murraij v. Thomileij, 16 L. J. C. P. 155 ; 2 C. B. 217 ;
the decision in which was followed in Hayden v. Tiverton, 16 L. J. C. P.
88; 4 C. B. 1, and Webster v. Ashton-under-Lyne ; Orme*s Case, 42 L. J.
C. P. 38; L. R. 8 C. P. 281. Va. Anelay v. Lewisy 17 C. B. 316, on the
ACTUAL 33 ACTUAL ARRIVAL
like phrase in s. 74, 6 & 7 V. c. 18). But where a conveyance of a Rent-
charge is framed so as to operate under the Statute of Uses, 27 H. 8, c. 10,
then for the purposes of the Rep. People Act, the Rent-charge is in
" actual possession " of the grantee from the date of the conveyance,
because a long course of authority and practice has established that the
" possession " into which Uses are converted by that Statute is equiva-
lent to " actual possession " (ffeelis v. Blain, 34 L. J. C. P. 88 ; 18 C. B.
N. S. 90 : Webster v. Askton-under-Lj/ne ; Hadfield's Casey 42 L. J. C. P.
146 ; L. R. 8 C. P. 306).
But from the doubting way in which the Court (especially Bovill,
C. J.) followed in Hadfield's Case, the authority of Heelis v. Blain^ it
may be questioned whether a ruling similar to that in the two last-named
cases would be adopted for the interpretation of any Act except the one
then under consideration. F. Possession: Occupation.
Where two or more are in possession, the '* Actual Possession " is that
of the one who has the title (Litt. s. 701 : per Maule, J., Jones v. Chap^
man, 18 L. J. Ex. 460 ; 2 Ex. 821 : Ramsay v. Margrett^ 1894, 2 Q. B.
18 ; 63 L. J. Q. B. 513 ; 70 L. T. 788).
Actual or Physical Possession of Goods, e,g, for a Pledge, does not
require that the goods be grasped by the hand ; the idea is satisfied if
the goods are so placed that the possessor, or his agent, has the dominion
and control over the goods so as to be able to prevent any one else from
removing or interfering with them (per Halsbury, C, Charlesworth v.
Mills, 1892, A. C. 231 ; 61 L. J. Q. B. 830).
Heirloom to the person for the time being " in the actual Enjoyment
and Possession " of an estate ; V. Hogg v. Jones, 32 L. J. Ch. 361 ;
32 Bea. 45. Vf. Actual Freehold.
" Entitled to the Actual Possession " ; V. Re Varley, 62 L. J. Ch.
652; 68L. T. 665.
" Actual, forcible, and violent entry " ; V. Violent.
ACTUAL ANNUAL INCOME. — A testator bequeathed all his
real and personal estate to trustees Upon Trust for his wife with direc-
tions to sell and convert the same into money, and declared that his real
estate, directed to be sold, should, in Equity, be considered as converted
into personalty as from the time of his decease, and that the '' Actual
Annual Income " for the time being of his unconverted real and personal
estate should be considered income for the purposes of his Will, and be
applied accordingly; held, that the widow was entitled to the actual
dividends becoming due after the testator's death in the case of all the
securities, except such as in their nature bore interest de die in diem
{Unwin v. Eykyn, W. N. (66) 268).
ACTUAL ARRIVAI "Actual Arrival in Dock," s. 237, Mer.
Shipping Act, 1854; F. Attwood v. Case, 45 L. J. M. C. 20; 1 Q. B.D.
134. Vf. Arrive.
ACTUAL BDLY. HARM 34 ACTUAL MIL. SER.
ACTUAL BODILY HARM. — F. Inflict.
ACTUAL CAPTURE.— V. Banda & Khncee Booty y cited Co-
operation.
ACTUAL COSTS AND EXPENSES When an Order, for an
account on the wrongful taking of Minerals, directs allowance to be made
for " Actual Costs and Expenses " or " Disbursements," profit or trade
allowances will not be included {Re United Merthyr Co, L. R. 15 Eq. 46 :
r. MaoS. 638).
ACTUAL CUSTODY " Actual Custody " of Documents of Title
to Goods, 8. 1 (2), Factors Act, 1889; V, Cahn v. Focketts Co, cited
Consent.
ACTUAL DELIVERY.— V. Delivered in execution.
ACTUAL ENJOYMENT. — V. Actually enjoyed.
ACTUAL ENTRY.— V. Actual: Violent.
ACTUAL FAULT. — The protection given to an Owner of a Ship by
88. 502, 503, Mer. Shipping Act, 1894, where the occurrences therein men-
tioned happen " without his Actual Fault, or Privity," connotes his own
Eault, &c, as distinguished from that of a Co-Owner| even though he be
the Master {T?ie Obey, L. R. 1 A. & E. 102: The Spirit of the Ocean, 12
L. T. 239: Wilsonr. Dickson, 2 B. & Aid. 2 : Vthlc on what is " Fault,"
and The Obey on " Privity ").
ACTUAL FRAUD. — In Battison v. Bobson (1896, 2 Ch. 403; 65
L. J. Ch. 695; nom. Re Hohaon, 44 W. R. 615), Stirling, J., had under
consideration " Actual Fraud " as used in s. 14, Yorkshire Registries
Act, 1884, and said, — "I understand that term to mean. Fraud in the
ordinary, popular, acceptation of the terra, and not what has sometimes
been called * Legal Fraud, 'or * Constructive ' Fraud, or 'Fraud in the
eye of a Court of Law or Equity.* " But in view of Peek v. Derry (cited
Legal Fraud), it is difficult to see the distinction between " Fraud "
and " Legal, or Constructive Fraud." Vf. Fraud.
ACTUAL FREEHOLD. — In limitations relating to Heirlooms,
the person entitled to the " Actual Freehold " of an estate, is the person
in possession, or in the receipt of the rents and profits (Scarsdalc v.
Ciirzon, 29 L. J. Ch. 249; 1 J. & H. 40); so, if the phrase be " Actual
Possession " (Re Angerstein, 1895, 2 Ch. 883; 65 L. J. Ch. 57 ; 73 L. T.
500; 44 W. R. 152). But if the phrase be, entitled "In Possession,"
then the Heirlooms vest absolutely in the first Tenant in Tail at birth,
whether he comes into possession or not {lb,). V, Actual.
ACTUAL MILITARY SERVICE. — The privilege of making Nun-
cupative Wills given to " any Soldier being in actual military service *'
(Stat, of Frauds, s. 22; Wills Act, 1837, s. 11) is limited, by the words
ACTUAL MIL. SER. 85 ACTUALLY ARRIVED
italicised, " to those who are on an expedition: And consequently that
the Will of a soldier made while he was quartered in barracks, either at
home {Drummond v. Parish, 3 Curt. 622 ; 7 Jur. 538 : Vthc, Ee Hiscox^
inf.) or in the Colonies ( White v, Repton, 3 Curt. 818 : Sv, Ee Fhipps,
2 Curt. 368: Ee Johnson, 2 Curt. 341 : Ee Pery, 2 L. T. 0. S. 335), is
not privileged. The same was heltl of the Will of a soldier made at Ban-
galore, whilst in command of the Mysore Division of the army there
stationed, and who died whilst on a tour of inspection of the troops under
his command (Ee Bill, 1 Rob. 276) '* : Wms. Exs. 104. So of a sergeant
with his regiment at Malta, under orders for the West Indies (EeNorris,
3 Notes of Ecc. Cases, 197: Va. Bowles v. Jackson, 1 Spinks, 294).
But a soldier passing from one regiment to another, — both regiments
being in active service against the enemy (Herbert v. Herbert, D. & Sw.
10; 4 W. R. 182), — or joining a regiment with the view of marching
against the enemy (Ee Thome, 34 L. J. P. M. & A. 131; 4 Sw. & Tr.
36; 11 Jur. N. S. 569: Ee Hiscock, 17 Times Rep. 110 ; 1901, P. 78 ; 70
L. J. P. D. & A. 22; 84 L. T. 61), is within the privilege. So is one
who has received a mortal wound on the battle-field (Ee Farquhar,
4 Notes of Ecc. Cases, 651 : Ee Churchill^ lb. 47 : Ee Prendergast,
5 lb. 92).
Vf. Testament, last par.
Qui Army Act, 1881, Yeomanry and Volunteers, when " on Actual
Military Service," are Soldiers (subss. 7, 8, s. 176) : Vh. Marks v. Froglei/y
cited Soldier. Vf. Training.
F. Military Service: On Active Service.
ACTUAL OCCUPIER.— r. Occupier.
ACTUAL POSSESSION.— V, Actual: Actual Freehold:
Possession.
ACTUAL SEIZIN. — V. Tuthill v. Eogers, IJ. & La T. 36 ; 6 Ir.
Eq. Rep. 429, on whcv Ee Maxwell, cited In Charge. V, Seized.
ACTUAL SEIZURE.— F. Actual: Seizure.
ACTUAL TENANT IN TAII Quk Fines and Recoveries Act,
1833, " 'Actual Tenant in Tail,' shall mean exclusively, the Tenant of
an Estate Tail which shall not have been barred ; and such Tenant shall
be deemed an Actual Tenant in Tail although the Estate Tail may have
been divested or turned to a right " (s. 1).
ACTUAL TOTAL LOSS F. Total Loss.
ACTUAL VALUE. — r. Value, towards end.
ACTUAL WEIGHT " Actual Weight gotten," s. 12 (1), 60 & 51
V. c. 68; V. Brace v. Abercam Co, cited Mineral Gotten.
ACTUALLY ARRIVED. — V. Actual Arrival.
ACT'LY CHARGEABLE 36 ACT'LY RECEIVED
ACTUALLY CHARQEABLE. — r. Chargeable.
ACTUALLY DELIVERED V. Delivered in Execution.
ACTUALLY ENJOYED. —The words " actually enjoyed," for 20
years, in s. 3, Prescription Act, 1832, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 71, are satisfied
where a house exists with ordinary windows through which Light and
Air have in fact passed, although there has been no occupation in the sense
of personal occupation {Courtauld v. Legh^ 38 L. J. Ex. 45; L. E.
4 Ex. 126: Collia v. Laugher, 1894, 3 Ch. 659; 63 L. J. Ch. 851).
'' Enjoying the use cannot mean shall have continuoiisly used. If that
had been the intention of the statute some such word as ' continuously '
would be found in this section. I take ' enjoyed ' to mean, < having had
the amenity or advantage of using ' the access of light. That is nearly
equivalent to 'having had the use,' the intention being that the owner
of a house may acquire the right to have the access of light over adjoin-
ing land to an opening which he has used in such manner as suited his
convenience for the passage of light during 20 years" (per Kay, J.,
Cooper V. Straker, 58 L. J. Ch. 29; 40 Ch. D. 21 ; cited and applied by
Stirling, J., Smith v. Baxter, cited Inteubuption). A similar rule
applies as to what is an Actual Enjoyment of a Right of Way, &c,
under s. 2 {Rollins v. Vemey, 53 L. J. Q. B. 430; 13 Q. B. D. 304:
Smith V. Baxter, sup.). But the enjoyment must be " as of Right " ;
and the right to a Right of Way under s. 2 may be defeated by evidence
even of a parol license, if the enjoyment has been for 20 years ; but if it
has been for 40 years then it will be absolute unless " enjoyed by some
Consent or Agreement, expressly given or made for that purpose by
Deed or Writing" (s. 2; vth Gardner v. Hodgson* s Co, 1900, 1 Ch.
592; 69 L. J. Ch. 368; 82 L. T. 455; 48 W. R. 469; revd. on the
inference from the facta, 1901, 2 Ch. 198). V, Access: Interruption.
Note : — The Crown is not named in, and therefore is not bound by,
s. 3 {Perry v. Eames, cited Easement).
ACTUALLY OCCUPIED.— T. R. v. St. Nicholas, Rochester,
cited Occupation : Va, Actual.
ACTUALLY PAID. — As to the meaning of the phrase "Rent
actually paid," in an Act authorising rating assessments; V, Bristol
W, W. Co, V. Uren, 54 L. J. M. C. 97; 15 Q. B. D. 637.
" Valuable Consideration actually paid " ; K. Valuable.
ACTUALLY PENDING V. Pending.
ACTUALLY PRODUCINQ INCOME V. Re Huhhuck, U^^,
1 Ch. 754; 65 L. J. Ch. 271.
ACTUALLY RECEIVED. — Gift over on death "without having
actually received" legacy; V. Martin v. Martin, L. R. 2 Eq. 404; 35
ACTLY RECEIVED 37 ADDRESS
L J. Ch. 679: Johnson v. Crook, 48 L. J. Ch. 777; 12 Ch. D. 639:
Bitbb V. Padwick, 49 L. J. Ch. 178; 13 Ch. D. 519.
" Actually receive " Goods, s. 4, Sale of Goocb Act, 1893; V. Accept-
ance.
V. Receivable: Ebcbived.
ADAPT. — " Adapted to be inhabited " ; V. Inhabited.
" Constructed or adapted " ; V. Constructed.
ADDITION. — " 'Addition,' signifieth a Title given to a man be-
sides his Christian and Sir-name, shewing bis Estate, Degree, Mystery,
Trade, Place of Dwelling, &c." (Cowel: Vf. Termes de la Ley).
Qu^ Registration of Assurances (Ir) Act, 1850, 13 & 14 V. c. 72,
** the word * Addition,' — where the addition of any person whose name
is required by this Act to be entered in any Index to be kept at the said
Register Office is hereby directed to be entered with such name, — shall
mean the description as to Residence, Title, Rank, Profession, or Occu-
pation " (s. 64).
A legacy "in addition to," or "substitution for," or "instead of,"
another, will prima facie be taken on the same conditions, out of the
same funds, and with the same privileges as that other (1 Jarm. 185), — a
meaning, however, which may be varied by a context (lb. n.; 2 lb. 603).
Vf. Thomas v. Nurse, W. N. (68) 181: Ee Benyon, 53 L. J. Ch. 1165:
Lee V. Pain, 4 Hare, 218. Cp, One Man: V. Lieu and Substitution.
A legacy^ to A., " in addition to the sums owing to him," may, on the
facts, be a gift, not only of the legacy itself but also of sums not legally
due to him, e.g. a sum named in an I. 0. U. to him that was given
without consideration {Re Roioe, 1898, 1 Ch. 153; 67 L. J. Ch. 87; 77
L. T. 475).
An "Addition to an existing Building," within an Act requiring
Notice of it to a Local Authority, is a matter to be determined on the
whole of the circumstances : — to substitute a brick-built bedroom for a
conservatory, may well be an " Addition " to a house, although it occupy
no greater space than the conservatory did {Meadows v. Taylor, 59 L. J.
M. C. 99; 24 Q. B. D. 717; 62 L. T. 658; 54 J. P. 757).
Putting into a house heating-apparatus so as to make the house more
lettable, is not an " Addition to, or Alteration in buildings,*^ within
8. 13 (ii), S. L. Act, 1890; sccus, of altering main entrance and provid-
ing an entirely new roof {Re Gaskell^ 1894, 1 Ch. 485; 63 L. J. Ch.
243; 70 L. T. 554; 42 W. R.,219). V. Let: Cp. Rebuilding.
"Addition " to a Trade-Mark, s. 74 (1), 46 & 47 V. c. 57; V. Re
Smokeless Powder Co., 1892, 1 Ch. 590; 61 L. J. Ch. 391 : Re Clement,
1900, 1 Ch. 114; 69 L. J. Ch. 52; 81 L. T. 400; 48 W. R. 67.
ADDRESS. — " Name and Address " ; V. Name.
" The Address of the pit," in an Indorsement of a Writ R. I. Ord. 4,
E. S. C, mus^ be his ordinary Residence, as distinguished from his
ADDRESS 88 ADJACENT
Place of Business {Stoy v. ReeSy 59 L. J. Q. B. 310; 24 Q. B. D. 748;
63 L. T. 49; 38 W. K 683).
But the " Address " of a Witness to a Bill of Sale, as prescribed in
the form given in s. 9, Bills of S. Act, 1882, means the same as '' Resi-
dence " in the earlier Acts; therefore, where a Bank Clerk gave his
Address as at the Bank where he was employed, that sufficed (Shnmons
V. Woodward, 1892, A. C. 100; 61 L. J. Ch. 252; 66 L. T. 534; 40
W. R. 641). — Note, . The Address and Description of each witness
must be on the Bill of S. itself (Blankenstein v. Robertson, 59 L. J.
Q. B. 315; 24 Q. B. D. 543: Parsons v. Brand, 59 L. J. Q. B. 189;
25 Q. B. D. 110; 62 L. T. 479; 38 W. R. 388); but if a witness signs two
attestations, one of which gives the A & D and the other does not,
tlie former may be looked at to see that the same person has signed both,
and if that can be seen on the face of the document the omission to put
the A & D to the second attestation is not material {Bird v. Davey^
1891, 1 Q. B. 29; 60 L. J. Q. B. 8).
Cjp, " Place of Abode," sub Place.
A Club Address, generally, is insufficient [Re Stoydan, 1895, 2 Q. B.
534; 65 L. J. Q. B. 47; 11 Times Rep. 589).
As to what is a breach of a stipulation that " no Artiste shall address
the Audience"; V. Cobom v. Palace Theatre, 11 Times Rep. 227.
ADEMPTION. — Where there is a Specific legacy, and -the subject-
matter does not remain in specie, or does not remain the property of the
testator at his death, the legacy is said to be Adeemed; t.6. the subject-
matter being gone from the testator's estate, the gift also is gone: so,
there is an Ademption when the purpose for which the specific legacy
was given has been otherwise provided for by the testator.
It has been said, in America, that " Ademption " is synonymous with
"Satisfaction," when applied to Specific legacies {Clark v. Jetton,
5 Sneed, 234).
Vh, Wms. Exs. 1183 et seq: Theobald, 122, 139-145, 675-684:
1 Encyc. 119-121.
ADEQUATE. — " Adequate and Sufficient Load " : K Lane. & Y. Ry
V. Gidlow, 45 L. J. Ex. 625; L. R. 7 H. L. 517.
" Adequate Ventilation " ; F. Knowles v. Dickinson, 29 L. J. M. C.
135; 2E. &E. 705.
ADHERING TO THE QUEEN'S ENEMIES. — "Every one
commits High Treason who, either in the Realm or without it, actively
assists a public enemy at war with the Queen. Rebels may be public
enemies within the meaning of this definition " (Steph. Cr. 42). Vf, Arch.
Cr. 883-899. V. Queen's Enemies.
ADJACENT. — " Adjacent or Neighbouring Lands "; V, Birming-
ham V. Allen, 46 L. J. Ch. 673; 6 Ch. D. 284: Darley Main Co
V. Mitchell, 11 App. Ca. 142: Adjoining Property: Neighbouring.
ADJACENT 89 ADJOINING OCCUP'R
" Adjacent " Mixes, even in the wide region of South Africa, does not
include a Mine 4 miles distant {Kimherley IV. W, Co v. Be Beers Mines,
1897, A. C. 515; 66 L. J. P. C. 108j 77 L. T. 117.
"Adjacent to" a Mine; V. Tumhull v. Lambton Co, cited In ob
About.
Adjacent and Subjacent support to land ; F. Kosc. N. P. 798-802.
ADJOIN : ADJOINING. — This word, in a penal statute, means
** absolutely contiguous, without anything between" (per Parke, J.,
Ji, T. Hodgesj Moo. & M. 343),. and it >vas there held that ground,
separated from a house by a narrow walk and a paling with a gate in it,
was not "adjoining" the house within s. 38, 7 & 8 G. 4, c. 29.
Adopting that def Cozens-Haidy, J., held, that a Lessor's covenant
not to allow a specified trade to be carried on in the " adjoining "
premises, was confined to the two houses immediately contiguous on
either side of the demised premises ( Vale v. Moorgate Street Co, 80
L. T. 487). But a purchaser's covenant that he would not, "in the
erection of buildings adjoining " his vendor's other property, permit any
over-looking Lights, was held broken by such lights being in houses
whose gardens did not touch but reached to within 6 yards of that other
property {Ind, Coojye & Co v. Hamhlin, 81 L. T. 779; 48 W. R. 238;
W. N. (1900) 270).
A covenant by a Lessor (or, semble, a Vendor) as to User of " adjoin-
ing " premises, primd facie^ only binds adjoining premises belonging to
him at the time of the contract (Buckell v. King, 40 S. J. 50). It is
suggested that a wider covenant should, in terms, embrace premises
"now or hereafter" belonging to the covenantor; or, better still, drop
" adjoining " and make the covenant extend to all property " now or
hereafter " belonging to the covenantor within the defined distance.
Not so strict as in R. v. Hodges (sup.) is the meaning of " adjoining "
and " adjoin " in ss. 127, 128, Lands C. C. Act, 1845 {Lond. & S. TV.
RyY, Blackmore, 39 L. J. Ch. 713; L. R. 4 H. L. 610; and V. obs
of Manisty, J., Hohbs v. Mid. Rg, 51 L. J. Ch. 324: Moody v. Corbett,
35 L. J. Q. B. 161; 7 B. & S. 544; L. R. 1 Q. B. 510); nor in s. 150,
P. H. Act, 1875 ( V. Fronting). So, a plot of ground, separated from
a church-yard by a highway, is " ground adjoining " the church-yard,
within s. 1, 30 & 31 V. c. 133 {Re Bateman and Parker, 1899, 1 Ch. 599;
68 L. J. Ch. 330; 80 L. T. 469 ; 47 W. R. 516).
As to the meaning of a Devise of a house " with the piece of land
thereto adjoining " ; V. Josh v. Josh, 28 L. J. C. P. 100 ; 5 C. B. N. S.
454, stated, 1 Jarm. 784.
V. Adjacent: Contiguous: Abut: Fronting: Annex.
ADJOINING LAND.— V. Occupier.
ADJOINING OCCUPIER. — Qui London Eg Act, 1894, "Adjoin-
ing Occupier," " means the Occupier, or one of the occupiers, of land,
ADJOINING OCCUP'R 40 ADJOURN
biiildlDgs, storeys, or rooms adjoining those of the Building Owneb "
(s. 5, subs. 32).
ADJOINING OWNER. — The owner of land, which land is sepa-
rated from surplus lands of a Railway by only a private road over which
such owner has a right of way, is an Adjoining Owner within s. 128,
Lands C. C. Act, 1845 {CoverUrij v. L. B. & S. Ry, 37 L. J. Ch. 90;
L. R. 5 Eq. 104; 16 W. R. 267), and a person may be an " Adjoining
Owner " within the section, although he purchased such adjoining landB
from the Company itself against which he claims pre-emption {Lond, &
S. W. Ry V. Blackmore, 39 L. J. Ch. 713 ; L. R 4 H. L. 610). Cp,
Adjoin.
" * The Adjoining Owner ' is prima facie the person to whom the soil
belongs : e.g. the lord of the manor as opposed to the persons entitled to
a right of herbage (Hooper v. Bourne, 3 Q. B. D. 258; 5 App. Ca. 1 ; 47
L. J. Q. B. 437 ; 37 L. T. 594 ; 42 lb. 97; 26 W. R. 295; 28 lb. 493),
and in connection with the expression * Adjoining Owner' it must be
clearly understood that there is a plain obvious distinction between the
person in whom, under s. 127, the superfluous lands are, in default of
sale, to vest, and the persons to whom the option of purchase is to be
given under s. 128 (Eobbs v. Mid, Ry, 20 Ch. D. 418; 51 L. J. Ch. 320;
46 L. T. 270; 30 W. R. 516) " : Dart, 861.
Qu^ London Bg Act, 1894, " * Adjoining Owner,' means the Owner,
or one of the owners, of land, buildings, storeys, or rooms adjoining those
of the Building Owner " (s. 5, subs. 32) : Vh. List v. Tharpe, cited
Owner. That section is larger and more precise than s. 85, Metrop. Bg
Act, 1855 (which it replaces), under which an Owner of only an Equitable
Interest could be an Adjoining Owner (Cowen v. Phillips, 11 W. R.
706; 8 L. T. 622; 33 Bea. 18) ; so, of a Tenant in Possession of a part
only of a house, if his interest was greater than from tear to tear
{Fillingham v. Wood, 1891, 1 Ch. 51 ; 60 L. J. Ch. 232; 64 L. T. 46;
39 W. R. 282).
V, Fronting : Occupier: Owner.
ADJOINING PROPERTY. — As to this phrase in a covenant giv-
ing protection from annoyance; V, Harrison v. Good, 40 L. J. Ch. 295;
L. R. 11 Eq. 338 : Annoyance : Neighbouring.
" Adjoining or Neighbouring " Colliery ; V, Neighbouring.
V, Adjacent: Adjoin.
ADJOURN. — "The word 'adjourn ' must be construed with refer-
ence to the object of the context, and with reference to the object of the
enquiry. What might, in certain Acts of Parliament, require a technical
interpretation where adjournments are well understood, e.g. relating to
Courts of Justice, does not apply to enquiries of this nature (under s. 4,
Election Commissioners Act, 1852, 15 & 16 V. c. 57). Enquiries of this
nature cannot be performed without holding meetings from time to time ;
ADJOURN 41 ADMEASUREMENT
and when the power of holding those meetings is given, 'adjourn' must
be taken as used in the popular sense of deferring or postponing the
enquiry to a future day " (per Mellor, J., FUzgerald^s Case^ L. R. 5 Q. B.
10).
Vf. 1 Encyc. 129-133.
ADJUDGED. — V. Sum Adjudged.
Qua Bankry Frauds & Disabilities (Scot.) Act, 1884, 47 & 48 V. c. 16,
** Adjudged Bankrupt " includes " a person whose estate has been seques-
trated, or with respect to whom a Decree of cessio bonorum has been pro-
nounced by a competent court in Scotland " (s. 5) ; and by s. 6, lb., that
def applies, in Scotland, to ss. 33, 34, Bankry Act, 1883.
AOJUDGER. — Stat. Def., Scot,, V. 31 & 32 V. c. 101, s. 3.
ADJUDICATION.— V. Order of Adjudication.
ADJUST. — " 'Adjustment,' is a word in common use. It is com-
monly applied to the settlement among various parties of their several
shares in respect of claims, liabilities, or payments relating to a general
AVERAGE claim. That is not its only application ; it is a word which is
applied to other matters in the same manner in which it is commonly
applied in Marine Insrce. When there are matters which require re-
arranging, regulating, or equalizing, so as to restore the true balance,
the process of so re-arranging, setting right, regulating, or equalizing
may be described as * adjusting * " (per Bruce, J., He Buckinghamshire
Co. Co. and Hertfordshire Co. Co., 68 L. J. Q. B. 423) ; therefore, the
loss by one County and the gain by another of an Area which contributes
towards, without in itself augmenting, the County's expenditure upon
bridges and main-roads, is a matter for " Adjustment " under s. 62, Loc.
Gov. Act, 1888 (S. C. 1899, 1 Q. B. 615; 68 L. J. Q. B. 417 ; 80 L. T. 85 ;
63 J. P. 356) ; so, where a portion of a Township is detached from one
Poor Law Union and included in another, that is a matter for " Adjust-
ment " under s. 68, Loc. Gov. Act, 1894 {Re Rochdale and Haslingden^
1899, 1 Q. B. 540; 68 L. J. Q. B. 531; 80 L. T. 146; 47 W. R. 322).
There is no Difference as to "adjustment of Loss," within a Fire
Policy, when the only question is as to whether the policy has been vio-
lated by a breach of one of its conditions (O'Connor v. Norwich Union
Insrce, ISU, 2 1. R. 723).
Cp. Direct.
ADMEASUREMENT. — A Condition of Sale that provides that
" the Admeasurements are presumed to be correct," and negativing allow-
ance for errors, does not imply that there has been an actual admeasure-
ment prior to sale, and the Condition means, — if the quantity stated is
incorrect neither party is to have any claim ( Cordingleyv, Cheesehroughj
31 L. J. Ch. 617; 3 Giff. 496). V. Error: Cp. Estimated.
V. Measurement.
ADMINISTER 42 ADMINISTRATION
ADMINISTER. — To " administer " a Poison or a Drug, embraces
every mode of giving it, or causing it to be taken {La Beau v. People^
34 N. Y. 233).
A person who supplies a woman with a drug, for her to take and which
she takes in his absence, " administers " it, within s. 58, 24 & 25 V.
c. 100 {E. V. Wilson, 26 L. J. M. C. 18; Dears. & B. 127: followed in
R, V. FarroWy Dears. & B. 164). " If I call in a physician and he writes
his prescription, and I take the medicines, is that not an administering
by him ? " (per Park, J., R. v. Harleij, 4 C. & P. 369). Vf. Arch. Cr.
793 : Eosc. Cr. 239. F. Cause to be taken.
" Administer Poison or other Destructive Thing " ; V, Poison.
A Conspiracy to administer, is none the less a crime because, — the
woman being in fact not pregnant, — the administration of the drug
would not be a crime if committed by the woman alone (/?. v. White-
church, 59 L. J. M. C. 77 J 24 Q. B. D. 420 ; 62 L. T. 124 ; 38 W. R.
336; 54 J. P. 472).
A woman who administers to herself an innocent thing but thinking
it capable of procuring Abortion, is guilty of the Attempt to commit
the crime ; though another person who incites her to take it, but who
knows it is innocent, is not guilty of inciting her to such an Attempt
(R. V. Brown, 63 J. P. 790).
To " administer '* a deceased*s estate, as that phrase is used in an
Administration Bond, includes the duty of keeping the estate intact
after it has been collected and got in, until it is duly administered ; and
the words " well and truly administer " are not cut down by the words
following the scilicet, for such words are only an illustration of what a
due Administration is (Dobbs v. Brain, 1892, 2 Q. B. 207 ; 61 L. J. Q. B.
749 ; 67 L. T. 371 ; 41 W. E. 7; 67 J. P. 22: Vf. Canterbury/, Archbp.
V. Robertson, 3 L. J. Ex. 101; 1 Cr. & M. 690).
"Take possession of and administer Personal Estate," s. 37, Stamp
Act, 1815; F. A,-G, v. New York Breweries Co, cited Possession.
ADMINISTRATION. — V. Administer: Order of Adjudica-
tion.
" Administration of Justice " : — English " Laws and Statutes " which
are to be " applied in the Administration of Justice," in a Colony, are
not confined to those having relation to Procedure, and " certainly in-
clude a limitation of the time within which Actions can be brought,"
e,g, the Nullum Tempus Act, 9 G. 3, c. 16 (A.-G. New South Wales v.
Love, 1898, A. C. 679 ; 67 L. J. P. C. 84 ; 78 L. T. 601 ; 47 W. K. 81).
V. Bankruptcy and Insolvency.
" Management and Administration " ; V. Management.
" Person acting in the Administration " ; V, Acting.
Stat. Def. (qua a deceased's estate), 20 & 21 V. c. 77, s. 2 ; 20 & 21
V. c. 79, s. 2 ; 39 & 40 V. c. 18, s. 7.
ADMINISTRATION 43 ADMISSION
As applied to Scotland, " Administration " means " Confirmation," qui
Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, 39 & 40 V. c. 45 (s. 3), and
qua Friendly Societies Act, 1896 (s. 102).
AD MINI STRATI VE. — " Administrative Business of Justices, "
s. 3, Loc. Gov. Act, 1888 ; V. Royal Aquarium v. Parkinson^ 1892,
1 Q. B. 431 ; 61 L. J. Q. B. 409 ; 66 L. T. 513 ; 40 W. R. 450 ; 6Q J. P.
404: Re Local Government Act, 1888, 1892, 1 Q. B. 33; 61 L. J. Q. B.
27 ; 65 L. T. 614 ; bQ J. P. 279. Qui s. 46 of the Act, " * Administra-
tive Business ' means such business as is by this Act transferred from
Quarter Sessions or Justices, or any Committee thereof, to County
Councils."
Qui same Act, " ' Administrative County,^ means the area for which
a County Council is elected in pursuance of this Act; but does not (ex-
cept where expressly mentioned) include a County Borough " (s. 100).
" Administrative County of London " ; V, London.
" Administrative Vestry "; V. London Gov. Act, 1899, s. 34.
ADMINISTRATORS — V. Executors.
Administrators of Police; V. 27 & 28 V. c. 63, s. 2.
Administrators of a Prison ; F. 23 & 24 V. c. 105, s. 4.
ADMIRALTY.— V. s. 12 (4), Interp. Act, 1889.
ADMIRALTY CAUSE. — An action against a Pilot for Collision-
damage caused by a vessel under his charge, is not an " Admiralty
Cause " within ss. 3, 5, 31 & 32 V. c. 71, and 32 & 33 V. c. 51 (^Flower
V. Bradley, 44 L. J. Ex. 1 ; 23 W. R. 74, whv, for prior authorities :
Scovell V. Beoan, b& L. J. Q. B. 604; 19 Q. B. D. 428: R. v. City of
London CouH, 1892, 1 Q. B. 273; 40 W. R. 215 ; 61 L. J. Q. B. 337,
vtlilc^ for a vast array of learning hereon). So, of an action against a
Dock Go for damage occasioned by the state of the dock {Turner v.
Mersey Docks, 1892, P. 285; 61 L. J. P. D. & A. 100 ; 40 W. R. 535).
Vf. The Ruby, cited Seaman: R. v. Essex Co. Co., 53 L. J. Q. B. 423 ;
13 Q. B. D. 142: Ship: Damage by Collision.
ADMISSION. — **' Admission & institution.* In proprietie of
speech, admission is, when the bishop upon examination admitteth him
(i.e, a Clerk) to be able and saith Admitto te habilem. Institution is,
when the bishop saith Tnstituo te rectorem talis ecclesice cum curd ani-
maruvi, & accipe euram tuam & meam. But sometimes in a more large
sense admissus doth include institutus also: cujus prcesentatus sit ad~
missus, (i.e.) institutus** (Co. Litt. 344 a). Vh. London v. Derry,
Smythe, 517, 518: Phil. Ecc. Law, 350. Cp. Collation.
"Upon Admission," 9 G; 4, c. 17, s. 2; V. R. v. Humphrey, cited
Upon.
" Admissions of fact," " on the Pleadings or otherwise " ; V. Otheh-
WISE.
ADMISSION 44 ADULTERATION
py. as to Admissions of fact, 1 Encyc. 147-152.
Admission of Solicitors ; V. Cordery on Solrs, 3rd Ed. 25.
ADMIT. — r. Liability.
" Admit the truth " ; V. Truth.
" Admit or enrol " ; V. Copyhold Act, 1887, 60 & 51 V. c. 73, s. 49 ; 57
& 58 V. c. 46, 8. 94.
ADMITTED. — "Admitted" a Member of the Court of a City
Company is equivalent to being ** elected " (/?. v. Saddlers Co, 32 L. J.
Q. B. 337 ; 10 H. L. Ca. 404).
Persons are not " admitted " to a Sunday Entertainment by pay-
ment, s. 3, 21 G. 3, c. 49, if they go in free, but who, when they are in,
can only get reserved seats by payment ( Williams v. Wright^ 41 S. J.
671).
" Admitted or Proved " ; V. Prove.
V. Full interest admitted.
ADMITTED SET-OFF "An Admitted Set-Off," s. 57, Co. Co.
Act, 1888, does not require any previous assent by the deft ; the phrase
is satisfied if the Set-Off be admitted by the pit in his writ or summons
{Lovejoy v. Cole, 1894, 2 Q. B. 861 ; 64 L. J. Q. B. 120 ; 43 W. R. 48;
71 L. T, 374, approving Percival v. Pedley, 18 Q. B. D. 635, and
disapproving Hubbard v. Goodley, 59 L. J. Q. B. 285 ; 26" Q. B. D.
156).
V, Otherwise: Eeduced by payment.
ADMIXTURE V. Declare.
ADOPT. — " Act adopting the transaction " ; V, Sale on Trial.
To "adopt" the receipt of stolen goods does not make the adopter
a Receiver, for he may have merely acquiesced without taking any active
part in the receipt (/?. v. Bring, 30 L. T. 0. S. 158 ; 7 Cox C. C.
382).
ADULT. — Qui Sum. Jur. Act, 1879, " The expression * Adult,' means
a person who, in the opinion of the Court before whom he is brought, is
of the age of 16 years, or upwards " (s. 49).
Cp* Statute Adult: Full Age: Majority.
ADULTERATION. — " < Adulteration ' means the infusion of some
foreign substance " (per Cockburn, C. J., Francis v. Maas, 47 L. J. M. C.
84; 3Q. B. D. 341). T. Dye.
An article of food is " adulterated " when any substance, other than
that which the article purports to be, is mixed with, or added to, or
placed upon it, either to increase the bulk or weight or apparent size of
the article, or to give it a deceptive appearance (Fitzpatrick v. Kelly,
42 L. J. M. C. 132 ; L. R. 8 Q. B. 337 : Roberts y, Egerton, 43 L. J. M. C.
135 ; L. R. 9 Q. B. 494). But " milk from which the cream had been
ADULTERATION 45 ADVANCE
extracted would, probably, not fall within the designation of * not pure ' "
(Maxwell, 400, 401).
V, As Unadulterated : Article demanded : Prejudice op Pur-
chaser: Dilute: 1 Encjc. 153-156.
ADULTERER.— V. Alleged.
ADULTERY. — Is " the offence of Incontinence by married persons "
(1 Encyc 156). Q?. Fornication.
ADVANCE. — A power to "advance" money, e.g, in a Go's Mem.
of Association, does not exclusively mean to lend: " 'advancing' and
Mending' may each have a different signification. Money may be
'advanced ' without being *lent.' The relation of Borrower and Lender
does not exist in a great variety of the transactions which are here dis-
tinctly authorized " (per Bacon, V. C, London Financial Assn, v. Kelk^
53 L. J. Ch. 1037 ; 26 Ch. D. 136).
In an Advance Note^ " advance " does not mean an advance in money
only; an advance in money and goods suffices {M^Kune v. Joynson^
5 C. B. N. S. 218; 28 L. J. C. P. 133: Va. s. 4, 5 & 6 V. c. 39).
For restrictions on Advance Notes to Seamen, V, s. 140, Mer. Ship-
ping Act, 1894, but that section is confined to Seamen in the United
Kingdom {Ritchie v. LarseUy 1899, 1 Q. B. 727; 68 L. J. Q. B. 335; 80
L. T. 259: Rowlands v. Miller, 68 L. J. Q. B. 338; 1899, 1 Q. B. 735;
SOL. T. 290; 47 W. R. 687).
" In consideration of your being in Advance to A." {Haxgh v. Brooks,
10 A. & E. 309), or "having this day advanced" to A. (Goldshede v.
Swan, 1 Ex. 154), in an Indemnity, may be explained by parol not to
refer to a past consideration. So, "the terms 'advanced or to be ad-
vanced,' in a certain state of facts, might fairly admit of the construc-
tion that they apply to future, as well as to past, advances " (per Wilde,
C. J., Bell V. Welch, 19 L. J. C. P. 189). Vf. Grahame v. Grahame,
19 L. R. Ir. 249: Hibernian Bank v. GilbeH, 23 lb. 321. Cp. Given:
Having, at end: Secure.
Advance Freight is payable at the stipulated time, and the loss of
the Ship is immaterial {Oriental S. S. Co v. Tylor, 1893, 2 Q. B. 518;
63 L. J. Q. B. 128; 69 L. T. 577; 42 W. R. 89); but if the Advance
Freight is so payable " if required," then the demand for it comes too
late after the ship is lost (Smith v. Pi/man, 1891, 1 Q. B. 742; 60 L. J.
Q. B. 621; 64 L. T. 436; 89 W. R. 466).
If Freight is pa^'able "Monthly in advance," the charterer is bound
to pay the full monthly payment at the beginning of each month, — an
obligation which applies even to a time when it is probable that the hire
will not continue for a whole month {Tonnelier v. Smith, 77 L. T. 277;
2 Com. Ca. 258; 13 Times Rep. 560, diss. Smith, L. J.).
Vf. qui Advance Freight, Allison v. Bristol Mar. Insrce, 1 App. Ca.
ADVANCE 46 ADVANCEMENT
209: Weir v. Girvin, 1900, 1 Q. B. 45; 69 L. J. Q. B. 168; 81 L. T.
687; 48 W. E. 179; 5 Com. Ca. 40.
A reBeryation of Rent by periodical payments, " and always, if re-
quired, in advance/' means that the rent is payable in advance at the
commencement of each period, but only so on reasonable notice being
given by the lessor, — what is such notice being a question of fact, but
it may be immediate when the goods on the premises are in peril {Lojir
don & Westminster Loan Co v. Lond. & N. W. Ef/, 1893, 2 Q. B. 49;
62 L. J. Q. B. 370; 69 L. T. 320; 41 W. R. 670).
Distress, as against the Liquidator of a Company, cannot be made for
rent in advance under a provision that it should be " always due and
payable in advance, if required " (Shackell v. ChorltoTi, 1895, 1 Ch.
378; 64 L. J. Ch. 353; 72 L. T. 188 ; 43 W. K 394).
Annuity " in advance," not apportionable; K Periodical.
Abatement from Portions if A. should " advance or pay " any sum to
Beneficiaries, will not apply to a benefit given by A.'s Will ( Cooper v.
Cooper, 43 L. J. Ch. 158; 8 Ch. 813).
V, Advancement.
ADVANCED. — In a devise containing a direction that ''any
moneys which might have been advanced to my children, or any of them,
or to my sons-in-law in my life, and also any sums of money which might
be owing from them, or any of them to me at my death," it was held
that the word " advanced " was not used by the testator in a technical
sense, and that money lent by the testator to one of his sons-in-law,
though by reason of his bankruptcy it was not owing to the testator at
his death, must be brought into hotchpot {Asthury v. Beasley, W. N.
(69), 96). V. Advancement : Unadvaxced.
V, Advance.
ADVANCEMENT. — A Power to apply money for a person's
" Advancement " in the world, " is to be read as a word appropriate
to an early period of life " (per Kennedy, J.^Molt/neux v. Fletcher, 1898,
1 Q. B. 648; 67 L. J. Q. B. 392, citing Ee Kershaw, inf.). It is, fre-
quently, a payment to persons before they become absolutely entitled to,
but who are presumably entitled to, or have a vested or contingent in-
terest in, an estate or legacy ( F. per Cotton, L. J., Abram v. Aldridge,
55 L. T. 556).
In such a Power the words " Advancement," " Preferment," or " Estab-
lishment in the World," seem very nearly synonymous (Luard v. Pease,
22 L. J. Ch. 1069: Lotother y, Bentinch, L. E. 19 Eq. 166; 44 L. J.
Ch. 197; 32 L. T. 156); but if such phrases be followed by "otherwise
for the Benefit " of the person or class, then you get " the largest terms
of all, " — terms not to be cut down by the Ejtisdem generis canon (per
Jessel, M. R., Lowther v. Bentinck, sup. : Va, Ee Brittlebank, 30 W. R.
99: Ee Kershaw, L. R. 6 Eq. 322; 37 L. J. Ch. 751).
ADVANCEMENT 47 ADVANCEMENT
Such a Power, if confined to " Advancement, Preferment, or Estab-
lishment in the World/' does not authorize a payment to a Tenant fbr
Life after he has been married many years and has become poor (Luard
V. Feassy sup.: Sv. Talbot v. Marshfield, 3 Ch. 622; 37 L. J. Ch. 52),
or to provide for debts {Lov;ther v. Benttnck, sup. : Talbot v. Marshfield,
sup.), or to set up a husband in business {Talbot v. Marshfield).
But it does authorize a payment to enable a married woman to carry on
business separately from her husband {Talbot v. Marshfield, sup.: Vf.
Simpson v. Brown, 13 W. E. 312; 11 L. T. 593: Re Brittlebank, sup.),
or to provide a marriage portion {Lloyd v. Cocker, 27 Bea. 645; 24 L. J.
Ch. 84), or marriage outfit {Pride v. Fooks, 2 Bea. 430; 9 L. J. Ch. 234),
or passage money for children and their parents who, on account of the
children's ill health, have to go abroad {Re Long, 38 L. J. Ch. 125; 19
L. T. 672; 17 W. R. 218), or even, in exceptional cases, for maintenance
{Roper- Curzon v. Roper-Curzon, L. R. 11 Eq. 452; 19 W. R. 519; 24
L. T. 406: Re Breed, 1 Ch. D. 226; 45 L. J. Ch. 191). Vf. Re Gosset,
19 Bea. 529: Vaizey, 1049-1056.
Under the Statute op Distribution. — By the Statute of Distri-
bution, 22 & 23 Car. 2, c. 10, s. 5, a child " advanced by the intestate
in his lifetime by portion," has to bring the amount of the advance-
ment into hotchpot, if claiming to participate in the distribution of the
intestate's personal estate. This provision only applies to the estates
of intest&te fathers {Holt v. Frederick, 2 P. Wms. 357) ; and generally
speaking it relates to gifts to children early in life (per Jessel, M. R.,
Taylor v. Taylor, 44 L. J. Ch. 720; L. R. 20 Eq. 155) ; and it means
that " Wherever a sum is paid for a particular purpose, which is thought
good and right by the father, and which the child desires, if it be money
which is drawn out in considerable amount, and not a small sum { V. Wms.
Ezs. 1369), it must be treated as an advance. The payment of the money
is the important thing, the Court does not look to the application " (per
Wood, V. C, Boyd v. Boyd, L. R. 4 Eq. 305; 36 L. J. Ch. 877). In
that case it was accordingly held that a sum given by a father for the
payment of his son's debts was an Advancement, — a decision followed by
Pearson, J., in Re Blockley (54 L. J. Ch. 722; 29Ch.D. 250; 33 W. R.
777), wherein he refused to follow the opposite view of Jessel, M. R., in
Taylor v. Taylor (sup.).
Though it seems that apprenticing a child is not such an Advancement
(note to Fusey v. Desbouvrie, 3 P. Wms. 317); yet beyond doubt articling
a young man to a solicitor is {Boyav, Boyd, sup.). So the payment of
a son's entrance fees to an Inn of Court is an Advancement within the
statute; but not so the dues of the Inn, or the son's fee on entering the
chambers of a Special Pleader {Taylor v. Taylor, sup.).
Voluntary periodical allowances which may or may not vary are not
Advancements {Taylor v. Taylor, sup.); but a fixed and agreed annuity
is, — viz.f its value at the date of the grant (Wms. Exs. 1374).
ADVANCEMENT 48 ADVERSE
A Settlement, whether voluntary, or for a good consideration (as that of
marriage), is an Advancement within the statute {Edwards v. Freeman^
2 P. Wms. 440: PAincy v. Phiney, 2 Vern. 638).
Vf> and as to when Advancement presumed, Wms. Exs. 1369-1377.
V. Benefit.
AD VANTAGE. — F. Undue Preference: Divest.
Qui Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V. c. 69,
" * Advantage ' includes, any office, or dignity, and any forbearance to
demand any money or money's worth or valuable thing, — and includes
any aid, vote, consent, or influence, or pretended aid, vote, consent, or
influence, — and also includes any promise or procurement of, or agree-
ment or endeavour to procure, or the holding-out of any expectation of,
any gift, loan, fee, reward, or advantage as before defined " (s. 7).
ADVANTAGEOUSLY.— T. Conveniently: Efficiently.
ADVANTAGES. —"Commodities, Emoluments, Profits and Advan-
tages ... all of which four words are of one sense and nature, implying
things gainful " {London v. Southwell^ Hob. 304). Vf. Emolument.
" Advantages " of Shares and Interest in a Co ; V, Share.
ADVENTURE. — "* Adventure* (in questions relating to Marine
Insurance) means, either one of the perils insured against, as in the
clause in a policy commencing * Touching the adventures and perils '; or
the liability or risk undertaken by the insurers, as in the clause in a
policy commencing * Beginning the adventure upon the said goods and
merchandizes ' ; or the speculation or undertaking to protect which the
assured effected the insurance (Fenwick v. Robinson^ 3 C. & P. 324;
Jenkins v. Power ^ 6 M. & S. 289) ; or a subject of insurance which has
been exposed to the risks insured against {Inglis v. Stocky 10 App. Ca.
269; 54 L. J. Q. B. 582) ": Wood, 348.
V. Hereafter valued and declared.
" Trade, Adventure, or Concern," Income Tax Act, 1842; V, Trade.
" * Aventure,' but more properly * Adventure,* is a Mischance causing
the death of a man, without Felony; as when he is suddenly drowned or
burnt, falling into the water or fire, or kill'd by any disease or jnis-
chance; Britton, cap. 7, where you may see how it differs from Misad-
venture " (Cowel). Cp, Accident.
ADVENTURER. — To impute tfiat a person is an "Adventurer," if
supported by a proved innuendo, is Libel ( Wakley v. Healey^ 18 L. J. C. P.
241; 7C. B. 591).
ADVERSE. —" Adverse claims "; V. Opposing.
An " Adverse Interest " in land, entitling its claimant to priority
over an unregistered Conveyance, s. 38, Ceylon Land Eegistration Ordi-
nance, viii, of 1863, includes an Interest created by a Mortgage Bond
ADVERSE 49 ADVOWSON
{Gauder v. I>a8sefiaikef 1897, A. C. 547; 66 L. J. P. C. 103; 77 L. T.
321).
" Adverse Litigation,'* a. 80, Lands C. C. Act, 1845; V. Re Clergy Or-
phan, Corp.^ 1894, 3 Ch. 145; 64 L. J. Ch. 66; 71 L. T. 450; 43 W. R.
150: Haynea v. Barton, L. R. 1 Eq. 422; 35 L. J. Ch. 233; 13 L. T.
787 ; 14 W. li. 257: Henniker v. Chafy, 28 Bea. 621: Be Longworth,
1 K. & J. 1; 23 L. J. Ch. 104; 22 L. T. 0. S. 197; 2 W. R 124: Askew
▼. WoodJiead, 14 Ch. D. 27, 36; 49 L. J. Ch. 320; 42 L. T. 567; 28 W. R.
874; 44 J. P. 670: Re Bareham, 17 Ch. D. 329; 29 W. R. 526: Re
Fenton, Armitage v. Askham, 3 W. R. 331; 1 Jur. N. S. 227: Lond. &
S. W. Ry Y. Bridger, 4 N. R. 261 ; 12 W. R. 948; 10 L. T. 689; 10
Jur. N. S. 650 : Re Catling, 34 S. J. 364: Dart, 809, 1263: Dan. Ch. Pr.
1850.
'' Adverse Possession " designates a possession in opposition to the
true title and real owner; and implies that it commenced in wrong and
is maintained against right {Alexander y. Polk^ 39 Miss. 755).
As to what acts constitute " Adverse Possession " ; Vf. MacS. 624-
626, 632: 1 Encyc. 160.
** A Title to Registered Land adverse to, or in derogation of, the title
of the Registered Proprietor, shall not be acquired by any length of Pos-
session'' (s. 12y Land Transfer Act, 1897; Sv. the provisoes to the
section).
An "Adverse Witness,*' within s. 22, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854, is one
who, in the opinion of the presiding judge, is hostile {Greenougli v.
JScdes, 28 L. J. C. P. 160; 6 C. B. N. S. 786; 7 W. R. 341. Va. Martin
V. Travellers' Insrce, 1 F. & F. 606: Found v. Wilson, 4 F. & F. 301;
Rice V. Howard, 16 Q. B. D. 681; 55 L. J. Q. B. 311; 34 W. R. 532).
Vf. Price v. Manning, 68 L. J. Ch. 649.
" Adversely to any Charity"; V. Tudor, Char. Trusts, 474, 482.
ADVERTISEMENT.— V. Public Notice.
" Circulars, Advertisement, or otherwise " : V. Circulars.
Picture, Print, Ac, carried or distributed " by Way of Advertisement,"
8. 9, Metropolitan Streets Act, 1867, 30 & 31 V. c. 134, means that the
thing itself must be an Advertisement; the distribution of the Contents
Bill of a Newspaper, to gain notoriety for the newspaper, is not within
the phrase (Gage v. Brealey, 67 L. J. Q. B. 457; 46 W. R. 415).
F. FOBKION.
ADVISE. — V. Precatory Trust.
ADVISEDLY. — "Advisedly," 13 Eliz. c. 12, s. 2, means not inten-
tionally, or avowedly, but deliberately {Heath v. Burder, 1 B. & F. 212;
10 W. R. 673; 6 L. T. 662).
ADVOWSON : ADVOCATION. —"The right of Presentation
or Collation to a church " (Elph. 65%, citing Co. Litt. 119 b. Vf
ADVOWSON 50 AFFECTED
Co. Litt. 17 b, on whv A-G. y. Ewelme Hosp, 17 Bea. 383: Spelm.:
1 Burn's Ecc. Law, Advowson: Termes de la Ley: Phil. Ecc. Law,
260: 1 Encjc. 173-179). V, Negligengk: Donative: Livino.
A Royal Grant of the " Advowson "of A., does not convey a present
Avoidance (Dyer, 300, cited R, v. Dover , 4 L. J. Ex. 98).
" Advowsons " and " Rectories," in s. 13, 1 & 2 V. c. 110, only em-
brace Advowsons in lay hands {Hawkins v. Gathercole, 24 L. J. Ch. 332 ;
6 D, G. M. & G. 1; 1 Sim. N. S. 63; 1 Drew. 12).
An Advowson may be " in " a place {Crompton v. Jarratt^ and Re
Hodgson, cited In),
A gift for the purchase of Advowsons and Presentations, is a good
Charity; but to be so the Will must declare the Trusts on which they
are to be held when purchased {Hunter v. A -(?., cited Or).
Stat. Def.-19&20V.c. 60, 8. 1; 26 & 27 V. c. 120, s. 37; 40&41
V. c. 48, s. 2.
AFFAI RS. — " Affairs of the Church " ; V, Church.
" Civil Affairs " ; V. Management.
The ^ Conduct and Affairs " of a bankrupt which, under s. 28
(2), Bankry Act, 1883, repld, s. 8 (2), Baukry Act, 1890, have to be
considered on his application for Discharge, cover a wide area of
matters, especially under the word ''affairs/' which embraces even such
things as the expectation that the bankrupt will, probably, soon be a
substantial beneficiary " under the Will of his father, or uncle, or some
other wealthy relative " {Re Barker^ cited Conduct).
AFFECT/— "Shall not affect" any estate, &c (proviso to s. 2, 33
V. c. 14, Naturalization Act, 1870), — " /.c. — Shall not validate or in-
validate " (1 Jarm. 41, citing Sharp v. St, Sauveur, 41 L. J. Ch. 576;
7 Ch. 343. Vf, 2 Jarm. 651, where it is said "prima facie * Affect ' is
neutral.") V. Interfere.
" Affect or deteriorate " water; V, Filthy Water.
A covenant in a lease of a Public-house that the lessee will do nothing
that can or may " affect, lessen, or make void " the License, is not
broken by a Conviction which might have been, but was not, indorsed
on the license {Wooler v. Knott, 1 Ex. D. 265; 45 L. J. Ex. 884;
34 L. T. 362; 24 W. R. 1004). But a covenant not to do or suffer
anything whereby the License " may be forfeited, or the Renewal
thereof withheld," is broken by two indorsed convictions, although the
License has not actually been forfeited, — " may," in such a connection,
is not to be read as " shall " {Harmann v. Powell, 60 L. J. Q. B. 628;
65 L. T. 266). Cp, Danger: Imperil.
'K Affected: Affecting: Directly Affect: Impeached.
AFFECTED. — V, Dikectly Affect: Injuriously Affected:
Prejudicially.
" * Affected, ' is, like * adjusted, * not a Word of Art but, a word of
AFFECTED 61 AFFILIATION
ordinary Euglish. It is capable of a very large meaning, and was, I
think, purposely used for that reason "in s. 62, Loc. Gov. Act, 1888,
which gives Authorities " afEected " by the Act power to make Adjusting
Agreements (per Wills, J., Re Buckinghamshire Co, Co. and Hertford-
shire Co, Co,, cited Adjust, and V. same jdgmt for obs as to how an
Authority may be " affected " by the Act).
Under 8 G. 2, c. 6, s. 1, a Benefice is not " affected " by a Seques-
tration, because the jdgmt does not bind the lands (Cottle v. Warrington,
6h.&, Ad. 452).
The License of a Public-house is not " indorsed, or otherwise
affected," within a V. & P. contract if it be not indorsed in fact and
nothing has happened rendering it liable to be indorsed, though the
Justices may, on some other ground, refuse an interim protection and
transfer {Tadcaster Co v. Wilson, 1897, 1 Ch. 705; m L. J. Ch. 402;
76 L. T. 459; 45 W. R. 428; 61 J. P. 360). V. Affect.
AFFECTING. — "Any act, &c, affecting land within the jurisdic-
tion," R. 1 (ft), Ord. 11, R. S. C, means something physically, and not
merely incidentally, affecting land {Casey v. Amott, 46 L. J. G. P. 3;
2 C. P. D. 24; 35 L. T. 424; 25 W. R. 46); Slander of Title does not
so " affect " (lb.), nor an action for Rent (Agnew v. Usher, 54 L. J.
Q. B. 371; 14 Q. B. D. 78; 51 L. T. 576; 33 W. R. 126;; but an action
on the Custom of the Country {Kaye v. Sutherland, 57 L. J. Q. B. 68;
20 Q. B. D. 147; 58 L. T. 66; 36 W. R. 508), or to recover Possession,
or damages for breach of covenant to Repair (Tassell v. Hallen, 1892,
1 Q. B. 321; 61 L. J. Q. B. 159; 40 W. R, 221; 66 L. T. 196), does
"affect" the land.
" A Tax which affects everybody who occupies and enjoys a given
property, in respect of that property, may be justly said to * affect ' the
j»roperty " (per Kindersley, V. C, Lovatv. Leeds, 2 Dr. & Sm. 72; 31
L. J. Ch. 503) ; and it was there held that Income Tax was included
in a direction to trustees to pay all Taxes " affecting " the heredits
devised for life. Vf, Deductions : Debt, at end.
Document " affecting the proprietorship of a Patent " ; V. He Ca^ey,
cited Assignment.
V. Incumbrances.
AFFIDAVIT.— V. Oath.
. Stat. Def. — 46 & 47 V. c. 52, s. 168; Interp. Act, 1889, s. 3.
AFFILIATION.— Qu^ Universities (Scot) Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V.
c. 55, " ' Afl&liation ' . . . means such a connexion between an existing
University and a College as shall be entered into by their mutual consent,
under conditions approved by the Commissioners, or, after the deter-
mination of their powers, by the Universities Committee " (s. 3).
An Order of Affiliation, is a Justices' Order adjudging a man to be
the putative father of a bastard child, and ordering him to pay not
AFFILIATION 52 AFORESAID
exceeding 5s. per week towards its maintenance and education, but not
longer than till the child attains 16; Vh. 35 & 36 V. c. 65; 36 V. c. 9.
AFFIXED. — V. Window: Fixed and Fastened: Fixtures.
AFFLICTED. — To be "afflicted" with, ^.^z. gout, connotes having
the malady in a sensible and appreciable form (Fatvkes v. Manchester
Insrce, 3 F. & F. 440). Vf. Geaah v. Ingali^ 14 M. & W. 95. Cp. Sub-
ject TO, at end.
AFFOREST. -^ " < Affo^st,' is to turn ground into Fobest " (Termes
de la Lej').
AFFRAY. — "An Affray is the fighting of two or more persons in a
public place to the terror of Her Majesty's subjects" (Steph. Cr. 48),
Vf, Arch. Cr. 1052. " If the fighting be in private, it is not an Affray,
but an Assault" (Rose. Cr. 241). Vf. Termes de la Ley: Jacob.
AFFREIGHTMENT. — " 'Affreightment,' is a contract by which a
Shipowner undertakes to carry goods in his ship for reward. The person
for whom the goods are carried is called the Freightery and the sura
which he pays for their carriage is called the Freight " (1 Encyc. 184,
whv to 192). Vh. Carver, 614, 763: Abbott, Index, Affreightment.
AFLOAT, — V. Always Afloat.
AFORE. — " Afore Execution had " ; V. ExEcuTioif.
AFORESAID. — When this word is used as an adjective it can
hardly create much difficulty. The man, or premises, "aforesaid,"
can mean nothing else than the man or premises which has been
before indicated {R. v. Albert, 5 Q. B. 37; 12 L. J. M. C. 117),
and, like "Said," has, generally, reference to the last antecedent.
Vf inf.
But when used, — e.g. in Wills, — adverbially, as in the expressions " as
aforesaid," "in manneb aforesaid," — phrases of equal import with "as
before," " in like manner," " on the same terms and conditions," and such
like, — then difficulty may very easily arise. Generally speaking, such
referential expressions indicate the manner in, or conditions on which,
not the persons by whom, benefits are to be taken. Thus where a Will,
having contemplated the possibility of the death of testator's daughter
under 21 without leaving a husband, gave certain directions " in case of
the death of his daughter under age as aforesaid^^^ that meant, under
age and not leaving a husband ( Weddell v. Mundg, 6 Ves. 341). So, a
successive gift " in manner aforesaid," following a prior gift for life, is
also a gift for life (Doe d. Woodall v. Woodall, 16 L. J. C. P. 28; 3 C. B.
349). So if there were a gift to a class living at testator's death as
tenants in common^ and that was followed by a gift to another class " iii
the same manner," that would rather indicate that such other class would
AFORESAID 53 AFORESAID
take as tenants iu common, than that its memhers were to he ascertained
bj the fact of being alive at the testator's death (1 Jarm. 746, n.):
secuSy if the words were ** at the same time and in the same manner "
{Swift V. Swifi, 32 L. J. Ch. 479). So, where a Will contained a legacy
to "brothers and sisters now living/' with a direction against lapse by
their deaths in testator's lifetime, and was followed by a Codicil which
contained another legacy to ** my brothers and sisters in like manner as
I have directed by my Will " ; held, that " in like manner " referred to
the mode in which the Codicil class was to take, bat that such class
was not the same as that in the Will, and, therefore, that the direction
against lapse did not apply to the Codicil class (Be Wilder, 27 Bea. 418)-
So, in a " general survivorship clause, the words ' in manner aforesaid,'
or similar terms, will have the effect of subjecting all the accrued shares
to the same terms, restrictions, and limitations over, as the original
shares" (2 Jarm. 717, citing Milsom v. Awdry, 5 Ves. 465: Giles y.
Melsom, L. R. 5 C. P. 614; L. R. 6 C. P. 632; L. R. 6 H. L- 24; 42
L. J. C. P. 122; nom. Melsom v. Giles, 40 L. J. C. P. 233; 39 lb. 325).
Py. Bessant v. Nolle, 26 L. J. Ch. 236: Surtees v. Hopkinson, 36 L. J.
Ch. 305 ; L. R. 4 Eq. 98: Like.
Sometimes "as aforesaid" means **such" {Walker v. Petchell, 14
L. J. C. P. 211; IC. B. 652).
Covenant in a Lease to do works " in manner aforesaid " ; Fl Beer v.
Santer, 10 C. B. N. S. 435.
In a gift to testator's "aforesaid nephews and nieces," none having
been mentioned, ** aforesaid " was rejected, and all the nephews and
nieces were held to be included {Campbell v. Bouskell, 27 Bea. 325,
cited 1 Jarm. 370).
" Damage done by foresaid operations " ; F. Dixon v. White, 8 App.
Ca. 833.'
To assist in baiting Animals " as aforesaid," s. 3, 12 & 13 V. c. 92,
refers back to all the conditions mentioned in the preceding part of the
section, and therefore only created the offence of assisting when the bait-
ing is in a place kept for the purpose {Clarke v. Hague, 29 L. J. M. C.
105 ; 2 E. & K 281). F. Place.
" As aforesaid," s. 6, Metrop. Man. Act, 1855; F. -B. v. Soulier, cited
Bated or Assessed.
It has been said that" the * aforesaid ' will, in an Indictment (if not in
a Civil Action), refer to the last Count " (per Bliss, arg. Ryalls v. The
Queen, 11 Q. B. 791, citing R. v. Richards, 1 Moo. & R. 177: R. v.
Rhodes, Raym. Ld. 886: Sutton v. Fenn, 3 Wils. 339: Ross v. Morris,
Cro. Eliz. 436: Childe v. Towers, lb. 311: Campbell v. The Queen, 11
Q. B. 799).
"Aforesaid," naturally refers to its immediate antecedent (per Den-
man, C. J., Peake v. Screech, 7 Q. B. 610).
Vh. 10 Rep. 138, 107; 8 lb. 47.
AFORESAID 64 AFTERNOON
For distinction between " in forma prtBdictd" and " in eddemformik "/
V. Co. Litt. 20 b.
AFT.— F. Wind aft.
AFTER. — Where an act has to be done within so many days
"after" a given event, the day of such event is not to be reckoned,
and the party to do the act has the whole of the last day of the pre-
scribed time in which to do it (Williams v. Burgess^ 10 L. J. Q. B. 10;
12 A. & E. 635: Robinson v. Waddington, 18 L. J. Q. B. 250); and
if a time " after " an event has to expire before something else is done,
that means clear time {Blunt v. Heslop, 7 L. J. Q. B. 216; 8 A. & E.
577).
F; At: Before: From: Of: On: Upon: Passing: Thereafter:
Time,
A Devise " after," or " from and after," a previous interest is not, b3''
such words, postponed in vesting (1 Jarm. 806, 816).
" It was at one period doubted whether a devise to a person ' after '
Payment of Debts was not contingent until the debts were paid; but it
is now well established that such a devise confers an immediately Vested
Interest, — the words of apparent postponement being considered only as
creating a Charge " (1 Jarm. 820: Vf. 2 lb. 585, 587, 600).
Devise to A., "and after" him to B.; V, Donn v. Penny, 19 Ves.
645.
As to effect of testamentary gift " after " death ; V. 2 Jarm. 517, 522 :
On : Before or After.
" After default'."; V. Default.
After Determination of Partnership; F. Daw v. Herring, cited Dur-
ing, at end.
Kecognizance or Deposit for Costs of Appeal to Quarter Sessions, s. 31
(3), 42 & 43 V. c. 49, " after " the Notice, means after, for the Justices
cannot fix the amount till they see the Grounds of the appeal; there-
fore, an appeal is not in order when Justices have allowed a deposit
before notice of appeal given (/?. v. Anglesey Jus,, 1892, 2 Q. B. 29; 61
L. J. M. C. 143 ; 67 L. T. 322; 56 J. P. 552).
" After the fact committed "; F. Fact.
After-acquired Property, — in a Covenant to Settle; F. Entitled:
Acquire: Agreed and declared: Already.
AFTERNOON. — "The usual hours of the Morning and Afternoon
Divine Service," in the form of an Alehouse License given in Sch. C,
Alehouse Act, 1828, refers to those hours as commonly understood, and,
qui Afternoon, they mean from 3 p. m. to about 5 p. M., and are not ex-
tended by a usual Evening Service in the Parish Church (R. v. Knapp,
2 E. & B. 447; 22 L. J. M. C. 139); In the Erie, J., said, " ' Afternoon '
has two senses. It may mean the whole time from Noon to Midnight;
AFTERNOON 55 ACENT
or, it may mean the earlier part of that time, as distinguished from
the Evening."
AFTERWARDS.— V. Chalmers v. North, 28 Bea. 175: but that
case disapproved Druitt v. Seaward, 31 Ch. D. 234.
V. Thebeafter to be born.
AQAINST. — In a devise on marrying with consent followed by a
gift over on marrying " against " consent, the latter word was construed
as "without," to effect the alternative {Long v. EickettSy 2 Sim. & St.
179. Vf. Creagh v. Wilson, 2 Vern. 573).
To assert anything " against " another has, probably, a prima facie
meaning of a contradiction of him; but the context or circumstances
may show that it connotes a criminatory charge (Hughes v. Bees, 7 L. J.
Ex. 268; 4 M. & W. 204). Cp. Accuse.
" Party decided against," s. 34, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854; F. Abbott v.
Fearfj, 6 H. & N. 113; 29 L. J. Ex. 475. Vf, Party.
A Proceeding " against " a Co, s. 87, Comp. Act, 1862, includes an
application under s. 36, lb. (Re Onward Bg Socy, 1891, 2 Q. B. 463 ;
60 L. J. Q. B. 752; Q5 L. T. 516; 40 W. R 26).
F. Brought against : Pursuance.
AQE. — V. Full Age: Discretion, at end.
Age of Nurture; F. Nurture.
AGED.— F. Sick.
AGENCY TERMS. —F. Client: Usual Agency Terms: 1 Encyc
199.
AGENT. — " No word is more commonly and constantly abused than
•agent'" (per Ld Herschell, Kennedy v. De Trafford, 66 L. J. Cb.
417; 1897, A. C. 180). Sevfible, it is sometimes used as meaning, one
who has no Principal, but who, on his own account, offers for sale some
particular article having a special name ( Wheeler & Wilson v. Shake-
spear, 39 L. J. Ch. 36).
Where the witness to a Claim for the Lodger Franchise described
himself therein as " Agent," he being in fact a registration agent, and
the Eevising Barrister amended accordingly, although holding the origi-
nal description sufficient; held, that the description of "Agent" was
sufficient (Campbell v. Chambers, 22 L. R. Ir. 460).
" Agent," in an Order for Inspection of Documents ; V. Draper v.
Manchester, S. & L. Ry, 30 L. J. Ch. 236; 3 D. G. F. & J. 23: Bon-
nardet v. Taylor, 30 L. J. Ch. 523; 1 J. & H. 383; 9 W. R. 452;
3 L. T. 884: Gibney v. Clayton, 27 L. R. Ir. 75.
The Managing Director of a Colliery Co, is its " Agent," qui Coal
Mines Regn Act, 1887, as defined by s. 75 XStokes v. Checkland, 68
L. T. 457; 57 J. P. 232; 17 Cox C. C. 631). V. Inspector.
" Other Agent, " s. 75, Larceny Act, 1861, is to be read ejusdem
AGENT 66 ACT AND PATIENT
generis with the immediately preceding words, ''Banker, Merchant,
Broker, Attorney," and only inclades an Agent whose husiness or pro-
fession it is to receive money, securities, or chattels for safe custody, or
other special purpose (B, v. PoHugaU 16 Q. B. D. 487 ; 55 L. J. Q. B.
567; 34 W. R. 42; 50 J. P. 501: R. v. Kane, 17 Times E«p. 181).
Note : that this section and s. 76 are replaced hy 1 Edw. 7, c. 10.
House Agent's authority; V. Procure.
A clause exonerating a Trustee from the acts of an Agent, only applies
to acts within the legitimate scope of the Agency ( W'gman v. Patersan^
cited Beasokablt Kecessary).
"Agent," ss. 41, 44, Income Tax Act, 1842; V. Grainger v. Gough,
1895, 1 Q. B. 71; 64 L. J. Q. B. 193; 71 L. T. 802; 43 W. E. 184: Sv.
S. a in H. L., 1896, A. C. 325 ; 65 L. J. Q. B. 410; 74 L. T. 435; 44
W. R. 561.
Agent to make payment so as to avoid Statute of Limitations; Fl
Payment.
"Agent in England," s. 21 (2), Co. Co. Admiralty Jurisdiction Act,
1868, means. Agent qu^ the particular Vessel to which the cause relates
(The City of Agra, cited Vessel).
Agent of Necessity; F. Necessity.
OtherStat.Def. — l&2V.c.74,s.7; 6 & 6 V. c. 99, s. 14; 7&8V.
c. 15, s. 73; 8 & 9 V. c. 29, s. 2, c. 77, s. 9; 9 & 10 V. c. 95, s. 142;
10 & 11 V. c. 38, s. 20; 13 & 14 V. c. 100, s. 9; 18 & 19 V. c. 108, s. 17;
23&24V.C. 151,s. 7; 24 & 25 V. c. 117, s. 4; 30 & 31 V. c. 48, s. 3;
35 & 36 V. c. 76, s. 72, c. 77, s. 41; 36 & 37 V. c. 67, s. 4. — Scot. 39
& 40 V. c. 70, s. 3; 62 & 63 V. c. 47, s. 18. — Jr. 30 & 31 V. c. 44, s- 2;
45 & 46 V. c 24, s. 1.
" Agents "; F. 41 & 42 V. c. 76. s. 2.
" Agents of the Candidates "; V, 35 & 36 V. c. 33, Ist Sch.
V, Mercantile Aoent : Del Credere : Sole Agent : Banker :
Partner: Own Consent: Signature.
Note, As to implying an obligation on a Principal to supply his
Agent with the things necessary for fulfilling the duties of the Agency;
V. Turner v. Goldsmith, 1891, 1 Q. B. 544; 60 L. J. Q. B. 247; 64 L. T.
301; 39 W. E. 547: Vf. Sole Agent.
AGENT INTRUSTED. — " Agent Intrusted" with goods or docu-
ments of title, within the Factors Act, 1877; F. MonkY. Whittenhury,
2 B. & Ad. 484: Baines v. Swainson, 32 L. J. Q. B. 281; 4 B. & S. 270:
Heyman v. Flewker, 32 L. J. C. P. 132; 13 C. B. N. S. 519: Cole v.
NoHh Western Bank, 44 L. J. C. P. 233; L. R. 10 C. P. 354: Tremoille
V. Christie, 69 L. T. 838: Seton, 4th Ed. 1097, 1098.— Vf. Intrusted:
Factor: Mercantile Agent.
AGENT AND PATIENT. — "Agent and Patient, is, when a man
is the doer of a thing and the party to whom it is done; as, where a
ACT AND PATIENT 67 AGGRIEVED
woman endoweth herselfe of the fairest possession of her husband ; also,
if a man bee indebted to another, and afterward he maketh the party to
whom he is so indebted his exor, and djeth, the exor may retain so
much of the goods of the dead in his hands as his owne debt amounteth
unto, and by this Retainer hee is the Agent and the Patient, — that is to
say, the party to whom the debt is due and the party that payeth the
same " (Termes de la Ley).
AGER. — ** An acre, a hide: Spelm. Seebohm says (Eng. Yill. Com.
167), that ager, agellus, or agellulus, was the word used by the ecclesiasti-
cal writers in the charters for the land belonging to a 'ham'" (Elph.
559).
AGGRAVATED. — ''Aggravated assatdt'* ; V. Holden v. King, 46
L. J. Ex. 76: R. v. Sparrow, 8 Cox C C. 393; 30 L. J. M. C. 43; 3 L.T.
446: 1 Encyc. 201.
'' Aggravated offence of Drunkenness "; V, Army Discipline and
Begn (Annual) Act, 1881, s. 4 (3).
As to what amounts to " Aggravated Misconduct " on the part of a
husband, disentitling him to participate in a fund to which his wife has
an Equity to a Settlement; V. Beid v. Eeid, 55 L. J. Ch. 756; 33
Ch. D. 220; 55 L. T. 153; 34 W. R. 715.
Quk Prevention of Crime (Ir) Act, 1882, 46 & 46 V. c. 25, " 'Aggra-
vated Act of Violence against the person,' means, an assault which
either causes actual bodily harm, or grievous bodily harm, or is com-
mitted with intent to cause grievous bodily harm " (s. 35).
AG G REG ATE. — " Corporation Aggregate " ; F. Corporatioit.
AGGRIEVE V. Injure.
AGGRIEVED. — A person who has consented to a thing cannot be
"aggrieved" by it (Harrop v. Bayley, 25 L. J. M. C. 107; 6 E. & B.
218: but Cp. Exp, Poulton, inf.).
As to meaning of ** person aggrieved " within R. 33, Trade Marks
Eulesy Feb. 1883; V. Re Ralph, 53 L. J. Ch. 188; 25 Ch. D. 194: Re
Palmer, 51 L. J. Ch. 673; 24 Ch. D. 504. It means there a person
'injured or damaged in a legal sense; but a person carrying on business
out of England is not necessarily excluded ( Re Riviere, 53 L. J. Ch.
455, 578; 26 Ch. D. 48). So, in s. 90, Patents, &c Act, 1883, a
" person aggrieved " by the registration of a Trade-Mark, is one who
would be prevented by its registration from doing that which he other-
wise lawfully could do, e.g. one in the same trade, whether he intends
to compete qui* the particular article or not {Re Trade Mark, Normal,
35 Ch. D. 231 : Re Gianaclis, 58 L. J. Ch. 782: Re Apollinaris Co,
1891, 2 Ch. 186; 61 L. J. Ch. 625; 65 L. T. 6; 8 Pat. Ca. 137: Re
European Blair Camera Co, 75 L. T. 63 : Powell v. Birmingham
Vinegar Co, 1894, A. C. 8; 63 L. J. Ch. 152: Re Talbot, 63 L. J. Ch.
AGGRIEVED 58 AGGRIEVED
264: Re Verreries de VEtoile Socy, 1894, 2 Ch. 26; 63 L. J. Ch.
381).
As to a similar expression in s. 14, Copyright Act, 1842, 6 & 6 V. c. 45 ;
V. Ex p. Hutchings and Bomer, 48 L. J. Q. B. 605 ; 4 Q. B. D. 483:
Chappell V. Furdaij, 13 L. J. Ex. 7; 12 M. & W. 303: Exp. Walker,
Re Graves, 39 L. J. Q. B. 31 ; 10 B. & S. 680 ; L. R. 4 Q. B. 715. In
Ex p, Poulton (53 L. J. Q. B. 320) it was held that a person who him*
self has made a wrongful entry, is entitled under the section just cited
to apply for its rectification as one " aggrieved " thereby.
For the purposes of an Appeal under the Intoxicating Liqiior Laws, a
person " aggrieved " must be one who is " immediately aggrieved " ; and
a rival innkeeper is not such a person by reason of a new license being
granted within a short distance of his premises {R, v. Middlesex, 3 B. &
Ad. 938 : that decision is inapplicable in Ireland, per Gibson, J., R, v.
Armagh Jus,, 1897, 2 I. R. 75) : secus, probably, of a person who (at the
same sessions ?) has been refused a license (per Littledale, J., R, v.
Middlesex, sup., cited R, v. Deane, 2 Q. B. 100). A mortgagee is a per-
son " aggrieved " by a refusal of a renewal license to his mortgagor, espe-
cially when he is the irrevocable attorney of the mortgagor to keep alive
the license (Garrett v. Marylebone, 53 L. J. M. C. 81; 12 Q. B. D. 620;
32 W. R. 646 ; 48 J. P. 358) ; but an owner is not a person " aggrieved "
by the indorsement of his tenant's license (-R. v. Andover, 55 L. J. M. C
143; 16 Q. B. D. 711; 55 L. T. 23; 34 W. R. 456; 50 J. P. 549).
For the purpose of an Appeal in Bankruptcy (s. 104 (2), Bankry Act,
1883), a Trustee of a Deed of Arrangement may be a " person aggrieved "
by a Receiving Order (Re Batten, Exp. Milne, 5S L. J. Q. B. 333). A
Creditor is a " person aggrieved " by an Order of Discharge, or Scheme
of Arrangement {Re Payne, 56 L. J. Q. B. 625; 18 Q. B. D. 154; 35
W. R. 89: Re Langtry, 70 L. T. 736; 63 L. J. Q. B. 570; 42 W. R.
496), even before the proof of his debt is completed {Re Langtry). So
the Official Receiver, or the Board of Trade, may be a " person aggrieved "
{Re Reed & Co, 19 Q. B. D. 174; m L. J. Q. B. 447; 56 L. T. 876;
35 W. R. 660: Re Lamb, 1894, 2 Q. B. 805; 64 L. J. Q. B. 71; 71
L. T. 312: Re Stainton, 19 Q. B. D. 182; 57 L. T. 202 ; 35 W. R. 667.
Va. Re Sidehotham, 49 L. J. Bank. 41 ; 14 Ch. D. 458) ; so is a Bill of
Sale holder when his document is the alleged act of bankry {Re Ellis,
45 L. J. Bank. 64, 159; 2 Ch. D. 229, 797), or a third person whos^
title to property is affected by the adjudication {Ex p, Learoyd, Re
Foulds, 48 L. J. Bank. 17; 10 Ch. D. 3: Is Re Whelan, 48 L. J.
Bank. 43, an authority under the present Bankry Act ?) But a com-
peting petitioning creditor cannot well be " aggrieved " by an adjudica-
tion, even though it be effected by collusion with the debtor {Re White,
Exp. Mason, 49 L. J. Bank. 56; 14 Ch. D. 71).
Persons " aggrieved " by a Pauper Settlement Order, s. 2, 13 & 14
Car. 2, c. 12, include the pauper as well as the parish {R. v. Hartfield,
AGGRIEVED 59 AGGRIEVED
Carth. 222 J 2 Bott. 940) ; but not mere ratepayers (^. v. Colheck, 12 A.
6 E. 161 ; 9 L. J. M. C. 61 : R. v. Bishop Wearmouth, 5 B. & Ad. 942),
unless there be no officers of their parish (/?. v. Westmoreland, 12 L. J.
M. C. 113; 1 Bowl. & L. 178).
A person " aggrieved " by diverting or stopping a Highwayj s. 88,
5 & 6 W. 4, c. 50, does not include one who only uses the road as one of
the general public; to bring a person within this phrase he must be
living in the neighbourhood of the Highway, and in the habit of using
it {R. V. Taunton, St. Mary, 3 M. & S. 465 : R. v. Incledon, 1 lb. 268 :
R. V. Williamson, 7 T. R. 32 : R. v. Townsend, 5 B. & Aid. 420 : Vf.
Glen on Highways, 2nd ed. 436). A Prosecutor whose Complaint is
dismissed, cannot be a person " aggrieved,'' within s. 105 of that Act
{R, V, London Jus.^ cited Determination).
" Person aggrieved " by a Disallowance or Sur-Charge of an Auditor,
8. 12, Loc. Gov. (Ir) Act, 1871, 34 & 35 V. c. 109; V. R. v. Drurj/, 1894,
2 I. R. 489.
As to who is " a party aggrieved," within s. 253, P. II, Act, 1875, by
fabricating voting papers : V. Verdin v. Wray, 46 L. J. M. C. 170 ;
2 Q. B. D. 608 ; 41 J. P. 484. The Clerk to a Local Board, who, fear-
ing dismissal, resigns, is not, within that section, " a party aggrieved "
by a disqualified person acting on the Board {Rochfort v. Atherley,
1 Ex. D. 511). The servant of a Market Association is a "party ag-
grieved " within that section, qui penalties prescribed in s. 13, Markets
and Fairs Clauses Act, 1847 {Ross v. Taylerson, 62 J. P. 181).
A " person aggrieved," within s. 33, Sum, Jur, Act, 1879, does not
include one who is merely the owner of the soil on which the alleged
offence, c.^. an Obstruction of a Street, has been committed by some
one else {Drapers^ Co v. Haddon, 9 Times Rep. 36).
The London Co, Co. are not entitled to " feel aggrieved," by a Parish
Valuation of particular heredits, within s. 32, Valuation Metrop, Act,
1869, 32 & 33 V. c. 67 {London Co. Co. v. St. George^ s Assessment Com-
mittee, 1894, A. C. 600; 64 L. J. Q. B. 48 ; 71 L. T. 409). A person
who has objected to a Rateable value only, cannot under this section be
" aggrieved " by the Assessment Committee not entertaining an objec-
tion qui Gross Value (/?. v. London Jus., 1897, 1 Q. B. 433 ; %Q L. J.
Q. B. 262; 45 W. R. 247; 61 J. P. 228).
" Whether the near relations of a person whose body has been disin-
terred for dissection, are * parties aggrieved ' is doubtful " (Dwar. 689,
690, citing R. v. Toole, 1 M. & R. 728).
As regards a Qui Tam action ; F. Boyce v. Higgins, 23 L. J. C. P.
5 : 14 C. B. 1 : Hollis v. Marshall, 27 L. J. Ex. 235 ; 2 H. & N. 755 :
R. V. Blanshard, 30 J. P. 280: Robinson v. Carry, 50 L. J. Q. B. 561 ;
7 Q. B. D. 465.
Penalties, &c, to "party grieved," s. 3, Civil Procedure Act, 1833,
3 & 4 W. 4, c. 42 ; V. Penalty.
ACCRIEVED 60 AGREED
Vh. 51 J. P. 705. Cp. Person interested.
A person claiming to be "aggrieved," s. 105, P. H. Act, 1875, mast
show that the nuisance was operative on the day aUeged (Hilton v. Hop*
wood, 44 S. J. 90).
AGIST. — " 'Agist/ signifieth in our Common Law, to take in and
feed the Cattel of Strangers in the Ring's Forest, and to gather the
money due for the same to the King's use, Charta de Foresta, 9 H. 3,
c. 9. The officers that do this are called Ar/istors, in English, Guest-
takers, Cromp. Jur. fol. 146. This word ' agist ' is also used for the
taking in of other men's Cattel into any ground at a certain rate per week "
(Cowel). In that secondary sense (omitting that the payment has to he
" per week") the word is now generally used (R. v. Croft, 3 B. & Aid.
177). It is paraphrased in s. 45, Agricultural Holdings (England)
Act, 1883, which (without using the word) describes an Agistment as,
" Where lite stock belonging to another person has been taken in by
the Tenant of a Holding to be fed at a fair price agreed to be paid
for such feeding by the owner of such stock to the tenant."
The conditional exemption from Distress given by that section, does
not apply to an Agreement from the tenant giving to another person
" the exclusive right to feed the grass on the land for 4 weeks " ; for, in
that case, the tenant does not " take in " the cattle, and he certainly does
not take them in " to be fed," — the consideration he receives being in the
nature of rent for use and occupation (Masters v. Green, 20 Q. B. D.
807; 36 W. E. 691 ; 59 L. T. 476).
Note. Cowel 's def is taken from Termes de la Ley, where it is said
that '* the feed or herbage of the cattell is called Agistment.''
Vh. 1 Encyc. 204, 205.
AGREE. — " Covenant, grant, and agree " ; V. Covenant.
V. Agreement.
AG REEABLY. — '* Agreeably to my wishes " ; V, Precatory Trust.
AGREED. — In an Agreement the phrase " it is agreed," '' makes the
words of the agreement those of both parties " (per Parke, B., Emmens
V. Elderton^ 13 C. B. 531 ; 4 H. L. Ca. 667).
" Agreed to buy " ; V. Buy.
" Agreed Costs," as to when this phrase amounts to an Agreement
IN WRITING between Solr and Client, F. Re Frape, 1893, 2 Ch. 284;
62 L. J. Ch. 473 : and when not, V. Re Baylis, 1896, 2 Ch. 107 ; 65
L. J. Ch. 612 ; 74 L. T. 506.
'' 'As if the debtor had agreed to charge,' s. 13, Jdgmts Act, 1838,
is only a method of expressing that the Charging Order is to affect the
debtor's beneficial interest in the properties charged, — but nothing more
(Scott V. Hastings, 4 K. & J. 633). The words define the extent and pri-
ority of the Charge, but have no reference to the capacity of the Jdgmt
Debtor " (per Lindley, L. J., Re Leavesley, cited Disposing Power).
AGREED AND DECL'D 61 AGREEMENT
AGREED AND DECLARED. — '' The rule is that where you have
such words as ' It is herehy agreed and declared hetween and hy the
parties to these presents,' that some one will do an act or make a pay-
ment, — and that some one is a party to the deed, — it is a covenant by
him with the others, not a covenant by all of them. Anything more
absurd than to hold it a covenant by all of them could not be imagined.
Suppose you had these words ; 'Provided always it is hereby agreed and
declared between and by the parties to these presents that the said A. B.
shall pay <£5000 to the said C. D. on the 6th of January next/ it would
be absurd to say that this amounts to a covenant by C. D., the recipient
of the money, that A. B. shall pay him, as well as a covenant by A. B.
that he will pay him. If, therefore, we find that no act is to be done
except by one of the parties, these words only amount to a covenant by
that one party with the others " (per Jessel, M. R., Dawes v. Tredwell,
18 Ch. D. 369; cited and applied by Kay, J., in Be De Bos, 55 L. J. Ch.
73 ; 31 Ch. D. 81, and in who it was held, on the construction of the
deed, that, the wife being an executing party, her after-acquired separate
estate was bound, although the direct covenant to settle same was only
entered into by the husband. Vf. Elph. 426, 502 : Bamsden v. Smithy
23 L. J. Ch. 757; 2 Drew. 298: Butcher v. Butcher, 14 Bea. 222: Be
irjSstampes, 53 L. J. Ch. 1117; 32 W. R. 978; 51 L. T. 502: thle
was also decided by Kay, J., and in his jdgmt he reviews the previous
authorities). In Be Haden (1898, 2 Ch. 220; 67 L. J. Ch. 428), car-
ried the construction a little farther, for there the wife's after-acquired
property was bound by her Marriage Settlement, to which she was an
executing party, although the only words to bind it was a covenant by
her (intended) husband that it " shall be settled," not saying by whom.
AGREEMENT. — ^ Aggreamentum is a word compounded of two
words, — viz., of aggregatio and mentium^ so that aggreamentum est
aggregatio mentium in re aliqua facta vel facienda. And so by the con-
traction of the two words, and by the short pronunciation of them, they
are made one word, viz., aggreamentum^ which is ho other than an union,
collection, copulation, and conjunction of two or more minds in any-
thing done or to be done " (Beniger v. Fogossa, Plowd. 11 a, Va. Com.
Dig. " Agreement " : per Ellenborough, C. J., Wain v. Warlters, 5 East,
16; 2 Sm. L. C. 266: per Kekewich, J., Foster v. Wheeler, 57 L. J. Ch,
151; 36 Ch. D. 698). In Wain v. WarUers, it was held that " Agree-
ment," in the Statute of Frauds, meant the whole agreement, including
the consideration for it: Va. obs of Cockburn, C. J., Williams v. Lake
(29 L. J. Q. B. 1). But " the Agreement or Contract " justifying a
stoppage out of wages under the Truck Act, 1831, s. 23, need not specify
the amounts to be deducted (Cuttsv. ^arrf, cited Contract to Supply).
As to the distinction between " Agreement " in s. 4, Stat, of Frauds,
and " Bargain " in s. 17 lb.; V. Benj. 193, 194. Va. Bargain.
AGREEMENT 62 AGRICULTURAL
" Agreemeut " contrasted with " Conveyance " ; V. InL Rev. v. Angus,
23 Q. B. D. 579. Vh. Assubaxce: Conveyance.
The " Agreement " prescribed by s. 162, Comp. Act, 1862, must be
between the Dissentient Shareholder and the Liquidator, or the Co {De
Rosaz V. Anglo-Italian Bank, 38 L. J. Q. B. 161; L. R. 4 Q. B. 462);
the Articles of Assn do not constitute such an agreement, as they are
only a contract between Shareholders, inter se (JEley v. Positive Assrce,
45 L. Q. B. 58, 451; 1 Ex. D. 20, 88 : Browne v. La Trinidad, 57 L. J.
Ch. 292; 37 Ch. D. 1: Baring- Gould v. Sharpington Sj/nd., cited
Called).
Qui Stamp Act, 1891; F. Evidence of a Contract: Relating.
r. Buy: Contract: Covenant.
" Agreement to the contrary," s. 58, Landlprd and Tenant (Ir) Act,
1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 46, means an Express agreement (Shearman v.
Kelli/, Ir. Rep. 10 C. L. 326; 2 L. R. Ir. 415).
Agreement to pay Interest; F. Williams v. Trench, cited Demand.
Agreement for Lease; V. Lease.
" Agreement for Sale " ; V. Sale.
Stat. Def. — 11 & 12 V. c. 29, s. l. — Ir. 23 & 24 V. c. 154, s. 1.
"Agreement in Writing"; quk Solr's Costs; "Contract in Writing";
" Consent or Agreement " ; F. In Writing.
AQRICULTURAI An "Agricultural" Holding, s. 54, Agri-
cultural Holdings (England) Act, 1883, " I take it refers only to land
cultivated for profit in some way and not to natural grass land"; a
" Pastoral " holding refers to grass land (per Stephen, Co. Co. J., Morley
V. Jones, 32 S. J. 630. Vf. per Ld Fitzgerald, Westropp v. Elligott,
9 App. Ca. 815; 52 L. T. 153; 14 L. R. Ir. 319). But a holding
may be "wholly agricultural" or "wholly pastoral," within the sec-
tion, though it include a house, if such house be merely auxiliary to
the land with which it is held ; secus, where such house is independent
of the land, and, a fortiori, if the house be the chief part of the holding
(Morley V. Jones, sup.: Vf. Tillage: Pasture). Cp. Servant in
Husbandry. Vh. Agricultural Holdings Act, 1900.
Holding "not substantially either Agricultural or Pastoral in its
character, or partly agricultural and partly pastoral," s. 5 (la, 2), Land
Law (Ir) Act, 1896, 59 & 60 V. c. 47 ; V. Re Ryan and O'Brien, 1900,
2 I. B. 539 : and as to the similar phrase in s. 40 (1 g), same Act ;
V. Re Harrison, 1900, 1 1. E. 139.
" Agricultural," s. 9, Land Law (Ir) Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 33,
means " agricultural or pastoral, or partly agricultural and partly pas-
toral " (s. 6, 59 & 60 V. c. 47); on wh def. V. Doyne v. Campbell, Ir.
Rep. 9 C. L. 95: Boyle v. Foster, 30 L. R. Ir. 623: Bradley y. Johnston,
lb. 632: Wall v. Eyre, 32 lb. 475 : Allen v. Grogan, lb. 179.
" Used as an Ordinary Agricultural Farm," s. 9, Land Law (Ir) Act,
AGRICULTURAL 68 AGRICULTURE
1887; V, Macnamara y* Macnamara, 32 L. R. Ir, 1: Daly v, Wright,
lb. 9.
F. Full Agrtgultubal Rent.
Qui Agricultural Rates Act, 1896, 69 & 60 V. c. 16, " ' Agricultural
Land,' means any Land used as arable, meadow, or pasture ground
only. Cottage Gardens exceeding ^ of an acre, Market Gardens, Nur-
sery Grounds, Orchards, or Allotments; — but does not include laud
occupied together with a house as a Park, Gardens (other than as
aforesaid), Pleasure Grounds, or any land kept or preserved mainly or
exclusively for purposes of Sport, or Recreation, or land used as a Race-
Course " (s. 9). " Agricultural Laud," is in that Act contrasted with
" Buildings," and therefore the exemption of one half of the Rates
given by the Act applies only to land without any Buildings whatso-
ever upon it (Smith v. Richmond, cited Market Garden).
Quk Finance Act, 1894, "'Agricultural Propertt,' means, Agri-
cultural Land, Pasture, and Wood Land; and also includes such Cot-
tages, Farm Buildings, Farm-houses, and Mansion-houses (together with
the lands occupied therewith) as are of a character appropriate to the
property " (subs. 1 g, s. 22).
" Agricultural Lauds and Heritages in Scotland " ; Stat. Def. 59 & 60
V. c. 37, s. 1.
" Agricultural Gang "; Stat. Def. 30 & 31 V. c. 130, s. 3.
Qui Labourers (Ir) Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V. c. 60, " ' Agricultural
Labourer,' means a person who habitually works for hirr in Agricul-
tural Work, upon the land of some other person, and whose principal
means of living is such hire ; and includes a Herdsman. The term does
not include any person who is not paid for his labour by Wages " (s. 21) ;
by s. 23, 48 & 49 V. c. 77, that def was narrowed aud qualified, but this
was repealed by s. 4, 49 & 50 V. c. 69, which also provided that, " * Agri-
cultural Labourer ' in the said Acts and in this Act shall mean, a man or
woman who does Agricultural Work for hire, at any season of the year,
on the land of some other person or persons ; and shall include Hand-
loom Weavers and Fishermen doing agricultural work as aforesaid, aud
shall also include Herdsmen."
" Workmen in Agriculture "; V. Agriculture.
"Agricultural Locomotive"; Stat. Def. 61 & 62 V. c. 29, s. 17 (1).
A steam engine let and used for hauling straw and manure for farm-
ing operations, and no other purpose, is within s. 32, Highway Act, 1878,
as being a " Locomotive used solely for Agricultural Purposes " (Ellis
V. Bulse, 23 Q. B. D. 24).
AGRICULTURE. — In the Board of Agriculture Act, 1889, 52 &
53V. c. 30, "'Agriculture,' includes 'Horticulture'" (s. 12): in the
Small Holdings Act, 1892, 55 & 56 V. c. 31, " 'Agriculture' and 'Culti-
vation,' shall iuclude Horticulture, and the use of laud for any purpose of
AGRICULTURE 64 ALDERMAN
husbandry, inclusive of the keeping or breeding of Live Stock, Poultry,
or Bees, and the growth of Fruit, Vegetables, and the like " (s. 20). Va,
quh Workmen in " Agriculture, " Workmen's Comp. Act, 1900, 63 & 64
V. c. 22, 8. 1 (3).
AID— V. In Aid.
AID OR ABET. — '^To constitute an aider or abettor, some active
steps must be taken, by word or action, with intent to instigate the
principal or principals. Encouragement does not, of necessity^ amount
to aiding and abetting. It may be intentional or unintentional. A man
may unwittingly encourage another in fact by his presence, by mis-
interpreted words or gestures, or by his silence or non-interference ; —
or he may encourage intentionally by expressions, gestures, or actions,
intended to signify approval. In the latter case he aids and abets; in
the former he does not.' It is no criminal offence to stand by a mere
passive spectator of a crime, even of a murder. Kon-interference to
prevent a crime is not itself a crime. But the fact that a person was
voluntarily and purposely present witnessing the commission of a crime,
and offered no opposition to it, though he might reasonably be expected
to prevent it, and had the power so to do or at least to express his dissent,
might, under some circumstances, afford cogent evidence upon which a
jury would be justified in finding that he wilfully encouraged, and so
aided and abetted. But it would be purely a question for the jury
whether he did so or not" (per Hawkins, J., R, v. Coney^ 51 L. J. M. C.
78). In accordance with those principles the majority of the Court held,
in the case cited, that the mere voluntary presence of persons at a prize-
fight does not make them guilty of aiding or abetting an assault (51 L. J.
M. C. 66; 8 Q. B. D. 534). Vh. Ex p. Whiteley, 39 J. P. 70; E. v.
.Cheshire Jus., 40 J. P. 148: Barratt v. Burden, 63 L. J. M. C. 33.
Aiding and abetting breach of s. 3, Licensing Act, 1872 ; V, Owen y.
Langford, 55 J. P. 484.
To aid or abet a Breach of an Injunction is Contempt op Court
(Seaward v. Paterson, 1897, 1 Ch. 545 ; 66 L. J. Ch. 267 ; 76 L. T. 215 ;
45 W. R. 610). V, S. C, cited Club.
Cp, Counsel or Procure.
AIDED "Aided" Police Force, s. 26 (1), 53 & 54 V. c. 45; V.
R. V. W. Riding Co. Co., 1895, 1 Q. B. 805 ; 64 L. J. M. C. 95, 145 ;
72 L. T. 520 ; 43 W. R. 386 ; 59 J. P. 340; 11 Times Rep. 311.
AIM. — " With the aim of " ; V. View.
AIR SPACE.— r. Ventilation.
AIT. — V. Hath.
ALDERMAN. — F. Outgoing Alderman: Senior.
ALE 65 ALIENATION
ALE. — F. Bebr: Spirituous Liquors.
ALEHOUSE. — An "Alehouse" is a place (licensed under the Ale-
house Act, 1828, and the Acts amending the same) where excisable
liquors are sold, by retail, to be consumed on the premises. The word
is, probably, synonymous with " Public-house " and " Tavern," which
latter words were employed in the covenants under discussion in London
and Suburban Land Co v. Field (60 L. J. Ch. 549; 16 Ch. D. 645;
44 L. T. 444) and Bolt v. Collyer (50 L. J. Ch. 311 ; 16 Ch. D.
718 ; 44 L. T. 214 ; 29 W. R. 502).
A covenant in a Lease prohibiting the user of the premises " as a
Public-house or Alehouse," will comprise a Beer-house (1 W. 4, c. 64,
8. 31).
V. Public-house : Beer-housb : Inn.
ALIEN. -r" To Alien"; F. Alienation: Assign: Charge or
Incumber.
An Alien, is one who " is born out of the ligeance of our soveraigne
lord the King " (Litt. s. 198 ; Vth. Co. Litt. 128 b, 129 a). Vh. Calvin's
Case, 7 Rep. 1 : Collingwood v. Pace^ 1 Ventr. 422 : Doe d. Thomas v.
Acktam, 2 B. & C. 779 : Isaacson v. Durant, 55 L. J. Q. B. 331; 17 Q. B. D.
54 ; 54 L. T. 684; 34 W. R. 547 : 1 Encyc. 216, 217.
" Aliens," s. 3, 13 G. 3, c. 21, is to be read as in the Genitive Case,
and not as a separate word (Barrow v. Wadkin^ 24 Bea. 327).
A Co domiciled in an Alien State at War with us, is an Alien Enemy,
though the majority of its shareholders are subjects of the British Crown
(per Mathew, J., Driefontein Mines v. Janson, cited War, following
Socyfor Propagation of the Gospel v. Wheeler ^ 2 Gallison, 105).
ALIENATION. — " 'Alienation,* is as much to say, as to make a
thing another mans ; or to alter or put the possession of lands, or other
things, from one man to another " (Termes de la Ley).
To " alienate," or " anticipate," property, within a Clause of For-
feiture on Alienation, does not mean the doing something which will
accomplish an actual alienation, for that is prevented by the thing
working a Forfeiture ; but it means, the doing that the purport and
intent of which is Alienation, and which would effect that object but for
the Forfeiture (Bamett v. Blake, 2 Dr. & Sm. 124; nom. Blake v.
Bametty 31 L. J. Ch. 901). But if the person be not sui juris, — e.g. a
Married Woman restrained from alienation, — then the execution of a
Deed of Alienation works no Forfeiture, because the person has no dis-
posing power over the property at all (Be Wormald, 59 L. J. Ch. 404 ;
43 Ch. D. 630 ; 38 W. R. 425 ; 62 L. T. 423).
A clause of Forfeiture on " Alienation " " will extend only to a dis-
position by the Act of the Party, and not to a transfer by Operation of
Law; unless it can be collected from the context that the term was in-
6
ALIENATION 66 ALIKE
tended bj the settlor to have so wide a signification " (Lewin, 109, citing
Dommett v. Bedford, 6 T. R. 684: Cooper v. WyaU, 5 Mad. 482: Ex p.
Eyston^ 47 L. J. Bank. 62; 7 Ch.D.145: Vf. Assignment). Therefore
bankruptcy at the suit of creditors is not such an alienation {Lear v.
Leggett, 2 Sim. 479, and other cases cited, Lewin, 109) ; secus, if the
bankruptcy, or other cessio bonorum, be on the petition of the benefi-
ciary (Be Amherst, 41 L. J. Ch. 222; L. R. 13 Eq. 464: Sv. Ex p.
Dawes, Be Moon, 17 Q. B. D. 275: Vf Lewin, 111: 2 Jarm. 33, 34).
A mere Declaration of Insolvency is not an alienation or attempt at
alienation (Graham v. Lee, 26 L. J. Ch. 395; 23 Bea. 388), nor is
Seizure under a Judicial Process (R. v. Robinson^ Wight. 386).
A general alienation tn /w^wro, — e.g. a covenant to settle, — will
not embrace an Interest which would be forfeited thereby (Re CrawsKay,
1891, 3 Ch. 176 ; 60 L. J. Ch. 583 ; 39 W. R. 682).
As to a Warrant of Attorney, or Marriage, being an alienation ; Fl
Lewin, 109.
Until the forfeiture has become actually operative, — e.g. by income
becoming due after its occurrence, — it may be avoided by the annul-
ment of its cause (White v. Chitty, 35 L. J. Ch. 343 ; L. R. 1 Eq. 372:
Lloyd V. Lloyd, L. R. 2 Eq. 722 : Ancona v. Waddell, 48 L. J. Ch. 115 ;
10 Ch. D. 157 : Re Pamham, 46 L. J. Ch. 80 : Vf Bankruptcy) ;
secus, when it has become actually operative (Robertson v. Richardson,
30 Ch. D. 623 ; 55 L. J. Ch. 275 : Re Pamham, 41 L. J. Ch. 292 ; L. R.
13 Eq. 413: Trappes v. Meredith, 41 L. J. Ch. 237; 7 Ch. 248: Re
Metcalfe, 1891, 3 Ch. 1 ; 60 L. J. Ch. 647: Re Loftus-Otway, 1895,
2 Ch. 235 ; 64 L. J. Ch. 529 ; 43 W. R. 501). A forfeiture is not
avoided because the fact creating it occurred before the defeasible interest
was created (Manning v. Chambers, 16 L. J. Ch. 245 ; 1 D. G. & S. 282.
V. Shall).
FA. Co. Litt. 118 b. Fl Anticipation : Assign : Dispone : Trans-
fer: Permit: Suffer: Would: Restraint on Alienation: For-
feiture : Legal Disability : Godefroi, ch. 42.
" By Alienation, or by any title not conferring a New Succession,"
8. 15, 16 & 17 V. c. 51, — there, " Alienation " is at large, and stands
unqualified by the words " not conferring a New Succession " (per Lds
Herschell and Macnaghten, Wolverton v. A-G., cited New Succession,
dissenting from Jessel, M. R., Re Cooper and Allen, 46 L. J. Ch. 133 ;
4 Ch. D. 802).
ALIKE. — A testamentary gift to two or more "alike," or "to be
enjoyed alike," is synonymous with its being given Equally, and creates
a tenancy in common (per Mansfield, C. J., Loveacres v. Blight, Cowp.
357. Vf Thorowgood v. Collins, Cro. Car. 75 : Page v. Page, 2 P. Wms.
489, cited 2 Jarm. 258. In Thorowgood v. Collins, the words to be con-
strued were " part and part-like "). V. Share axd Share Alike.
ALIMONY 6T ALL
ALI MON Y. — " * Alimony, * signifies that allowance which a married
woman sues for on separation from her husband " (Cowel).
As to construction and force of Covenants in a Separation Deed, qu^
Alimony ; V. Gandy v. Gandy, 51 L. J. P. D. & A. 41 ; 7 P. D. 77, 168 ;
64 L. J. Ch. 1154; 30 Ch. D. 57: Bishop v. Bishop, 1897, P. 138;
66 L. J. P. D. & A. 69; 76 L. T. 409; 45 W. R. 567: Judkins v.
Judkins, 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 76.
Alimony qua Divorce ; V, Dixon on Divorce, ch. 8 : 1 Encyc. 218-221.
ALIVE. — Bom alive ; V. Born, at end.
V. If alive: Living.
ALKALI WORK. — Stat. Def ., 26 & 27 V. c. 124, s. 3 ; 44 & 45 V.
c 37, 8. 29.
ALL. — " Qui omne dicit, nihil excludit "/ therefore, omnes viduce,
Statute of Mkrton, c. 2, included all kinds of Dower, though there were
five (2 Inst. 81).
" All " is equivalent to " each and every " ( V. jdgmt of Ld Fitz-
gerald, Burnett v. G. N. of Scotland By, 54 L. J. Q. B. 539) ; but by
a context, it may mean " any " (1 Jarm. 504).
And " All " will sometimes mean " any of them " {Jarman v. Vye,
35 L. J. Ch. 821; L. R. 2 Eq. 784).
A testamentary gift of " All," without more ; held, indefinite and void
{Bowman v. Milbanke, 1 Lev. 130; Sid. 191; Raym. T. 97; cited and
commented on, 1 Jarm. 357, 358) ; " however, such a decision as that
cannot be considered an authority now " (per Malins, V. C, Smyth v.
Smyth, 8 Ch. D. 567).
" The words 'All his Estate' will pass everything a man has " (per
Mansfield, C. J., Hogan v. Jackson, 1 Cowp. 306). So of the words
** All I am worth " (ffuxstep v. Brooman, 1 Bro. C. C. 437, cited and com-
mented on, 1 Jarm. 738, 739), or " All I have " (per Bayley, J., Doe v.
Morgan, 6 B. & C. 518; 9 D. & R. 633).
" But if the word * All ' is coupled with the word * Personal,* or a local
description, there, the gift will pass only personalty, or the specific estate
particularly described " (per Mansfield, C. J., Hogan v. Jackson, sup.).
Thus " All my Effects " will not pass realty {Henderson v. Farbridge,
IRuss. 479; cited.l Jarm. 742: Vf. Effects). Qy. will such words
as " All that I possess " or " all that I am or may die possessed of" pass
Realty? Cp. Noel v. Hoy, 6 Mad. 38 : Thomas v. Phelps, 4 Rusa. 348 :
Wilce V. Wdce, 6 Moore & P. 682 ; 7 Bing. 664 ; 9 L. J. 0. S. C. P. 197 :
Evans v. Jones, 46 L. J. Ex. 280 : Day v. Daveron, 12 Sim. 200 ; 10 L. J.
Ch. 349, and Davenport v. Coltman, 11 L. J. Ch. 262 ; 12 Sim. 588 ;
9 M. & W. 481 : with Monk v. Mawdsley, 1 Sim. 286 : and Cook v.
Jaggard, 35 L. J. Ex. 76; L. R. 1 Ex. 125; and V. these cases stated
ALL 68 ALL
1 Jarm. 730, 731, 739-742: Vf. Wilde v. HoltzmeyeVy cited Possessed
OF.
Wliere a testator made a specific devise of part of his realty and, by a
subsequent part of the same Will, made another devise of " all his real
and personal estate " ; — held, that " all " meant " all the Residue "
{Doe d. Snape v. Nevell, 17 L. J. Q. B. 119 ; 11 Q. B. 466). So the gen-
erality of a devise of " all my Lands " may be restricted by the context
{Re PoHal and Lamb, 54 L. J. Ch. 1012 ; 30 Ch. D. 60). But in Kinrj
v. George (4 Ch. D. 435; 5 lb. 627 ; 46 L. J. Ch. 670) a bequest of
" All that I have power over, namely, plate, linen," &c was an uu-
limited residuary gift, and not restricted to the classes of goods enumer-
ated ; so, a bequest of " All my Money, £40, in the Exeter Land Socy,"
passed all the property the testatrix had in the Socy {Lane v. IFay,
W. N. (71) 117 ; 19 W. R. 842). Va. Sidgreaves v. Brewer, 49 L. J.
Ch. 514; 15Ch. D.594.
" All Property not specifically hereinbefore mentioned " ; V, Archhold
Y* Austin-Gourlaj/, 5 L. R. Ir. 214.
" All Rent and Arrears of Rent " ; V. Rent, towards end.
" All the Rest "; F. Rest.
As to the eflBcacy of " All the Rest " to pass lapsed legacies ; F. Re
Fringle, 17 Ch. D. 819 ; 50 L. J. Ch. 689. F. Rest.
When " all " is found in conjunction with specified property, — e.g.
"all my property in the Funds," — the bequest is specific {Hayes v.
Hayes, 5 L. J. Ch. 243 ; 1 Keen, 97 : Vincent v. Newcombe, Younge,
699) ; so, of the phrase " all my Shares and Stock " {Bothamley v.
Sherson, cited Specific).
F Estate and Interest.
" All my Property, Leasehold and Freehold " ; held, to pass all the
Personalty, as well as all the Realty {Re Roberts, Kiff v. Roberts, bo
L. J. Ch. 628; 54 L. T.386; 34 W. R. 626; affd. 55 L. T. 498; 35
W. R. 176). " All my Property, Brewery, &c " ; F. Waite v. Morland,
cited Brewery. Vf, Property : My.
" All my Just Debts " ; F Debts.
" The question must always be one of intention, but the rule is, —
that the presumption is against an intention to charge lands spe-
cifically devised, and that a mere Charge * on all my lands,' is not
sufficient to rebut that presumption " (per Ld Cranworth, Gonron v.
Conron, 7 H. L. Ca. 168, cited by Ld Herschell, Bank of Ireland v.
McCarthy, 1898, A. C. 181 ; 67 L. J. P. C. 13 ; 77 L. T. 777, his lordship
adding that the rule is founded on Spofig v. Spong, 3 Bligh, K S. 84 ;
1 Dow & CI. 365).
" All my Land at S. " ; F. My.
" All my Moneys " ; F. Money.
As to effect of Revocation of " All Wills, &c *' ; F. Re Kingdon, 65
L. J. Ch. 598 ; 32 Ch. D. 604 : Revoke.
ALL 69 ALL AND EVERY
Ajs to the once held invalidity on account of vagueness tbrougl) the
unqualified use of " All," especially in an Assignment of future things;
V. Bddlng v. Bead, 34 L. J. Ex. 212 ; 3 H. & C. 955; 11 Jur. K S.
547 : but that case is overruled by Tailby v. Official Receiver ^ 58 L. J.
Q. B. 75 ; 13 App. Ca. 623. Va. Re Clarke, 66 L. J. Ch. 981 ; 36 Ch. D.
348 : Re Kdcey, 1899, 2 Ch. 530 ; 68 L. J. Ch. 742 ; 81 L. T. 354 ;
48 W. R. 69: Vagub: Future.
A Power of Attorney to receive " all " Debts, does not authorize the
endorsement of Negotiable Securities {Hogg v. Snaith, 1 Taunt. 349:
Jf array v. East India Co^ 5 B. & Aid. 204), not even if there is added
power " to transact all Business " (Ifay v. Goldsmidty referred to in
Hogg V. Snaith, sup.).
" All other Conditions as per Charter-Party " ; F. Other.
An Agreement by one of several defts to pay the Costs of " all the
defts," means, " of all or any of the defts " ( Vesey v. Mantell, 11 L. J.
Ex. 99; 9 M. & W. 323).
" All Notes," 3 & 4 Anne, c. 9; V. Milne v. Graham, 1 B. & C. 192.
" All Powers ** enabling ; V. Enabling.
" All Proceedings " in R. 1, Ord. 65, R. S. C, means all proceedings
in respect of which there is an existing jurisdiction as to Costs {Be
Mills, 56 L. J. Ch. 60).
The genendity of " all Criminal Proceedings, " s. 6, Crim. Ev. Act,
1898, over-rides special provisions of prior Acts, and applies all the pro-
visions of the Act to every kind of criminal trial {Chamock v. Mer-
chant, 1900, 1 Q. B. 474 ; 69 L. J. Q. B. 221 ; S2 L. T. 89; 48 W. R.
334; 64 J. P. 183).
" All Purposes " ; F. Purposes.
" All Rates made for the relief of the Poor, " which are to be paid to
qualify for the parliamentary franchise, s. 3 (3), 30 & 31 V. c. 102,
means only those made since the 5th January of the year preceding the
qualifying year {Cull v. Austin, Austin y. Cull, 41 L. J. C. P. 153 ; L. B.
7 C. P. 227).
An Agreement to pay " all Damages," qui Ships, overrides the limits
of damages prescribed by s. 54, 25 & 26 V. c. 63 {The Satanita, 1895,
P. 248 ; 64 L. J. P. D. & A. 96 ; 72 L. T. 316; 43 W. R. 498 ; affd. in
H. L. 1897, A. C. 59 ; 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 1 ; 75 L. T. 337).
A stipulation to accept a cargo on receipt of " all the Shipping Docu-
ments,'* will be satisfied by production of three, of the five, parts of the
Bill of Lading, if the sellers are unable to supply more {Cederberg v.
Borries\ 2 Times Rep. 201).
F". Engagement : Interest : Money : Real and Personal Es-
tate: Ways: Whole.
ALL AND EVERY. — For an illustration of effect of this phrase,
V. Re Sibley, 46 L. J. Ch. 387 ; 5 Ch. D. 494 ; Sv. that decision, as based
ALL AND EVERY 70 ALLODIAL
on this phrase, criticised by Kay, J., in Re Webster^ 52 L. J. Ch. 768 ;
23 Ch. D. 737.
A bequest to A. and after lier decease to ** all and every her child and
children, and his, her and their exs, ads and assigns, for his, her and
their own absolute use and benefit " ; held, to create a joint tenancy in the
children {Morgan v. Britten^ L. R. 13 Eq. 28 ; 41 L. J. Ch. 70 : Billing
V. Billingj 11 Times Rep. 502 ; nom. Binning v. Binning, W. N. (95)
116).
A Power to appoint to " all and every " of a Class, means, that each
member must have a share {Kemp v. Kemp^ 5 Ves. 857, 858). Va.
Among: Such.
ALL FAULTS F. Faults.
ALL I AM WORTH V. Wobth: All.
ALL INTENTS AND PURPOSES. — An act disgavelling lands
to " all intents and purposes," and declaring that they should be " de-
scendible as lands at Common Law,'' was held only to disgavel qua
descent ( Wiseman v. Cotton, 1 Lev. 80).
Vh. Railton v. Woody cited Distbess.
V. Void.
ALL MATTERS IN DIFFERENCE.— F. Cause: Consent.
ALL THE ESTATE.— r. Estate, towards end.
ALL THE REST.— F. Rest: All.
ALL TIMES. — F. At all Times: At all Times of Tidb.
ALLEGE. — "Alleged adulterer,'' s. 28, Matrimonial Causes Act,
1857; R. 4, Divorce Rules, 1865, — means only the person alleged by the
husband to be an adulterer with his wife; not a person against whom
that allegation has been made (even though by the wife) on evidence
which the husband may reasonably regard as insufficient {Saunders v.
Saunders, 1897, P. 89; 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 57; 76 L. T. 330; 45 W. R.
683, overruling Jones v. Jones, 1896, P. 165; (j5 L. J. P. D. & A. 101).
" Alleging himself a Candidate "; F. Candidate.
" Alleged Coxtributory "; Stat. Def., 20 & 21 V. c. 78, s. 15.
" Alleged Lunatic "; Stat. Def., 34 & 35 V. c. 22, s. 2.
F. As alleged : Supposed.
ALLEGIANCE. — " 'Allegiance' is such natural or legal obedience
which every Subject owes to his Prince " (Termei de la Ley).
ALLODIAL. — Allodial, or "Allodian," Lands, "are free lands
which pay no Fines or Services" (Cowel). Vf, Jacob: 2 Bl. Com.
47, GO : 1 Encyc. 225 : Alodium.
ALLOT n ALLOW
ALLOT.— ' Set out, allot, and award "j V. Set Out.
ALLOTMENT. — " Allotments from time to time held by the Trus-
tees " in a Land Socy ; V. Hill v. Crank, 68 L. T. 551; 62 L. J. Q. B.
145.
" Allotment," qui Inclosure; V. It. v. Pitt, 6 B. & Ad. 565: Doe d.
Harris v. Saunder, 5 A. & E. 664.
For the legislation as to Allotments, V. 1 Encyc. 226-231.
Stat. Def . — 50 & 51 V. c. 26, s. 4, c. 48, s. 17 ; 54 & 55 V. c. 33, s. 2 ;
56 & 57 V. c. 73, s. 9 (16). — Scot. 55 & 56 V. c. 54, s. 16.
" Allotment Trustees "; V. 36 & 37 V. c. 19, s. 1.
V. Gabbbn: Holding: On Allotment.
ALLOW. — To "allow" a thing to be done or omitted, there must
bo some direct, or indirect, sanction of it ; — unlike the mere responsi-
bility of an Innkeeper if ^e " suffer " things contrary to the Licensing
Acts, an innocent Owner of a Ship does not " allow '* her " to be so loaded
as to submerge in salt water the centre of the disc," s. 28, 39 & 40
Y. c. 80, by the mere fact that the Master knew of such overloading,
even though the Master was appointed by the Owner {Massey v. Mor-
riss, 1894, 2 Q. B. 412; 63 L. J. M. C. 185; 70 L. T. 873; 6S J. P.
673). So, a Surveyor does not "allow" an obstruction on a Highway
" to remain there," s. 56, Highway Act, 1835, when he has no knowledge
of it, or, at any rate, when he has no means of knowing it {Hardcastle v.
Hielby, 1892, 1 Q. B. 709; 61 L. J. M. C. 101 ; 66 L. T. 343; 56 J. P.
549). Vf. per Cockbum, C. J., Hipkins v. Birmingham Gas Co, 6 H.
& N. 253. Cp, Permit : Suffer : Obstruct.
The power to " allow Costs," s. 116 (2), Co. Co. Act, 1888, " means not
onl}' that the Court may give Costs, but may also say on what Scale they
are to be " (per Field, J., Bazett v. Morgan, 59 L. J. Q. B. 44; 24 Q. B. D.
48 ; 61 L. T. 434 ; 38 W. R 108, applying Neaves v. Spooner, 36
W. R. 257; 58 L. T. 164); and such an Order is unappealable, unless
with leave, because it is in the " dlscretion " of the Court under s. 49,
Jud. Act, 1873 {Bazett v. Morgan).
The provision in s. 118 of that Act, which prohibits a Solr from
recovering from his Client Costs in a Co. Co. action " unless they shall
have been allowed on taxation,^* does not apply where no application to
tax has been made (Cubisonr. Mayo, 1896, 1 Q. B. 246; 65 L. J. Q. B.
267; 44 W. R. 473; 74 L. T. ijo: Vf. Boydell v. Millar, 60 L. J. Q. B.
251; 64 L. T. 299 ; 39 W. R. 335).
Where an Officer of a Local Authority is to be "allowed," "not
exceeding " a stated time for a vacation, that does not, necessarily, mean
that he is " entitled to " that much time for holiday (Henry v. Antrim,
1900, 2 I. R. 547).
" First allow my lawful Debts to be paid," in a Will disposing of
ALLOW 72 ALMS
Realty and Personalty, creates a Charge of the debts on the Realtor
{Elliott V. Montgomery^ Ir. Rep. 5 Eq. 214).
ALLOWANCE. — A mere "Allowance," agreed to by a Lessor by a
memorandum on the lease, does not operate as a reduction of the rent
reserved, but only as an independent agreement (Davies v. Stacey, 9 L. J.
Q. B. 393 ; 12 A. & E. 606 ; 4 P. & D. 157).
ALLOWANCES " Allowances," s. 189, P. H. Act, 1875 ; F. Bur-
gess y. Clark, 14 Q. B. D. 735: Edwards v. Salmon, 58 L. J. Q- B.
571; 23 Q. B. D. 531; 38 W. R. 166: Whiteleyy. Barley, 57 L. J.
Q. B. 643; 21 Q. B. D. 164 ; 36 W. R. 823; 52 J. P. 695: B. v. Barns-
gate, 58 L. J. Q. B. 352; 23 Q. B. D. 66.
V. Just Allowances.
ALLOWING V. Being.
«
ALLOWS V. So FAR AS.
"Where the Context allows"; F. Birmingham Breweries v. Jam&-
son, cited Spirituous Liquors.
ALLUVION. — V. Imperceptible: Increase: 1 Encyc. 231.
ALMANAC. — The Almanac of which the Court has to take notice
for determining on which Day of the Week a given day of the month
falls {R. V. Dyer, 6 Mod. 41), or, when a Feast, or Sunday, happens
{Harvey v. Broad, lb. 159, 160, 196), is that which is annexed to the
Book of Common Prayer {Brough v. Perkins^ lb. 80, 81). Vf^ Calen-
dar (New Style) Act, 1750, 24 G. 2, c. 23: Phil. Ecc. Law, 781:
Michaelmas.
ALMOIN.— F. AuMONE.
ALMS. — The disqualification to be enrolled as a Burgess of an In-
corporated Borough arising from the receipt of " parochial relief or other
Alms " (5 & 6 W. 4, c. 76, s. 9, and now by 32 & 33 V. c. 55, s. 1), applies
only to such alms as are parochial (JS. v. Lichfield, 11 L. J. Q. B. 122;
2 Q. B. 693 ; 2 G. & D. 10). But as regards the Parliamentary franchise,
the disqualification arises from the receipt of '' parochial relief or other
alms, which by law of parliament now disqualify from voting ^^ (Rep.
People Act, 1832, s. 36) ; and that amplification differentiates the parlia-
mentary from the municipal disqualification, and alms which will dis-
qualify for the parliamentary franchise are not confined to those that are
parochial : but any alms of a precarious tenure to persons so indigent that
they are dependent on the charity, will work the latter disqualification
(Smith V. Hall, 33 L. J. C. P. 59; 15 C. B. K S. 485; 12 W. R. 172:
Harrison v. Carter, 46 L. J. C. P. 57; 2 C. P. D. 26; 25 W. R. 182:
Baker v. Monmouth, 34 W. R. 64 ; 53 L. T. 668 : Dix v. Kent, 63 L. T.
ALMS 78 ALONGSIDE
641; 7 Times Rep. 46: Edwards v. Lloyd, 57 L. J. Q. B. 121 ; 20 Q. B.
D. 302 ; 58 L. T. 409 ; 52 J. P. 519 : Cowen v. Kingstovrupon-Hull, 1897,
1 Q. B. 273; 66 L. J. Q. B. 185; 75 L. T. 593 ; 45 W. R. 413. Smith v.
Hall and Cowen v. Kingston, were cases in each of which the charity
was held not disqualifying Alms). Vf. Rogers, 196-200: Paboghial
Relief.
Cp. Charity : Divine Service.
ALMSHOUSE V. Hospital: 1 Encyc 233.
ALNETUM. — " A wood of elders " (Touch. 95: Va. Co. Litt. 4 b).
ALODIUM. — "In Domesday, alodium (in a large sense) signifieth
a free manner, and alodiarii or alodaril, lords of the same ; and lanno-
munni there signifie lords of a manner, having socam et sa^^am de tenent-
ibus et hominibus suis" (Co. Lit. 5 a). "The old translation of the
Saxon laws, useth this word for Bocland " (Cowel). F. Allodial.
ALONE. — " Alone, or together with," in Kame and Arms clause;
V. Name.
ALONG. — V. Through.
ALONQ WITH.— "Along with any other Persons," R. 11, Ord.
21, R. S. C; r. Dear v. Sworder, 4 Ch. D. 482; 46 L. J. Ch. 100: Vf.
Ann. Pr.
" Along with other Sums " construed "in addition to," not as " in-
cluding" {PUkington v. Myers, 8 L. T. 720).
ALONGSIDE. — Cargo "shall be Brought Alongside" for ship-
ment, in a Charter-party, means that the charterer is to bring the cargo
as near to the ship as practicable, and it is for the jury to say whether
that has been done {Ifolman v. Da^snieres, 2 Times Rep. 480, 607).
Vh, Fletcher v. Gillesjrie, 3 Bing. 635 : Trindade v. Levy, 2 F. & F. 441 :
Stephens v. Wintringham, 3 Com. Ca. 169 : Isis S. S. Co v. Bahr, 1899,
2 Q. B. 364; 68 L. J. Q. B. 930; affd. in H. L. 1900, A. C. 34<0; 69
L. J. Q. B. 660; 5 Com. Ca. 277: At: Cargo: Sv. Carver, 283.
Consignee to take Cargo "from alongside Ship," means, a joint
operation between the Owners and Consignee, and, if either be unready,
the other is not called on to begin ; but this provision in a Charter-
party does not exclude a custom in the Wood Trade in the Port of
London which imposes on the ship Owner the obligation to discharge a
cargo of Long Lengths of Timber into lighters {Aktieselkah-Helios v.
Ekman, 1897, 2 Q. B. 83; 66 L. J. Q. B. 539; 76 L. T. 537; 2 Com.
Ca. 163). But cargo (of Timber) " to be taken from alongside the
Steamer, at Charterer's Risk and Expense, any custom of the Port to
the contrary notwithstanding," excludes that custom, and the shipowners
ALONGSIDE 74 ALSO
perform their duty when they (according to the general meaning of " along-
side ") deliver the cargo over the ship's rail (Brenda S. S, Co v. Green,
1900, 1 Q. B. 518; 69 L. J. Q. B. 445; 82 L. T. 66; 48 W. R. 321;
5 Com. Ca. 195).
V, Fbee Alongside.
ALREADY.— "Already," — e.^. "already in Practice," s. 14, 55
G. 3, c. 194, — does not mean at some time previously hut, means at
the time stated and immediately preceding thereto (Apothecaries Co v.
Eobijy 5 B. & Aid, 949).
A Second Series of a Go's Debentures made subject to the " Deben-
tures already issued, or such of them as are now outstanding," will be
postponed to the whole of the First Series, whenever issued, that are for
the time being " outstanding," — i.e. not paid o£E (Lister v. Lister^ 62
L. J. Ch. bij^', 68 L. T. 826; 41 W. R 330).
A Covenant by husband and wife to settle all the wife's after-acquired
property " not being already settled for her Separate Use," does not bind
property subsequently bequeathed to her for her separate use (Coventry
V. Coventry, 32 Bea. 612). Vf. Kane v. Kane, cited Settled: Va,
Settle.
"Already defined ^^ \ V. Shanghai Corp, v. McMurray, cited Ex-
tension.
" Will, already made "; F. Will.
" Already built "; Stat. Del, 7 & 8 V. c. 84, s. 2.
ALSO. — " Also," or " And Also," may be (1) the beginniug of an
entirely independent sentence, or (2) a copulative carrying on the sense
of the immediately preceding words into those immediately succeeding.
If the latter, the conditions of the preceding words would be read into
those succeeding. Thus, " I give Blackacre to C. and his heirs, and also
Whiteacre," gave C. the fee in Whiteacre (per Levinz, J., 1 Jarm. 497, n. .•
Vf, Hopewell v. Ackland, 1 Salk. 239: Willis v. Ourtois, 1 Bea. 189;
8 L. J. Ch. 105). Of course no such construction obtains when " Also "
is the commencement of an independent sentence (Doe d. Ellam v.
Westley, 4 B. & C. 667; 7 D. & R. 112: on whv Wms. Exs., 8th Ed.,
1087: IJarm. 497).
Words importing a tenancy in common in one bequest will not be
extended by implication to another bequest which is merely connected
with the former by " also " (2 Jarm. 256, citing Cookson v. Bingham^
17 Bea. 262; 23 L. J. Ch. 127).
A general description of property introduced by " And also " or the
like, and following a particular description, will usually receive an ejus-
dem generis interpretation (El ph. 173 et seq).
" Also," s. 8, Clergy Discipline Act, 1892, means that the Bishop may
depose the offending Clergyman " in addition to " the original sentence
ALSO 75 ALTERATION
(per Esher, M. R., R. v. Durham, Bp., 1897, 2 Q. B. 414; m L. J.
Q. B. 826j 77 L. T. 190; 46 W. R. 36).
F. Likewise.
ALTAR. — F. Faulkner Y. Litchfield, 1 Rob. Ecc. 213-230, 243-255:
Communion Table.
ALTARAQIUM. — "Properly, that which is offered on the altar,
and the profit which arises to the priest by reason of the altar ; Spelm.
It is sometimes said to include all vicarial or small tithes ; but this con-
struction will not be adopted unless the word occurs in an old endowment,
aod is supported by usage; Franklin v. St. Cross, Bunb. 79 " (Elph. 560).
ALTER. — The power to " alter ^ modify , or extend " a pit's claim by
his Statement of Claim, R. 4, Ord. 20, R. S. C, does not authorize a
totally different case from that set up by the Writ (Ker v. Williams, 30
S. J. 238 : Cave v. Crew, 41 W. R. 359 ;' 62 L. J. Ch. 530; 68 L. T. 254),
or t])e joining of a cause of action not mentioned in the writ ( United
Telephone Co v. Tasker, 59 L. T. 852). Vf. Delivered : Ann. Pr.
ALTERATION. — F. Addition: Apparent: Cleanse: Material
Alteration.
Probably, an Alteration in Premises, which will discharge an Insurer,
means, generally, a permanent alteration or user, and not something
merely casual and temporary (Dohson v. Sotheby, Moo. & M. 90 : Shaiv
V. Rohberds, 6 A. & E. 83: Pirn v. Reid, 6 Sc. N. R. 982; 6 M. & G. 1 :
Barrett v. Jermy, 3 Ex. 545. Sv. Glen v. Lewis, 22 L. J. Ex. 228;
8 Ex. 617 : Stokes v. Cox, 2^ L. J. Ex. 113 ; 1 H. & N. 533). Vh. Add. C.
732, 733.
Alteration of Status; F Status.
The Alteration in Value of a heredit, — justifying its insertion in a
Metropolitan Provisional List because such Value has been " increased by
the Addition to the heredit, or erection thereon, of any building, or is from
any cause increased or reduced in value," s. 47, Valuation (Metropolis)
Act, 1869, — is not confined to a Structural alteration of the heredit,
but yet " any Cause," though a wide phrase, is coloured by the words with
which it is in association, and the Alteration must be one arising from a
definable Cause directly affecting the heredit, and not from general eco-
nomic change, or from appreciation of the particular class of property to
which the heredit belongs (Cambenvell v. Mils, 1900, A. C. 510 ; 69
L. J. Q. B. 828 ; 83 L. T. 201).
Qua Telegraph Act, 1878. 41 & 42 V. c. 76, " * Alteration,' * Alter,' and
* Altering,' in respect of a Telegraphic Line, include the substitution of
any new line, or portion of a line, either in the same place or in some
other place ; also any removal of, or other dealing with, any telegraphic
line, or any part of such line " (s. 2).
ALTERED 76 AMALGAMATION
ALTERED. — " Altered state " of Food, s. 9, Sale of Food and Drugs
Act, 1875 ; V. Spiers & Pond v. Bennett, cited Absteaction.
F. Materially Altered.
ALTOGETHER. — Sale "altogether out of Court," R. 1 a, Ord. 51,
R. S. C. ; V. Cumberland Union Bank v. Maryport Co, 1892, 1 Ch. 92 ;
61 L. J. Ch. 335 ; 66 L. T. 103.
" Wound up altogether," s. 161, Companies Act, 1862 ; V. Be Hafad
Hotel Co, W. N. (Q»), 86.
ALWAYS AFLOAT. — "So near thereto as she may safelit
GET at all times of tide, and always afloat,^* in a Charter-Party : V,
Dahl V. Nelson, 50 L. J. Ch. 411 ; 6 App. Ca. 38 : Horsley v. Price^
52 L. J. Q. B. 603; 11 Q. B. D. 244: Caffarini v. Walker, Ir. Rep.
9 C. L. 431 ; 10 lb. 250 : Nielsen v. Wait, 14 Q. B. D. 516: Carlton
S. S. Co V. Castle Co, 1897, 2 Q. B. 485; 1898, A. C. 486; 66 L. J.
Q. B. 819; 67 lb. 795; 47 W. R. 65: Treglia v. Smith's Timber Co,
1 Com. Ca. 360 ; 12 Times Rep. 363. In The Curfew (1891, P. 131 ;
60 L. J. P. D. & A. 53; 64 L. T. 330; 39 W. R. 367) evidence waa
• admitted to explain " Always afloat." Vf. Carver, 506.
AM. — In a devise, " such an expression as, ' all the lands of which I
am seized in A.,' must be read as if written just before the testator's
death: Doe v. Walker, 13 L. J. Ex. 153 ; 12 M. & W. 591 " (per Kay,
J., Be Portal to LaTnb, 53 L. J. Ch. 1163). The decision in thlc was
reversed (54 L. J. Ch. 1012; 30 Ch. D. 50), without, however, affecting
the proposition above cited. Vf, 1 Jarm. 333, 334: Now.
AMALGAMATE. —A power to a Co to "amalgamate" with any
other Co, does not enable the directors to compel a shareholder to be-
come a member of any such other Co (Be Empire Assrce, L. R. 4 Eq.
341 ; 36 L. J. Ch. 663 ; 15 W. R. 889). FA. 1 Palm. Co. Prec. 1155-
1161 : Vf, next word.
AMALGAMATION. — "Amalgamation" of Ry Companies, qui
Part 5, Ry C. Act, 1863, is (by s. 36) " where two or more Ry Compa-
nies, respectively incorporated either by or after the passing of this Act,
are amalgamated by a Special Act hereafter passed and incorporating
this Part of this Act."
Quk Companies incorporated under Comp. Act, 1862, "Amalgama-
tion," siguifles the transfer of all or some part of the Assets and Lia-
bilities of one, or more than one, existing Co to another existing Co, —
or of two or more existing Cos to a new Co, — of which transferee Co
all the members of the transferor Co or Cos become, or have the right
of becoming. Members ; and, generally, such Amalgamation is accom-
plished by a Voluntary Winding-up of the transferor Co or Cos (1 Palm.
Co. Prec. 1155, adopted in Hooper v. Western Counties & S, W, Telephone
AMALGAMATION 77 AMERCIAMENT
Coy 41 W. E. 84, wherein " Amalgamation " was contrasted with " Re-
coxsTRUCTioN "). To a somewhat similar effect is Wall v. London &
Northern Assets Corp (1898, 2 Ch. 469 ; 67 L. J. Ch. 596 ; 79 L. T. 249),
in whcj however, Lindley, L. J., said, — " There is no very precise meaning
to be given to * amalgamate.' When * amalgamating ' a Co with another
Co or persons or firms is spoken of, I am not prepared to put a sharp
definition upon it. I have no doubt that it includes the case put by Ld
Hatherley in Higgs^ Case (2 H. & M. 657), and more recently by Ld
Davey in New Zealand & Gold Extraction Co v. Peacock (cited Under-
taking). I do not think it, necessarily, involves the formation of a
new Co to carry on the business of an old Co, though I have no doubt
it includes that. I do not see how a Co, as a business transaction, can
practically 'amalgamate ' with persons or companies carrying on business
unless the Co does, in some way or other, sell its assets as a whole."
AMBASSADOR. — Qud. Foreign Marriage Act, 1892,65 & 56 V.
c. 23, " 'Ambassador,' includes a Minister and a Charg^ d' Affaires" (s. 24).
AMBIDEXTER. — It is Slander, without special damage, to say of a
Solrthat he is an "Ambidexter," for that imputes that he takes a fee
from both sides and betrays his client's secrets (Annison y. Blofield,
Carter, 214 ; 1 Rol. Ab. 56).
AMBIGUITY. — r. Patent Ambiguity.
AMELIORATING WASTE.— V. Waste.
AMENDMENT.— F. Cleanse.
" Amendment of Rule " ; Stat. Def., 38 & 39 V. c. 60, s. 4; 39 & 40
V. c. 45, s. 3; 56 & 57 V. c. 39, s. 79 ; 59 & 60 V. c. 25, s. 106.
AMERCIAMENT. — " Amerciament, -^TTiemameTi^wm," — in Termes
de la Ley and old Charters written " Amercement," — " signifieth the
pecuniary punishment of an Offender against the King, or other Lord,
in his Court, that is found to be in misericordia,i\\^t is, to have offended,
and to stand at the Mercy of the King, or Lord " (Cowel). Cowel further
says that " there seems to be a difference between Amerciaments and
Fines," obviouslj' basing that difference on the following passage in
Termes de la Ley, — " And there is a difference between Amerciaments
and Fines (Kitchen, 214), for Fines are punishments certaine which
grow expressly from some statute, and Amerciaments are such which are
arbitrarily imposed by the Affeerors, the which Master Kitchen seeraeth
to confirme (fol. 78) in these words, * The Amerciament is affeered by
Equals.* Also it appeareth (Coke, Lib. 8, fol. 39) that a Fine is alwayes
imposed and assessed by the Court, but Amerciament, which is called in
Latin misericordia, is assessed by the Country." The statement that
Fines are " punishments certaine" semble, does not accord with what
was held to be a Fine in Re Nottingham Corp,, inf. Cp, Kansom.
Amerciament " explained and distinguished from a Fine ; Beecher'a
AMERCIAMENT 78 AMMUNITION
Case,S Rep. 58 a: Godfrey's Case, 11 Rep. 42 a; Co. Litt. 126 b,
et seq : Spelm. gives au explanation differing from that of Coke. The
reason why an unsuccessful defendant was said in old time ' to be
in mercy, &c/ was that he was liable to be amerced for not having
obeyed the King's writ immediately '* (Elph. 560, whv for further refer-
ences). So, of an unsuccessful pit, for making a false claim (Select Civil
Pleas, Selden Soc. 77).
" There is a manifest diversity between a Ran^ome and an Amercia-
ment ; for ransome is ever when the law inflicteth a corporal punishment
by imprisonment (and so is also a Fine) ; but otherwise it is of an
amerciament " (Co. Litt. 127 a).
For examples of Amerciaments, F. Bote: Frankpledge: Were:
WiTE.
A Charter granting " Amercements," does not include money payable
on Estreated Rbcogntzances {Re Nottingham Corp., 1897, 2 Q. B. 502;
66 L. J. Q. B. 883; 77 L. T. 210 ; 61 J. P. 725) : V. Bail.
"'Amercement Royal^ is when a Sheriffe, Coroner, or such like
Officer of the King, is amerced by the Justices for his abuse in the
Office " (Termes de la Ley).
AMIABLES COMPOSITEURS. — " What is the force and mean-
ing of that expression, * Amiables Compositeurs,' by Canadian law ?
We find it in the 1346th Article of the Code of Civil Procedure : * Arbi-
trators must hear the parties, and their respective proofs, or establish
default against them, and decide according to the rules of law, unless they
lire dispensed from so doing by the terms of the submission, or unless they
have been appointed as Amiables Compositeurs.' That is to say, if
they are Amiables Compositeurs, they are to be exempt at all events from
the strictness of the obligations expressed in the previous words. Their
lordships would, no doubt, hesitate much before they held that to entitle
arbitrators named as Amiables Compositeurs to disregard all law, and to
be arbitrary in their dealings with the parties ; but the distinction must
have some reasonable effect given to it, and the least effect which can
reasonably be given to the words is, that they dispense with the strict
observance of those rules of law the non-observance of which, as applied
to awards, results in no more than irregularity " (per Ld Selborne,
Rolland v. Cassidy, 67 L. J. P. C. 100 ; 13 App. Ca. 770).
AMIDSHIPS. — By (and qui) s. 437, Mer Shipping Act, 1894,
" * Amidships,' means the middle of the length of the Load Water-line,
as measured from the fore side of the stem to the aft side of the stern-
poSt," — a def adopted from s. 5, 53 & 54 V. c. 9.
AMMUNITION.— The "Ammunition" for a gun, "includes the
whole charge (per Esher, M. R., Ainnstrong Co v. Hotchkiss Co, 13
Times Rep. 188).
Stat. Def. —44 & 45 V. c. 5, s. 6 ; 45 & 46 V. c. 25, s. 36.
AMNESTY 79 AMUSEMENT
AMNESTY V. Pardon.
AMONG. — A testamentary gift to two or more "among," or
" amongst," them creates a tenancy in common (2 Jarm. 257 : Hawk.
112). V. Between.
A gift " amongst the Children of A.," prima facie^ means all his chil-
dren {Pigott V. Wilder^ 26 Bea. 93). So, generally speaking, a Power
to appoint " amongst " a Class, means that each member must have a
share {Stolworthy v. Sancroft^ 33 L. J. Ch. 708); so, " * to and amongst '
have a strict technical sense, and where those words are used, each child
must have some share assigned to him " (per Bayley, J., Doe d. WUlmett
V. Alehin, 2 B. & Aid. 125) : but " to and amongst " a Class, " in such
parts shares and proportions " as the Donee of the Power shall think
proper, gives a power of selection (Spring v. Biles^ 1 T. R. 435, n. : Be
Veahy 46 L. J. Ch. 799 ; 6 Ch. D. 623). Cp. All and every.
AMORTIZATION. — Is to grant lands in Mortmain (Cowel :
Jacob).
AMOUNT. — " Rated to the amount of " ; V. Rate.
Covenant to settle a sum or property " not amounting to"; V. Less.
" Amount realized " ; V. Re Christiey cited Realized.
" Amount recovered " ; V. Recover.
" Amount secured," s. 15 (2), Bg Socy Act, 1874, is not confined to
principal money ; but includes all moneys secured, whether for Principal,
Interest, Fines, or otherwise, and also all Instalments secured though
not presently payable (per Chitty, J., Re Neath Bg Socy, 59 L. J. Ch. 3 ;
43 Ch. D. 158; 6 Times Rep. 13).
Amount " secured " by a Mortgage, qu^ Stamp Act, may not be the
same as a like amount " secured " by a Marketable Security : e,g. a Co's
Debenture for the sum' advanced plus a premium, secures, qu4 the ad val.
stamp, the premium as well as the sum advanced if it is a fixed obliga-
tion, as distinct from a mere option to the Co to pay off plus the pre-
mium ; whereas, if it were a mtge, the ad val. duty would, probably, be
only assessable on the sum advanced, — V, s. 86, Stamp Act, 1891 {Rotv-
ell V. InL Rev., cited Marketable Security). But even, qui a Debent-
ure, if there be only an option to pay oR at a premium, the " amount
secured," on which ad val. duty is payable, does not include the premium,
because the obligor need never exercise his option {Knight* s Deep v.
Inl, Rev., 1900, 1 Q. B. 217; 69 L. J. Q. B, 66; 81 L. T. 625; 48
W. R. 198).
AMPLE. — "As Full and Ample a manner"; V. Full.
AM P L Y. — " Amply secured " ; V. Secured.
AMUSEMENT.— V. Entertainment.
AN 80 ANCHORAGE TOLL
AN. — " An " is sometimes read in the most absolute sense as meaning
" AXY, — wliatsoever." " I am of opinion that the expression, *a» Act
of Bankruptcy/ s. 5, Bankry Act, 1883, includes everything which by
legislative enactment is made to be an act of bankruptcy, whether by this
Act itself or by some other Act passed before it came into operation "
(per Cotton, L. J., JEx p. Pratt ^ 63 L. J. Ch. 614). Cp. B. v. Snagge^
cited A.
ANANIAS. — To write of a Person that he is an "Ananias" could
hardly be other than libellous ; secusy of a Newspaper, for it may be
libellous, or, on the contrary, may import no more than the innocent
publication of false news {AvAtralian Newspaper Co v. Bennetty 1894,
A. C. 284; 63 L. J. P. C. 105; 70 L. T. 697; 68 J. P. 604).
ANCESTOR. — ** Ancestor is derived of the Latine word anteees*
sor, and in law there is a difference between antecessor &nd prcedecessor.
For antecessor is applied to a natural person; but prcedecessor is applied
to a body politique or corporate " (Co. Litt. 78 b).
" The word * Ancestor ' does not mean, either etymologically or techni-
cally, a lineal ancestor only; in illustration of which proposition I may
refer to a passage in Com. Dig., Vol. I., 6th Ed., 706, as to the English
writ of *Mort d'Ancestor'; which (it is said) * does not lie upon the
death of any Ancestor, except a father, mother, brother, sister, uncle,
aunt, nephew, or niece ; for upon the death of another Ancestor, an aiely
hesaiel, or cosinage lies ' " (per Selborne, C, Zetland v. Ld Advocate^
3 App. Ca. 620). And per Ld Hatherley (76.) the word "Ancestor,"
as used in the Sucn Dy Act, 1853 {V, Succession), is properly assign-
able to the person who really preceded in the estate, although that person
may not be the progenitor of the Successor.
ANCESTRAL. — "Ancestral Property," does not, necessarily, mean
property which has been a long time in a family; it rather means, prop-
erty derived from the proprietor's father, and, at least, immovable prop-
erty {Gossain v. Oossatn, 8 W. R. 196, 198).
ANCHOR. — Qu^ Anchors and Chain Cables Act, 1899, 62 & 63
V. c. 23, " 'Anchor,* and 'Chain Cable,' include any shackle attached
to, or intended to be used in connexion with, the anchor or chain cable"
(s. 19).
V. At Anchor.
ANCHORAQE TOLL. — An Anchorage Toll is a Toll for every
anchor — (and sometimes in respect of a vessel having no anchor), — cast
in a Port, or on anchorage ground proved, or legally presumed, to have
once formed part of a Port (Foreman v. Free Fishers of Whitstable, 38
L. J. C. P. 346 ; L. R. 4 H. L. 266 ; explaining Gann v. Free Fishers of
ANCHORAGE TOLL 81 ANCIENT LIGHT
WhUstahU, 35 L. J, C- P. 29; 11 H. L. Ca. 192). Vf. Hale, De Porti-
bus Maris, Ch. 6.
V. Toll.
ANCHORITE V. Recluse.
ANCIENT DEMESNE. — " Those lands which were in the posses-
sion of Edward the Confessor are called Ancient Demesne, . . . and
the Tenants which hold any of those lands are called. Tenants in
Ancient Demesne " (Termes de la Ley, Demaines), Cowel's def is
fuller; he says, " 'Ancient Demeasife,' or *Demayn/ is a certain Ten-
ure whereby all the Mannors belonging to the Crown in the dayes of
Saint Edward, or William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers and
names of which Mannors, as of all others belonging to common persons,
are written in Doomsday. And those which by that Book appear to
have at that time belonged to the Crown and are contained under the
title Terra Regis^ are called Ancient Demesne." Vf. Demesne: Soche-
MANs: Tallage: Elph. 560: Jacob: 1 Encyc. 252.
ANCIENT DOCUMENT. — It is, probably, impossible to define
what is an "Ancient Document" to which the doctrine of Contemn
poranea Expositio may be applied. Semble, it should be, at least, " one
or two Centuries " old ( V, per Ld Watson, Clyde Ndv, v. Laird, 8 App.
Ca. 673); one 45 years old is much too young (Hastings v. N. E, Ry^
1899, 1 Ch. 656; 68 L. J. Ch. 315; 80 L. T. 217; affd nom. K E. Ry
V. Hastings, 1900, A.C. 260; 69 L. J. Ch. 616; 82 L. T. 429). A stat-
ute of 1858 is not "ancient" {Clyde Nav. v. Laird, sup.): Vf, Doe
d. Kinglake v. Beviss, 18 L. J. C P. 128 ; 7 C. B. 456, and cases there
cited. As to the doctrine itself, V, Elph. Ch. 5.
ANCIENT INCLOSURE Qui Inclosure Act, 1836, 6 & 7 W. 4,
c. 15, " Ancient Inclosures," means, " lands which shall have been in-
closed from the Open Fields, or any of them, for more than 20 years next
preceding the date of the Agreement for Inclosure " (s. 22). F". Old
Inclosube.
ANCIENT LIGHT. — An Ancient Light is a defined aperture in a
Building, through which (as of Right, and not by '* Consent or Agree-
ment by Deed or Writing," V. Is Writing) there has been Actually
ENJOYED an Access and use of light " for the full period of 20 years,
without Interruption" (s. 3, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 71). Vh. Gale, Part 3,
ch. 2 : Goddard on Easements, 5th Ed., 49-57. At p. 51 of latter book,
it is pointed out ** that the phrase * Ancient Window ' is to be found
nowhere."
As to construction of a Covenant to rebuild so as to preserve Ancient
Lights, V Low V. Innes, cited Rebuild.
6
ANCIENT MEADOW 82 AND
ANCIENT MEADOW,— Meadow not broken up for 20 years
{Murph^j V. Daly, 13 Ir. Cli. Rep. 239): "Ancient Pasture " is
synonymous {Palmer v. M Cormicky 25 L. R. Ir. 110). Note. Break-
ing-up Ancient Meadow or Pasture is, 'prima fade. Waste (Simmons v-
NoHon, 7 Bing. 640: Sv. St. Alban's v. Skipwith, 8 Bea. 354 ; 14 L. J.
Ch. 247). V. Meadows.
ANCIENT MONUMENT. — Stat. Def., 45 & 46 V. c. 73, s. 11.
V. Maintain: Monument.
ANCIENT RENT. — Where a Power of Leasing "is in the form
(which, however, is now uncommon), that the * Ancient Rents ' shall be
reserved, this would seem to mean, the rent reserved under the latest
lease (if any) granted before the creation of the power. But subsequent
leases may be looked at; and the question, where the leases vary, is one
of fact for the jury " (Watson, Eq. 869, 870, citing Doe d. Douglas v. LocJc^
2 A. & E. 705; 4 L. J. K. B. 113 ; 4 N. & M. 807: Doe d. Egremont v-
Stephens, 6 Q. B. 208 : Doe d. Biddulph v. Hole, 15 Q. B. 848; 20 L. JT.
Q. B. 57). But in thlc it was held that if the ancient custom is uniform,
and the single lease varying therefrom is granted just before the creation
of the Power, such exceptional lease cannot be taken as evidence of the
custom.
On the construction of " Ancient," " Accustomed," or " Usual " rent,
V. Sug. Pow. 790: Farwell, 494: 1 Piatt, 414-423.
The phrase generally employed now is Best Rent, whv.
ANCIENT ROYALTY. — " Ancient and extended Royalties "; Stat.
Def., 24 <& 25 V. c. 27, s. 2.
ANCIENT USAGE. —" Warranted by Ancient Usage," s. 95, 5 &6
W. 4, c. 76, repld s. 110, Mun. Corp. Act, 1882 ; V. A.-G. v. Yarmouth,
21 Bea, 625; 3 W. R. 309; 25 L. T. 0. S. 5. Vf. Practice : Renewal.
ANCIENT WINDOW. — V. Ancient Light.
ANCILLARY. — A work is "ancillary or Incidental " to a Trade
or Business when it is not necessary thereto or a primary part thereof,
e.g. the business of a Ry Co is primarily that of Carriage of passen-
gers or goods, and it is not responsible (as an " Undertaker, " within
Workmen's Comp. Act, 1897) for a Contractor it employs to build, repair,
and paint its Stations, because such work (within s. 4) is " merely ancil-
lary, or incidental to, and is no part of," its business {Pearce v. Lond. &
S. W. Ry, 1900, 2 Q. B. 100; 69 L. J. Q. B. 683; 82 L. T. 487; 48
W. R. 599). V. Railway: Incidental or Conducive.
AND. — " And " has generally a cumulative sense, requiring the ful-
filment of all the conditions that it joins together, and herein it is the
antithesis of Or. Sometimes, however, even in such a connection, it is,
AND 83 AND
bj force of a context, read as " Or." Thus where a lessee underlet, with
a proviso, on breach of covenant, enabling him and his lessor to re-enter;
held, that he or his lessor might re-enter on breach {Doe d. Bedford v.
White, 4 Bing. 276). So, a power to apply corpus of trust money for
the " Benefit and Advancement " of a Tenant for Life, " and " may be
read " or " (Re Brittlehank, 30 W. R. 99). On the other hand, s. 17, 59
G. 3, c. 12, makes " Churchwardens and Overseers " a quasi Corporation
for holding and dealing with property Belonging to a Parish ; that
means that, in order to create such a corp officers of both descriptions
must be appointed, and, until that is done, nothing vests ( Woodcock v.
Gibson, 4 B. & C. 462). Vf. Ob read as And, and vice versa,
"And" may be relative as well as copulative (Dwar. 681).
Where there is a string of adjectives between the last two of which
there is the conjunction "and," each adjective is, generally speaking,
independent of its fellows. Thus a bequest for " Benevolent, Charitable,
and Religious " purposes, means that it may be applied in either of those
ways, and, as some are too indefinite, the bequest is bad ( Williams v.
Kershaw, 5 CI. & F. Ill, n.). But sometimes the first adjective (espe-
cially when there are only two) is the controlling word of the enumera-
tion which is merely qualified by that which follows. Thus in Re Sutton
(54 L. J. Ch. 613 ; 28 Ch. D. 464; 33 W. R. 619), Pearson, J., held that
a bequest for " Charitable and Deserving " objects was good, because such
a collocation only contemplated one class of objects, — " the word * Char-
itable ' governs the whole sentence." In that case the learned judge
gave the following illustration, — "Instead of giving to young persons
* under 21 ' you might add the words * and unmarried, ' and those words
would undoubtedly restrict the meaning of the former words." Vf. Re
Scoweroft, 1898, 2 Ch. 638; 67 L. J. Ch. 697: Charitable Purpose:
Or.
"And," sometimes gives a distinct sense to the word it precedes
{Michell V. Michell, cited Effects).
As to the construction and apportionment where charitable and other
ascertained objects are coupled in a bequest, V, 1 Jarm. 217, 218.
Crafton v. Frith, 20 L. J. Ch. 198.
V. Executors.
AND read a8 BUT. — For an instance of this, F. jdgmt Coleridge,
C. J., R. v. Barclay, 61 L. J. M. C. 48 ; 8 Q. B. D. 486.
AND read as OR F. Or.
AND and
. — Where statements or stipulations are coupled by " " they
OR or
are " to be read, either disjunctively, or conjunctively " (per Cairns, C,
Stanton v. Richardson, 45 L. J. C. P. 82), e,g, "The contract on the
face of the Charter-Par ty was that the parties were to * load a full and
AND 84 ANNOYANCE
and
complete Cargo of sugar, molasses, — - other lawful produce'; so that,
according to the contract, the parties were either to load ' a full and com-
plete cargo of sugar and molasses and other lawful produce/ — or, 'a
full cargo of sugar and molasses, or a full cargo of other lawful produce, '
leaving it open in every way by reason of the words « ' being intro-
duced into the Charter-Party " (per Alderson, B., Cuthberty, Cumminf^^
24 L. J. Ex. 198 ; affd lb. 310; 11 Ex. 405). Vf. Fumess v. Tennant,
8 Times Rep. 336.
AND ALSO. — r. Also.
ANIMAL. — A Domestic Fowl is an " Animal," within s. 61, 24 & 25
V. c. 100 (R. V. Brown, 59 L. J. M. C. 47 ; 24 Q. B. D. 357 ; 61 L. T.
594 ; 38 W. R. 95 ; 54 J. P; 408). V. Domestic Animal.
Stat. Def. — 12 & 13 V. c. 92, s. 29 ; 29 & 30 V. c. 2, s. 3 ; 32 & 33
V. C.70, s. 6; 41&42V.C. 74, 8. 5; 57 & 58 V. c. 57, s. 59 ; 63 & 64
V. c. 33, 8. l. — Scot. 13 & 14 V. c.92,8. 11; 58 & 59V. c. 13, s. 2.—
Jr. 33 & 34 V. c. 36, s. 11; 39 & 40 V. c. 51, s. 2.
" Xoisy Animal " ; V. Noisy.
AN NATS. — " * Annats or Annates' ; the First Fruits of an ecclesi-
astical Benefice; V. 25 H. 8, c. 20; 26 H. 8, c. 3: 12 Rep. 45: Spelm."
(Elph. 660). Va. Termes de la Ley: Phil. Ecc. Law, 1355,
ANNEX. — ''Annexed to the Freehold," connotes fastening; mere
juxtaposition to, or the lying of a thing on, the freehold, does not
amount to annexation (Merritt v. Juddy 14 Cal. 64). Cp. Adjoin.
Deed " as an Annex " to a previous Deed ; V. s. 53, Conv. & L. P. Act,
1881. Cp. Supplemental.
Schedule "annexed" to a Will; V, Watson v. Arundel^ Ir. Rep.
10 Eq. 299; 11 lb. 53.
ANNOY.— r. Injure.
ANNOYANCE. — A covenant against doing anything which may be
a " Nuisance or Annoyance " to a neighbourhood, is broken by a Sana-
torium for the rece[)tion of six boys affected with infectious disease
{Watson V. Leamington College, 25 S. J. 30). In that case, Jessel,
M. B., said it might perhaps be difficult to appreciate the difference
between " Nuisance " and " Annoyance," but as both words were used,
"annoyance," evidently, meant something less than "nuisance.^ And
in Tod-Heatley v. Benhani (58 L. J. Ch. 83; 40 Ch. D. 80), it was held
that " Annoyance" has, in this connection, a wider meaning than " Nui-
sance," though it was there doubted whether it was not too much to
say that no " Nuisance " would be within such a covenant, unless it
amounts to an indictable nuisance. F. Nuisance: Offensive.
ANNOYANCE 85 ANNOYANCE
In Bramwell v. Laey (48 L. J. Ch. 339; 10 Ch. D. 691), the words
were " Annoyance, Damage, Injury, Prejudice, or Inconvenience " ;
whilst in Tod-Heatley y, Benham (sup) they were "Annoyance, Nui-
sance, Grievance, or Damage " ; and in the first of those cases an out-
patient Branch of a Hospital for throat and chest diseases was held to he
an ^Annoyance, Inconvenience, and Injury"; whilst in the latter, a
Hospital for throat, nose, ear, skin, and eye diseases, and diseases of
the rectum, was held an "Annoyance or Grievance," those two words
being, apparently, bracketed as synonymous.
" I think an act which is an interference with the pleasurable enjoy-
ment, in reason, of a house is an * Annoyance or Grievance.' It is not
necessary, in order to bring the case within the words, that the plainti£E
should show that any particular man may object to it ; but we must be
satisfied by argument and by evidence, that reasonable people, having
regard to the ordinary use of a house for pleasurable enjoyment, would
be annoyed or aggrieved by what is being done there. It is not neces-
sary, hi order to show that there has been reasonable ground for annoy-
ance or grievance, to show that, in fact, there is danger or risk of
infection. A reasonable apprehension of nuisance from acts done by the
defendant will produce such interference with the pleasurable and reason-
able enjoyment of the adjoining houses as to come within the words
• Annoyance and Grievance ' " (per Cotton, L. J., Tod-Heathy v. Ben-
ham, sup). "The expression * Annoyance' is wider than * Nuisance';
and a thing that reasonably troubles the mind and pleasure, — not of a
fanciful person or of a skilled person who knows the truth, but, — of
the ordinary sensible English inhabitant of a house, seems to me to be
an * Annoyance,' although it may not appear to amount to physical
detriment to comfort " (per Bowen, L. J., /ft.), — e.ff. a high trellis-
work fence which substantially interferes with one's access of light
( Wood V. Cooper, 1894, 3 Ch. 671 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 845; 71 L. T. 222; 43
AV. R. 201). Intermittent pranks by the boys of a private school (espe-
cially when efforts are made to repress them) do not constitute " Annoy-
ance or Disturbance** (Everett v. Beminyton, Times, 24th May, 1892;
67 L. T. 80: S. C. cited Assigns). But "Annoyance" (within a
Residential covenant) may be caused by singing, or piano, lessons in
an adjoining house (Byre v. Landij Times, Ist June, 1895), and much
more by bad practice ( Wilson v. Barnes, lb.). V. Disagreeable.
In Our Boys Clothing Co v. Holbom Viaduct Co (40 S. J. 661),
Homer, J., held that a big, ugly, obtrusive, and vulgar advertisement,
announcing " An Eccentric and Startling Stock-taking Sale," was not
a breach by a Lessee (even as against his Lessor) of his covenant not
to do " anything which might cause Annoyance, or Inconvenience to the
lessors, or their other tenants, or to their neighbours."
An " Annoyance," &c caused by a business, is none the less within
a covenant, because the business is such as would not be prohibited by
ANNOYANCE 86 ANNUAL VALUE
accompanying words levelled against certain specified businesses {Tod-
Heatley v. Benham, sup). Alexander v. Wolsey (Times, 4th Feb-
1891), was a case of that kind, wherein Romer, J., held that the trade of
a Fishmonger, as carried on by deft, was " Annoyance and Damage, "
within lessee's covenant against " Annoyance, Damage, or Disturbance."
Vf. hereon Davis v. Cavey, 58 L. J. Ch. 143 ; 40 Ch. D. 601.
A finding by the Court of Session that burning refuse " would cause
Material Discomfort, and Annoyance," is one of fact, and not of law,
within s. 40, 6 G. 4, c. 120 {Fleming v. Hislop, 11 App. Ca. 686).
Annoyance to Inhabitants; F. Inhabitants, at end.
" Annoyance or Obstruction in any Thoroughfare '' ; V. 0b8TBUCTIO2^-
V, Molest.
ANNUAL BALANCE SHEET.— F. Last,
ANNUAL CLOSE SEASON. — Stat. Del, Salmon Fishery Act,
1873, 36 & 37 V. c. 71, s. 4, whva for " Weekly Close Season." F.
Close Season.
ANNUAL EMOLUMENT. — Compensation for loss of office cal-
culated on two-thirds of "Annual Emolument," s. 8 (7), 31 & 32 V.
c. 110 ; F. R. V. Post master- Gen., cited Emolument.
ANNUAL GENERAL LICENSING MEETING. — F. R. y.
Anglesey Jus,, cited Before.
ANNUAL INCOME.— F. Actual Annual Income.
ANNUAL LICENSE FEE. — F. Pastoral Lease.
ANNUAL NET VALUE. — F. Annual Value: Net.
ANNUAL PAY F Pay.
ANNUAL PAYMENT- — "Annual Payment towards the costs of
Maintenance and Repair," s. 11 (2), Loc. Gov. Act, 1888, means, a
payment to be made annually in respect of the expenditure of the par-
ticular year ; not a fixed sum ascertained by the average expenditure of
a series of years {Sandgate v. Kent Co. Co., 79 L. T. 425).
ANNUAL PROCEEDS. — "Rents, Dividends, and Annual Pro-
ceeds," held, on the context, equivalent to " Annual Rents, Dividends,
and Proceeds '' (Re Green, 40 Ch. D. 610).
ANNUAL PROFITS.— F. Profits.
ANNUAL RACK-RENT.— F. Rack-rent.
ANNUAL RENT. — F. Smith v. Birmingham, 52 L. J. M. C. 81 ;
11 Q. B. D. 195 : Annual Value. Va. Rental.
ANNUAL VALU E. — " Value means Net value " (per Ld Bramwell,
Dobbs V. Grand June, W, W. Co, 53 L. J. Q. B. 52). And on the au-
ANNUAL VALUE 87 ANNUAL VALUE
thority of the same noble and learned lord in the same case, and on that
of Re Elwes (28 L. J. Ex. 46; 3 H. & N. 719), it may be laid down that
the general prlmtt facie meaning of " Annual Value " of property is
that provided for " Net Annual Value " by s. 1, Parochial Assessments
Act, 1836 (6 & 7 W. 4, c. 96, the history of which is traced by Grantham,
J"., Walker v. Brishy^ inf.) viz. — " The rent at which the same might
reasonably be expected to let from year to year, free of all usual tenants'
rates and taxes, and tithe commutation rent-charge (if any), and deduct-
ing therefrom the probable average annual cost of the Kepairs, Insurance,
and other Expenses (if any) Necessary to maintain them in a state
to comnvand such rent " ; and to that def it may now be added that
in estimating such lettable value regard is to be had to the worth of
the premises as used for the purposes for which, or in the manner in
which, they are, for the time being, occupied {West Middlesex W. W.
Co V. Coleman, 64 I/. J. M. C. 70 ; 14 Q. B. D. 629: Grand Junction
W. W. Co V. Daviesj 1897, 2 Q. B. 209 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 633 ; 76 L. T.
833 ; 45 W. R. 687 ; 61 J. P. 484 : Bradford v. WhUe, 1898, 2 Q. B.
630 ; 67 L. J. Q. B. 643. As to what " expenses " may be deducted,
V. R. V. Oainsboroughy 41 L. J. M. C. 1 ; L. R. 7 Q. B. 64 : B. v. Smith,
55 L. J. M. C. 49; 64 L. T. 431 ; 60 J. P. 215: Stevens v. Bishop, 19
Q. B. D. 442; 66 L. J. Q. B. 454; 67 L. T. 482; 36 W. R. 839). Cp.
" Net Rent," sub Net.
Qui the valuation of property in the Metropolis the principle of the
above def has been adopted, but the phrase is altered to " Rateable
Value" the precise def of which is, — "The term * Rateable Value,'
means the Gross Value, after deducting therefrom the probable annual
average cost of the Repairs, Insurance, and other Expenses " necessary
to maintain the heredit in a state to command the annual rent which a
tenant might reasonably be expected to pay (s. 4, 32 & 33 V. c. 67).
V, Arch. P. L., Part 6 : Boyle & Davies, Principles of Rating.
The principle above stated is that which the Metropolitan Waterworks
Companies must adopt in making their charges on " Annual Value"
(Dobbs V. Gratid June. W. W. Co, 63 L. J. Q. B. 60; 9 App. Ca. 49;
49 L. T. 641; 32 W. R. 432). But such a phrase may be enlarged by a
context, e.g. " gross" {Bristol W. W. Co v. Uren, 64 L. J.* M. C. 102;
15 Q. B. D. 637); or "rack-rent" {Stevens v. Barnet Water Co,
67 L. J. M. C. 82; 36 W. R. 924). Vf Rent.
So, too, where a Waterworks Co are empowered to charge "on the
annual value at which the premises are assessed to the Poor- Rate," that
means the annual rateable value ( Warrington W. W. Co v. Longshaw,
61 L. J. Q. B. 498; 9 Q. B. D. 145).
Note, " Where an Act gives power to a Co to impose a Toll or Rate
upon the Public and it is left ambiguous which of two Tolls they have
a right to impose, the Court must decide in favor of that which is the
least onerous or burdensome to the public " (per Esher, M. R., South
ANNUAL VALUE 88 ANNUAL VALUE
Staffordshire W. W. Co v. Barrow, 61 J, P. 662, citing Stourbi^id^e
Canal Co v. Wheelet/, 2 B. & Ad. 792).
In cases of Small Tenements let at weekly rents, — tbe landlord doing
the repairs and paying the rates and taxes, — the proper way of assess-
ing the " annual value " or " annual rent " on which the Water-Bate is
to be charged, is to multiply the weekly rent by 52, and deduct from the
gross amount so ascertained a fair allowance for the average of empty
houses and also the actual amount paid for poor and borough rates (Smith
V. Birmingham, 62 L. J. M. C. 81; 11 Q. B. D. 196); and as to mode of
assessing annual value of such tenements for the Poor-Bate; V. Smith
V. Birminghamj ^ I^ J. M. C. 33, 161 ; 22 Q. B. D. 211.
As to Tnode of calculating Annual Value of the buildings of a School
Board; V. R. v. TVest Bromwich School Bd., 63 L. J. M. C. 153; 13
Q. B. D. 929 : E. v. Lofidon School Bd., 65 L. J. M. C. 169 ; 17 Q. B. D.
738 ; 65 L. T. 384 ; 34 W. B. 583 ; 50 J. P. 419 r and as to Exemption
where the owners and occupiers are prohibited from selling or leasing, —
e.g. Owen's College, Manchester ; V, Owen's College v. Chorlton-upon^
Medlock, 66 L. J. M. C. 29 ; 18 Q. B. D. 403 ; 56 L. T. 373; 35 W. B.
236 ; 51 J. P. 356 : Sv. Burton^n- Trent v. Egginton, 59 L. J. M. C. 1 ;
24 Q. B. D. 197: V. Beneficial. — As to mode of calculating, qu^
Docks and Harbours, F. Mersey Docks v. Birkenhead, 1900, 1 Q. B.
143; 69 L. J. Q. B. 260; 81 L. T. 798; 48 W. B. 259; 64 J. P. 36.—
Qui Mines^ V, Brown v. Eotherham, 83 L. T. 193. — Quk Plantations,
V. Plantation. — Quk Fublic-hotises, V. Dodds v. South Shields, 1895,
2Q. B.133; 64 L. J. Q. B. 508 ; 72 L. T. 645; 43 W. B. 532; 69 J. P.
462 : Cartioright v. Sculcoates, 1899, 1 Q. B. 667 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 455 ;
80 L. T. 450 ; aflfd in H. L., 1900, A. C. 150 ; 69 L. J. Q. B. 403 ; 82
L. T. 157; 48 W. B. 394; 64 J. P. 229. — Qui Water- Works, V. Liv-
erpool V. Llanftjllin, 1899, 2 Q. B. 14; 68 L. J. Q. B. 762; 80 L. T.
667; 63J. P. 452.
In a case under ss. 21, 22 Sucn Dy Act, 1853, Watson, B., in de-
livering the judgment of the Conrt of Exchequer, said, — " The words
* annual value of the land ' are not Words of Art ; but mean, in com-
mon parlance, a rack-rent, or the value of the gross produce of the land,
minus all payments, expenses, interest, labour, and charges on the land
or on the tenant " {Re Elwes, 28 L. J. Ex. 47).
So also the " Value " " By the Year " of lands, &c, for the purpose of
giving County Courts jurisdiction in Ejectment (Co. Co. Act, 1888,
8. 59), is the market value of the property, — the convenient mode for
ascertaining which is prescribed by s. 1, Parochial Assessments Act,
1836 {Elston v. Rose, L. B. 4 Q. B. 4; 38 L. J. Q. B. 6: V. Bent Pat-
able) : but the premises to be valued are those actually in dispute, —
e.g, if there be a dispute over a party-wall, it is the wall, and not the
premises of which it irf part, that has to be valued {Stolworthy v.
Powell, 65 L. J. Q. B. 228; Svthc per Bussell, C. J., Bassano v.
ANNUAL VALUE 89 ANNUITY
Bradley, 1896, 1 Q. B. 646; 66 L. J. Q. B. 479; 74 L. T. 653; 44
AV. R. 676).
Bule 1, s. 60, Income Tax Act, 1842, provides that for the purposes of
that Act the " Annual Value " of lands, &c, shall be the Rack-rent ;
bat the subsequent Rules of the Act would seem to bring this definition
nearly identical with that in the Parochial Assessments Act, 1836 : Vf.
Jie Elwes, sup : Coltness Co v. Black, 6 App. Ca. 316; 61 L. J. Q. B.
626; 29 W. R. 717; 45 L. T. 146.
The Land Tax " Annual Value " is to be ascrt-tained in the same man-
ner as the Income Tax Annual Value (s. 35, 59 & 60 V. c. 28).
But the def of "Annual Value" provided by the Parochial Assess-
ments Act is not applicable to the Inhabited House Duty payable under
the House Tax Act, 1861, 14 & 16 V. c. 36; in that Act the phrase
means, the full and just yearly rent which the premises would ordinarily
command, and without making any deduction therefrom {Walker v.
Bnsley, 1900, 2 Q. B. 735; 69 L. J. Q. B. 875 ; 83 L. T. 347 ; 49 W. R.
23; 64 J. P. 709).
The meaning of " Annual Value " of a resigned Benefice, as used in
8. 8, Incumbents' Resignation Act, 1871 (34 & 35 V. c. 44: Vh. s. 11),
is its Net Annual Value at the time it is resigned ; and the pension
based on such value is not subject to diminution because the value of the
Benefice afterwards declines {Robinson v. Dand^ 65 L. J. Q. B. 685).
" Clear Yearly Value," Rep. People Act, 1832 ; V. Clear.
« Net Annual Value " ; V. Net.
F. Full Annual Value.
Stat. Def. — /r. 40 & 41 V. c. 56, s. 31; " Annual Value of the Hold-
ing,"M&65V. c. 48, S.42.
ANNUALLY. — "Profits and Gains received annually," 6th case,
Sch. D., B. 100, Income Tax Act, 1842, — i.e. for the current year;
F. El/hope Co v. Foyer, 7 Q. B. D. 485 ; 45 L. T. 404.
F Yearly : Per Annum.
ANNUITY. — " An annuity is a yearly payment of a certaine summe
of money granted to another in fee, for life, or yeares, charging the
person of the grantor onely " (Co. Litt. 144 b : Vf. Wms. Exs. 718).
The gift of an " Annuity " generally means an annual sum during the
life of the annuitant {Ee Taber, 61 L. J. Ch. 721), " and nothing more "
(per Fry, J., Blis^ht v. Ilartnoll, 61 L. J. Ch. 163; 19 Ch. D. 294; affd
52 L. J. Ch. 672; 23 Ch. D. 218 : Vf. Be Foster, 23 L. R. Ir. 269 : Ee
Morgan, 1893, 3 Ch. 222; 62 L. J. Ch. 789) ; but where there is a direc-
tion to purchase an annuity, or a dedication of a fund out of which it is
to be purchased, or where the annuity is dealt with as being in existence
and operative beyond the life of the first annuitant and no other period
can be fixed for such further duration short of making it perpetual, the
ANNUITY 90 ANOTHER
annuity will be in perpetuity, — t.e. it is a bequest of such a sum as will
produce the income intended for the legatee, who may (notwithstanding
a direction to the contrary) elect to take that sum or have the annuity;
and, in the event of his death before the annuity is purchased, the sum
which would have been needed for its purchase will go to his representa-
tives (Wms. Exs. 1061 and cases there cited: Stokes v. Heron^ 2 Dr.
& War. 89; 12 CI. & F. 161 : Boss v. BqreVy 31 L. J. Ch. 709; 2 J. & H.
469; Bent v. Cullen, 40 L. J. Ch. 250; 6 Ch. 235, not followed in Be
Morgan, sup: Stokes y. Cheek, 29 L. J. Ch. 922; 28 Bea. 620: Blight
v. Hartnoll, sup: Hicks v. Boss, 41 L. J. Ch. 677; L. R. 14 Eq. 141 :
British Funds). That sum is such a sum as, at the price of the day
(excluding brokerage), would purchase sufficient 2J per cent Consols to
produce the Annuity {Hicks v. Boss, 1891, 3 Ch. 499 ; 60 L. J. Ch. 853 ;
65L. T. 200; 40 W. R. 172).
As to the right of an Annuitant to have the Capitalized Value of his
Life Annuity, instead of the annuity; F". Be Mabhett, 1891, 1 Ch. 707;
60 L. J. Ch. 279; 67 L. T. 447 ; 39 W. R. 537, and cases there cited.
As to an Annuity (charged on a Remainder) running during a Life
Tenancy; V. Be Williams, 64 L. J. Ch. 349; 72 L. T. 324 ; 43 W. R.
375, following Jackson v. Hamilton^ 9 Ir. Eq. Rep. 430; 3 J. & La T.
702, and distinguishing Be Eywater, 18 Ch. D. 17.
As to when charged on Corpus ; V. Be Mason, 8 Ch. D. 411; 47 L. J.
Ch. 660.
" Annuity," s. 8, Legacy Duty Act, 1796, 36 G. 3, c. 62; V. Crow v.
Bohinson, 31 L. J. Ch. 516.
r. Legacy: Pecuniary Legacy: Government Annuities: Per-
petual Annuity : Purchase Annuity : Savings.
" Annuity," 8. 175, Bankry Act, 1849; F. Parker v. Ince, 4 H. & N.
53; 28L. J. Ex. 189.
"Annuities or Periodical Sums," "Annuity," or Sum payahle "at
stated periods " ; F. Periodical.
Stat. Def. — 33 & 34 V. c. 35, s. 5; 36 & 37 V. c. 57, s. 7. — Scot. 39
& 40 V. c. 49, s, 3.
FA. 1 Encyc. 258-262; 10 lb. 34.
ANNUI F. Null.
" Annulling " a Bankry generally includes " superseding " (Bankry
Act, 1849, 8. 276; Bankry Act, 1861, s. 229; 20 & 21 V. c. 60, s. 4).
ANNUM F. Per Annum.
ANOTHER. — A promise "To answer for Another," s. 4, Statute of
Frauds, means that the promise is to be made to the original Creditor
{Eastwood V. Kenyon, 9 L. J. Q. B. 409; 11 A. & E. 438; 3 P. & D.
276: Beadery. Kingham, 32 L.J. C. P. 108; 13 C. B. N. S. 344: Cripps
V. Hartnoll, 32 L. J. Q. B. 381; 4 B. & S. 414), by a person having
no interest in the transaction. Accordingly, under this latter branch
ANOTHER 91 ANSWERABLE
of the def, the obligation on a Del Crederu commission, is not such a
promise (Couturier v. Hasfie^ 8 Ex. 40, adopting Wolff v. Koppely
5 Hill N. Y. Rep. 458: Wickham v. Wickham, 2 K. & J. 478), nor is
an Agreement the office of which is to regulate the terms of the promis-
or's employment (Sutton v. Grej/y 1894, 1 Q. B. 285; 63 L. J. Q. B. 633;
69 L. T. 673; 42 W. R. 195), or which relates to property in which he
is interested (Fitzgerald v. Dressier, 7 C. B. N. S. 374; 29 L. J. C. P.
113), or which, as distinguished from a Guarantee, creates an original
Indemnity by the promisor (Ee Hoyle, cited Note: Guild v. Conrad,
1894, 2 Q. B. 885; 63 L. J. Q. B. 721; 71 L. T. 140; 42 W. R. 642).
V. Debt Default or Miscarriage : I will see you paid.
A Male Person procuring any Male Person to commit with himself
gross indecency, has procured it " with Another Male Person," within
8. 11, 48 & 49 V. c. 69; for this phrase is not equivalent to " with An-
other Male Person other than himself" (B. v. Jones, 1896, 1 Q. B. 4; 65
L. J. M. C. 28; 44 W. R. 110; 73 L. T. 584; 60 J. P. 89: Vf. Anon.,
cited Procure). Cp. Appoint,
ANSWER. — A certificate of indemnity to which a witness is entitled
who shall "answer" questions, means that he shall "truly answer"
(R. V. Hulme, 39 L. J. Q. B. 149; L. R. 5 Q. B. 377). In that case
Lush, J., said, "Wherever the legislature speaks of * answering' ques-
tions, it means that which is intended by the words *true answer,' —
•answer' in the sense in which the word is ordinarily and popularly
used."
" A Party who obtains an Order for time *to answer' (nothing further
being specified), is at liberty to plead, whether the matter of the plea be
the disability of the pit, or any other head of defence " (per Cotten-
ham, C, Hunter v. Nockolds, 2 Phill. 543; 17 L. J. Ch. 253).
" * Presently answer,^ held, in Plowden, only presently become debtor,
not presently pay " (Dwar. 690).
" Promise to answer for Another," s. 4, Stat, of Frauds ; V, Another.
ANSWERABLE F. Indemnify.
" Answerable " is an equivalent for " Liable " (per Ld Gordon, Wear
Commrs v. Adamson, 2 App. Ca. 775).
" Answerable, in damages,^* s. 54, Mer. Shipping Act, 1862 ; F. Stoom-
vart Ma/itschappy Nederland v. P. & 0. Nav. Co, 7 App. Ca. 795 ; 52
L. J. P. D. & A. 1, over-ruling Chapman v. Royal Netherlands Co, 48
L. J. Ch. 449 ; 4 P. D. 167. The first of these cases decides that in a
Collision where both ships are in fault, only one of them is really
"answerable," or, to use the other phrase, " liable " in damages, viz., the
one who sustains the lesser damage, " such damages representing the
moiety of the difference of the aggregate loss beyond the point at which
the one loss balances the other " ; there is but one compulsory payment.
Therefore, the owner of the ship which suffers the greater loss, cannot
ANSWERABLE 92 ANY
recover on a Protection Policy assuring him against what he may " he-
come liable to pay " in respect of a Collision, because he does not become
liable to pay anything (London S, S. Owners Jnsrce v. Grampian S. 5.
Co, 69 L. J. Q. B. 549; 24 Q. B. D. 663; 62 L. T. 784; 38 W. R. 651).
ANTECEDENT.— "Antecedent Debt," s. 3, 5 & 6 V. c. 39; V.
Macnee v. Gorst, 16 W. R. 1197.
ANTICIPATE. — Where there is a gift for life to a married woman,
subject to a Restraint on Alienation, and on her ** anticipating " the
same, then over ; the gift over will not take effect on her executing dur-
ing coverture what professes to be a mtge of her life estate, because she
has no power to mtge; "anticipating" will not be construed "attempt-
ing to anticipate " {Be Wormald, cited Alienation).
ANTICIPATION. — A restraint on "Anticipation" is equivalent
to a restraint on Alienation {Re Currej/, 55 L. J. Ch. 906; 32 Ch. D.
361 : Be Grey, 5fj L. J. Ch. 207).
As to Restraint on Anticipation by a married woman ; V. Godefroi,
585 et seq : — As to what words will create such Restraint ; V, Re-
straint ON Alienation : — As to removing such Restraint ; V.
Benefit.
There is an Anticipation of an Invention, if there has been (1) Prior
Publication ; or (2) Prior Use of it: Vh, Edmunds on Patents, ch. 4,
8. 3: Frost on Patents, ch. 3: as to Prior Use, Vf, Heath y. Smith,
3 E. & B. 256; 23 L. J. Q. B. 166 : Harwood v. G. N. By, 11 H. L.
Ca. 654.
ANTIENT. — V. Ancient.
ANTIQUITY.— F. Law Library.
ANY. — "Any," is not confined to a plural sense {Eaton v. Lyon,
3 Ves. 694),
" Any" is a word which excludes limitation or qualification (per Fry,
L. J., Duck V. Bates, 53 L. J. Q. B. 344 ; 12 Q. B. D. 79) ; " as wide as
possible" (per Chitty, J., Beckett v. Sutton^ 51 L. J. Ch. 433). A re-
markable instance of this wide generality is furnished in Be Farquhar
(4 Notes of Ecc. Cases, 651, 652, cited Wms. Exs. 106), wherein the words
"any Soldier,'* &c, in s. 11, Wills Act, 1837, were construed as includ-
ing minors, so that soldiers and seamen, within that section, can make
Nuncupative Wills though under age. So, a power in a Lease, en-
abling the Lessor to resume "possession of any Portion of the premises
demised," enables him to resume all {Liddy v. Kennedy, L. R. 5 H. L.
134). So, a Notice of an Extraordinary Meeting, under s. 70, Comp.
C. C. Act, 1845, " to remove any of the present Directors," justifies a
Resolution to remove them all {Isle of Wight By v. Tahourdin, 25 Ch.
ANY 93 ANY
D. 332; 53 L. J. Ch. 359; 60 L. T. 132; 32 W. R. 297). Vf. An : Popu-
LAB Action.
So, " under a Devise to three persons as tenants in common in tail, and
in default of such issue 'of any ofthtm^ over; Cross Remainders were
implied, and *any,' in effect, read *all'" (Watson, Eq. 1410, citing
Powell V. Howell, L. R. 3 Q. B. 664 ; 37 L. J. Q. B. 294 ; 9 B. & S. 704 :
r. Holmes v. Meynell, Raym. T. 452).
But its generality may be restricted by the subject matter or the con-
text. Thus, " Any Action," s. 36, Co. Co. Act, 1856, meant any Co. Co.
Action (Re Copp, 6 Q. B. D. 607 ; 50 L. J. Q. B. 233). So, under R.
295, Bankry R. 1870, "any Creditor" might oppose registration of
resolutions; but that meant "any creditor who had previously proved
his debt" {Ex p. Barfster, 53 L. J. Ch. 124; 24 Ch. D. 477: Cp. Wells
V. Greenhill, 5 B. & Aid. 869). So, " any other Person," in R. 32, Ord.
42, R. S. C, means, by the context, any Officer of a judgment-debtor Cor-
poration {Irwell V. Eden, 18 Q. B. D. 588 ; 56 L. J. Q. B. 446 ; b^ L. T.
620 ; 36 W. R. 511) ; and by a context " any person " may mean any
eligible person {Tobacco Pipe Makers t. Woodrojgj'e, 7 B. & C. 838: Vf.
Metrop. Bd. Works v. Loud. & AT. W. Ry, 49 L. J. Ch. 355; 14 Ch. D,
521). So, under Romilly's Act, 52 G. 3, c. 101, " any two or more Per-
sons " to present a petition, means persons having an interest {Re Bed^
ford Charity, 2 Swanst. 518). Vf R. v. Comptroller of Patents, inf.
So, in Weston v. Barton (6 Taunt. 673) a Bond for all advances made
by Bankers (named, and so described) " or any or either of them, " was
controlled by the context as not securing advances by the survivors after
the death of one of them.
But the words "any Person," s. 13 (3), Debtors' Act, 1869, is not
restricted to cases of bankruptcy, and applies to any person whether
bankrupt or not (R. v. Rowlands, 51 L. J. M. C. 51 ; 8 Q. B. D. 530).
Va. Ex p. Harper, Re Taitj 52 L. J. Ch. 117, and Ex p, Norris, Re
Sadler, 56 L. J. Q. B. 93; 17 Q. B. D. 728; 35 W. R. 19, as to the
phrase, " at any Time " in the Bankry Act.
As to the phrase "any Party," R. S. C; V. Shaw v. Smith, 56
L. J. Q. B. 174 ; 18 Q. B. D. 193 ; 56 L. T. 40 ; 35 W. R. 188, explain-
ing Brown v. Watkins, 55 L. J. Q. B. 126 ; 16 Q. B. D. 125.
A local Harbour Act which imposed a penalty on. " any person " who
placed articles " on any quay, wharf, or landing place, within 10 feet of
the quay head, or on any space of ground immediately adjoining the said
haven, within 10 feet from high- water mark," so as to obstruct the free
passage, was held inapplicable to private property over which there was
no public right of way (Harrod v. WorshijJ, 30 L. J. M. C. 165 ; 1 B. &
S. 381).
" Any Carriage " ; F. Carriage, at end.
" Any Cause " ; V. Alteration.
The usual clause in conditions of Sale giving interest, if from " any
ANY 94 ANY
Cause whatever *' the purchase be delayed, may, semble, be modified by
the Court, and does not include the vendor's own avoidable default (JTer-
shaw V. Kershaw, L. K 9 Eq. 56 ; 21 L. T. 661 ; 18 W, R. 477 :
Monckton to Oilzean, 64 L. J. Ch. 257 ; 27 Ch. D. 555 ; 51 L. T. 320 ;
32 W. K. 973 : De Visine v. De Visme, 1 Mac. & G. 336, on whlcv per
Romilly, M. R., Vickers v. Handy 26 Bea. 633, citing Sherwin v.
Shakspear, 5 D. G. M. & G. 517 : Sv. Dart, 143, 144, 719-723 : Vf. Re
Gold and Norton^ W. N. {%o) 6; 62 L. T. 321; 33 W. K 333: Sthlc
not followed in Re Riley to Streatfield^ 34 Ch. D. 386). The stringency
of such a clause is increased by an exception of " other than the Wilful
Default of the Vendor" (Dart. 723).
" Any other Cause whatever " ; F. Sun Insrce t. Ifartj 58 L. J.
P. C. 69.
"Any Company"', Stat. Def., 31 & 32 V. c. 110, s. 3.
" Any CouH of Record "; Stat. Def., 41 & 42 V. c. 49, s. 74.
" Any Damage '*; V. Full Compensation.
"Any Decree or Order," s. 1, 15 & 16V. c. 55; V, Beckett v.
Sutton, 19 Ch. D. 646 ; 46 L. T. 481 ; 51 L. J. Ch. 432.
" In any Direction " ; F. Direction.
" Any Estate, or Interest," includes an Equitable Estate (per Best, J.,
R. V. Geddington, 2 B. & C. 135).
" Any Bird of Game "; V. Game, Animals,
"Any Gaming^** s. 17 (1), 35 & 36 V. c. 94, prohibits a licensed
person from allowing even lawful games on his premises, if played for
money or money's worth {Foot v. Baker , 6 Sc. N. R. 306 ; 6 M. & G.
335; 11 J. P. 444: Dan ford v. Taylor, 33 J. P. 277: Luff v. Leaper,
36 J. P. 64: R. Y.Ashton, 22 L. J. M. C. 1 ; 1 E. & B. 286: Bew v.
Harston, 47 L. J. M. C. 121 ; 3 Q. B. D. 454 ; 26 VV. R. 915 ; 42 J. P.
808 : Dyson v. Mason, 58 L. J. M. C. hh ; 22 Q. B. D. 351).
" Any of the Inhabitants " ; V. Inhabitants.
" Any Land" s. 8, Real Property Limitation Act, 1874, includes only
land within the jurisdiction (Suttony. Sutton, W. N. (83) 88; V, S. C,
cited Charged upon, for " any Sum secured by mortgage ").
" Any Lawful Purpose " ; V. Lawful Purpose.
"In any Manner he may think proper," s. 27, Wills Act, 1837; V,
General Power.
"In any Manner vest "; V. Re De Ros, 31 Ch. D. 81; 56 L, J. Ch.
73; 53 L. T. 524; 34 W. R. 36.
" Any Misdemeanour "; V, Misdemeanour.
" On any Money received "; V. Fisher v. Drewitt, W. N. (78) 151.
" Any Officer "; V. Officer: Stat. Def., 23 & 24 V. c. 114, s. 1.
" Any One accident " ; V, One Accident.
The penalty for an unauthorized representation of " Skuy Part " of a
Dramatic Piece, s. 2, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 15, is not incurred unless a mate-
rial and substantial part of it be given (Blanche v. Braham, 7 L. J.
ANY 95 ANY
C. p. 25; 4 Bing. N. C. 17: CJiatterton v. Cave, 47 L. J. C. P. 545;
3 App. Ca. 483).
A Power of Sale of " any Part " of an Estate would, probably,
authorize the sale of the whole of it {Rendlesham v. MeuXy 14 Sim.
249: Cooke v. Farrand, 7 Taunt. 122); and a Power to Appoint, or a
Bequest of, " any Part " of a testator's estate, enables the donee to take
or appoint it all (1 Jarm. 361, 362, citing Cooke v. Farrand, sup: Arthur
V. Mackinnon, 48 L. J. Ch. 534 ; 11 Ch. D. 385 : Vf. Appropriate). But
the power to sell " any Part " of mortgaged property, s. 19 (1), Conv. &
L. P. Act, 1881, means, " a separable part of the mortgaged property
in the state in which it was subjected to the mtge " (per Bowen, L. J.,/?e
Yates, Batcheldor v. Yates, 57 L. J. Ch. 705) ; and the power does not
enable a mtgee to break up, or dismantle, the property, — e.g. by selling
fixtures separately from the building to which they are affixed {S. C, 57
L. J. Ch. 697; 38 Ch. D. 112; 59 L. T. 47; 36 W. R. 563 : Re Brooke,
1894, 2 Ch. 600; 64 L. J. Ch. 21); yet it does enable him to sell " any
part '* so as to carry with it all legal incidents ordinarily accompanying
a grant, e.g. Rights of Way, or Light (^Bom v. Turner^ 1900, 2 Ch. 211;
69 L. T. Ch. 593; 83 L. T. 148 ; 48 W. R. 697).
A Power to Lease " any Part " of Land, given by Deed or Will, does
not authorize a Lease of the land, or any part of it, with a reservation of
Sporting Rights or Minerals, — " Part," in such a connection, means,
the whole of so much of the land as is divided from the rest vertically,
and not horizontally {Dayrell v. Hoare, 9 L. J. Q. B. 299; 12 A. &E.
356); because, in a private and limited Power of that kind, its donee
cannot, whilst exercising it qu^ one '' part " of the property, impose a
burden on another part (per Rigby, L. J., Re Gladstone, 69 L. J. Ch.
457) . But, in any view, Dayrell v. Hoare, is no authority for the con-
struction of the large general Powers of Leasing given by s. 6, S. L. Act,
1882, or those given by s. 18, Conv. and L. P. Act, 1881, each of which
sets of Powers is over " Land," in the wide meaning of that word
which those Acts provide (and which includes " Incorporeal Heredits ");
accordingly, a Tenant for Life has power, under the first of those sec-
tions, to grant a Building Lease of Settled Land with a reservation of
Mines and Minerals {Re Gladstone, 1900, 2 Ch. 101; 82 L. T. 515; 69
L. J. Ch. 455; 48 W. R. 531, over- ruling Re Nevill and Newell, 1900,
1 Ch. 90: Vf. Re Rutland, 69 L. J. Ch. 603: s. 17, S. L. Act, 1882);
and a Mtgor in Possession has power, under s. 18, Conv. and L. P. Act,
1881, to grant an Occupation Lease of a House and its Furniture, together
with Sporting Rights over the land comprised in the mtge, especially if
those Rights had been severed from the land before the mtge {Browne
V. Peto, cited Occupation Lease).
As to effect of " any Part" in a stipulation against sub-letting; V.
Assign: Underlease.
" Any Part '' of a Borough, within 7 miles of which a man must
ANY 96 ANY
reside as a condition of the Parliamentary Franchise, s. 27, Kep.
People Act, 1832, means, the nearest part {Oldham Case, 1 O'M. &
H. 158).
Costs of an Uncertificated Solr are not " recoverable in any Action,
Suit, or Matter, by any Person," s. 12, 37 & 38 V. c. 68; V, Maintain.
Deposit in hands of "any Person," s. 18, Gaming Act, 1845; V. per
Kay, L. J., Strachan v. Universal Stock Exchange (No. 2)^^ L. J.
Q. B. 181 : Deposit.
" Any Person," riotous, &c, in a Churchyard, or Burial Ground, s. 2,
23 & 24 V. c. 32, includes a Clergyman ( Vallancey v. Fletcher, 1897,
1 Q. B. 265; 66 L. J. Q. B. 297; 76 L. T. 201; 46 W. R. 367; 61 J. P.
183).
"Any Person," s. 11 (1), Patents, &c. Act, 1883, means, any person
having an interest in the particular Patent {R. v. Comptroller of Patents,
1899, 1 Q. B. 909; 68 L. J. Q. B. 568; 80 L. T. 777). Vf, Re Bedfo^^
Charity^ sup: Aggrieved.
"Any other Person," a. 13, 54 & 55 V. c. 37; V. Pollock v. Moses,
63 L. J. M. C. 116; 70 L. T. 378; 58 J. P. 527.
"Any Person not named as Deft," R. 26, Ord. 12, R. S. C; V.
Landlord.
Profits accruing to " Any Person . . . from any kind of Property
whatever," s. 2, Sch. D., Income Tax Act, 1853, 16 & 17 V. c. 34; V.
Colquhoun v. Brooks, 57 L. J. Q. B. 439; 21 Q. B. D. 52; 59 L. T. 661;
36 W. R. 657; a£Ed 59 L. J. Q. B. 53; 14 App. Ca. 493 ; 61 L. T. 518;
38 W. R. 289.
"Any Place'' \ V, Ply: Place.
" Any Port " ; V. Liberty to call.
"Any Power,'* &c, 997, Code of Civil Procedure, Lower Canada;
F. Casgrain v. Atlantic & N. W. Ey, 1895, A. C. 282; 64 L. J.
P. C. 88.
" Any other Purpose "; V. Re Norris, W. N. (83) 35, 65.
Judge to make Note of "any Question of Law," s. 120, Co. Co. Act,
1888, means of each Question (R. v. JTerr, 70 L. T. 695).
" Any Settlement "; F. Settlement.
"Any Ship"; F. Ship.
"At any Stage of the Proceedings," R. 11, Ord. 16, R. S. C; F.
Stage.
" Any Time " ; F. At any time.
" Any Trade or Business "; F. Trade.
"Any Trust"; F. Trust.
" In any JVay") F Mills v. Dunham, cited Customer.
" Any Woman he may marry " ; F. Woman.
Vf Harrison v. Cornwall Minerals Ry, 51 L. J. Ch. 98; 18 Ch. D.
334: Fletcher v. Hudson, 49 L. J. Ex. 793 ; 5 Ex. D. 287; 45 J. P. 5.
F. One: Proceeding.
ANYTHING 97 APOTHECARY
ANYTHING. —" If anything remaining ''; V. Dispose of.
APART. — V, LrviNO Apart: Separate: Neglect: Set Apart.
APOLOGY. — V. Full Apology.
APOTHECARY. — "An Apothecary is a person who professes to
judge of internal disease by its symptoms, and applies himself to cure
that disease by medicines " (per Cresswell, J., Apothecaries Co v.
Lotinga, 2 Moo. & R. 499) ; " a Chymist may prepare and vend, but
not prescribe or administer, medicine " (per Best, G. J., Allison v.
Haydon^ 4 Bing. 621; Vf,j on this distinction, Apothecaries Co v.
Greenouffhf inf.).
A person advising patients, and compounding and selling his own
medicines, but not making up physicians' prescriptions, is acting as an
" Apothecary " within s. 20, 65 G. 3, c. 194 (Apothecaries Co v. Allen,
4 B. & Ad. 626; 1 N. & M. 413: lb. v. Greenough, 1 Q. B. 799; 11
L. J. Q. B. 156 ; 1 G. & D. 378) ; so, of a Chemist who habitually advises
the medicines he sells {lb, v. Nottingham, 34 L. T. 76). But acting as a
Surgeon or Accoucheur, is not practising as an Apothecary, nor is the
supplying of medicines gratis {Woodward v. Ball, 6 C. & P. 677). Vf.
Apothecaries Co v. Warburton, 3 B. & Aid. 43, 44, where it is stated
that the " most important part of the duty of an Apothecary is to make
up the prescriptions of physicians."
A person acts as an Apothecary within s. 20, if he selects and sup-
plies medicines for the purpose of individual cure, even though he may
also be an Herbalist, and, as such, protected by 34 & 36 H. 8, c. 8 {Apothe-
caries Co v. Welch, Times, 21st March, 1890).
An " Apothecary," within the late Bankry def of " Trader," included
a man (e.g. Palmer, the Eugeley murderer) who carried on the business
of Surgeon and Apothecary, and made up medicines for his patients, but
did not make them up from other persons' prescriptions, or sell drugs to
the public {Ex p. Crabb, Re Palmer, 25 L. J. Bank. 46; 8 D. G. M.
& G. 277).
A bequest to " the Surgeon and Resident Apothecary " of the S. Dis-
pensary " or any who may hold the like situations "; held, to include the
two Surgeons to the Dispensary and also the Dispenser, there being no
Besident Apothecary {Ellis v. Bartrum, 25 Bea. 109).
Stat. Def.— 16 & 17 V. c. 97, s. 132.
Note. James I. incorporated the Apothecaries of London (6 & 7
W. 3, c. 4, s. 1) ; and it has been contended that that statute was the
first recognition of the right of Apothecaries to attend patients, as well
as to make up and sell medicines, though Hose v. College of Physicians
(6 Brown, P. C. 663) is sometimes cited as having first established
such right (1 Q. B. 806, n).
r. Practice: Surgeon: Chemist: 1 Encyc. 267.
7
APPAREL 98 APPEAL
APPAREL. — V. Tackle : Weabing Apparel: Paraphebnalia.
APPARENT. — By s. 64, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882, an alteration in a
Bill which is not " apparent " will not affect a Holder in due course.
" By the word * apparent ' I do not think it is meant that the holder only
should not have had the means of detecting the alteration. If the party
sought to he hound can at once discern hy some incongruity on the face
of the (Bill or) Note and point out to the holder that it is not what it
was — that ia to say, that it has been materially and fraudulently
altered — I think the alteration is an 'apparent' one, even if it is
not an obvious one to all mankind" (per Denman, J., Leeds Bank v.
Walker, 52 L. J. Q. B. 694; 11 Q. B. D. 84: Vf. Scholfield v. Londes-
borough, cited Acceptance).
F. Obvious: Apparent Possession.
" Apparent," s. 21, Wills Act, 1837, means, apparent on the face of
the instrument in the condition in which it is left by the testator (Re
Horsford, 44 L. J. P. & M. 9 ; L. R. 3 P. & D. 211) ; but, though no
physical interference with the document is allowable, yet it may be
examined with magnifying glasses and held up to the light and the
alteration may be framed with an opaque substance so as to exclude
superfluous light; and if an expert, after such an examination, can
decipher the original words and can satisfy the Court thereof, then they
remain "apparent," within the section {Ffin^ihY. Cowie, 1894, P. 191;
63 L. J. P. D. & A. 113 ; 70 L. T. 695).
V. Heir Apparent.
APPARENT EASEMENT. — Apparent Easements are "not only
those which must necessarily be seen, but those which may be seen and
known on a careful inspection by a person ordinarily conversant with the
subject " (Gale, 21, 139, adopted, Pyer v. Carter, 2Q L. J. Ex. 261 ; 1 H.
& N. 922).
F. Necessary.
APPARENT POSSESSION. — Qu^ Bill of Sale; Stat. Def., 41
& 42 V. c. 31, s. 4 ; (Ir.) 42 & 43 V. c. 60, s. 4, taken from 17 & 18
V. cc. 36, b6, V. Possession.
APPARITOR- — " Apparitors," are officers appointed to execute the
proper Orders and Decrees of the Ecclesiastical Court (Phil. Ecc. Law,
951, 952).
APPEAL. — The right of Appeal is only by statute. It is not in
itself a necessary part of the procedure in an action, but " is the right of
entering a Superior Court and invoking its aid and interposition to re-
dress the error of the Court below. It seems absurd to denominate this
paramount right, part of the practice of the inferior tribunal" (per
Westbury, C, A-O. v. Sillem, 33 L. J. Ex. 209 ; 10 H. L. Ca. 704).
APPEAL 99 APPEARANCE
F. Pbacticb : As to the various Appeals, V. 1 Encyc. 269-283.
A motiou before a Judge in Court to discharge or vary an Order made
by him in Chambers is, not an Appeal but, a Re-Hearing (per Cotton,
L. J., Ee Giles, 43 Ch. D. 395; 69 L. J. Ch. 226; 62 L. T. 375; 38
W. K 273 : Boake v. Stevenson^ 1895, 1 Ch. 358; 64 L. J. Ch. 261; 71
L. T. 722; 43 W. R. 189). So, an Application to the Court of Appeal
to discharge or vary an Order, made by one of its members under s. 52,
Jud. Act, 1873, is not an Appeal within s. 1, Jud. Act, 1894 (Boi/d v.
Bischoffscheim, 1896, 1 Ch. 1; 64 L. J. Ch. 148) ; but an application to
vary the Findings of an Official Referee, is such an Appeal {Daglish v.
BaHon, 81 L. T. 551 ; 48 W. R. 50 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 1044).
"Notice of Appeal," Sch. C. s. 14, Petty Sessions Clerk (Ir) Act,
1858, 21 & 22 V. c. 100, does not include the Notice to be given by the
Appellant under s. 24, 14 & 15 V. c. 93 {R. v. Cork Jus., 30 L. R. Ir.
679).
Stat. Def. —53 & 54 V. c. 27, s. 15. — Ir. 59 & 60 V. c. 47, s. 22.
"Appeale of felonie " (Litt. s. 500); — " A2Jpellum signifieth accii-
satio, an accusation, and therefore to appeale a man is as much as to
accuse him ; and in ancient bookes he that doth appeale is called accusa-
tory and is peculiarly in legall signification applyed to appeales of three
sorts," — Le. (1) Wrong to Ancestor; (2) Wrong to Husband; (3)
Wrong to self, " The word appellum is derived of appeller^ to call, be-
cause appellans vocat reum in judicium^ he calleth the defendant to
judgment, and the plaintife is called the appellant " (Co. Litt. 287 b).
APPEAL COURT. — V. s. 13 (2), Interp. Act, 1889.
APPEAR. — A Condition of a Legacy, that legatee "personally
appear before exors " and prove identity, is performed by delivering
such proof to two of the exors and to the agent of the third (Tanner v.
Tebbutt, 12 L, J. Ch. 216).
" Appear, act, or behave " ; V. Keeper.
A statutory power enabling a Body to " appear " by, e.g. their Clerk,
does not entitle it to be heard in that way (R. v. London Jus., 1896,
1 Q. B. 659; 65 L. J. M. C. 120; 74 L. T. 623; 44 W. R. 485; 60
J. P. 420).
A state of things, " made to appear " ; F. Stanley v. Fielden, 5 B.
& Aid. 431, 433, 437. Semble, the phrase is nearly, if not quite,
synonymous with "proved."
But where the phrase is, — e.g. s. 36, P. H. Act, 1875, — if a state of
things shall " appear " to a Local Authority, " that is obviously for the
purpose of making the Local Authority the judge," — i.e. it is their
opinion, and not the actual fact, which is predicated (per Channell, J.,
Robinson v. Sunderland, cited Sufficient Cause).
APPEARANCE. — The actual " Appearance " of the parent is not a
condition precedent to making an order for Vaccination under s. 31, 30
APPEARANCE 100 APPLICABLE
& 31 V. c. 84 (R. V. Cinque Forts Jus., 66 L. J. M. C. 167; 17 Q. B. D.
191 : Dutton v. Atkins, 40 L. J. M. C. 167 ; L. R. 6 Q. B. 373) ; and a
similar rule was laid down as regards the power, under an old Act, to
discharge an Indenture of Apprenticeship " on the Master's appearance "
{Ditton's Case, 2 Salk. 489).
APPENDAGES AND APPURTENANCES. — An assignment of
" all the Appendages and Appurtenances " of a Ship, includes her chrono-
meter (1 Maude & P. 63, citing Langton v. Horton, 11 L. J. Ch. 299).
*• The case upon the ship Dundee (1 Hagg. Adm. 121), upon which we
have a judgment hy Ld Stowell and by Ld Tenterden, has only gone to
the extent of establishing that, under 63 G. 3, c. 169, in the expression
' Ship and her appurtenances,' the word ^Appurtenances ' must be con-
strued to extend to anything belonging to the owners which is on board
a ship for the accomplishment of the object of the voyage and adventure
on which she is engaged ; but the Cargo itself is the object and purpose
of the adventure, and not something provided as a means for the attain-
ment of the object " (per Langdale, M. R., Langton v. Horton, 11 L. J.
Ch. 238 ; 6 Bea. 9) ; and it was accordingly there held that a cargo of
oil, though acquired by a whaler during her adventure, was not included
in an assignment of her " Appurtenances." V. Appubtexances, at end.
APPENDANT- — " Appendant, is any inheritance belonging to an-
other that is superior or more worthy. In law it is called pertinens,
quasi invicem tenens, holding one another; a word indifferent both to
things appendant, and things appurtenant. The quality and nature of
the things do make the difference. Appendants are ever by prescrip-
tion ; but appurtenants may be created in some cases at this day " (Co.
Litt. 121b). F. Appurtenances : Incorporeal Heredit.
Common Appendant ; V, Common. Cp. In Gross, sub Gross.
Vh, 1 Encyc. 284.
APPERTAINING. — The primary sense of "Appertaining" is
much the same as Appurtenances, whv,
" There is, however, a difference between the devise of a house and
the appurtSj and of a house tcith the lands appertaining thereto. It is
clear that by the latter expression some lands are intended, and therefore
the primary sense of the word * appertaining * is excluded" (1 Jarm.
782, and cases there cited).
Vf. Williams V. Phillips, 61 L. J. Q. B. 102; 8 Q. B. D. 437:
Townsend v. Champemown, 1 Y. & J. 638 : Belonging.
APPLICABLE. — British laws prescribed for a Colony " In so far as
applicable " ; V. Jex v. McKinney, 68 L. J. P. C. 67.
Adoption by a Special Act of a General Act, " so far as applicable to,
and not inconsistent with, the provisions " of the Special Act ; F. 22. v.
G. W. By, 1 E. & B. 263 j 22 L. J. Q. B. 66 : Cp. Expressly varied.
APPLICATION 101 APPOINT
APPLICATION- — "Application," in R. 15, Ord. 58, E. S. C,
includes the hearing of the action as well as an interlocutory proceeding
(International Financial Socy y, Moscow Ga>s Co^ 47 L. J, Ch. 258;
7 Ch. D. 241 ; 37 L. T. 736 ; 36 W. R. 272). Vf. Refusal.
Notice of Motion to set aside an Award, is a commencement of an
** Application " under R. 14, Ord. 64, R. S. C. {Re Gallop afid Central
Queensland Meat Co, 59 L. J. Q. B. 460 ; 25 Q. B. D. 230 ; 62 L. T.
834; 38W.R. 621).
" Application," s. 60, Land Law (Ir) Act, 1881 ; V. Chains v.
kelson, 12 L. R. Ir. 272.
" Special Application " ; V. Special.
V, Universal Application.
APPLIED. — V. Productive Capital.
" Capital Money to be applied," s. 15, S. L. Act, 1890 ; K Re Bristol^
cited Capital Money.
Money " to be applied " for Maintenance ; V. Williams v. Papworth^
cited Maintenance.
** Appropriated and applied " ; V. Appropriated.
APPLOT.— Quk Grand Jury (Ir) Act, 1856, 19 & 20 V. c. 63,
** * Applot ' and * Applotment,' shall include * Assess' and 'Assess-
ment ' " (s. 19).
APPLY- — Though a discretionary Trust "to Pat to" A. income
which has been forfeited by his bankruptcy, is bad (as being in deroga-
tion of the bankruptcy), yet such a Trust " to apply " the income for
A.'s ** Benefit during the remainder of his life " is good, and the trustees
may spend the whole, or any part, of the income in A.'s Maintenance,
in the widest and most general sense of that word {Re Bullock, Good v.
Lickorishy 60 L. J. Ch. 341 ; 64 L. T. 736 ; 39 W. R. 472).
" Before he applies " ; V. Before.
" Applies " a Trade Description to Goods ; F. Trade Description.
APPOINT. — A power "to appoint" to such persons as the donee
may think fit enables him to appoint to himself or wife (Sug. Pow. 25).
So, under a power " to appoint " an Executor to a Will, the donee may
appoint himself {Re Ryder, 31 li. J. P. M. & A. 215; 2 Sw. & T.
127) : but, semble, a person nominated to appoint a New Trustee cannot
appoint himself {Re Skeats, 58 L. J. Ch. 656; 42 Ch. D. 522: Re
Newen^ 1894, 2 Ch. 297 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 763 ; 43 W. K. 58), but in those
cases the decision proceeded also on the ground that the power was given
to appoint " any other person." CJp. Another.
" Appoint," in a general bequest, may be sufficient to execute a Special
Power of Appointment {Pidgely v. Pidgely, 1 Coll. 255 : Sv. Re Rich-
ardson, 17 L. R. Ir. 436).
V. General Power : Power : Expressly Kefer ; Limit.
APPOINT 102 APPORTION
Where there is a Single Arbitrator, " Notice to appoint an arbi-
trator," 8. 6, Arb. Act, 1889, means, Notice to concur in appointing (per
Esher, M. R., Re Eyre and Leicester, 1892, 1 Q. B. 136 ; 61 L, J. Q. B.
438 ; 65 L. T. 733 ; 40 W. R. 203).
F. Acknowledge.
APPOl NTED. — When a statute declares that a Class of persons shall
exercise a certain function, — e.g, shall be Improvement Commrs, —
each member of that class is '* appointed " to exercise the function
{Nicholson v. Fields^ 31 L. J, Ex. 233 ; 7 H. & N. 810).
The regular employment of a person in a particular function, is equiva-
lent to his being " appointed " to it, unless some special mode of appoint-
ment is prescribed {Frost v. Bolland, 5 B. & G. 611). F. Treasurbk :
B. V. Slatter, cited Accepted.
"Appointed Day "; Stat. Def., Loc Gov Act, 1894, s. 84 (4).
APPOINTEE. — "Appointee," s. 1, Real Property Limitation Act,
1833 ; V. Re Devon, 1896, 2 Ch. 662 ; 65 L. J. Oh. 810 ; 75 L. T. 178 ;
45 W. R. 25.
APPOINTMENT. — A Power to appoint "by Will or Appoint-
ment,*' to be signed and sealed in the presence of oue or more witnesses,
may be exercised by Deed (Sug. Pow. 211).
A Clause of Cesser, if no " Appointment" of a specified fund is made,
means, if no part of the fund is appointed (Amott v. Tyrrell, 21 Bea.49).
As to execution of Power of Appointment; V. General Power:
Special.
V. Appoint: Appointed.
The " appointment " by a Justice of a Select Vestryman, s. 1, 59 G. 3,
c. 12, was merely a ministerial authentication of the latter's nomination
and election (/?. v. Adams, 2 A. & E. 413).
Qu^ Volunteer Act, 1863, 26 & 27 V. c. 65. " ' Appointments,' includes
Accoutrements and Equipments of every kind, other than Clothing "
(s. 49) ; — a def adopted for the Naval Artillery Volunteer Act, 1873,
36 & 37 V. c. 77 (s. 43).
APPORTION- — "Apportion signifieth a division or partition of a
rent, common, &c, or a making of it into parts" (Co. Litt, 147 h).
"This definition seems incomplete. 'Apportionment,' frequently de-
notes, not division but, distribution ; and, in its ordinary technical sense,
the distribution of one subject in proportion to another previously dis-
tributed " (1 Swanst. 338, n). Cp. Divide.
" To apportion," — e,(/. expenses, — does not, per se, mean equally to
divide ; and, therefore, the apportionment of expenses of street-paving,
s. 77, Metrop Man Act, 1862, need not be made on any uniform
principle, but is in the discretion of the Council, and can only be
challenged for mala fides {Stotesbury v. St, Giles, Camberwell, 57 L. J.
APPORTION 103 APPREHENSION
M. C. 114; 69 L. T. 473; 53 J. P. 5. Vh. B. v. Marsham, 1892, 1 Q. B.
371; 61 L. J. M. C. 62: Derbi/ v. Grudgings, 1894, 2 Q. B. 496;
63 L. J. M. C. 170; 43 W. R. 74: Metrop. District Ry v. Fulham,
1895, 2 Q. B. 443; 65 L. J. Q. B. 29; 73 L. T. 330; 44 W. R. 63; 69
J. P. 679: Clacton v. Young, 1895, 1 Q. B. 395; 64 L. J. M. C. 124;
71 L. T. 877; 43 W. R. 219; 59 J. P. 681, whlc distinguished Wake-
Jield V. Mander^ 6 C. P. D. 248. Cp. Sheffield v. Anderson^ cited Un-
BE A SON able). So, when it is said that County Couit costs " shall he
paid hy or apportioned hetween the parties " as the judge shall think
just^ 8. 113» Co. Co. Act, 1888, ohviously no equal division is meant.
Vf. Incurred.
As to disputing Apportionment under s. 150, P. H. Act, 1875 or,
where adopted, 55 «& 56 V, c, 57; V. Dispute.
Note. An Apportionment under Metrop Man Acts, or P. H. Acts,
does not, necessarily, preclude the Local Authority from re-considering
it and making another apportionment (Bishop v. Wandsworth, 69 L. J.
Q. B. 632; 82 L. T. 766; 64 J. P. 630).
Final apportionment; V, Stock v. Meakin, cited Outgoing.
Apportionment Acts; V. Due: Fixed Period: Periodical: Divi-
dend: 1 Encyc. 286-288.
APPRAISEMENT- — An Appraisement, or Valuation, is in the
nature of an Award (Pei'kins v. Potts, 2 Chitty, 399) ; but in some respects
differs therefrom (Leeds v. Burrows, 12 East, 1 : Vf, Arbitration).
Commission of Appraisement, in an Admiralty Action; V. Wms. &
Bruce, Part 2, ch. 1, s. 8.
APPRAISER. — Qui Stamp Acts, an "Appraiser is a person who
shall value or appraise any estate or property, real or personal, or any
interest in possession or reversion, remainder or contingency, in any
estate or property, real or personal, — or any goods, merchandize, or
effects of whatsoever kind or description the same may he, — for or in
expectation of any Hire, Gain, Fee, or Reward, or Valuable Considera-
tion to be therefor paid him " (s. 4, 46 G. 3, c. 43).
V. Sworn Appraiser.
APPRECIATE. — F. Inappreciable.
APPRECIATION.— F. Bishop v. Smyrna Ry, cited Profits.
APPREHENDED "Apprehended Injury," s. 25, W. W. C. Act,
1847; F. per Halsbury, C., Holliday v. Wakefield, cited Land.
APPREHENSION.—" Apprehension," s. 8, Extradition Act, 1870,
33 & 34 V. c. 62, includes detention (R. v. Weil^ 53 L. J. M. C. 74;
9 Q. B. D. 701 ; 47 L. T. 630 ; 31 W. R. 60; 15 Cox, C. C. 189).
" Reasonable Apprehension " ; F. Impossible.
APPRENTICE 104 APPROPRIATE
APPRENTICE. — " In legal acceptation, an Apprentice is a person
bound to another for the purpose of learning his Tbade, or Callijto •
the contract being of that nature that the master teaches and the other
serves the master with the intention of learning " (per Cockburn, C. J.,
Clapham v. St. Fancras, 29 L. J. M. C. 143, 144; nom. St. Pancra^ v.
Claphaniy 2 E. & E. 742), whc decided that an Articled Clerk to a Solr
(then called an Attorney), was an " Apprentice " entitled to gain a Poor
Law Settlement under s. 8, 3 W. & M. c. 11. But in Ex p. Frideaiuc
(7 L. J. Ch. 202; 3 My. & C. 327) Cottenham, C, held that such an
Articled Clerk was not an " Apprentice," within s. 49, 6 6. 4, c. 16,
which discharged an Apprentice from his Indentures on his master be-
coming bankrupt; but at that time a Solr (or Attorney), as such, could
not become a bankrupt.
Again, in R. v. Doncaster (7 B. & C. 630), the question was whether an
Articled Clerk to an Attorney had been an Apprentice to a TradCj so as
to be entitled to the Freedom of the Borough of Doncaster; held, he was
not ; Tenterden, C. J., saying, — "A person who serves an attorney under
Articles of Clerkship can hardly be said to be an ' Apprentice ' within
the popular meaning of that term. Here, however, the right is con-
fined to such persons as have served an apprenticeship to a Trade. An
attorney exercises a Profession, and not a Trade."
If the definition of Cockburn, C. J. (sup), is to be accepted as ex-
act, the word " Calling " must have a wide meaning, for it has been held
that a Girl, who bound herself to a Man to learn housewifery business^
and such other business as her master should have to do (there being no
Art or Trade for her to learn), was an Apprentice (/?. v. St. Fetrox^
Burr. S. C. 248).
r. 1 Encyc. 289-294: Seaman.
Qua 1 V. c. 19, amending Slavery Abolition Act, 1833, 3 & 4 W. 4,
c. 73, " Apprentice " and " Apprenticed Labourer, " mean " such persons
as, having been formerly held in slavery, are now apprentices " subject
to the Act of 1833, or any Order in Council, Ordinance, or Act of As-
sembly thereunder (s. 29, 1 V. c. 19).
APPROACH. — V. Immediate Approach: Bridge.
" Approaching Ship " ; V. The Franconia, cited Overtaking Ship.
" Means of Approach," s. 74 (2), London Bg Act, 1894; V. Carritt v.
Godson^ cited Part.
APPROBATION T. Consent.
APPROPRIATE. — A power in a Will enabling a person to " Appro-
priate " or " Select," for his own use, such parts of testator's property as
he may desire, has been held to intimate a confidence that a reasonable
selection, and not the whole, will be taken ; and though the exact extent
APPROPRIATE 105 APPROPRIATION
to which the donee may go in benefiting himself could not, in the natnre
of things, be laid down beforehand, jet, possibly, the Court would find a
mode of restraining any palpably unreasonable exercise of the power
{Kennedy v. Kennedy^ 10 Hare, 438 : Vf, Davis v. Davis, 1 H. & M. 256:
Heid y. Reid^ 30 Bea. 388). But where the power extends over only a
small class of property, — e,g, testator's plate, — and the donee be his
widow, she may take the whole of it {Arthur v. Mackinnon^ 48 L. J. Ch.
534; 11 Ch. D. 386; 27 W. R. 704). And even where there were no
such circumstances, but the gift empowered the donee " to choose every-
thing he might desire " from the Furniture, except some specified arti-
cles; the Court of Appeal (hereon affg Korth, J.) held that he might
take all, or as much as he liked, other than the excepted articles {Re
Sharland, 74 L. T. 664). So, a gift of (say) Wines to A., but with a
direction that B. may " consume " as much of them as he " cares to do "
during his life, enables B. to consume the whole of them; but, on his
death, the unconsuroed part will go to A., not indeed by way of succession
but, as an independent gift which then becomes ascertained {Re Colyer,
55 L. T. 344; W. N. (86) 169 : V. Coxsumablk). Vf. Appropriation :
Pabt: Such: Liddyv, Kennedy, cited Any: 1 Jarm. 362.
An executed Parliamentary Power to "Appropriate and tise" the
Subsoil of a Public Boadway for a Ry Tunnel, creates an Hbredit,
not a mere Easement {Metrop. Ry v. Fowler, 1893, A. C. 416; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 663; 69 L. T. 390; 42 W. R. 270; 67 J. P. 766). Under such a
power, subsoil under private land cannot be appropriated and used until
the Compulsory Purchase Provisions of the Lands C. C. Act, 1845, have
been complied with {Farmer v. Waterloo & City Ry, 1895, 1 Ch. 627;
64 L. J. Ch. 338; 72 L. T. 226; 43 W. R. 363).
" How can you * appropriate ' Under-ground Water?" (per Smith, L. J.,
Bradford v. Fickles, 64 L. J. Ch. 103, affd in H. L. 1896, A. C. 587 ; 64
L. J. Ch. 769).
r. Take and appropriate.
APPROPRIATED. — In a general testamentary gift of all property
of whatever description that testator might die possessed of, to be " ap-
propriated " as donee might think fit, Leach, V. C, thought a criticism
founded upon the words " possessed of " and " appropriated " too nice to
exclude Realty {Noel v. Hoy, 5 Mad. 38; stated 1 Jarm. 730).
Property " appropriated and applied," s. 11 (2), Customs and Inl. Rev.
Act, 1885, must be actually applied, as well as appropriated, in order to
obtain the Exemption thereunder (/n/. Rev. v. Scott ^ cited Manner:
Vf. Re Royal Coll. Surgeons, cited Science).
V. Legally appropriated.
APPROPRIATION. — "The word 'Appropriation' maybe under-
stood in different senses. It may mean a selection on the part of the
APPROPRIATION 106 APPROVAL
vendor, where he has a right to choose the article which he has to supply
in performance of the contract; and the contract will show when the
word is used in that sense. Or^ the word may mean that both parties
have agreed that certain articles shall be delivered in pursuance of the
contract, and yet the property may not pass in either case. < Appropria-
tion ' may also be used in another sense, viz., where both parties agree
iipon the specific article in which the property is to pass, and nothings
remains to be done in order to pass it " (per Parke, B., Wait v. Baker^
2 Ex. 8, 9; 17 L. J. Ex. 310, 311).
Appropriation of Goods j F. Blackb. 128, n, citing Laidler v. Burlinson,
2 M. & W. 602; 6 L. J. Ex. 160; Atkinson v. Bell, 8 B. & C. 277:
Anderson v. Morice^ L. R. 10 C. P. 68, 609; 1 App. Ca. 713; 44 L. J.
C. P. 10, 341; 46 lb. 11: Calcutta v. De Mattos, 32 L. J. Q. B.
322; 33 lb. 214. Vf, Colonial Insrce v. Adelaide Insrce^ 12 App.
Ca. 128.
Appropriation of Payments ; " Where the purchaser owes more than
one debt to the vendor, and makes a payment, it is his right to apply
(or in technical language ' appropriate ') the payment to whichever debt
he pleases" (Benj. 726). Vh. Clayton's Case, 1 Mer. 608: Re Friend^
1897, 2 Ch. 421 ; m L. J. Ch. 737 ; 77 L. T. 60; 46 W. R. 139, and cases
there cited.
" * Appropriation ' ; the annexing of an Ecclesiastical Beneficb to
the proper and perpetual use of a spiritual corporation or college "
(Elph. 561; whv), Vf. per Crampton, J., Shaw v. Woods^ 6 Ir. Com.
Law Rep. 165: Termes de la Ley: Cowel: Phil. Ecc. Law, 219, 220:
Endowment.
" Special Application or Appropriation"; F. Special.
F. Appropriate: Profits.
APPROVAL. — A thing done with the "Approval" of A., means
that, and only that, which he has, with full knowledge^ approved; and,
therefore, where the Treasury, under ss. 108, 109, Mun Corp Act, 1882,
had approved a conveyance of Corporation Property which (in fact, but
without the knowledge of the Treasury) had been sold as part of, a
Building Scheme; held, that the Treasury had not given " Approval " to
the implied Vendor's Conditions, arising from such Scheme, and that,
accordingly, the Grantee was not entitled to the benefit of such Con-
ditions (Davis V. Leicester, 1894, 2 Ch. 208; 63 L. J. Ch. 440).
Sale on Approval; F. Sale on Trial.
Acts of Vestry Committee needing " Approval " of the Vestry, s. 68,
Metrop Man Act, 1855, — e.g. Notice under s. 85, — do not need
previovs approval 5 if Vestry Ratify, that suffices {Firth v. Staines,
1897, 2 Q. B. 70; 66 L. J. Q. B. 510; 76 L. T. 496; 45 W. R. 675; 61
J. P. 452). Op. Sanction.
F. Subject to.
APPROVE 107 APPROVED SERVICE
APPROVE- — A Statutory Direction that the Court is to "refuse to
approve," — e.g, a Scheme of arrangement, s. 3 (9), Banliry Act, 1890,
unless 7«. 6«f. in the B, is secured, — does not mean that the Court is
bound to approve if the Condition is complied with, it only means that
such compliance is a sine qua non to the matter being considered (^d
Butt, 1892, 2 Q. B. 467; 61 L. J, Q. B. 591 j m L. T. 553).
F. Appboval: Sanction.
APPROVED- — When one of the parties to a bargain writes
"approved" at the end of the draft of the agreement and adds his
signature, he thereby makes the draft a binding contract, and does not
merely express approval of its form after the manner of conveyancers
(Brogden v. MetTop, JRyy 2 App. Ca. 666).
APPROVED AGREEMENT. — A sale "subject to an Approved
Agreement"; held, not a concluded transaction (per Brett, J., Harman
V. HomeT, 32 S. J. 762 : Sv, per Wright, J., Chipperjield v. CarteT :
both cited Subject to).
APPROVED BILI "I think the phrase 'Approved Bill' could
only mean a Bill to which no reasonable objection could be made, and
which ought to be approved " (per* Ellenborough, 0. J., Hodgson v.
Davies, 2 Camp. 531: F. Benj. 721). V. Prove.
" Approved Bankers' Bill "; V. Smith v. MerceT, L. R. 3 Ex. 51.
APPROVED PLAN. — An " Approved Plan," by a Local Authority,
means, one which the Authority has lawfully approved, and not merely
one it has actually approved if such approval was in contravention of the
General Law or its own Bye Laws (Yal)bicom v. King, 1899, 1 Q. B.
444; Q^ L. J. Q. B. 560; 80 L. T. 159; 47 W. R. 318; 63 J. P. 149:
Re Mcintosh and FontgpTidd ImpTovement Co, 61 L. J. Q. B. 164).
APPROVED SECURITIES. — "A power to lend on 'Approved
Securities,* though it will justify an investment on an ordinary Mort-
gage, might not be held to extend to Railway Securities (Re Slrnson,
1 J. & H. 89). And where trustees are empowered to lend 'on such
securities as they may appTove,^ they are still bound to make en-
quiries, and exercise a sound discretion whether the securities are of
sufficient value; and if in such a case the trustees lend on any irregular
securities, the onus lies on the trustees to show the sufficiency of the
security (Stretton v. Ashmall, 3 Drew. 9; 24 L. J. Ch. 277: Va Zam-
haco V. Ca^savetti, L. R. 11 Eq. 439 : New London & Brazilian Bank v.
Brocklebank, 61 L. J. Ch. 711; 21 Ch. D. 302)." (Lewin, 330).
V. Sbcubity.
APPROVED SERVICE.— Stat. Def., Police Act, 1890, 53 & 54
V. c. 45, s. 4 (1).
APPROVEMENT 108 APPURTENANCES
APPROVEMENT. — An Approvement of a Common is an enclosure
( V. 20 H. 3, c. 4) by a Lord of part of the Waste, or Waste Grouni>,
of his Manor, "leaving neverthelesse sufficient Common, with egresso
and regresse for the Commoners " (Termes de la Ley). Vh Wms. on
Eights of Common, 103 et aeq : Elph. 661 : Sufficient Pasture.
A Custom for the Lord, with consent of the Homaqe, to enclose, with-
out leaving Sufficient Pasture, is good (Ramsay v. Cruddas, 1893,
1 Q. B. 228; 62 L. J. Q. B. 269; 68 L. T. 364; 67 J. P. 406).
Note, The consent of the Board of Agriculture is now necessary to
the validity of an Enclosure^ or Approvement, of any part of a Common
(pQ & 67 V. c. 67, s. 2).
APPROVER. — " 'Approver,' or 'Appellor/ is he who hath com-
mitted some Felony which he confesseth, and now appeal eth or ap-
proveth; that is to say, accuseth others which were coadjutors or helpers
with him in doing the same or other Felonies, which thing he will
approve " (Termes de la Ley). Fjf Cowel: Jacob: Informer.
"The 'Kings Approvers,' are those that have the letting of the
Kings Demeanes in small Manners for the Kings greater advantage "
(Termes de la Ley).
APPURTENANCES. — "By the grant of a messuage, or a mes-
suage with the appurtenances^ doth pass no more than the dwelling-
house, barn, dovehouse, and buildings adjoining, orchard, garden, and
curtilage, i,e. a little garden, yard, field, or piece of void ground, lying
near aud Belonging to the messuage, and houses adjoining to the dwell-
inghouse, and the close upon which the dwellinghouse is built, at the
most. And so much also may pass by the grant of a house. So that
the quantity of an acre of ground, or thereabouts, in orchard, garden,
and out-let, may pass by either of these names, but more than this will
not pass by the grant that is made in either of these words, albeit more
have been occupied with it, and albeit more be intended to be passed by
the grant. And therefore if there be a messuage or dwellinghouse, and
divers acres of land thereunto belonging, called altogether by the name
of Hedges, and a grant is made by these words of. All that messuage
with the appurtenances commonly called by the name Hedges; by this
grant nothing shall pass but the messuage, garden, and curtilage, and
yet if a manor, or farm, be commonly called by the name of a messuage,
there by the grant of a messuage the whole manor, or farm, may pass "
(Touch. 94). In this latter case it is not the word " appurts " that has
to be construed, but rather the extent and meaning of the name of the
messuage ( V, Lister v. Plckford^ inf).
The Touchstone, after the extract given above, goes on to say, " and
by the grant of a messuage, or house, and all lands thereunto appertain-
infff will pass all the land usually occupied Therewith." This, however,
is incorrect. A thing may be " Used and Enjoyed " or " Occupied " with
APPURTENANCES 109 APPURTENANCES
soraething else, without "belonging or appertaining" thereto j and if
these latter words, or " with the appurts, " only were used they would
only cover such things as are appurtenant to and form part of the prop-
erty which is the principal subject of the instrument (^Buck v. Nurton,
1 B. & P. 63: Barlow v. Rliodes, 2 L. J. Ex. 91; 1 Cr. & M. 439;
3 Tyr. 280 : WarcUe v. Brocklehurat^ 29 L. J. Q. B. 145 : Maitland v.
Mackinnon^ 32 L. J. Ex. 49: Bolton v. Bolton^ and Feck v. London
School Bd.^ cited Ways). Secua, where the words are "used," "en-
joyed," or " occupied " {James v. Plant, 6 L. J. Ex. 260 ; 4 A. & E. 749 ;
6 N. & M. 282 : Vthc followed and distd Worthington v. Gimson, 29
L. J. Q. B. 116). Thus, where there are two tenements in one owner-
ship, there can be no Easement over the one which is " appurtenant " to
the other ; and even if these tenements were formerly in different owner-
ships, and, whilst in such different ownerships, the one had acquired an
easement against the other, yet, if they become united in ownership, all
subordinate rights and easements are extinguished; and if the owner of
both devises the tenement which formerly had the easement, with its
** appurtenances," the easement does not pass, though its use has con-
tinued,— for the Right to it was extinguished by the unity of owner-
ship, and the word " appurtenances " is insufficient to create or renew
the right ( Whalley v. Tompson, IB. & P. 371) ; secuSf had the devise
been, "with the easement now used" (per Eyre, C. J., lb.).
But the word " appurtenant " may be used in a secondary sense as
equivalent to such a phrase as " usually enjoyed with " (Elph. 188 : Bay-
ley V. G. W. Ry, 26 Ch. D. 434; 51 L. T. 337. Vth, and generally
hereon. Dart, 609, 610). V. Right.
Contract to sell land " with the appurts " ; F. Ways.
In Lister v. Pickford (34 L. J. Ch. 582 ; 34 Bea. 576), Romilly, M. R.,
said, — " It is settled by the earliest authority, and acted upon and con-
firmed without contradiction down to the latest, that Zane^ cannot he
appurtenant to Land : and that the word * Appurtenances ' includes in-
corporeal hereditaments, such as rights of way, of common, of piscary,
and the like ; but does not include land to be added to that which was
granted " : F%, Hill v. Grange, Plowd. 170 : Buck v. Nurton, sup: per
Willes, J., Simpson v. Dendy, 8 C. B. N. S. 468.
But though Lister v. Pickford, and Evans v. Angell (26 Bea. 202),
were especially pressed on Kay, J., in Cutkhert v. Robinson (51 L. J.
Ch. 238), he there, after briefly reviewing the authorities, said, — " The
law seems to be clearly this: Neither in a Deed nor in a Will does the
word * Appurtenances ' include land, if the principal subject of gift is
land or a messuage. But if, from the circumstances at the date of the
Will and the whole context, it is clear that land is intended to pass as
appurtenant, the word * Appurtenant ' is flexible enough to carry it."
Va Gary, 24, per Bromley, C. : and in the early case of Hill v. Orange
(sup) it was held that "appertaining," as there used, had a wider mean-
APPURTENANCES 110 APPURTENANCES
ing than its strict signification, and was used, as it is commonly used, in
the sense of " occupied with," or " lying to." Vfj Boocher v. Samfordf
Cro. Eliz. 113 : Ongley v. Chambers, inf.
So, a gift of " my freehold messuage or Mansion-house, with the offices,
garden, lawn and Appurtenances thereto, now in my occupation," was
held, by force of the word " Appurtenances," to pass meadows without
which the house would be no better than a suburban villa {Leach v.
Leach, W. N. (78) 79: FjT, Ee Otley and Ilkley, cited Now). But it
may, probably, be affirmed that the burden of proof lies on those who con-
tend for this enlarged meaning (1 Jarra. 781, 782 : Evans v. Angell, sup),
and for an example in which the enlarged meaning was not given, V,
Smith V. Midgway, L. R. 1 Ex. 46.
A Pew in the Aisle of a church, may be prescribed for as " Appurtenant '*
to a house not situate in the Parish {Davis v. Witts, Forrest 14).
It is sometimes said that the phrase " with the appurtenances, " adds
but little, if anything, to the meaning, as the principal carries the acces-
sory (Touch. 89; Vth, Elph. 186-189). Still some weight will frequently
be attachable to the phrase ; and " it is construed more strictly in a Deed
than in a Will " (Elph. 189, citing Ongley v. Chambers, 8 Moore C. P.
665 : 1 Bing. 483). In a Conveyance executed since the Conv. and L. P.
Act, 1881, the phrase could scarcely add anything to the wide General
Words which, by s. 6 of that Act, are implied ; on the contrary, it would
rather narrow those words ( F. Ways). In a Lease it is flexible {Dobbyn
V. Somers, 13 L. R. Ir. 592).
In a Testamentary Gift of an Indigo Factory in India, " with the
zemindaries, villages, and lands therewith held and used, and the Ap-
purts " ; held, that the Outstandings of the factory business did not pass,
although they were part of the concern and without the arrangements
respecting them the business could not have been carried on {Finch v.
Finch, 35 L. T. 235).
Vf, as to the meaning of " Appurtenances," Woodf. 149, 150: 2 Piatt,
33: PheyseyY. Vicary, 16 M. & W. 484: Ackroyd v. Smith, 19 L. J.
C. P. 315: Thomas y. Owen, bl L. J. Q. B. 198; 20 Q. B. D. 225; 58
L. T. 162; 36 W. R. 440; 52 J. P. 516: Eoe v. Siddons, 22 Q. B. D.
224: Smith v. Martin, 2 Saund. 400 a, on whlcv notes in Wms. Saund.
F. Appebtaining : Appendages: Appendant.
" Appurtenances " of a Ship, " as used in a Bill of Sale, passes every-
thing belonging to the ship which is necessary for her as a ship; in any
other Contract of Sale it would have the same meaning with the addition
that if a ship be sold as of a particular Class, or as engaged in or suitable
for a particular Employment, everything belonging to her which is neces-
sary for a ship of that class or for that employment passes to the pur-
chaser " (Abbott 27, Fjf cases there cited).
** Appurtenances " of a Ship must be such things as are appropriated to
her exclusively \ and do not include such things as she uses indiscrimi-
APPURTENANCES ill ARBITRATION
nately with other ships {Ee Salmon & Woods, Exp. Gould, 2 Morr. 137 j
Vthc^ also cited Ship).
APPURTENANT V. Appendant.
Common Appurtenant; F. Common.
APT. — " Apt and Fit to execute " an Office; V. Fit.
AQUA.— r. Watebs.
Aquatiles; V. Fowl.
ARABANT. — " Are they that held by Tenure of Ploughing or Tilling
ground " (Cowel).
ARABLE. — V. Land : Mountain.
In a Deed, " * arable ' does not only mean land actually ploughed up or
iu tillage, but also land capable or fit to be so " (per Chatterton, V. C.
Palmer v. M'Cormick, 25 L. R. Ir. 119).
ARBITRARILY.— V. Unreasonably.
ARBITRARY. — " Arbitrary Fine," s. ^5, 5 & 6 W. 4, c. 76, repld,
8. 110, Mun Corp Act, 1882; V. A.-O. v. Yarmouth, 21 Bea. 632.
Arbitrary Fine on Copyholds ; V. Scriven, 6 Ed. 155.
ARBITRATION. — " An arbitration is a reference to the decision of
one or more persons, either with or without an umpire, of a particular
matter in difference between the parties " (per Romilly, M. K, Collins
V. Collins, 28 L. J. Ch. 186; 26 Bea. 309: Termes de la Ley, Arbitre-
ment). Accordingly if parties sell and buy, and leave the price or com-
pensation for errors to be fixed by Valuation, any question that may
arise respecting such valuation is not such a difference as will make the
case one of "Arbitration " within ss. 11, 12, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854, or
8. 27, Arb Act, 1889 (Collins y. Collins, 28 L. J. Ch. 184; 26 Bea. 306:
Boss V. Helsham, 36 L. J. Ex. 20; L. R. 2 Ex. 72: Re Bawdy, 54 L. J.
Q. B. 574; 15 Q. B. D. 426 : but though in Boss v. Helsham the Court
rejected the award of an arbitrator on a question of compensation under
Conditions of Sale, Jessel, M. K., gave effect to such an award in Be
Turner & Skelton, 49 L. J. Ch. 114; 13 Ch. D. 130). The object of the
valuation in such a case is to prevent differences and is a mere Appbaise-
MSNT valuation. " If," however, " two persons enter into an agreement
for the sale of property, and try to settle the terms, but cannot agree, and
after dispute and discussion respecting the price, say, we will refer the
question of price to A. B., he shall settle it, and they agree that the
matter shall be referred to his arbitration, that would appear to be < Ar-
bitration ' in the proper sense of the term within the meaning of the Act "
(per Bomilly, M. R., Collins v. Collins, sup). And so, if there be a
distinct agreement providing for the appointment of an umpire to deter*
I
ARBITRATION 112 ARBITRATION
mine differences between valuers, that would be an " Arbitration " (Re
Hopper, 36 L. J. Q. B. 97; L. E. 2 Q. B. 367: Ee Dawdy, sup); but
the differences must be such as involve the consideration of Evidence,
and which differences must be determined judicially; for if all that has
to be done is to fix a price by the exercise of personal knowledge and
skill, then that is a Valuation, not an Arbitration, and it is not made an
Arbitration by reason merely of an umpire being provided for and ap-
pointed to adjust the price as between the valuers {Re Hammond and
Waterton, 62 L. T. 808; explaining Re Hopper^ and reconciling it with
Re Carus' Wilson and Greene, 66 L. J. Q. B. 530; 18 Q. B. D. 7; 55
L. T. 846; 35 W. R. 43). V. Valuation.
A reference of possible disputes to a Foreign Court is an agreement for
" Arbitration '* within the sections cited {Law v. Garrett, 8 Ch. D. 2Q),
The sections cited from the Com. L. Pro. Act were repealed, and
similar but wider provisions made, by the Arb Act, 1889: Vth, Dis-
pute: Every.
A Clause to arbitrate disputes will not prevent an Action for a com-
pleted Cause of Action ; secas, if arbitration is a Condition Precedent
to liability (Add. C. 77 : Viney v. Norwich Insrce, cited Entitled).
A clause for arbitration, in Partnership Articles, does not include a
question of Dissolution {Joplin v. Fostlethwaite, 61 L. T. 629: Tumell
V. Sanderson, 60 L. J. Ch. 703).
An arbitration under Lands C. C. Act, 1845 {Re Dare Valley Ry,
and Rhodes v. Airedale Co, cited Consent), or under s. 180, P. H. Act,
1875 (Knowles v. Bolton, 1900, 2 Q. B. 253; 69 L. J. Q. B. 481; 82 L. T.
229; 48 W. R. 433), is subject to the power of the Court to enlarge the
time for the Award given by s. 9, Arb Act, 1889.
Whilst the cases cited show the distinction between an Arbitration
and a Valuation, we get under the Arb Act, 1889, a decision showing the
difference between an Arbitration and a Trial : thus, the reference of an
action " to be tried " by an Official Referee under s. 14, Arb Act, 1889,
is a reference for Trial, and is not a " Compulsory Reference to Arbitra-
tion," within s. 8, Jud. Act, 1884 {Munday v. NoHon, 1892, 1 Q. B. 403;
61 L. J. Q. B. 456; 66 L. T. 173; 40 W. R. 355).
So, when a whole cause is referred to a Special Referee under Ord. 36,
R. S. C, that is a Trial {Patten v. West of England Iron Co, 1894,
2 Q. B. 159; 63 L. J. Q. B. 757; 70 L. T. 908; 42 W. R. 522).
An Agreement that disputes shall be referred to " Arbitration," with-
out prescribing the number of arbitrators, is a submission to a Single
Arbitrator, qu& s. 5, Arb Act, 1889 {Re Eyre and Leicester, cited
Umpire).
V. Award: Submission: Equivalent.
In interp clauses, "Arbitrator" generally includes an Umpire, and
" Arbitrators " a single Arbitrator, e.g. 11 & 12 V. c. 63, s. 2; lb. c. 112,
8. 147.
ARCHBISHOP 118 AREA
ARCHBISHOP. -^ An Archbishop is a Metropolitan Bishop, and
resembles the Primus in the Scotch Church (Phil. Ecc. Law, 20). He has
the general Overseership of the Bishops and Clergy of his Province
(1 Bl. Com. 380).
Stat. Dei — 37 & 38 V. c. 77, s. 14. —Jr (Archbishop of Armagh;
Archbishop of Dublin) 27 & 28 Y. c. 54, s. 4.
ARCHDEACON. — An Archdeacon holds a Dignity (Phil. Ecc. Law,
128) in the Church of England, working next to a Bishop. He is usu-
ally appointed by a Bishop by Collation; but an Archdeaconry may be
in the gift of a Layman, who presents his nominee to the Bishop who
gives that nominee Admission (Phil. Ecc. Law, 198). Quare impedit
lies for an Archdeaconry (Smalwood v. Coventry Bp,^ Cro. Eliz. 141, 207).
An Archdeacon's function is to assist the Bishop in his Overseership.
''In general, the Archdeacon's jurisdiction is founded on Immemorial
Custom, in subordination to the Bishop's ; and he is to be regulated as to
his Dignity, Office, and Power according to the law, usage, and custom
of his own Church and Diocese " (Phil. Ecc. Law, 200). Vh Phil. Ecc
Law, Part 2, ch. 5, wh contains a statement of the Modern Statutes
affecting this Dignity. Cp, Rural Dean.
Stat. Def. — (Archdeacon) 34 & 35 V. c. 43, s. 3; (Archdeaconry) 55 &
56 V. c. 32, s. 12.
ARE. — " Now are " ; V. Now.
** Are," will sometimes be read in a future sense (Re BaylisSj 17 Sim.
178). ^Is.
AREA. — Qui London Bg Act, 1894, " « Area,' applied to a Building,
means the Superficies of a horizontal section thereof made at the point of
its greatest surface, inclusive of the External Walls and of such por-
tions of the Party Walls as belong to the building " (subs. 22, s. 5;
adopting the def in Metrop Bg Act, 1855, s. 3, except its concluding
words, *^ but excluding any attached building the height of which does
not exceed the height of the ground-story ").
Qui Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act, 1899, 62 & 63 V. c 19, " ' Area of
Supply y* means, the Area within which the Undertakers are, for the time
being, authorized to supply Energy under the Special Order " (Sch s. 1).
** Area of User " of a Street, by a Public Authority, is the surface, —
and also the soil beneath aud the space over to such a depth and height
as is reasonably necessary to enable such authority to execute and per-
form its duties (FareJiam v. Smithy and other cases, cited Vest).
" Betterment area " ; V. Trade Interest.
" Bridge area " ; V, Bridge.
" Exchange Area " ; V. Exchange,
" Improvement area " ; V. Abut.
F. Leasehold area: Lighthouse: Local area: Highway.
" Special areas " ; V. Special.
8
ARCENTUM DEI 114 ARISING
ARQENTUM DEI. — Is " God's Money, — i.6. money given in
Earnest upon the making of any bargain " (Cowel).
ARISE. — F. Br whose act.
The " Matter of Complaint," s. 11, Sum Jur Act, 1848, arises when
the thing complained of is complete, as distinguished from mere matters
of delimination or procedure ; e.g. the time from which the infringement
of a BuiLDiNO Line is to be reckoned, is the day when the bg is erected
above the ground so that the bg projects be^rond that Line, and not from
the date of the Superintending Architect's Certificate, although the Line
must be delimitated by such Certificate and without it proceedings must
fail (London Co. Co. v. Cross, 61 L. J. M. C. 160; 66 L. T. 731, recon-
ciling Pdddington v. Snow, 45 L. T. 475, with Spackman v. Plumsteady
cited General Line of Building). So, of the erection of an Encroach-
ment (Banking v. Forbes, 34 J. P. 486), or of a Party Wall contrary to
a Bye Law (Marshall v. Smith, 42 L. J. M. C. 108; L. R. 8 C. P. 416;
28 L. T. 538).
But when a Demand has to be made (Labalnumdiere v. Addison, 28
L. J. M. C. 25 ; 1 E. & E. 41 ; 23 J. P. 261 : Grece v. Huivt, 46 L. J. M. C.
203; 2 Q. B. D. 389; 41 J. P. 261), or a Time has to expire (Jacomb v.
Dodgson, 32 L. J. M. C. 113; 3 B. & S. 461; 27 J. P. 68: Mayer v.
Harding^ L. R. 2 Q. B. 410 ; 9 B. & S. 27, n. a ; 17 L. T. 140 ; 32 J. P. 421),
before the thing complained of is complete, the time runs from the demand,
or the expiry of the time. Vf Morant v. Taylor, cited Otherwise.
Of course, where the Offence is a continuing one, — e.g. a Smoke
Nuisance (Higgins v. Northvnch, 22 L. T. 752), or unlawfully detaining
a Rate Book (Mayer y. Harding, sup), the Matter of Complaint also con-
tinues, and s. 11 does not apply. F/* Continuing Offence.
As to what is a Special Limitation of s. 11, V. Morris v. Duncan, cited
Bkcoveb.
Cp. Accrue.
ARISING. — "Arising/rom"; F. Caused by.
"Traffic arising and terminating on the Ry," in a Ry Act; held,
" Traffic that does not pass over any other Ry " (Distington Iron Co v.
Lond. & N. W. Ry, 6 Ry & Can Traffic Ca. 111).
Loss " Arising off their Lines " ; V. Kent v. Mid. Ry, L. R. 10 Q. B. 1.
" Arising out of the Bankruptcy," s. 102, Bankry Act, 1883; V. Re
Eawke, Exp. Scott, 55 L. J. Q. B. 302; 16 Q. B. D. 503; 54 L. T. 54;
34 W. R. 167.
" Arising out of the Employment " ; V. Employment.
Profits " arising or accruing " in the United Kingdom, s. 2, Sch D.,
Income Tax Act, 1853, mean Profits coming to the person's hands or
received by him in the United Kingdom (Colquhoun v. Brooks, 59 L. J.
Q. B. 53; 14 App. Ca. 493; 61 L. T. 518; 38 W. R. 289; 54 J. P. 277:
ARISING 115 ARMY
Vthc, London Bank of Mexico v. Apt?iorpe, and San Faulo Ey v.
Carter, cited Carry On). Cp. Derive, last par.
" Question arising"; V. Question.
Exception in an Accidental Insurance of Death from causes " arising
wit kin the system of the insured " ; V. Smith v. Accident Insrce, L. R.
6 Ex. 302; 39 L. J. Ex. 211 : Fitton v. Accidental Death Insrce, 34 L. J.
C. P. 28; 17 C. B. N. S. 122.
ARM. — " Armed with an Offensive Weapon "; V. Offensive.
** Arm of the Sea " ; V. Creek.
V. Arms : Loaded Arm.
ARMAMENT. — Quk Kaval Defence Act, 1889, 52 & 63 V. c. 8,
** * Armament,' includes Beserves as well as Outfit" (s. 8).
ARMIGER.— V. Esquire.
ARMORIAL BEARINGS.— Qud. Revenue Act, 1869, 32 & 33 Y.
c 14, and hy s. 19 (13) thereof, — " * Armorial Bearings,' means and
includes, any Armorial Bearing, Crest, or Ensign, hy whatever name the
same shall be called, and whether such Armorial Bearing, Crest, or En-
sign shall be registered in the College of Arms or not"; but a Public
Stage or Hackney Carriage is exempt (subs. 15).
ARMS.— F. Arm: Force.
" Armour and Arms " ; V. Jacob.
Name and Arms Clause; V, Name.
Qu^ Peace Preservation (Ir) Act, 1881, 44 & 45 V. c. 5. " • Arms,'
includes any Cannon, Gun, Revolver, Pistol, and any description of Fire
Arms ; also any Sword, Cutlass, Pike, and Bayonet ; also any part of any
Arms as so defined " (s. 6), — a def in great part taken from s. 4, 33 & 34
V. c. 9, and adopted for Prevention of Crime (Ir) Act, 1882, 46 & 46 V.
c 25 (s. 35). O?. 6 & 7 V. c. 74, s. 62.
Qiih Military Manoeuvres Act, 1882, 45 & 46 V. c. 10, " * Arms, Muni-
tions of War, and Stores,' includes, all matters and things required for
the use of the Forces to whom this Act applies, or any part thereof, and
all Animals and Conveyances used for the conveyance of such matters or
things; also all Animals used for the food of the Forces, or any part
thereof " (s. 11), adopted from 34 & 35 V. c. 97, s. 11; 35 & 36 V. c. 64,
8.13; 36&37 V. c. 58, s. 12.
ARMY. — " Army Chaplain "; Stat. Def., 31 & 32 V. c. 83, s. 2.
" Army Reserve Force "; Stat. Def., 34 & 35 V. c. 86, s. 19; 42 &
43 V. c. 33, s. 181; 44 & 45 V. c. 58, s. 190 (10); 45 & 46 V. c. 48,
8.28.
"Army School"; Stat. Def., 54 c& 55 V. c. 16, s. 1.
AROSE 116 ARRAY
AROSE. — V. Abisk.
AROUND. — '' An agreement to furnish granite for a mason to set
by delivering it ' on and around the site ' of the building, is not per-
formed by delivering it at a corner of the site: McOowan v. United
States, 21 Ct. of CI. 476; U. S. Dig. 125" (1 Hudson, 138).
ARPEN S. — " * Arpens, ' or * Arpen/ — an Acbb " (Cowel).
ARRAIGN. — '' ^ Arraine/ is to put a thing in order, or in his place;
as a Prisoner is said to be arraigned when he is indicted and put to his
trial " (Termes de la Ley). ^* No man is said to be arraigned, but merely
at the suit of the King, upon an enditement found against him, or other
record wherewith he is charged. And there the Arraignment of the
prisoner is to take order that he appeare, and, for the certainty of the
person, to hold up his hand, and to plead a sufficient plea to the endite-
ment or other record, whereupon they which follow for the King may
orderly proceed " (Co. Litt. 263 a). Holding up the hand is now dis-
pensed with: FA 1 Encyc. 327.
ARRANGE.— V. Negotiate.
** Arrange Loans " ; F. Loan.
ARRANGEMENT. — " The term ' Arrangement ' is a very wide and
indefinite one " (per Parke, B., Manning v. Eastern Counties Ev, 13
L. J. Ex. 265; 12 M. & W. 237); in whc it was held that a verdict
of a jury, on a claim for compensation against a Ky Co and receipt
of compensation under such verdict, was an " Arrangement with " the
Co.
"Arrangement," identical with Agreement in writing {Cave v. Hast-
ingsy 50 L. J. Q. B. 575; 7 Q. B. D. 125). F. Balance.
"The natural meaning of * Arrangement' is, setting in order "; but it
comprehends Composition with Crs (per Jervis, C. J., Tetley v. Taylor,
1 E. & B. 640).
A testamentary power enabling Trustees to wind-up testator's affairs
" and in so doing to make any Sales and Arrangements they shall judge
expedient," authorizes them to give a mortgage on the realty {Re Jones,
Dutton V. Brookfield, 59 L. J. Ch. 31 ; 38 W. R. 90; 61 L. T. 661).
" Arrangement for using, &c, Steam Vessels "; V. Using.
V, Composition : Compromise : Scheme : Family Arrangement :
Deed.
Stat. Def. — 31 & 32 V. c. 68, s. 2.-'Ir (Arranging Debtor) 35 & 36
V. c. 58, s. 4.
ARRAY. — " And herein you shall understand, that the jurors' names
are ranked in the pannel one under another; which order or ranking the
jurie is called the Array, and the verba, to array the jurie; and so we say
in common speech, battaile array for the order of the battaile " (Co. Litt.
156 a). Vf Termes de la Ley.
ARREARS 117 ARRIVE
ARREARS. — The bequest of " Arrears " of a Debt, will only pass the
interest in arrear, and not the principal (Wms. Exs. 1064, citing Hawr
ilton V. Llaydj 2 Ves. 416).
Bequest of " Arrears " of Rents, will not pass rents which, at the death,
are in the hands of testator's Agent (per Smith, L. J., Me Cleveland^
1894, 1 Ch. 172; 63 L. J. Ch. 119).
*• Arrears of Rent and Interest " j V. ffele v. Gilbert, 2 Ves. 430.
ARREST. — ** 'Arrest,' is when one is taken and restrained from his
liberty " (Termes de la Ley). Vh 1 Encyc. 328-^31.
** Arrest of GoodSj" in a Marine Policy, " is a taking with the intention
of restoring them at one time or another " (per Brett, J., Rodocanachi
V. miioH, L. R. 8 C. P. 659; 42 L. J. C. P. 264: Vhl Maude &P. 488) ;
and is equivalent to Seizure (Johneton v. Hogg, 52 L. J. Q. B. 343).
Arrest of Ship, '' is the method of enforcing the Admiralty process in
rem, whether that process be founded on a Maritime Lien, or a Claim
against the Ship " (1 Encyc. 331). FjT Wms. & Bruce, Part 2, ch. 1.
Vessel " Under Arrest"; V. The Normandy, 18 W. R. 903: The
NoHhumbria, lb. 356; L. R. 8 A. & E. 24; 39 L. J. A. & E. 24; 21
L. T. 683.
V, Restraints of Kings.
An Arrest of a Person, by a duly authorized Officer, is accomplished
if the Officer lawfully touch him; the power of effecting actual Capture
is not essential (Sandon v. Jervis, 6 W. R. 690; 31 L. T. 0. S. 235).
" To move or plead in Arrest of Judgment, is to shew cause why jdgmt
should be stayed, though there be a verdict in the case " (Cowel).
"Arresting Authority"; Stat. Del, Mail Ships Act, 1891, 54 & 55
V. c. 31, s. 9.
ARRIVE. — Condition of Legacy, that legatee "arrive " at a place;
V, Burgess v. Robinson, cited Return.
" It appears on a review of the result of the decisions on Controls of
Sales * to arrive ' :
" 1st. Where the language is that goods are sold ' on arrival ' per ship
A, or ex ship A, or to arrive per ship A, or ex ship A (for these two ex-
pressions mean precisely the same thing) it imports a double Condition
Precedent, viz., that the ship named shall arrive, and that the goods sold
shall be on board on her arrival.
" 2nd. Where the language asserts the goods to be on board of the ves-
sel named, as '1170 bales now on passage, and expected to arrive per
ship A,' or other terms of like import, there is a Warranty that the goods
are on board, and a single Condition Precedent, to wit the arrival of the
vessel. F. Expbcted to arrive.
" 3rd. The Condition Precedent that the goods shall arrive by the vessel
will not be fulfilled by the arrival of goods answering the description of
those sold, but not consigned to the vendor, and with which he did not
ARRIVE 118 ART
affect to deal; hut, sembie, the condition will be fulfilled if the goods
which arrive are the same that the vendor intended to sell, in the expec-
tation, which turns out to be unfounded, that they would be consigned
to him." (Benj. 566, 567, citing ^^e^ll v. Whitwarth, 18 C. B. IS". S-
435; 34 L. J. C. P. 155).
" When goods are to be sold on a Condition to take effect at some
future time, I agree in thinking that it is more rational to construe the
words * to arrive ' in the light of a Condition than as amounting to a War-
ranty " (per Alderson, B., Johnson v. Macdonald, 9 M. & W. 606 ; 12
L. J. Ex. 99).
A Ship is an " Arrived Ship, " and " Ready '* to discharge, so that Lay
Days begin to run ; — (1) Where the Place named for Discharge is a
Port, — when she is at the usual place of discharge in the Port (Brere^
ton V. Chapman, 7 Bing. 559: Kell v. Anderson, 12 L. J. Ex. 101; 10
M. & W. 498) : — (2) Where the Place of Discharge is a Dock, — when
she is anywhere in that Dock (Monsen v. Macfarlane, 1895, 2 Q. B.
562; 65 L. J. Q. B. 57; 73 L. T. 548) : — (3) Where she is to discharge
from a named Berth, or a Berth is to be named by the Charterers
e.g. " as ordered " ; Vh Order, towards end), — when she reaches such
Berth {Tapscott v. Balfour, 42 L. J. C. P. 16; L. R. 8 C. P. 46:
Dahl V. Nelson, 50 L. J. Ch. 411 ; 6 App. Ca. 38; 44 L. T. 381 ; 29
W. R. 543: Tharsis Co v. Morel Co, 1891, 2 Q. B. 647; 61 L. J. Q. B.
11; 40 W. R. 58: Sanders v. Jenkins, 1897, 1 Q. B. 93 ; 66 L. J. Q. B.
40; 2 Com. Ca. 12; 13 Times Rep. 24). Vf Abbott, 278 et seq:
Convoy: Liverpool.
" On arrival " and " to arrive " mean the same thing (per Parke, B.,
Johnson v. Macdonald, 9 M. & W. 601; 12 L. J. Ex. 99).
" After Arrival " ; V. Lindsay v. Janson, 28 L. J. Ex. 315; 4 H. & X.
699: Lidgett v. Secretan, L. R. 5 C. P. 190; 39 L. J. C. P. 196; L. R.
6 C. P. 616; 40 L. J. C. P. 257.
Vf Blackb. 230, 239: Benj. 560: Montgomery v. Middleton, 13 Tr.
C. L. Rep. 173: Non- Arrival: Actual Arrival.
ARSENIC. — Quk Arsenic Act, 1851, 14 & 15 V. c. 13, " Arsenic "
includes " Arsenious Acid and the Arsenites, Arsenic Acid and the Arseni-
ates, and all other colourless, poisonous, preparations of Arsenic " (s. 6).
ARSON. — For a statement of the Stat. Def. of Arson in 24 & 25 V.
c. 97, V. Steph. Cr. Zl%etseq, FjTArch. Cr. 616: Rose. Cr. 248-259:
1 Encyc. 332-^4.
V, Set Fire : Incendiarism.
ART. — An "Art, Mystery, or Manual OcctTPATiON," which, by
8. 31, 5 Eliz. c. 4, could not be "used or exercised" without a prior
apprenticeship, comprised the Trade of a Brewer ; for though a Brewer
was not a Handicraftsman, within 22 H. 8, c. 13, yet " * Art, or Mys-
ART 119 ARTICLE
tery,' is more general than * Handicraft,' for that is restrained to Manu-
factures/' and the intent of 5 Eliz. was '' that none should take upon him
any Art, Mystery, or Manual Occupation but such in which he had skill
and knowledge; and it is very necessary that Brewers should have skill
and knowledge in brewing good and wholesome beer, for that doth much
conduce to men's health " (jCUy of London Case, 8 Rep. 129, 130). But
he who baked or brewed &cfor his own use, did not require apprentice-
ship, "because every housewife brews for her private use" (lb.). An
unapprenticed Sleeping Partner in a Brewery conducted by his appren-
ticed partner, was not within the Act, because the trade was not " Exer-
cised " by him {Rnynard v. Chase, 1 Burr. 2, — a decision always
adhered to, V. n. to B. v. Kilderhy^ 1 Wms. Saund. 312). The work of
a Tailor was an " Art " within the Act {Ipswich Tailors Case, 11 Rep.
53); secus, that of a Hemp-Dresser (JR. v. Fredland, Cro. Car. 499).
Note* By s. 1, 54 6. 3, c. 96, s. 31, 5 Eliz. c. 4, was repealed as from
Ist May, 1815. V. Trade : Science : Use.
ARTICLE. — A horse is an "Article" within s. 25, Llandaff and
Canton District Markets Act, 1858, 21 & 22 V. c. cv. (Llandaff Market
Co V. Lyndon, 30 L. J. M. C. 105 ; 8 C. B. K S. 515).
Stock in the funds, held not included in a bequest of "every other
Article belonging to me both in and out of my house and which may not
be herein mentioned" (Collier v. Squire, 3 Russ. 467).
" Any other Article or Thing," in s. 37, Prison Act, 1866, is not to
be read ejusdem generis with the preceding enumeration, but means any
other Article or Thing of any other kind, sort, or description whatsoever,
e,g. a crowbar (B. v. Payne, 35 L. J. M. C. 170; L. R. 1 C. C. R. 27).
SemJble, a ship is not an " Article '' within the def in s. 3 (7), 30 & 31
V. c. 103, by which " Manufacturing Process " is defined to mean any
Manual Labour exercised by way of trade, or for purposes of gain, in
or incidental to the waking of any Article, or part of an article, or in or
incidental to the altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, or otherwise
adapting for sale any Article (Palmer Shipbuilding Co v. Chaytor, 38
L. J. M. C. 63; 10 B. & S. 177; L. R. 4 Q. B. 209).
Article of Food; V. Article Demanded: Food. Stat. Def., (Article
of Food, or Drink) 23 & 24 V. c. 84, s. 14.
" Article of Manufacture " ; V. Heywood v. Potter, 22 L. J. Q. B. 133;
1 E. & B. 439: Gillespie v. Cheney, inf. Stat. Def., 2 & 3 V. c. 17,
8.1.
"Article of Sculpture"-, Stat. Def., 7 & 8 V. c. 12, s. 20.
" Articles " ; V. Covenant.
" Articles of Clerkship "; Stat. Def., 51 & 52 V. c. 65, s. 4.
" Articles of War "; Stat. Def., 30 & 31 V. c. Ill, s. 2; 38 & 39 V.
c. 69, s. 2.
"Articles, Matters, and Things/' in a Lease, "indicate Moveable
ARTICLE 120 ARTIFICER
Chattels " (per Erie, C. J-, Garton v. Gregaryy 31 L. J. Q. B. 302;
3 B. & S. 90).
" Specified Article, under its Patent or other Trade Name," proviso to
8. 14 (1), Sale of Goods Act, 1893, " does not apply to raw commodities,
or materials, but to Manufactured Articles " (per Russell, C. J., Gillespie
V. Chmey, 1896, 2 Q. B. 59; 66 L. J. Q. B. 652; 1 Com. Ca. 373).
ARTICLE DEMANDED. —"The 'Article demanded/ — s. 6,
Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1876, 38 & 39 V. c. 63, — must be held to
be, the Article meant by an ordinary purchaser to be obtained, — not in
any scientific definition " (^Morton v. Green, 4 Couper's Justiciary Rep.
469: White v. Bywater, 19 Q. B. D. 582; 61 J. P. 821; 3 Times Eep,
631). But the section is not limited in its application to adulterated
articles (Knight v. Bowers, 14 Q. B. D. 846; 64 L. J. M. C. 108).
Vh. Coffee Case, Higgins v. Hally 60 J. P. 788: Milk Case, Lane v.
Collinsy 64 L. J. M. C. 76; 14 Q. B. D. 193; 33 W. E. 366; 49 J. P.
88; 62 L. T. 267: Mustard Case, Harder v. Grainger, 44 J. P. 188:
Tincture of Opium Case, White v. Bywater, sup.
Note. The ** Article " to be divided, under s. 14 of the Act cited,
must be the very one purchased; the piirchaser cannot mix up several
lots and divide the aggregate, even though the lots be in small bottles
of apparently identical stuff (Mason r. Cowdary, 1900, 2 Q. B. 419;
69 L. J. Q. B. 667; 82 L. T. 402; 49 W. R. 28: 64 J. P. 662).
V, Sample.
F. Natueb: Prejudice of Purchaser.
ARTIFICER. — " An ' Artificer ' is a skilled workman " (per Brett,
L. J., Morgan v. Lond. Gen, Omnibus Co, 53 L. J. Q. B. 362; 13 Q. B. D.
832) : one who makes something, as distinguished from one who only
does something, e,g, a Hairdresser is not an artificer, because he only
does something (Palmer v. Snow, cited Trade). V. Handicraftsman :
Labourer: Mechanic: Workman: Merchant.
A designer of patterns for a calico-printer was held an " Artificer "
within the repealed statute, 4 G. 4, c. 34, s. 3 (^aj p. Ormerodj 13 L. J.
M. C. 73; 1 Dowl. & L. 825). In that case Williams, J. (as reported
in Dowl. & L.), said, — "I cannot conceive that the word * Artificer * only
applies to persons engaged in such occupations as require merely Manual
LABOUR. The party who makes this application to the court, himself
states that he is a ' pattern designer,' a person in fact who makes the
drawing of the pattern, which is then engraved on the printing rollers,
and, subsequently, transferred in colours to the fabric itself. He is there-
fore the party who sets all in motion. He contributes in the most mate-
rial degree to the printing of calico, and may therefore, I think, be
properly included under the term * Artificer.* " As reported in the Law
Journal, Williams, J., commenced these observations thus : — "I cannot
conceive that the term 'Artificer,' used in the statute, is confined to those
ARTIFICER 121 ARUNDINETUM
instances only in which great Manual Labour is required." But whether
" merely," or " great," were the word used by that learned judge, there can
be little doubt that the personal exercise of some manual labour, and that
of a skilled kind, is essential to the term " Artificer." And under the
statute last cited, a Journeyman Tailor {Exp, Gordon^ 25 L. J. M. G.
12) was an "Artificer." Nor would an "Artificer or Handicraftsman "
be less so, under that statute, because at liberty to employ other work*
men under him {Lawrence v. Toddy 32 L. J. M. C. 238; 14 C. B. N. S.
554: Whiieley v. Armitage, 13 W. E. 144).
But though Erie, J., said (in Lawrence v. Todd, sup), that the Truck
Act, 1831, was in part materid with 4 G. 4, c. 34, and though, of course,
the kind of work which would make a man an " Artificer " would be the
same for the purposes of each Act, yet — (notwithstanding such cases as
that of the Butty colliers, Bowers v. Lovekin, 25 L. J. Q. B. 371 ; 6 E.
& B. 584; 4 W. R. 600; 27 L. T. 0. S. 168; or of the Collier having
liberty to employ others under him. Weaver y. Floydy 21 L. J. Q. B. 151),
— the principle of Latmrence y. Todd is not, generally, applicable to the
Truck Act, and an ** Artificer," labourer, or other person within that Act
must be one who contracts for his own labour exclusively, as distinguished
from one who contracts to supply the result of the labour of others, or of
himself and others {Ingram v. Bat-nes, 26 L. J. Q. B. 82, 319; 7 E. & B.
132; 5 W. R. 232, 726; 29 L. T. 0. 8. 297; 21 J. P. 822: Sleeman v.
Barrett, 33 L. J. Ex. 153; 2 H. & C. 934; 12 W. R. 411 ; 9 L. T. 834;
28 J. P. 232; establishing Biley v. Warden, 18 L. J. Ex. 120; 2 Ex.
59; 10 L. T. 0. S. 420, and Sherman v. Sanders, 22 L. J. C. P. 86; 13
C. B. 166; 1 W. R. 152; 20 L. T. 0. S. 247: Vh, Chawner v. Cum-
mings, 15 L. J. Q. B. 161; 8 Q. B. 311); but if the contract does not
contemplate the sub-employment of others, but enables the employer
whenever he chooses to require the employee to devote his own labour to
the work, such an employee may be an " Artificer " within the Truck
Act though he may have the opportunity {e.g. by taking the work home)
of being assisted in his work by others (PUlar v. Llynvi Co, 38 L. J.
C. P. 294; L. R. 4 C. P. 752; 17 W. R. 1123; 20 L. T. 923).
** All Workmen, Labourers, and other persons, in any manner engaged
in the performance of any Employment, or Operation, of what nature
soever, in or about the Hosiery Manufacture, shall be, and be deemed,
« Artificers,' " within the Hosiery Manufacture (Wages) Act, 1874, 37 &
38 V. c. 48 (8. 7).
ARTIFICIAL. — "Artificial raising of temperature"; Stat. Def., 52
ft 53 V. c. 62, 8. 4
ARTIZAN. — Is, probably, a synonym for Artiftceh.
An Estate Agent is not an " Artizan," within s. 2b (10), 8. L. Act,
1882 (per Lopes, L. J., Re Gerard, 1893, 3 Ch. 252 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 23).
ARUNDINETUM. — "Where reeds grow" (Co. Litt. 4 b).
AS 122 AS CROW FLIES
AS- — r. As AND WHEN : When.
This word is sometimes used as an exempli gratia ( F". 1 Jarm. 753, n),
or, as Ld Coke phrases it, as " similitudinarj " (Co. Litt. 43 b) ; but
sometimes it is to be understood positively (lb. 17 b).
But frequently " as " means, as if something was that which it is not,
e. g. a Hall or Office shall be subject to House Duty " as, " — i.e. as if it
were, — an Inhabited House, Sch B. R. 6, House Tax Act, 1808
(Styles V. Middle Temple^ cited Hall).
AS A TRADER. — Notwithstanding what Bacon, V. C, is reported
to have said in The Colonial Bank v. Whinney (51 L. T. 354), this
phrase is not identical with " in the course of his trade or business " {Re
Jenkinsony 54 L. J. Q. B. 602).
V. In his Trade ob Business.
AS AFORESAID.— r. Afobesaid.
AS ALLEGED. — A pleading denying terms of agreement ''as
alleged " is evasive (Thorp v. Moldsworth, 3 Ch. D. 637 ; 45 L. J.
Ch. 406).
AS AND WHEN. — Gift to or for Children, to be paid "as and
when " attaining 21; — "the words *as and when ' are ambiguous, and
are not to be treated, as indeed grammatically they could not be treated,
as equivalent to a gift to such of the children as should attain the age
of 21 years, in which case the attaioment of that age would be made a
Condition Precedent to the acquisition of the right to the legacy " (per
Eomilly, M. E., Fearman v. Fearman, 33 Bea. 396). But if there be
no direct gift to the Children, then " as and when," or " when and as,"
will, generally, connote a Condition Precedent ( Gardiner v. Slater, 25
Bea. 509).
" ' When and as ' means ' as soon as, ' " quk time for executing a Power
(per Monroe, J., Be Creagh, 25 L. R. Ir. 142).
AS BEFORE. — F. Aforesaid.
AS COUNSEL SHALL ADVISE.— A covenant for Further
Assurance " as Counsel shall advise, " refers to the Counsel of the cove-
nantee (Higginhottom^ 8 Case^ 5 Rep. 19), but not the covenantee him-
self " although he be learned in the law " (RoseweVs Case, lb.) : Vf
Elph. 493, 494
" A Direction to Settle < as Counsel shall advise,' affords a strong indi-
cation that the trusts are executory " (Elph. 633, citing White r. Carter,
2 Amb. 670; 2 Eden, 366: Vh obs by Sugden, C, Rochfort v. Fitz-
maurice, 2 Dr. & War. 21, quoted Elph. 534).
AS CROW FLIES.— r. Distance.
AS CUSTOMARY 123 AS OFTEN AS
AS CUSTOMARY.— r. Customary.
AS DESCRIBED. — V. Noseworthy v. Buckland, 43 L. J. C. P. 27;
L. R. 9 C. P. 233: Hinks v. Safety Lighting Co, 4 Ch. D. 607.
Invention " as herein described " ; F. Thomas v. Welch, L. R. 1 C. P.
192.
AS DEVISED V. Cooch v. Walden, 46 L. J. Cb. 639.
AS FAR AS. — F. So fab as: Applicable: Possible.
AS FAST AS. — F. Customary.
AS FOLLOWS.— F. Re Hunt and Pennington, 57 L. T. 874.
AS HELD. — Agreement to sell property " as I bold tlie same "; F.
Spratt V. Jeffertj, 10 B. & C. 249.
AS IF. — " As if this Act bad not been made " ; F. Notwithstanding.
" As if be bad agreed "; F. Agreed.
" As if be was naturally dead " ; F. Dead.
" As if sbe were a Feme Sole "; F. Feme.
AS IN OTHER CASES. — R. 31, Ord. 16, R. S. C. ; Vh Ann. Pr.
AS IT STAN DS. — A contract to take, e,g. a Cargo, " as it stands "
(tbougb it specify a quantity), means tbat tbe cargo is " to be taken by
tbe purchaser for better for worse, for less or for more " (per Campbell,
C. J., Covas V. Bingham, 23 L. J. Q. B. 29; 2 E. & B. 836; Vth Benj.
565).
AS LONG AS. — F. QuAMDiu.
AS MAY BE PAID.— F. Paid: Pay.
AS NEAR AS.— F. So far as.
AS NEAR THERETO. — F. Near thereto as she may safely
GET.
AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE.— F. Nearly as possible.
AS OCCUPIED.— F. Occupation.
AS OF. — "In, or as of " a Term; e.g. in a Warrant of Attorney
to sign judgment; F. Aleock v. Sutcliffe, 16 L. J. Q. B. 129.
"As of Fee"; F. Elpb. 572, n.
" As of Rigbt "; F. Right.
AS OFTEN AS. — As to tbe value of this phrase in a covenant for
renewal of a Lease, and as to its inefficiency to give the right to a per-
petual renewal ; F. Swinburne v. Milbum, cited Renewal.
AS ORDERED 124 AS THE LAW
AS ORDERED. — Deliver cargo " as ordered "5 F. TapncoU v. Bal^
fouvy Dahl V. Nelson, and Tharsis Co v. Morell Co, cited Arrite r
Dobell V. Green, 1900, 1 Q. B. 526; 69 L. J. Q. B. 454; 82 L. T. 314;
5 Com. Ca. 161. Ff Order, towards end.
AS PER CHARTER-PARTY. — F. Smidtv. Tiden, cited Freight,
at end.
AS REQUIRED. — <' It was held no defence to an action by the
buyer for non-delivery *as Eequired,' that he had not requested delivery
within a reasonable time " (Benj. 691, citing cTbne^ v. Gibbons, 8 Ex. 920;
22L. J. Ex. 347).
AS SECRETARY. — F Secretary.
AS SOLICITOR. — An Undertaking in this form, — "We, as so-
licitors to A, undertake to pay" &c, binds the signatory personally; for
many persons will deal with Solrs who will not deal with the Client, and
besides Solrs have no power, as Solrs, to pledge the credit of their Clients,
and the term ** as Solrs " is merely descriptive of the character they fill
(Burrell v. Jones, 3 B. & Aid. 47).
AS SOON AS. — F. As and when: Able: Immediately: Pos-
sible: When.
AS SUCH. — Notice of a prejudicial instrument, &c, to counsel,
solicitor or agent "as such," s. 3, Conv. Act, 1882, means notice to
counsel, &c, in and during the transaction sought to be affected (^Be
Cousins, cited Comb to).
Leaseholds, though specifically bequeathed, " pass to the Exor, ds such, "
ss. 9 (1), 14 (1), Finance Act, 1894; and, therefore. Estate Duty thereon is
payable out of Residue, and not by the Specific Legatees (Be Culverhouse,
1896, 2 Ch. 251; 65 L. J. Ch. 484; 74 L. T. 347; 45 W. R. 10). An
Appointed Fund, though it does not pass to the Exor "as such," will
escape the Duty as a " Testamentary Expense " if the Exor is directed
to pay such expenses {Be Treasure, cited Testamentary Expenses).
F By Virtue : Ecclesiastical Charity.
AS TENANT. — F Tenant.
AS THE CASE REQUIRES-— F. per Esher, M.R., ^aw/irfaenf/Z
V. American Tobacco Co, 1895, 1 Q. B. 347; 64 L. J. Q. B. 280; 71 L. T.
864; 43 W. R. 261: Produced.
Vf In Case.
AS THE CROW FLIES. — F. Distance.
AS THE LAW DIRECTS.— F JFVeZrfen v. i<«Airor^A, cited Re-
LATIONS.
AS THE QUEEN 125 ASSART
AS THE QUEEN DIRECTS. — Qu^ South Africa Act, 1877, 40
& 41 V. c. 47, ** ^ As the Queen may direct ' ; means, as Her Majesty may
direct by any Order in Council issued in pursuance of s. 3 of this Act,
but not otherwise *' (s. 61) •
AS THEY SHALL THINK FIT.— F. If they shall think fit.
AS TO. — " As to " does not necessarily mark the commencement of
an independent sentence (Gordon v. Gordon^ L. R. 6 H. L. 254).
AS UNADULTERATED. — The offence of selling Food or Drink
" as unadulterated, '' s. 2, 35 & 36 Y. c. 74, does not need an express rep-
resentation for its completion ; to supply on sale an article, e,g. Butter,
which ought to be unadulterated, is to sell it ''as unadulterated" {Fitz^
Patrick v. Kelly, 42 L. J. M. C. 132; L. R. 8 Q. B. 337).
ASCERTAINED. — This word has two meanings, (1) "known,"
(2) "made certain" {Sidebottom v. Sidebottom, L. R. 2 P. & D. 365;
41 L. J. P. & M. 23). In that case, as used in a Residuary Clause,
it was construed " made certain."
Where money to be paid, or service to be rendered, has " to be ascer-
tained " in a certain way, " the words * to be ascertained ' are very strong
words, and they look very like a Condition Precedent " (per Crompton, J.,
Braunstein v. Accidental Insrce^ 31 L. J. Q. B. 24).
V, Cannot.
ASHES. — V. Dust: Rubbish: Refuse.
ASHPIT. — Qui the Public Health Acte for England, "Ashpit,"
" hicludes any aslitub, or other receptacle for the deposit of ashes, faecal
matter, or refuse " (s. 11 (1), 53 & 54 V. c. 59) ; qui P. H. (London) Act,
1891, it " means any ashpit, dustbin, ashtub, or other receptacle for the
deposit of ashes or refuse matter" (s. 141); qui the P. H. (Scotland)
Act, 1897, it " means any receptacle for the deposit of ashes or refuse
matter " (s. 3).
ASPORTATION. — An Asportation is a carrying away; and is,
generally, spoken of the carrying away of goods feloniously taken
(4 Bl. Com. 231). Vf Take and caeby away.
ASS. — F. Beetle-headed : Fool.
ASSART. — " Grubbing woods in a man's own lands in. a Forest, so
as to make the same arable " (Elph. 561, whv).
When Termes de la Ley was written this was a sad business, for there
we read, — " This Assart of the Forest, is the greatest Offence or Tres-
passe of all others that can be done in the Forest to Vert or Venison,
containing in it Waste, or more." Cp Disboscatio.
ASSAULT 126 ASSEMBLE
ASSAULT. — "An Assault is (a) an attempt unlawfully to apply
any the least actual force to the person of another directly or indirectly;
(b) the act of using a gesture towards another, giving him reasonable
grounds to believe that the person using that gesture meant to apply
such actual force to his person as aforesaid; (c) the act of depriving
another of his liberty : in either case, without the consent of the person
assaulted, or with such consent if it is obtained by fraud " (Steph. Cr.
177: Cp Smite). But free consent will not always relieve a case of
being a criminal assault, for the combatants at a Prize Fight, and all
persons aiding or abetting therein, are guilty of an indictable Assault
{R. V. Coney, 51 L. J. M. C. 66; 8 Q. B. D. 534 ; whcu for a very full
citation of authorities).
" A Battery is an assault whereby any the least actual force is actually
applied to the person of another, or to the dress worn by him, directly or
indirectly.
" Provided that such Acts as are reasonably necessary for the common
intercourse of life, are not Assaults or Batteries, if they are done for the
purpose of such intercourse only and with no greater force than the occa-
sion requires. F. Discipline.
" No mere words can in any case amount to an Assault " (Steph. Cr.
177 : Meade's and Belt's Case, 1 Lewin C. C. 184).
FjT Arch. Cr. 796, 800: Rose. Cr. 260, 264: Indecent.
The above definitions are applicable to Civil Assaults and Batteries,
except that no Civil Action can be maintained if the pit consented.
Vh Rose. N. P. 899.
" Assault occasioning Actual Bodily Harm " ; F. Inflict.
Vf Cowel: 1 Encyc. 342. "Battery," 2 Encyc. 35, 36: Termes de
la Ley.
ASSEMBLE. — The offence of knowingly suffering prostitutes or per-
sons of bad character " to assemble and meet together," or " to assemble,"
or " to meet together," in an Inn or Beerhouse, means allowing them to
be there as prostitutes or in their other evil character; but does not
include a case of allowing them to be there merely to get refreshments
and for no longer time than reasonably necessary for such refreshments
to be consumed (Greig v. Bendeno, 27 L. J. M. C. 294; E. B. & E. 133;
22 J. P. 816: Belasco v. Hannanf, 31 L. J. M. C. 225; 3 B. & S. 13;
6 L. T. 577: Vf. Parker v. Green, 6 L. T. 46: Marshall v. Fox, 24
L. T. 751). Cp. s. 14, 35 & 36 V. c. 94.
The deft stood in a street talking to another man, and whilst so talk-
ing received a number of packages from several persons ; he then entered
a house, the other following, to whom he transferred something. Both
then came out of the house, and the other went away, but the deft
remained in the street and received more packages from more persons.
Deft was then arrested and on him were found several packages contain-
ASSEMBLE 127 ASSESSOR
ing money and a local newspaper containing the programme of local
Baces, and a number of slips of paper on which were written the names
of horses running that day; held, that this infringed a Bye Law which
provided that, " a person shall not together with any other person or per-
sons, assemble in any Street or Public Place for the purpose of Betting "
(Godwin V. Walker, 40 S. J. 481; 12 Times Rep. 367). V. Gaming.
Cp Harboub.
ASSEMBLED. — A power to do anything by a majority of persons
*' assembled, " must be exercised by a majority of those actually present,
whether all vote or not (E. v. Christchurch, 7 E. & B. 409 ; 27 L. J.
M. C. 23). V. Meeting.
ASSEMBLEMENT. — Crown Rents in Jersey " by Assemblement,"
or " par Assemblage "; F. A-G. Jersey v. Le Moignan, 1892, A. C. 402;
61 L. J. P. C. 63; 66 L. T. 803.
ASSEMBLY. — An ''Assembly" of persons would seem to mean
three or more; V. Unlawful Assembly: Cp Multitude: Godwin
▼. Walker, cited Assemble.
ASSERT. — " Assert against " ; V. Against.
ASSESSABLE VALUE.— F. Rateable Value: Annual Value.
ASSESSED. — As used in a Covenant to pay Rates &c, ** ' assessed/
means, * reckoned on the value ' " (per Rigby, L. J., Floyd v. Lyons, 66
L. J. Ch. 353; 1897, 1 Ch. 633; 76 L. T. 261; 45 W. R. 435), and,
accordingly, it was there held, that a special Water Rate for trade pur-
poses, e,g, a supply of water to a Restaurant, was not a Water Rate
** Imposed, or assessed " upon the premises, within a Lessor's covenant.
Fl Ghabged : Rated ob Assessed.
ASSESSMENT. — "Assessments," in the collocation in a lessee's
covenant to pay " Taxes, Rates, and Assessments," means. Assessments
of a nature similar to that of Taxes and Rates, and does not comprise an
exceptional burden imposed by a local authority and ordinarily to be borne
by the landlord (Tidswell v. Whitworth, 36 L. J. C. P. 103; L. R.
2 C. P. 326: Hartley v. Hudson, 48 L. J. Q, B. 751; 4 C. P. D. 367:
Allum V. Diekhison, 52 L. J. Q. B. 190; 9 Q. B. D. 632: Wilkinson v.
Collyer, 53 L. J. Q. B. 278; 13 Q. B. D. 1: Baylis v. Jiggins, cited
Taxes), nor does it comprise Tithe Rent Charge (Jeffrey v. Neale, 40
L. J. C. P. 191; L. R. 6 C. P. 240).
V. Taxes: Outgoing: Imposition: Rated ob Assessed: Scot.
"Assessment Committelb "; Stat. Def., Rating Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V.
c. 54, s. 15.
ASSESSOR. — Stat. Def., Taxes Management Act, 1880,43 & 44
V. c. 19, s. 5. — Scot., Lands Valuation (Scot) Act, 1854, 17 & 18 V.
ASSESSOR 128 ASSIGN
c. 91, 8. 42; Burgh Voters Registration (Scot) Act, 1856, 19 & 20 V.
c. 68, 8. 48; County Voters Registration (Scot) Act, 1861, 24 & 25 V.
c. 83, 8. 2; Rep. People (Scot) Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 48, a. 59; 33 &
34 V. c. 92, s. 2; Sporting Lands Rating (Scot) Act, 1886, 49 & 50
V. c. 15, s. 2; Loc Gov (Scot) Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V. c. 50, b. 105.
ASSETS. — " Assets in the hands of the executor or administrator,
that is, — * sufficient, ' from the French assez^ to make him chargeable to
a creditor, and a legatee or party in distribution, so far as such property
extends" (Wms. Exs. 1517; and as to Assets generally, V, lb. Pt. 4,
Bk. 1, ch. 1: 1 Encyc. 349-352).
" Assets " of a Partnership, " is a compendious expression for the aggre-
gate of the several items of property belonging to the partnership " (per
Stirling, J., Jennings v. Jennings, 1898, 1 Ch. 378; 67 L. J. Ch. 190;
77 L. T. 786; 46 W. R. 344); therefore, an agreement between partners
that one shall have the partnership ''Assets,'' will generally include the
Goodwill {lb.), Cp Withdraw.
" Assets, " R. 176, Stock Exchange Rules, means the whole of the De-
faulter's property; and when the Rule comes into operation, there is a
cessio bonorum and assignment of all the Defaulter's property to the Offi-
cial Assignees of the Stock Exchange {Tomkins v. Saffery, 4^1 L. J. Bank.
11; 3 App. Ca. 213: Richardson v. Stormonty 1900, 1 Q. B. 701; 69
L. J. Q. B. 369; 82 L. T. 316; 48 W. R. 451).
"Property, Assets, and Revenues," of a Co; V. Revenues.
" Assets," are something in a Liquidation ; it is incorrect to speak of
the Property of a solvent person or Co as " Assets " (per Chitty, J., Re
Bully Bamsley & W. Riding Rg, 37 S. J. 477). Sv Undebtaking.
" Surplus Assets "; V. Surplus.
" Undistributed Assets " ; V. Undistributed.
" Assets," s. 9, Dividend Duty Act, 1890 (Queendland) ; V. Walsh v.
The Queen, 1894, A. C. 144; 63 L. J. P. C. 52.
V. Effects.
ASSIGN. — As to when this word is effectual to revive a merged
term; V, Elph. 45.
" A covenant not to assign or otherwise part with the premises, or any
part thereof, for the whole or any part of the term, is broken by a sub-
lease (Doe d. Holland v. Worsley, 1 Camp. 20 : Cole, Ejec. 435) ; but a
covenant * not to assign, transfer, set over, or otherwise do or put away
the lease or premises ' is not {Crusoe d. Blencowe v. Bughyy 2 Bl. W. 766;
3 Wils. 234: Kinnersley v. Orpe^ 1 Doug. 56: Church v. Brown, 15
Yes. 258). A covenant against sub-letting wiU restrain an Assignment
(Greenaway v. Adams, 12 Ves. 395: Svthc, Re Doyle and O^Hara,
1899, 1 1. R.. 113) "; Woodf. 699. V. Set.
In Crusoe d. Blencowe v. Bughy (sup) the Court said " 'Assign, Trans-
fer, and set over,' are mere words of assignment. ' Otherwise do, or put
ASSIGN 129 ASSIGN
away/ signifies any other mode of getting rid of the premises entirely ";
and, therefore^ an Underlease was not prohibited. But an Underlease
(as well as an Assignment) is prohibited by a covenant not to " Let, set,
or assign over " the premises or any part thereof (Eoe v. Harrison, 2 T. R.
425; 1 Doug. 67*, n).
V, Underlease : Put away.
SembUy a covenant not to ** Assign ** is not broken by a License to use
the premises for a temporary purpose, — 6.^. a Travelling Show {Mashiter
V, Smith, 3 Times Rep. 673).
" A covenant ^ not to alien, sell, assign, transfer, set over, or otherwise
part with the lease or premises ' was ruled, before the Jud. Act, not to be
broken by a Deposit of the Lease as a security for a loan {Doe d. Fitt v.
Ifogg, 1 C. & P. 160; 4 D. & R. 226; cited and approved in Greenslade
V. Tapscott, 3 L. J. Ex. 328; 1 Cr. M. & R. 69; 4 Tyr. 666); but the
effect of s. 24 of that Act would seem to be to alter the law in this re-
spect "; (Woodf. 13 Ed. 660). ^S'^'. As to this iuference Va M^Kay v.
M^Nally (cited Mobtoaoe, at end), wJic was decided since the Jud. Act.
And it now seems clear that, qu^ a clause of Forfeiture, the section
referred to does not convert a non-legal assignment into a legal one, and
that the meaning of a covenant not to assign a Lease " is not to execute
2^ Legal Assignment," which a Declaration of Trust is not {Gentle v.
Faulkner, 1900, 2 Q. B. 267; 69 L. J. Q. B. 777; 82 L. T. 708, V. espy
jdgmt of Smith, L. J., who pointed out that the covenant in the ** does
not relate to the parting with the possession of the demised premises ").
Cp Matthews v. Usher, cited Assigns : Fe Hughes, cited Conveyance.
A covenant by Joint Lessees, not to assign, is broken if one assigns;
for the covenant " means that neither of them shall assign " (per Willes,
J., Varley v. Coppard, L. R. 7 C. P. 605). Vh Lessees: Forfeiture.
A covenant, or condition, not to assign, is not broken by giving a
Warrant of Attorney {Doe d. Mitchinson v. Carter, 8 T. R. 67), unless
it be expressly given for the purpose of enabling the judgment creditor
to take the term in execution (/^., 8 T. R. 300; Vth Croft v. Lumley,
6 H. L. Ca. 739) ; nor is it broken by a seizure under a judicial process
{R, V. Robinson, Wight. 386), or by passing to a trustee under a bankry
{V, Alienation).
Not " to grant away, assign, or let, charge, or dispose of " ; F. Croft v.
Lurnley, 25 L. J. Q. B. 73, 223; 27 lb. 321; 6 H. L. Ca. 672.
Not " to assign, demise, or otherwise part with " ; F. Dahj v. Edwardes,
83 L. T. 648; 16 Times Rep. 288. Cp Suffer: Permit. FjT Assign.
For an exposition of the object of the covenant against Assignment of
a Lease, and the Damages recoverable for its breach ; F. per Hawkins,
J., Lepla V. Rog&rs, 1893, 1 Q. B. 31; 68 L. T. 684.
S. 14 (6), Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881, which provides that the section
shall not extend " to a covenant against the Assigning, Underletting,
Parting with the Possession, or Disposing of the land leased," does not
0
ASSIGN 130 ASSIGNMENT
comprise an AssigDmeiit for the Benefit of Grs excepting leaseholds but
declaring a trust of them ; and if such an Assignment &c be the For-
feiture relied on, Notice must be given under the section (Gentle v.
Faulkner, sup).
An Assign is synonymous with Assignee; V. Assigns.
V. Negotiate : Unbeasonably.
ASSIGNATION. — Quk Transmission of Moveable Property (Scot)
Act, 1862, 25 & 26 V. c. 85, " Assignation," includes, " Translations and
Eetrocessions, and Probative Extracts thereof " (s. 4).
ASSIGNED. — " Legally assigned "; V. Legally.
ASSIGNEE. — '' Wlien a statute speaks of an ' Assignee,' it is to be
intended of such complete Assignee as has all the ceremonies and inci-
dents requisite by the law to such character; not taking away any form
or circumstance which the law requires. Therefore, Assignee by Fine
shall not, under 32 H. 8, c. 34, take advantage of a Condition without
attornment " (Dwar. 683, citing Mallory's Cdse^ 5 Rep. 112). Fjf, on
the first sentence of this par, 13 & 14 V. c. 60, s. 2.
The word "Assignee," in the phi*ase "executor, administrator, or
assignee," s. 37, Solrs Act, 1843, is not confined to a person resembling
a personal representative of a deceased person; but is equivalent to an
" Assign " (Ingle v. McCutchan, 53 L. J. Q. B. 311 ; 12 Q. B. D. 518:
Fenley v, Anstruther, 52 L. J. Ch. 367. Vf Ee Ward, 28 Ch. D. 719).
Cp " Assignee " as used in s. 25 (6), Jud. Act, 1873.
" Assignee for value," s. 50 (3), S. L. Act, 1882, s. 4 (1), S. L. Act,
1890; V. Ee Aileshury, 62 L. J. Ch. 1012; 69 L. T. 493; 42 W. R. 45.
V. Assigns.
ASSIGNING.— V. Being.
ASSIGNMENT. — V, Assign: Transfer: Underlease: Chose
IN ACTION : Place Out.
A written direction to trustees of a Will by a beneficiary thereunder
to pay to a third person money due to the beneficiary, is an " Assign-
ment " of the money within s. 25 (6), Jud. Act, 1873 (Harding v. Hard*
ing, 55 L. J. Q. B. 462; 17 Q. B. D. 442; 34 W. K 775. Va Brice v.
Bannister, 47 L. J. Q. B. 722; 3 Q. B. D. 569).
Note, As to Brice v. Bannister, V, Western Wagon Co v. West, 1892,
1 Ch. 271; 61 L. J. Ch. 244; 66 L. T. 402; 40 W. R. 182, and Durham
V. Robertson, cited Absolute Assignment.
" Conveyance or Assignment " ; F". Conveyance.
" Assignment," s. 10, Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment Act
(Ir) 1860, 23 & 24 V. c. 154, does not include a transmission by Opera-
ASSIGNMENT 131 ASSIGNS
lion of Law, e.g. a Conveyance by a Sheriff {Kenelly v. Enright, 8 L. R.
Ir. 33), or a Deed of Partition by joint tenants {Foley v. Gallagher,
2 L. R. Ir. 35, 389). Cp Alibnatioit: Assigns.
"Assignment for Benefit of Crs " is, generally, not a Bill of Sale;
V. Hadley v. Beedon, 1895, 1 Q. B. 646; 64 L. J. Q. B. 240; 72 L. T.
493; 43 W. R. 218.
The proper mode of assigning a Patent is by Deed; and, semble, an
** Assignment " of the legal proprietorship of a Patent, to be registered
under s. 87, Patents &c Act, 1883, i^ust be by Deed; but an " Assign-
ment . . . affecting the proprietorship,'' s. 23, may be an Equitable
Assignment, which may be registered under R. 65, 68, Patent Rules,
1883 (Ee Casey, 1892, 1 Ch. 104; 61 L. J. Ch. 61; 66 L. T. 93; 40
W. R. 180).
Qui Land Law (Ir) Act, 1888, 51 & 52 V. c. 13, " « Assignment ' shall
include an Equitable Assignment " (s. 1).
ASSIGNS. — " Assignee cometh of the verb assigno. And note there
by assignes in deed, and assignes in law : whereof see more in the Chapter
of Warrantie, Sect. 733 " (Co. Litt. 8b: Vf Termes de la Ley, Assignee),
V, Assign: Assignee.
" ' Assign,' does not mean ' Heir'; it means a person substituted for
another by an act of some kind or other " (per Parke, B., Doe d» Lewis v.
Lewis, 9 M. & W. 664). An Heir takes vi legis ; but every one who
takes by an act, — e,g, a Deed or Will, — of a prior owner is his Assign
(Wms. R. P. 58). An Exor of a Lessee is, however, not his " Assign "
of the Term until Entry (Rendall v. Andreoe, 61 L. J. Q. B. 630).
" Assigns " in a Lease, means voluntary assigns, and does not com-
prise assigns by Operation of Law, — e.g. a Trustee in Bankry, or persons
claiming under him {Doe d. Goodbehere v. Bevan, 3 M. & S. 353: Va
Bailey v. De Crespigny, inf : Assignment).
An Appointee is not an Assign {Skeeles v. Shearly, 8 Sim. 157), nor,
generally, is an Under-Tenant {Bryant v. Hancock^ 1898, 1 Q. B. 716;
67 L. J. Q. B. 507; affd in H. L. 1899, A. C. 442 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 889) ;
but an Under-Lessee who is in Possession with notice of a covenant, is
bound by a covenant in the head-lease {Hall v. Ewin, cited Run with
the Land : John v. Holmes^ 1900, 1 Ch. 188: 69 L. J. Ch. 149 ; 81 L. T.
771; 48 W.R, 236).
A Licensee may justify as an Assign {Mitcalfe v. Westaway^ inf).
The meaning, indeed, of a Lessee^s Assigns, is, '' the person entitled
to the Term, as between him and the Lessor, and bound by, and entitled
to the benefit of, the covenants entered into by the Lessee and Lessor,
respectively, which Run with the land demised" (per Romer, J.,
Friary v. Singleton, 1899, 1 Ch. 86 ; 68 L. J. Ch. 13; 69 L. T. 465 ; 47
W. R. 93 ; affd, though conclusion on the facts dissented from, 1899,
2 Ch. 261; 68 L. J. Ch. 622 ; 81 L. T. 101). In this connection, WaUh
ASSIGNS 182 ASSIGNS
V. Lonsdale (52 L. J. Ch. 2 ; 21 Ch. D. 9 ; 46 L. T. 858 ; 31 W. R. 109)
has no bearing ; for a Lessor has no right, even in Equity, to sae an
Equitable Lessee on the Lessee's covenants, nor vice versa {Friary v.
Singleton, sup, citing Moore v. Greg, 18 L. J. Ch. 15; 2 D. G. & S.
304 : Cox V. Bishop, 26 L. J. Ch. 389 ; 8 D. G. M. & G. 815). Accord-
ingly, a merely equitable transferee of a lease cannot insist on an
Option to purchase the freehold which the lease gives to the lessee his
exs, ads, or " assigns '' {Friary v. Singleton, sup) ; but a lessee holding
only under an Agreement for a Lease, is bound, by the terms of such
agreement, to the person whom he has acknowledged as his landlord
thereunder, e,g, to purchase his goods from " the Successors in Business **
of the person from whom he took the agreement {Manchester Brewery
Co V. Coombs, 82 L. T. 347, cited Spirituous Liquor).
A Lessor's " Assigns," qu^ s. 14 (3), Couv. & L. P. Act, 1881, " means
Legal Assigns, as Assignment was held in Gentle v. Faulkner (cited
Assign) to mean Legal Assignment " (per Smith, L. J., Matthews v.
Usher, 1900, 2 Q. B. 535; 69 L. J. Q. B. 856; 83 L. T. 353; 49 W. R.
40) ; and, notwithstanding subs. 5, s. 25, Jud. Act, 1873, a Mtgor, or
other owner of the Equity of Redemption, is not entitled, as an " As-
sign " of the Lessor, to give the Notice required by the firstly mentioned
section {S. C).
" Wheae a discretionary legal power is expressly limited to * A. and his
assigns,^ the grantee or devisee of A., and even a claimant under him by
Operation of Law (as an heir or executor), may exercise the power {How
V. Whitfield, 1 Vent. 338, 339; 1 Freem. 476) ;. but in a trust, if an estate
be vested in a trustee upon trust that he, his heirs, exors, admors, or
assigns, shall sell, &c, the introduction of the word 'assigns' will not
authorize the trustee to assign the estate to a stranger, nor, if the
assignment be made, will a stranger be capable of exercising the power ''
(Lewin, 717).
Where a trust for sale, or otherwise involving discretion, is limited to
a person, his heirs and assigns, such trust may be executed by a devisee
of the trustee {Titley v. Wolstenholme, 13 L. J. Ch. 410; 7 Bea. 425:
Hall V. May, 26 L. J. Ch. 791; 3 K. & J. 585; 30 L. T. 0. S. 64: Vf
1 Jarm. 711: Lewin, 248). But now, since 31st Dec, 1881, V, s. 30,
Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881, on whv Heirs and Assigns.
Note, As to omission of " assigns " in a trust or power of sale, F-
Re Osborne and Rowlett, 13 Ch. D. 774, on tolicvy Cooke v. Crawford,
and Re Morton and Hallett, inf, and Re Ingleby, &e Co, 13 L. R. Ir. 326.
As to value of " Assigns " in a Mortgage power of sale; V, Saloway v.
Strawbridge, 24 L. J. Ch. 393; 1 K. & J. 371.
Apart from the Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881, s. 21 (4), a Mtge power of
sale is not exerciseable by an Assign if not so expressed {Re Rumney and
Smith, 1897, 2 Ch. 351; 66 L. J. Ch. 482, 641 ; 76 L. T. 800; 45 W. R.
678; following Bradford v. Belfield, 2 Sim. 264, and distinguishing
ASSIGNS 1S8 ASSIGNS
Cooke V. Crawford^ 11 L. J. Ch. 406; 13 Sim. 91: Vthlc, Re MoHon and
HalUUj 16 Ch. D. 143; 49 L. J. Ch. 559).
Setnble, — where in a Will " assigns " is suhjoined to " exors and
admors," the phrase is always one of limitation, and does not designate
next of kin (2 Jarm. 115: Legal Representatives); and when the
word "assigns " is used in association with " exors and admors," it will
not make an interest assignahle which otherwise is not trausferahle
(Gathercole r. Smith, 50 L. J. Ch. 671: 17 Ch. D. 1; 29 W. R.
434).
Covenants relating to land of inheritance and made since 31st Dec,
1881, extend to heirs and assigns though not named (s. 58, Cony. &
L. P. Act, 1881).
So, sometimes a contract relating to Leaseholds, — e.g. to reduce rent
of a public-house, if the liquors therein consumed are bought of the
lessor, — will run with the term though the lessee's ** assigns " be not
named {White v. Southend Hotel Co, cited Spirituous Liquor).
A covenant incurring liability for one's " Assigns " will not comprise a
compulsory assign, — e.g. a Railway Company taking under compulsory
powers (Baili/ v. De Crespigny, 38 L. J. Q. B. 98 ; 10 B. & S. 1 ; L. R.
4 Q. B. 180). Va Doe d, Goodbehere v. Bevan, sup.
A limitation to A. " and his assigns " for life, " until he make or at-
tempt to make assignment, or charge, or incumber," is not sufficient to
render nugatory the clause of forfeiture {Craven v. Brady, 4 Ch. 296 ;
38 L. J. Ch. 345 ; 17 W. R. 505: Re Kelly, West v. Twnier, 33 S. J.
234).
"In preparing Covenants which are intended to Run with the land,
the 'Assigns' should always be mentioned, for though some covenants
will bind them although not mentioned, and others will not bind them
although mentioned, yet there is a middle class, in which assignees are
bound if mentioned, but not otherwise ; and it is prudent to provide for
the possibility of a covenant being held to belong to this class " (Woodf.
172: V. Spirituous Liquor). And where the owner conveys part of
a Building Estate, reserving power to waive Restrictive Covenants, the
words of such reservation should be to him ''his heirs or assigns "; and
'' assigns," in that connection, means the owner for the time being of the
unsold portion of the estate (Everett v. Remington, 1892, 3 Ch. 148;
61 L. J. Ch. 574; 67 L. T. 80).
F. Heirs and Assigns: Hunting.
"Assigns " in a Bill of Lading refers to the Bill itself, not to the
goods {Glyn v. E. & W. India Dock Co, 50 L. J. Q. B. 62; 52 lb. 156;
6 Q. B. D. 475; 7 App. Ca. 610); and, semble^ if no such word as, to the
Consignee's " Order, " or to the Consignee "or his Assigns," be used,
the Bill of Lading is not Negotiable {Lickbai*rotv v. Mason, 5 T. R.
685: Henderson v. Comptoir D JSscompte, 42 L. J. P. C. 62; L. R. 5 P. C.
259, 260).
ASSIGNS 134 ASSIZE
Vf Mitcalfe v. Westaway, 34 L. J. C. P. 113; 17 C. B. N. S. 658
(that " assigns '* may include " licensees ") : Saloway v. Strawbrid//e, 23
L. J. Ch. 121; 7 D. G. M. & G. 594: Greenaway v. HaH, 23 L. J.
C. P. 115; 14 C. B. 340: Taite v. Gosling, 11 Ch. D. 273; 48 L. J. Ch.
397 (that "assigns" held to include lessee of covenantee): SvthUx,
Bryant v. Hancock^ sup.
Quk Copyright Act, 1842, 5 & 6 V. c. 45, " * Assigns * shall be construed
to mean and include every person in whom the interest of an Author in
Copyright shall be vested, — whether derived from such author before or
after the publication of any book, and whether acquired by sale, gift, be-
quest, or by operation of law, or otherwise " (s. 2).
ASSIST.— V. Unshippinq.
" Liberty to assist " ; V. Liberty to tow.
" Assist " in erection or use of Competing Works ; V. Erect.
ASSISTANT. — "Assistant Barrister"; Stat. Def., Jr. 6 & 7 W. 4,
c. 75, s. 63; 7 W. 4 <& 1 V. c. 43, s. 8 ; 9 & 10 V. c. Ill, s. 22;
11 & 12 V. c. 28, s. 18; 13 & 14 V. c. 69, s. 117; 14 & 15 V. c. 57,
8. 162; 16 & 17 V. c. 107, s. 357; 17 & 18 V. c. 103, s. 1 ; 27 & 28
V. c. 22, 8. 20.
"Assistant Commissioner"; Stat. Def., 8 & 9 V. c. 118, s. 167; 29
&, 30 V. c. 122, s. 3.
" Assistant Registrar "; Stat. Def., 56 & 57 V. c. 39, s. 79. — Scot. 17
& 18 V. c. 80, s. 76.
"Assistant Teacher in State Schools," as used in the Colony of Vic-
toria; V. Main v. Stark, 59 L. J. P. C. 68 ; 15 App. Ca. 385.
Where power is given to a Corp, or other Body, to appoint " Clerks,
Treasurers, Collectors, and such other Officers or Assistants " as it may
think fit, that does not enable it to make a substantive appointment of
e,g, an Assistant Treasurer; in such a collocation "Officers" and
" Assistants " are synonymous (JEIawkings v. Newman, 8 L. J. Ex. 82 ;
4 M. & W. 633).
ASS IS US. — Terra Assisa was land rented or farmed out "for cer-
tain assessed rent in money or provisions. Terra Assisa was commonly
opposed to Terra Dominica (V. Demesne); this last being held in
domain, and occupied by the lord, — the other let out to inferior tenants "
(Jacob).
ASSIZE. — "Assisa properly commeth of the Latin word assideo^
which is to associate or set together; so as properly assise is an associa-
tion or sitting together " (Co. Litt. 153 b).
" Court of Assize "; F. s. 13 (4), luterp Act, 1889.
" Rent of Assize " ; V. Quit Rent.
ASSIZES 135 ASSURANCE
ASSIZES. — V. 8. 13 (5), Interp Act, 1889.
Qui Purchase of Land (Ir) Acts, " * Assizes * includes a Presenting
Term " (54 & 55 V. c. 48, s. 42).
For an account of the ancient remedial "Assizes," V* Pollock &
Maitland's Hist, of Eng. Law.
ASSOCIATE. — A forfeiture of a wife's Annuity, if she shall
" associate, continue to keep company with, or cohabit^ or criminally
correspond with " F., is worked if F. calls at her house and leaves his
card like any other visitor, and still more if he is sometimes admitted ;
the meaning of such a Condition is'' that there should be no communi-
cation whatever between the parties" (per Mansfield, C. J.), "the re-
ceiving a man's visits, whenever he chuses to call, is 'associating
with ' him " (per Cur. Dormer v. Knighty 1 Taunt. 417, 418).
Cp Cohabitation.
ASSOCIATION V. Company.
" Association," for purposes of Booty, must be military ; political
Association is not within the phrase {Banda and Kirwee Booty, cited
Co-Operation). Cp Joint Captors.
Qnk Criminal Law and Procedure (Ir) Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 20,
" ' Association,' includes any Combination of Persons, whether the same
be known by any distinctive name or not " (s. 7).
ASSOIL. — " * Assoile,' comes either from the Latine, ahsolvere, or
from the French, absouldrey and signifies to deliver or discharge a man
of an Excommunication, and so it is used by Staunford in his Pleas of
the Crowne, 2nd Bk, 18 ch. 71b" (Termes de la Ley), or to deliver
from one's Sins, as used in 1 H. 4, c. 10, which enacted, that nothing
should be adjudged Treason but what was so ordained by the statute of
" King Edward the Third, whom God ossoiL'*
ASSUMPSIT. — "'Assumpsit,' is a voluntary promise made by
word, by which a man assumeth and taketh upon him to performe, or
pay, anything to another " (Termes de la Ley).
The old " Action of Assumpsit, is an action of trespass on the Case,
whereby a compensation in damages, may be recovered for an injury
sustained by the non-performance of a parol agreement " (Selwyn, N. P.
42, whv). Cp Covenant.
Vh Jacob: 1 Encyc. 364.
ASSURANCE. — " An Assurance is something which operates as a
transfer of Property " (per Kay, L. J., Ee Ray, 65 L. J. Ch. 320 ; 1896,
1 Ch. 468). In the old Statutes against Usury (13 Eliz. c. 8, s. 3 ;
21 Jac. 1, c. 17 ; 12 Car. 2, c. 13 ; 12 Anne, St. 2, c. 16), " Assurance,"
in the phrase *' all Bonds, Contracts, and Assurances " for payment of
ASSURANCE 186 ASSURANCE MEM'R
money lent upon Usury^ meant an Assurance of Land^ '' as is the proper
legal signification of it " (per Hardwicke, C. J., Bush v. GaweVj Ca, t.
Hard. 237). Vf Rodger v. Harrison, cited Conveyance.
" Assurance," ss. 40, 41, Fines and Recoveries Act, 1S33, 3 & 4 W. 4,
c. 74, '' does not mean that which constitutes a complete Disposition of
property," — " the deed might be either the whole assurance, or the evi-
dence only of the assurance " (per Bomilly, M. R., lie London Dock Act^
20 Bea. 497, 498 ; affd 7 D. G. M. & G. 627).
Where, in any given set of circumstances, the only thing which vali-
dates a Contract for the Sale of Goods is an entry in the auctioneer's
book, such entry is an " Assurance" of the goods within s. 4, Bills of Sale
Act, 1878 {Re Roberts, Evans v. Roberts, 36 Ch. D. 196 ; 56 L. J. Ch.
952 ; 57 L.T. 79; 35 W. R. 684 ; 51 J. P. 757 ; 3 Times Rep. 678) ; but
a mere receipt, or other recording document, not intended to contain and
not containing the contract between the parties, is not such an Assurance
{Newlove v. Shrewsbury, 57 L. J. Q. B. 476 ; 21 Q. B. D. 41 ; 36 W. R.
835: Grigg v. National Guardian Co, 1891, 3 Ch. 206; 61 L. J. Ch. 11 :
London and Yorkshire Bank v. White, 11 Times Rep. 570: Woodgate
V. Godfrey, L. R. 4 Ex. 59, 5 lb. 24 : Charlesworth v. Mills, 1892, A. C.
231; 61 L. J. Q. B. 830 ; 66 L. T. 690 ; 41 W. R. 129; 56 J. P. 628:
Ramsay v. MargreU, 1894, 2 Q. B. 18; 63 L. J. Q. B. 613; 70 L. T.
788. F. Receipt). A mortgage of Freeholds having Trade Fixtures
thereto annexed which pass by such mortgage, is not an ** Assurance " of
the Fixtures within that section {Re Yates, Batcheldorv. Yates, 57 L. J.
Ch. 697; 38 Ch. D. 112 ; 59 L. T. 47; 36 W. R. 563: Re Brooke, 1894,
2 Ch. 600 ; 64 L. J. Ch. 21 ; 71 L. T. 398. Su Climpson v. Coles, cited
License).
Vf. Cobum V. Collins, 35 Ch. D. 373; 56 L. J. Ch. 504; 56 L. T.
431; 35 W. R. 610, where an Agreement for sale of business effects by
trustees, reserving a lien for the purchase money, was held an " Assur-
ance " by the purchaser requiring registration; VtTie distinguished from
a Hire-Purchase Agreement in McEntire v. Crossley, 1895, A. C. 457;
64 L. J. P. C. 129 ; 72 L. T. 731.
V. Conveyance.
" Upon any Representation or Assurance " ; V. Upon.
Stat. Def. — 47 & 48 V. c. 54, s. 3; 51 & 52 V. c. 42, s. 10; 54 &
55 V. c. 73, 8, 4; 65 & 56 V. c. 11, s. 2. — Ir. 13 & 14 V. c. 72, a. 64.
ASSURANCE COMPANY. — A Friendly Society is not an "As-
su ranee Co " {Coppinger v. Gubbins, 3 J. & La T. 397).
Stat. Def. — 7 & 8 V. c. 110, s. 3; 30 & 31 V. c. 144, s. 7.
K Insubance Company.
ASSURANCE MEMBER. — V. Re Albion Life Assrce, 18 Ch. D.
639.
ASSURED 137 AT
ASSURED : HAVE FULL ASSURANCE. — F. Precatory
Trust.
If in executing a Power of Appointment, the appointor adds that the
appointee " will, I am assured ** do something outside the limits of the
Power, that does not, necessarily, mean that there has been a bargain
for that outside thing between appointor and appointee, so as to void
the appointment; the phrase may only mean, " I feel certain he will do
it" (He Crawshay, 69 L. J. Ch. 396; 43 Ch. D. 616).
"Assured," in a Marine Policy; V. Gt, Britain Steamship Assn v.
Wyllie, 58 L. J. Q. B. 614.
ASTRARIUS. — " Hceres astrariusy so called of a^tre, an harth of a
house ; because the auncestor by conveyance hath set his heire apparent,
and his family, in a house and living in his life-time " (Co. Litt. 8 b).
ASYLUM. — " 'Asylum,' according to its original derivation and in
its widest meaning, simply signifies a Refuge, — a place of retreat and
security. In its English acceptation, the word is most commonly used
to denote an Establishment for the detention and cure of persons suf-
fering from Mental Disease, — and also a place for the reception and
up-bringing of destitute Orphans. The fact that some of its inmates
are to be Orphans, will not impart to the Institution generally the char-
acter of an Orphan Asylum " (per Ld Watson, Dilworth v. Commrs of
Stampsy 1899, A. C. 107, 108; 68 L. J. P. C. 4, 6).
Criminal seeking an " Asylum, ** s. 1, 6 & 7 V. c. 76, means, going to a
place where the matter may not be tried (per Crompton, J., Re Tivnan,
6 B. & S. 683).
Stat. Def. — 8 & 9 V. c. 100, s. 114, c. 126, s. 84; 16 & 17 V. c. 97,
s. 132; 26 & 26 V. c. Ill, s. 1; 47 & 48 V. c. 64, s. 16 ; 63 & 64
V. c. 6, s. 341. — Ir. 19 & 20 V. c. 99, s. 2; 31 & 32 V. c. 97, s. 4. .
AT. — Where there is a bequest to several in common for life with a
gift over " at," or " after," or " from," or " from and after," their decease
to their children or other issue, — the gift over is to be read distribu-
tively and as a gift of the share of each to his children or other issue
Respectively {Arrow v. Mellish, 1 D. G. & S. 356: Willes v. Douglas^
10 Bea. 47 : WilU v. WiUsy 44 L. J. Ch. 682 ; L. R. 20 Eq. 342 : Turner
V. Whlttaker, 23 Bea. 196: Abrei/ v. Newman^ 22 L. J. Ch. 627; 16 Bea.
431 : Alt V. Gregory, 8 D. G. M. & G. 221 : Waldron v. Boulter, 22 Bea.
284: Be Hutchinson, 61 L. J. Ch. 924; 21 Ch. D. 811; Vthlc, per Ld
Davey, Van Grutten v. Foxwell, %^ L. J. Q. B. 769). Vf as to effect of
testamentary gift " at " death, 2 Jarm. 617, 624 : Death : On.
A legacy given " at," " on," or " upon," a particular age or time, con-
fers a contingent interest, such word, in such a context, being equivalent
to "if" the event shall happen {Parker v. Hodgson, 30 L. J. Ch. 690;
1 Dr. & Sm. 668 : Wms. Exs. 1093: Watson Eq. 1218).
AT 188 AT
Power to be executed " at " Marriage ; V. Re Creagh, cited Previously.
The 38 G. 3, c. 87, s. 1, as extended by 21 & 22 V. c. 96, s. 18, gives
power to the Probate Court in cases where the exor or admor to whom
probate or administration has been granted is out of the jurisdiction " at
the Expiration of twelve months " from testator's death, to grant special
administration to a creditor, legatee, or next of kin; *' At," there, means
"at or after" {Re Ruddy, 41 L. J. P. & M. 63; L. R. 2 P. & M. 330:
Re Colcloughy 19 L. B. Ir. 235); and a like interpretation applies to
such a phrase as " at an interval " of a given period {Re Railway Sleepers
Co, 64 L. J. CL 720; 29 Ch. D. 204 : Vh Re Miller's Dale Co, 31 Ch. D.
211).
So, in a Charter-Party, " a Statement shall be furnished to the Mer-
chants a^ the Expiration of this Charter," means, within a reasonable
time after {Beard v. Rhodes, 28 L. T. 168).
Where, under Rules of Court, an application to deprive a plaintiff of
costs had to be made " at " the Trial, it was held in time when made an
hour after the trial was over {Kynaston v. Ma^kindery 47 L. J. Q. B. 76) ;
but an amendment which may be made " at " the Trial means {semble)
before verdict {Wickens v. Steel, 26 L. J. C. P. 241; 2 C. B. N. S.
488).
A request to a Co. Co. Judge to take a Note of a Question of Law, has
to be made " at the Trial," s. 120, Co. Co. Act, 1888, — Le, during, or at
the end of, the trial ; and a request made an hour and a half after the
trial is too late {Fierpolnt v. CaHwright, 6 C. P. D. 139; 28 W. R.
683). Such request is a Condition Precedent to an Appeal {McChrah v.
CaHwright, ^ L. J. Q. B. 331; 23 Q. B. D. 3; 60 L. T. 637; 37 W. R.
619: Cook V. Gordon, 61 L. J. Q. B. 446).
Under s. 3, 20 & 21 V. c. 43, Recognizances are entered into " at the
time of the application " for a Case, if entered into within the 3 days
given for applying {Chapman v. Robinson, 28 L. J. M. C. 30; 1 E. & E.
26).
Under s. 26, Comp Act, 1867, repld s. 7, Comp Act, 1900, a contract
for paid-up shares simultaneously issued would have been registered
" at " the Issue of the shares, if registered as soon as practically possible
after the completion of the transaction {Re Tunnel Mining Co, bQ L. J.
Ch. 1049; 36 Ch. D. 679; 3 Times Rep. 684: Re Anglo- Colonial Syndi-
cate, 66 L. T. 847. Cp Accompany) . But a lengthened omission to
register might be rectified on terms {Re Darlington Forge Co, 6^ L. J.
Ch. 730; 34 Ch. D. 622: Re Preservation Syndicate, 1896, 2 Ch. 768;
64 L. J. Ch. 723; 73 L. T. 341).
As to a requirement that a deposit is to be paid " at or before " entering
an Appeal; V. Ex p. Rosenthal, Re Dickinson, 61 L. J. Ch. 736; 20
Ch. D. 316: Ex p. Ltixon, Re Pidsley, 61 L. J. Ch. 928; 20 Ch. D. 701.
A statement that the consideration of a Bill of Sale was paid " at or
before " its execution (though such a phrase is somewhat elastic) is not
AT 139 AT ALL TIMES
true if not paid till 7 days afterwards {Exp. Rolph, W. K (81) 136).
Vf Truly set forth.
In Lloyd v. Gregory (Cro. Car. 502) a reversionary lease to commence
" at " a stated Feast Day, was construed as ^^ from " such day.
V. After : From : On : Upon.
When " at" is used as denoting a Place, it refers to some fixed and
definite place; e.g., therefore, a Marine Policy on pumps whilst engaged
" at the wreck " of a vessel, will not cover the loss of the pumps when
" on ** the vessel after she has been got away from the scene of her wreck,
and is moving about from place to place in an endeavour to get her into
port (Difiori v. Adams, 53 L. J. Q. B. 437: Vf Wingate v. Foster, 47
L. J. Q. B. 625; 3 Q. B. D. 582). " At as above " in such a Policy; K
Joyce V. Eealm Mar Insrce, 41 L. J. Q. B. 356; L. R. 7 Q. B. 580.
To unload " at " a stated Wharf, in a Charter-Party, connotes Along-
side {Bastifele v. Lloyd, cited Near thereto as she may safely
get).
When " at " is used in a Will or Deed as descriptive of the situation
or locality of property, its meaning is synonymous with In. But in such
a phrase as " at or within," the word " at " is rather used in the sense of
" near to," or " adjacent to " (Jfomer v. Homer, 47 L. J. Ch. 635 ; 8 Ch. D.
758, cited 1 Jarm. 796: Sv, Doe d. Browne v. Ch'eening, 3 M. & S. 171:
Evans v. Angell, 26 Bea. 202).
" My Property at R.'s Bank " ; V. Re Prater, cited My.
" All my Land at S."; F. Re Portal and Lamb, cited My.
An Advowson cannot properly be said to be " at " a place; and, primd
facie, a devise of hereditaments " at " a place will not pass an Advowson
(Crompton v. Jarratt, 54 L. J. Ch. 1109; 30 Ch. D. 298). Cp In, whva
as to Debts.
"At, in, or near"; V, 1 Jarm. 794: At or near.
AT A FAIR VALUATION.— F. Fair Valuation.
AT ALL TIMES. — A covenant in a Mining Lease to work the
Mine "at all Times," is frequently incapable of literal performance
{Abinger v. Ashton, L. R. 17 Eq. 358 : Vth, Strelley v. Pearson, 15 Ch. D.
113).
AT ALL TIMES OF TIDE.— Where a Charter-party provides
for delivery of the cargo at a Port or as near thereto as the vessel may
safely get " at all times of tide," even though it be added " always afloat,"
the phrase " at all times of tide " is in relief of the ship-owner, so that when
the vessel is as near to the port as she can safely get, though from the
state of the tide it is not near enough to unload, the Lay Days will
begin to run, as the voyage will then be terminated {Horsley v. Price,
52 L. J. Q. B. 603; 11 Q. B. D. 244). The insertion of this phrase in
AT ALL TIMES 140 AT DISCRETION
a Charter*Party will accordingly materially qualify the usual phrase of,
as Near thkreto as she may safely get.
AT ANCHOR. — Semble, a Vessel held by her anchor is not Under-
way, even though that be in the course of her being towed; and being
so held she need only exhibit her Anchor Light {The £oma7ice, 83
L. T. 488).
AT AND FROM. — The risk on a Marine Policy begins at, and as
soon as the ship is within, the port when the words are " At and From "
(Palmer v. Marshall, 8 Bing. 79, 317: Haughton v. Empire Mar Insrce,
35 L.J. Ex. 117; L.R.I Ex. 206; 4H.&C.44: Foley ^. Tinned Insrce,
L. R. 5 C. P. 165: Vf, The Coper nicus, 1896, P. 237; 65 L. J. P. D. & A.
108; 74 L. T. 757); but at the commencement of the voyage, when only
"From" is used {Small v. Gibson, 20 L. J. Q. B. 152; 16 Q. B. 156).
Vhy Colonial Insrce v. Adelaide Insrce (12 App. Ca. 128; 56 L. J. P. C.
19; 56 L. T. 173; 35 W. R. 636) in which a proposal "at and from,"
was accepted "from" a port; and in which, on the construction of the
Letter of Acceptance, it was held that parties were ad idem and the
proposal accepted.
Vf, Wingate v. Foster, 3 Q. B. D. 582; 47 L. J. Q. B. 625: Hydames
Co V. Indemnity Assrce, 1896, 1 Q. B. 600; 64 L. J. Q. B. 353; 72 L. T.
103: 8 Encyc. 173-177.
As to meaning when this phrase relates to Time, V. From : On.
AT ANY ONE TIME. — T. One Time.
AT ANY TIME. — A Power to do a thing, e,g, to Revoke Uses,
"at any time," is not confined to one execution; the words are equiva-
lent to " From time to time, as often as the Donee of the Power shall
think good " {Digges' Case, 1 Rep. 173).
In 2kMining Lease, aPower to surrender " at any Time," on giving a speci-
fied notice, is literally construed as meaning " at any time of any year of the
tenancy " ; and does not mean that the notice is to expire at the end of any
year (Bridges v. Potts, 33 L. J. C. P. 338 ; 17 C. B. N. S. 314). F. Any.
Power to Amend " at any time," must have some limitation put on it,
but it has a wide meaning {Ex p. Norris, 56 L. J. Q. B. 93 ; 17 Q. B. D.
728 : Re Newton, 1896, 2 Q. B. 403; 6,5 L. J. Q. B. 686).
Qu4 an agreement in Restraint op Trade, " at any time " prima
fa>cie connotes the stipulator's life {Hastings v. Whitley, 2 Ex. 611).
" At any time previously " ; V, Previously.
V. One Time.
AT DISCRETION. — Where an Officer is removable "at the Dis-
cretion " of the persons or body appointing him, that justifies an ap-
pointment " during the Pleasure " of the Appointors, — " at Discretion "
and " during Pleasure," connoting the same thing {Delea v, Cork, 19
W. R. 471). Cp Convenience.
AT HIS DEATH 141 AT OR NEAR
AT HIS DEATH. — "At his death," read "from and after his
death " {Thelwall v. Finney, W. N. (68) 313).
AT HIS WILL OR PLEASURE.— T. At Discretion: Con-
VENIENCR.
AT HOME. — As to when property is said to he " at home," and the
effect thereof; V. Lewin, 720 : Watson Eq. 112.
AT INTEREST. — V. Money out at interest.
AT LARQE. — " Inhabitants at Large " ; F. Repairable.
" Verdict at Large "; V. Litt. ss. 367, 368 : Co. Litt. 228 a.
AT LAW.— F. Right in Equity: By Law.
AT LEAST. — Where time is to be computed as so many days " at
least," that means clear days {R, v. Salop, 7 L. J. M. C. 56; 8 A. & E.
173: Mitchell v. Forster, 9 Dowl. P. C. 527; 12 A. & E. 472; 9 L. J.
M. C. 95: Young v. Higgon, 9 L. J. M. C. 29; 6 M. & W. 49: Norton
V. Salisbury, 16 L. J. C. P. 9; 4 C. B. 32: Freeman v. Read, cited
Calendar Month: Robinson v. Robinson, 30 L. J. P. M. & A. 189:
Howes V. Turner, 45 L. J. C. P. 550; 1 C. P. D. 670 : Mercantile Trust
V. International Co, 1893, 1 Ch. 484, n, 489: Cp R. v. St. Mary,
Warwick, cited Year). But in Re Ry Sleepers Co (54 L. J. Ch. 722;
29 Ch. D. 204), Chitty, J., said, " I do not see any distinction between
* 14 days ' and * at least 14 days.* "
Note, In this computation, a Notice in a Newspaper appears on the
Day of its Date, though the newspaper may be partially published previ-
ously {R, V. Aberdare Canal Co, 19 L. J. Q. B. 261; 14 Q. B. 853).
F.Clear: Interval: Within.
As to value of " at least " in making a prayer or claim alternative, F.
La Banque UHochelaga v. Murray, cited Null.
AT MATURITY.— F. Mature.
AT MERCHANT'S RISK.— F Mechant's Risk.
AT ONCE. — A Commercial Traveller whose duty is to remit the
moneys he receives " at once," should remit each sum received " by the
next post" (per Huddleston, B., R. v. Rogers, 41 L. J. M. C. 14;
3 Q. B. D. 33).
AT ONE TIME. — F One Time.
AT OR NEAR. — Anchor Light to be carried "at or near the
Stem," Art. 11, Regns fop the Prevention of Collisions at Sea; F. The
Gannet, 1899, P. 230; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 99; 1900, A. C. 234; 69
L. J. P. D. & A. 49.
AT OR WITHIN 142 AT THEIR DEATH
AT OR WITHIN V. At, towards end.
AT OWNER'S RISK.— r. Owner's Risk.
AT SEA. — " In a policy, of marine insurance where the vessel was
described as ' At Sea ' it was held by the Supreme Colony of Victoria
that the condition was complied with, as she had then left port, although
she was in a navigable river which had at its mouth a bar difficult to
cross" (Wood, 241, citing Fisher v. Adelaide Insrce, 2 Victorian
Rep. 90).
" Mariner at Sea " ; V, Mabinkb.
AT SHIP'S RISK.~F. Ship's Risk.
AT SIGHT. — "A Note payable at Sight, by the terms of the con-
tract, must be shown before action brought : that was the case of
Holmes V. Kerrison, 2 Taunt. 323 " (per Parke, B., Nortmi v. Ellam^
6 L. J. Ex. 121; 2 M. & W. 461). But F. s. 10, Bills of Ei. Act, 1882.
Fa, On Demand.
" Sight " and " Date " of a Bill or Note are not synonymous, —
'* Sight " connotes when the document is presented (^Sturdy v. Henderson^
4B. &Ald. 592).
As to what is a " Sight " ; F. Way v. Bassett, 15 L. J. Ch. 1 ;
6 Hare, 55.
AT THE END.— F. End.
AT THE EXPIRATION.— F. At: Expibation.
AT THE KINO'S PLEASURE. — When a punishment is to be
imposed "at the King's pleasure," this is to be done in his Courts and
by his Justices (1 Hale, 375: Dwar. 675: Maxwell, 427).
AT THE KINO'S WILL.— F Felony.
AT THE LEAST.— F At least.
AT THE PLEASURE. —F Pleasure: At Discretion.
AT THE PRESENT TIME. — "The business at the Present Time
returns a net profit of 17% on the capital employed"; F Glacier v.
Bolls, 58 L. J. Ch. 331.
F. Capital employed.
AT THE RATE OF. — F Rate: Per Annum: Year.
AT THE TIME OF F. Brown v. WUkinson, 16 L. J. Ex. 34;
15 M. & W. 391.
AT THE TRIAL.— F. At.
AT THEIR DEATH. — Bequest to two or more, and "at their
death" to their children, read "at their respective deaths" {Wills v.
WUU, L. R. 20 Eq. 342; 44 L. J. Ch. 582).
AT VARIANCE 143 ATTACHMENT
AT VARIANCE V. Vabiaxce.
AT WAR. — F. War.
AT WILL.— F. Tenant at Will.
ATTACH. — " * Attach,' is a taking or apprehending by Command
or Writ " (Termes de la Ley).
As to the Writ of Attachment, F Ord. 44, R. S. C. and notes theredn
in Ann. Pr.
ATTACHED. — This word does not always mean physically fastened ;
it may also mean, superincumbent upon. Thus in citing from the jdgnit
of Cockburn, C. J., Laing v. Bishopswearmouth (47 L. J. M. C. 41;
3 Q. B. D. 299), that whatever is " attached " to premises has to be
estimated for the purpose of ascertaining its rating value, Esher, M. K.,
said : —
*' Now does the word ' attached ' there, mean attached by some physical
fastening such as screws or bolts ? If it does, a thing weighing tons,
which cannot be and never was intended to be lifted, would not be taken
into account if not fastened to some part of the building ; whereas if it
were fastened it would. That, as it seems to my mind, would be a
monstrous consequence. I do not think the word ' attached ' does there
mean ' physically fastened,' so as to determine whether the thing is to be
taken into account or not " {Tyne Boiler Works Co r. Longbenton, 66
L. J. M. C. 12). It was held in that case that heavy machinery kept
in situ by its own weight had to be taken into account in assessing the
rateable value of the premises.
Shop or Warehouse " attached " to a Dwellinghouse, R. 3, Sch B.,
House Tax Act, 1808, does not mean, mere contact of some part of the
two structures, but means attached for use with the Dwellinghouse (per
Ld Brampton, Grant v. Langston, cited House).
^ Expenses attaching to the Meeting " ; V, Meeting.
ATTACHES. — "When the liability of the underwriter commences
under the contract,* the technical mode of expressing this is by saying
that ' the policy attaches, ' or * the risk begins to run ' from that time "
(Arn. 2).
ATTACHMENT. — F. Attach.
Quk " Execution or Attachment," 2 & 3 V. c. 29, — "Does not 'At-
tachment * virtually include a Distress ? It is a holding of the goods
Id Pledge " (per Tindal, C. J., Laeklngton v. EUiottj 7 M. & G. 541).
ATTACHMENT FOR DEBT. — A committal under Debtors*
Act, 1869, for non-payment of a Judgment debt, being punitive,
though it may be got rid of by payment, is not an " Attachment for
Debt" within a. 14, Sheriff's Act, 1887, 60 & 61 V. c. ^ {Mitchell v.
ATTACHMENT 144 ATTEMPT
SimpsoTiy 59 L. J. Q. B. 355; 26 Q. B. D. 183). That section is »
re-enactment of s. 1, 32 G. 3, c. 28, under which "Attachment" only
applied to persons arrested on Mesne process (Evans v. Atkins, 4 T. B.
555). Arrest upon Mesne process " in any action " is abolished (s. 6,
32 & 33 y. c. 62) ; but the same section enacts " in substance a new form
of Mesne process " ( V. note by Fry, L. J., 59 L. J. Q. B. 359), to which,
probably, " Attachment for Debt " applies; and " I think it is applicable
to Crown Debts and, at all events, to writs ne exeat regno " (per Lopes,
L. J., Mitchell V. Simpson^ sup).
V. Imprtsonment.
ATTACHMENT OF DEBT.— V. Debt.
ATTACHMENT OF PLEAS OF THE CROWN.— Fl cTeuri-
son V. Dyson, 9 M. & W. 640; 11 L. J. Ex. 401; 2 M. & R. 377.
ATTACK. — There is a clear difference between an " Attack " on and
an " Engagement " with Pirates (s. 2, Piracy Act, 1850, 13 & 14 V. c.
26). '' I take an Attack to be, the use of, or the attempt to use. Force or
Violence. It is not necessary to constitute an Attack that there should
be any resistance or any actual combat or any blood spilt. < Engage-
ment ' is a different word, and seems, necessarily, to imply that there
was something of a combat or fight " (per Dr. Lushington, The Magellan
Pirates, 1 Spink, 87; 18 Jur. 20). Held in the, that an Intimidation
by a demonstration of force, was an " Attack " within the section cited.
Qu^ Prevention of Crime (Ir) Act, 1882, 45 & 46 V. c. 25, " 'Attack
on a Dwelling Hous E ' means, any crime, cognisable by law, involving
the breaking into, firing at, or otherwise assaulting or injuring, a dwell-
inghouse " (s. 35).
ATTAIN. — A limitation to those " who attain," or " such as attain"
a particular age, or marry, creates a Condition Precedent {Dnffield v.
Dvffield, 3 Bligh, N. S. 260) ; but, in some cases the estate would vest
at once, subject to be divested on the event not happening {Muskett v.
Eaton, 45 L. J. Ch. 22; 1 Ch. D. 435) ; V. the cases cited Watson Eq.
1219. Vf When.
Devise to T. for life, remainder to his second son, " on his attaining
21, but in default of there being a second son " then over, does not give,
to a second son dying under 21, an estate in fee with an executory devise
over, but only a remainder contingent on his attaining 21 (Alexander v.
Alexander, 24 L. J. C. P. 150; 16 C. B. 59).
ATTAINDER. — "Is when a man hath committed Felony, or
Treason, and judgment is passed upon him " (Cowel). Vf Termes de
la Ley : 1 Encyc. 402.
ATTEMPT. — A mere offer to give security on property if it can be
effectually done, is not an " attempt " to Anticipate or incumber the
ATTEMPT 146 ATTEMPT
property within a clause of Forfeiture {Graham v. Lee^ 26 L, J. Ch.
395; 23 Bea. 388; 29 L. T. 0. S. 46: Re Amherst, L. B. 13 Eq. 468);
but an Alienation, by one who is suijurisy which is in itself void, is an
"attempt " to alienate {Re FoH&r, 1892, 3 Ch. 481; 61 L. J. Ch. 688;
41 W. B. 38). Within such a clause the filing by the beneficiary of a
Petition under the old Insolvent Debtors Act, was an " attempt " to sell,
or dispose of, his interest {Martin v. Margham^ 14 Sim. 230; approved
by Turner, L. J., Roehford v. ffackman, 9 Hare, 475) ; secus, of a mere
Declaration of Insolvency {Graham v. Lee^ sup), or a Seizure under a
judicial process {R, v. Robinson, cited Alienation).
Within such a clause, it is an Attempt " to intermeddle or interfere
in the management " of the estate, to bring an action against the trus-
tees relating thereto without any ** probabilis causa litigandi " {Powell
V. Morgan, 2 Vem. 90), e.g. a frivolous action for a Receiver {Adams v.
Adam^, 1892, 1 Ch. 369; 61 L. J. Ch. 237; 66 L. T. 98; 40 W. R. 261) ;
so, of " attempting to interfere with the tenants, annoying them, and so
on" (per Lindley, L. J., lb.),
** An Attempt to commit a Crime is an act done with intent to com-
mit that crime, and forming part of a series of acts which would con-
stitute its actual commission if it were not interrupted. Sv^ R. v.
Ring, inf.
^ The point at which such a series of acts begins cannot be defined;
but depends upon the circumstances of each particular case.
" An act done with Intent to commit a crime, the commission of
which in the manner proposed was, in fact, impossible, is not an at-
tempt to commit that crime.
^ The offence of attempting to commit a crime may be committed in
cases in which the offender voluntarily desists from the actual commis-
sion of the crime itself " (Steph, Cr. 37, 38 : Fjf, R. v. Cheeseman, L. & C.
140; 31L. J. M. C. 89). "-^
Attempt to procure Abortion ; F. Administer.
" Attempt to discharge any kind of Loaded Arms," s. 18, 24 & 25 V.
c. 100; r. Loaded Arm. Probably, a person cannot "attempt" to
discharge a Fire Arm which, in fact, cannot possibly be discharged {R,
V. Lewis, 9 C. & P. 523; Svthc^ R. v. Brown, inf); but where A. (who
had previously threatened B.) pointed a loaded pistol at B., but, before he
could discharge it, his hands were seized and the pistol taken from him,
A. was guilty of the "attempt" {R. v. Duckworth, 1892, 2 Q. B. 83;
40 W. R. 448; 66 L. T. 302, whc overrules R. v. St. George, 9 C. & P.
483).
Attempts to Murder, ss. 11 to 15, 24 & 25 V. c. 100; V. R. v. Brown,
10 Q. B. D. 381; 52 L. J. M. C 49; 31 W. R. 460; 48 L. T. 270.
There may be an Attempt at Theft by feloniously trying to pick an
empty pocket {R. v. Ring, 61 L. J. M. C. 116; 66 L. T. 300; 56 J. P.
552).
10
ATTENDANCE 146 ATTEST
ATTENDANCE. -"Attendance" (41 V. c. 16, a. 23) means "at-
tendance of a child at a morning or afternoon meeting of a school during
not less than 2 hours of instruction in secular subjects " (Lond. Oaz.
31 Dec 1878).
"Non-attendance "; V. Absents.
V, In Attendance.
"Ordinary" and "Extraordinary" Attendances by a Solr; F. Re
Mahon and Sayer, 1893, 1 Ch. 507; 62 L. J. Ch. 65, 448; 41 W. R. 257.
ATTENDANT. — "'Attendant,' is where one oweth a duty or
service to another, or, as it were, dependeth upon another " (Termes de
la Ley). Cp Dependant.
Stat.,Def. — 16 & 17 V. c. 96, s. 36.
An Attendant Term in Land, is one the original purpose of which is
satisfied but' which is kept alive to protect the inheritance from incum-
brances; the Assignment of such a Term is rendered unnecessary by the
Satisfied Terms Act, 1845, jB & 9 V. c. 112. Vh Wms. B. P. Part 4,
ch. 1.
ATTENDED TO. — Replying to a letter requesting payment of a
debt, the debtor wrote, — "I will see that it is attended to " ; held, a
sufficient Acknowledgment to take the debt out of the Limitation
Act, 1623 (Bartley v. Leesj Times, 19 Feb 1895). Cp I will see
YOU PAID.
But "your Bill shall have Attention," is ambiguous and does not
amount to an Acceptance of the Bill (jRees v. Warwick, 2 B. & Aid.
113).
ATTENDING F. Going to.
Costs " attending " ; V. Costs.
"Attending on subpoena before a Court of Kecord"; Stat. Def., 35
&36V.C. 76, s. 73; 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 109; 50 & 51 V. c. 58, s. 76.
ATTENTAT. — "An Attentat, in the language of the Civil and
Canon Laws, is anything whatsoever wrongfully innovated or attempted
in the suit by the Judge a quo, pending an Appeal " (1 Addams, 22, n).
ATTENTION. — V. Attended to.
ATTEST : ATTESTATION. — Where an Instrument is re-
quired to be " attested," the meaning is, that a witness shall be present
at its execution and shall testify on it that it has been executed by the
proper person (Freshfield v. Reed, 11 L. J. Ex. 193; 9 M. & W. 404).
To " attest " an instrument is not merely to subscribe one's name to
it as having been present at its execution, but Includes also, essentially,
the presence, in fact, at its execution of some disinterested person
capable of giving evidence as to what took place (^Roberts v. Phil-
lips, 24 L. J. Q. B. 171; 4 E. & B. 450: Bryan v. White, 2 Bob.
ATTEST 147 ATTORNEY GENERAL
Ecc. 315 : Seal v. Claridge, 7 Q. B. D. 616; 50 L. J. Q. B. 316; 29 W. R.
698; 44 L. T. 601 : Sharp v. Birch, 61 L. J. Q, B. 64; 8 Q. B. D. Ill;
30 W. R. 428; 46 L. T. 760: Ford v. Kettle, 61 L. J. Q. B. 658;
9 Q. B. D. 139; 30 W. R. 741; 46 L. T. 667: Sv, as to the two latter
cases, Cooper v. ZeffeH, 32 W. R. 402. Ta, Wright v. Wakeford,
4 Taunt. 223: Doe d. SpiUhury v. Burdett, 4 A. & E. 1 ; 9 A. & E. 936;
1 P. & D. 670; 10 CI. & F. 340). An instrument required to be " wit-
nessed'* "at the above date," can only be witnessed by one who is
an actual eye-witness (Bodj/ v. Ifalse, 1892, 1 Q. B. 203; 61 L. J. Q. B.
67; 66 L, T. 499 j 40 W. R. 206).
" 'To Attest ' is to bear witness to a fact. Take a common example :
a notary public attests a Protest ; he bears witness not to the statements
in that protest, but to the fact of the making of those statements; so, I
conceive, the witnesses in a Will bear witness to all that the statute
requires attesting witnesses to attest, namely that the signature was
made or acknowledged in their presence " (per Dr. Lushington, Hudson
V. Parker, 1 Rob. Ecc. 26: Vfl Jarm. 109).
" Attest and Subscribe " a Will ; V. Griffiths v. Griffiths, L. R. 2 P. &
M. 300 : Ee Maddock, 3 lb. 169: Eoberts v. Phillips, sup.
" The word ' attestation ' is there, — i.e. in s. 10, Bills of Sale Act,
1878, — used for * attestation clause ' " (per Jessel, M. R., Fx p, Bolland,
62 L. J. Ch. 116; 21 Ch. D. 643).
V. SUBSCBIBE : Cp SiGNBD.
ATTORNEY. — " * Attorney * is an ancient English word, and signi-
fieth one that is set in the turne, stead, or place of another; and of these
some be private (whereof our author here speaketh, Litt. s. 66), and some
be publike, as attorneys at law, whose warrant from his master is, ponit
loco stw talem attomatum suum, which setteth in his turne or place
such a man to be his attorney " (Co. Litt. 61 b). As applied to this
second branch of the definition, the title of " Attorney " was abolished
by the Jud. Act, 1873, by s. 87 of which " Solicitors, Attorneys, or Proc-
tors" are thenceforth "to be called Solicitors of the Supreme Court."
Vf, as to the title of Solicitor superseding that of Proctor, s. 20, 33 &
34 V. c. 28 ; s. 17, 40 & 41 V. c. 25.
Attorney " expressly named " ; V. Expressly named.
V, Power of Attornet : Banker.
Stat. Def. — 23 & 24 V. c. 127, s. 1 ; 33 & 34 V. c. 28, s. 3; 61 &
62 V. c. 17, 8. 69; (Attorney at Law) 9 & 10 V. c. 95, s. 142. — Jr. 24
&26V.C.68, s. 1; 29 & 30 V. c. 84, s. 1.
ATTORNEY QENERAI Stat. Def., 16 & 17 V. c. 107, s. 357 ;
39 & 40 V. c. 36, 8. 284; 42 & 43 Vict. c. 22, s. 9; 46 & 47 V. c. 3,
8.9, c. 51, s. 64; 62 & 63 V. c. 52, s. 7; 55 & 66 V. c. 23, s. 24.—
Scot. 35 & 36 V. c. 76, s. 73; 50 & 51 V. c. 68, s. 76. — Ir, 36 & 37 V.
c. 69, s. 4 ; 46 & 46 V. c. 25, s. 35; 60 & 61 V. c. 20, s. 19, c. 68, s. 77.
ATTORNMENT 148 AUDITOR
ATTORNMENT.—" ' Attornment ' signifies the Tenant's acknowl-
edgment of a new Lord " (Cowel). " * Attornment ' is an agreement of
the tenant to the grant of the seigniorie, or of a rent, or of the donee in
tayle, or tenant for life or yeeres, to a grant of a reversion or remainder
made to another " (Co. Litt. 309 a: Touch. 263 : Vh, Woodf. 278: Bed-
man, 13 : 1 Encjc. 409-413 : Termes de la Ley).
An Attornment Clause in a Mortgage, is an " Attornment ** within s. 6,
Bills of Sale Act, 1878, and is a Bill of Sale {Re WUlisy Exp, Kennedy,
57 L. J. Q. B. 634; 21 Q. B. D. 384 ; 36 W. R. 793; over-ruling Hall
V. Comforty 18 Q. B. D. 11 ; m L. J. Q. B. 185 : V. Green v. Marsh, 1892,
2 Q. B. 330; 61 L. J. Q. B. 442 ; 66 L. T. 480 : Dbemkd). But though
the mtge he unregistered, the attornment clause is good for the purpose
of creating the relationship of Landlord and Tenant {Mum ford v. Colliery
2o Q. B. D. 279; 59 L. J. Q. B. 652 ; 38 W. R 716: Vf Kemp v. Les-
ter, 1896, 2 Q. B. 162 ; 65 L. J. Q. B. 532 : Sv Scobi^i v. Collins, 1895,
1 Q. B. 375; 64 L. J. Q. B. 10 ; 71 L. T. 775).
Vf, Authority or License: Kotice to Quit: Expiration.
ATTRITION.— V. Confession.
AUCTION.— Quk Sale of Goods Act, 1893, "a Sale by Auction is
complete when the Auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the
hammer, or in other customary manner. Until such announcement is
made, any Bidder may retract his bid " (subs. 2, s. 58) : V. same sec-
tion for general rules respecting Auctions. Vf, Bidding: Beserved
Bidding: Without Eeservb: Eetract.
A covenant not to " permit any sale by Public Auction " to take place
on the premises, is broken by the covenantor giving a Bill of Sale which
enables the grantee, on default, to sell the goods on the premises " by
private contract or public auction " (Toleman v. Porthury, 41 L. J. Q. B.
98; L. R. 7 Q. B. 344; 26 L. T. 292; 20 W. R. 441).
" Public Auction Rooms " ; F. Brown v. Arundell, 10 C. B. 55, 56.
AUCTIONEER Quk Sale of Land by Auction Act, 1867, 30 & 31
V. c. 48, " * Auctioneer ' shall mean, any person selling by Public Auction
any Land, whether in lots or otherwise " (s. 3).
As to origin of this word, and whether an Auctioneer is a Broker;
V. mikes V. Mlis, 2 Bl. H. 555.
AUDITOR. — Qu^ Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834, 4 & 5 W. 4,
c. 76, " * Auditor' shall be construed to mean and include every person
(other than Justices of the Peace, acting in virtue of their OflSce) ap-
pointed or empowered to audit, controul, examine, allow, or disallow the
accounts of any Guardian, Overseer, or Vestryman relating to the receipt
or expenditure of the Poor Bate " (s. 109).
AUMONE 149 AUTHOR
AUMONE. — "Tenure by Divine sebvice, as distinguished from
Frankalmoigne; Co. Litt. 96 b, 97 a: V. 2 Inst. 460: Britton, 164:
Cowel" (Elpk561).
AUSTRALIA. — Insurance on Goods "at and from London to any
Ports or Places in Australia; " V. Neale v. Bosey 3 Com. Ca. 236.
Qu4 the Passengers Australian Colonies Act, 24 & 25 V. c. 52, " Aus-
tralasia" signified and. included "New Zealand and Tasmania, as well
as Australia proper " (s. 4).
Qui Kidnapping Act, 1872, 36 & 36 V. c 19, " ' Australasian Colonies,'
shall mean and include the Colonies of New South Wales, New Zealand,
Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Aus-
tralia " (s. 2) \ qui 38 & 39 Y. c. 51, the phrase means and includes
Fiji (s. 8).
" Australian Colonies "; Stat. Def., 5 & 6 V. c. 36, s. 22. Quk Aus-
tralian Colonies Duties Act, 1873, 36 & 37 V. c. 22, this latter phrase
means, "New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland,
Western Australia, and Tasmania " (s. 2).
" The Commonwealth of Australia " ; F. Commonwealth.
AUTHOR. — The Adaptor of a foreign drama who introduces into
his version material alterations, is an " Author " of a Dramatic Piece,
within s. 1, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 15 {Tree v. Bowkett, 74 L. T. 77; 12 Times
Hep. 181). But a person who employs another to adapt a foreign drama
for representation in England and who merely suggests the subject, is
not the " Author " of the adaptation within the section {Shepherd v.
Conquesty 25 L. J. C. P. 127; 17 C. B. 427); and to constitute a person
a joint author he must co-operate in the production of the drama itself,
and merely touching it up so as to make it more attractive on the stage
does not constitute a joint authorship {Levy v. Butley, 40 L. J. C. P.
244; L. R. 6 C. P. 623). Vf, Hatton v. Kean, 29 L. J. C. P. 20;
7 C. B. N. S. 268: Wallerstein v. Herbert, 16 L. T. 453.
" Author " of a Book, 6 & 6 V. c. 45, includes Alien authors {Low v.
BotUledge, 35 L. J. Ch. 114; 1 Ch. 42): under 8 Anne, c. 19, this was
not so {Jefferys v. Boosey, 24 L. J. Ex. 81; 4 H. L. Ca. 815).
Within 5 & 6 V. c. 45, the Reporter of a Speech verbatim is the
" Author " of the report, if the speaker claims no rights in the speech
{Walker v. Lane, 1900, A. C. 539; 69 L. J. Ch. 699; 83 L. T. 289; 49
W. R. 95; 16 Times Rep. 27).
Author or Composer of a Musical Composition, 7 V. c. 12; F. Wood v.
Booseyy L. R. 3 Q. B. 223; 37 L. J. Q. B. 84. F/ Compose.
Not the Proprietor of the business, as such, but the actual Operator
who takes (or superintends the taking of) the negative is the " Author "
of a Photograph within Fine Arts Copyright Act, 1862, s. 1 {Nottage v.
Jackson, 62 L. J. Q. B. 760; 11 Q. B. D. 627). To use the language
of Bretty M. R., in the last case, the superintending operator is " the
AUTHOR 150 AUTHORIZE
person who effectively is, as uear as he can be, the cause of the picture
which is produced " : Vf^ Kenrick v. Lawrence, 25 Q. B. D. 99; 38 W. R.
779: Melville v. Mirror of Life Co, 1895, 2 Ch. 531; 65 L. J. Ch. 41.
Note. — A photographic portrait, taken at a customer's cost, cannot be
published without his authority {Pollard v. Photographio Co, 58 L. J.
Ch. 251; 40 Ch. D. 345: Cp, Ellis v. Ogden, 11 Times Rep. 50). Vf,
Good: For: Person.
Stat. Def . — International Copyright Act, 188(J, 49 & 50 V. c. 33, s. 11.
Quk P. H. (Scot) Act, 1897, " 'Author of a Nuisance,' means the
person through whose act or default, the Nuisance is caused, exists, or
is continued, — whether he be the Owner or Occupier, or both " (s. 3);
a def adopted from 19 & 20 V. c. 103, s. 3 ; 30 & 31 V. c. 101, s. 3.
AUTHORITY. — V. By Authority. Cp, Burgh: Confirming:
Conservancy Authority : County Authority : Direct : Harbour :
Highway: Licensing: Lighthouse: Local Authority : Metropol-
itan : Pilotage : Police : Prison : Public Authority : Rating : Ri-
parian: Road: Rural: Sanitary: Savings: Sewer: Spend: Urban.
Stat. Def. — 61 & 52 V. c. 41, s. 78. — /r. 61 & 62 V. c. 37, s. 109 (1) ;
62 & 63 V. c. 60, s. 29 (2).
" Authority acting under the Public Libraries Acts " ; Stat. Def., 47 &
48 V. c. 37, s. 4. V. Library.
AUTHORITY OR LICENSE. — An Agreement authorizing a
Brewer to distrain for goods supplied to a tied house, is an " Authority
or License to take possession of personal chattels as Security for Debt,"
s. 4, Bills of Sale Act, 1878, and requires registration (Pulbrook v,
Ashbij, 56 L. J. Q. B. 376; 36 W. R. 779); " Debt," in that connection,
is not confined to a debt existing at the time of the Agreement (lb. and
vtkc approved Stevens v. Marstoiiy 60 L. J. Q. B. 192; 39 W. R. 129;
64 L. T. 274). But, semble, the ruling in those cases does not apply to
a power of Distress in a Lease (and certainly not in a Mining Lease,
s. 6) enabling the lessor to distrain elsewhere than on the demised
premises (Re Roundwood Colliery Co, 1897, 1 Ch. 373; 66 L.,J. Ch.
186; 75 L. T. 641; 45 W. R. 324). Cp Attornment. FjT License.
AUTHORITY OR REQUEST. — "Warrant, Order, Authority,
or Request," ss. 23, 24, 24 & 26 V. c. 98; — a paper merely describing
the goods ; — e.g. " One quart kettle, James Haywod," — amounts to a
" Request " (R. v. Pulbrook, 9 C. & P. 37) ; a Deposit Receipt of a Build-
ing Society may be a " Warrant, Authority, or Request " (jR. v. Kay, 39
L. J. M. C. 118; L. R. 1 C. C. R. 257; 22 L. T. 567).
Vf R. V. James, 8 C. & P. 292: R. v. Taylor, 1 C. & K. 213.
AUTHORIZE. — Where a Will directs a fund to be appropriated to
provide, e.g. an Annuity, from such Investments as are " hereby author-
ized," the investments are confined to those authorized by the Will, and
recourse cannot be had to the powers of the Trustee Act, 1893 (Re Oivth-
waite, 1891; 3 Ch. 494; 60 L. J. Ch. 854; 65 L. T. 144 ; 40 W. R.38).
AUTHORIZE 151 AVAILABLE
" Person making or authorizing " an Illegal Payment, s. 12, Loc Gov
(Ir) Act, 1871, 34 & 35 V. c. 109; V. R. v. Calvert, 1898, 2 I. R. 266.
Cp By whose.
" Authorize and empower "; V. Precatory Trust.
F. Required.
" Authorized Prison " ; Stat. Def., 42 & 43 V. c. 33, ss. 61, 64; 44 &
45 V. c. 68, 88. 62, 65.
AUTRES H^RITIERS F. H^ritier.
AUXILIARY. — F. Collateral : Incidental or Conducive.
Qu^ Army Act, 1881, 44 & 45 V. c. 58, " < Auxiliary Forces,' means
the Militia, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers " (subs. 12, s. 190), — a
def adopted from 42 & 43 V. c. 33, s. 181. F. Military Forces.
AVAILABLE. — An Act of Bankruptcy " available against him (the
bankrupt) for adjudication " (s. 94 (3), Bankry Act, 1869) was one which
might have been acted upon by anybody at the date of the Order for ad-
judication {Hood V. Newhy, 52 L. J. Ch. 204; 21 Ch. D. 605: Re Bedell,
47 L. J. Bank. 19; 7 Ch. D. 123). " Available" is used in a similar
connection in the present Bankry Act, 1883, s. 49 (2) ; and by s. 168, lb.,
" * Available Act of Bankruptcy,' means any act of bankruptcy available
for a Bankry Petition at the date of the Presentation of the Petition on
which the Receiving Order is made."
S. 198, Bankry Act, 1861, prescribed that after registration of an Ar-
rangement Deed, under s. 192, no process should be " available " against
the debtor; held, that " available " meant "put in force," — e,g, that
caption, not detention, was meant (per Holroyd, Commr., Re Chaundy^
5 L. T. 526), but that case was cited to no purpose in Maries v. Hall
(36 L. J. Q. B. 40 ; 7 B. & S. 839 ; L. R. 2 Q. B. 31), where it was ruled
that this phrase meant, " shall not have, and shall cease to have, effect
against the debtor." VfEwaH v. Jones, 15 L. J. Ex. 18 ; 14 M. & W.
774.
Capital " lost " or " unrepresented by Available Assets "; F. Capital.
" Available Capital of the Co," is not a true, but is a deceptive, de-
scription of capital which may be raised under Borrowing Powers ( Vene-
zuela Ry V. Kischy 36 L. J. Ch. 849; L. R. 2 H. L. 99).
" Profits available for Dividend," in a Co's Mem, mean those which
are reasonably applicable for dividend ; and where the Articles adopt Art.
74, Table A, or have an equivalent provision, the Directors are justified
in setting aside a considerable amount to Reserve, even though that course
may disappoint the holders of Founders' Shares who are entitled to divi-
dend after the payment of a prescribed dividend to the Ordinary share-
holders {Fisher v. Black & White Co, 17 Times Rep. 146 ; 1901, 1 Ch.
174 ; 70 L. J. Ch. 175 ; 49 W. R. 310).
" Available Balance in Hand, " within rules regulating Withdrawal of
AVAILABLE 152 AVERAGE
Deposits in a Building Socy, means not only '* money in the cofEers ol
the Socy, hut also money which, without undue loss or undue delay, they
could realize, — e.g. Consols, or any other Security capable of being
readily realized " (per Lopes, L. J., Esher, M. R., concurring, Brett v.
Monarch Socy, 1894, 1 Q. B. 367; 63 L. J. Q. B. 237; 70 L. T. 146;
42 W. R. 209; 58 J. P. 367). Cp Pbovided the funds permit.
A document merely put into a witness' hands to challenge his recollec-
tion, is not thereby made '' Available " ; and, therefore, an unstamped
Bill of Ex., or Promissory Note, may be so used, although s. 38 (1), Stamp
Act, 1891, says it shall not be " available for any purpose whatever "
{Birchall v. Bullough, 1896, 1 Q. B. 326; 65 L. J. Q. B. 252; 74 L. T.
27; 44 W. B. 300) ; but it cannot be used as evidence of the receipt of
the money (Ashling v. Boon, 1891, 1 Ch. 568 ; 60 L. J. Ch. 306 ; 64 L. T.
193: Oreen v. Davies, 3 L. J. 0. S. K. B. 185; 4 B. & C. 235). Cp
Evans v. Prothero, cited Evidence of a Contract, at end.
Average available width ; V, Width.
AVENTURE.— V. Adventure.
AVENUE. —« Avenue to a house," 5 & 6 W. 4, c. 6, s. 54; V, Earns-
den V. Yeates, 50 L. J. M.C. 135; 6Q.B. D. 583; 29 W. R. 628; 44 L. T.
612.
AVERA. — F. Average, at end.
AVERAGE. — Quk Shipping Business, "the doctrine of 'Average,'
is derived from the Maritime Law of Rhodes'' (per Halsbury, C, Ruaiton
S. S. Co V. London Assrce, 1900, A. C. 10; 69 L. J. Q. B. 89). " The
word * Average ' is from the Italian, ' Averia,' damage '* (1 Maude & P.
491). It is used in 32 H. 8, c. 14, and there, and generally, it means
the "Contribution which Merchants and others pay proportionably
towards their losses that have their goods cast out in a tempest for the
saving of the Ship, or of the Goods or Lives of them that are therein "
(Termes de la Ley). Vf Park, ch. 7.
" The word * Average, ' far from being a Term of Art — (except in so
far as, according to the evidence, usage may have limited its meaning to
loss or damage to the goods themselves), — or a word with a rigid or
unchanging signification, necessarily including expenses in the defence
or safeguard of the subject-matter insured, is a word used in a great
variety of phrases, as applicable to different subject-matters, and not with
any fixed or settled application " (per Willes, J., Kidston v. Empire Mar
Insrce, 35 L. J. C. P. 256 ; L. R. 1 C. P. 535).
As to the meaning of " Average " in the Contract of Affreightment;
r. 1 Maude & P. 426: Carver, Part 2, ch. 12.
As to the meaning of " Average " in a Marine Insurance ; V. 1 Maude
& P. 491: Am. 6th Ed. 919-926. Maclachlan on Merchant Shipping:
Kidston v. Empire Insrce, sup.
AVERAGE 153 AVERAGE UN. RATE
" Average due on the Salvage " ; V. Broomfield v. Southern Insrcey
L. R 5 Ex. 192 ; 39 L. J. Ex. 186.
"Warranted free from all Average"; V, Asfar v. Blundelly cited
Profit: General Insrce of Trieste v. Royal Ex, Assrce^ 2 Com. Ca. 144 :
Warranted freb from Average.
An exception in a Marine Time Policy thus, — " * free from average '
under (say) 3 per cent./' means that the losses are to be settled at the
end of each voyage, — and not that the losses on all the voyages made
by the ship during the time covered by the Policy are to be added to-
gether, — and only the damage exceeding the agreed percentage on each
distinct voyage is recoverable under the Policy {Stewart v. Merchants^
Mar Insrce^ 56 L. J. Q. B. 81; reversing Stephen, J., 54 L. J. Q. B.
387 ; 16 Q. B. D. 619, and commenting on Blackett v. Royal Ex, Assrce,
1 L. J. Ex. 101 ; 2 Cr. & J. 244, and Donnell v. Columbian Insrce^
2 Sumner, 366 : Brooks v. Oriental Insrce, ^Pickering, 258).
Vf Marine Insrce v. China Transpacific Co, 56 L. J. Q. B. 100 ; 11
App. Ca. 573; 55 L. T. 491; 35 W. R. 169; 6 Asp. 68: Price v. Al.
Ships Small Damage Insrce, 57 L. J. Q. B. 459; 58 lb. 269 : Rose.
N. P. 442: Abbott, Part 3, ch. 8: Lowndes, 21: 1 Encyc. 426-440:
General Average : Particular Average : F. P. A. : Primage :
Liberty to Average.
"'Average,' avera, averice, averii, affri ; — beasts of burden, oxen,
farm horses : Averagium, the work done by them ; particularly where it
was done as a service due to the lord; Spelm. Gloss. Avera: 1 Ellis,
Introd. Domesday, 263: Seebohm, Eng. Yill. Comm. 67, 297. Averum
means revenue, effects, goods; Spelm.: Hale, Domesday of St. Paul's
(Camd. Soc.), Introd. Ixvi " (Elph. 561). " By grant de omnibus
averiis suis. Deer shall not pass " (14 Yin. Ab. 108, citing 18 E. 4,
14b). Cowel says, " 'Avera' is found in Doomsday Book, and signifies
a days-work of a Ploughman, that is eight pence."
AVERAGE ATTENDANCE Qui Elementary Education Act,
1891, 54 & 55 V. c. 56, " 'Average attendance,' shall, for the purposes
of the Fee Grant, mean, average attendance calculated in accordance
with the Minutes in force at the commencement of this Act " (s. 10).
AVERAGE QUALITY.— V, Fair Average Quality.
AVERAGE UNION RATE. — S. 5, Poor Law Rating (Ir) Act, 1876,
39 & 40 V. c. 50, prescribes that, qui that section, " Average Union
Bate" means "the Poundage Kate upon the several heredits rated to
the relief of the poor in such Union which would be necessary for raising
the amount then required to defray the Indoor Belief expenses charge-
able against the several Electoral Divisions constituting such Union,
if the same, instead of being so chargeable as aforesaid, were charged
against the whole Union."
AV. W'KLY EARNINGS 154 AVOIDANCE
AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS. — "Employment," through-
out 8. 1, Workmen's Comp Act, 1897, means, " Continuous Employment,"
and, therefore, the " Average Weekly Earnings, " mentioned in the Sch
to the Act have to be calculated on the basis of the weekly earnings dur-
ing the one period of continuous employment immediately preceding the
injury (Jones v. Ocean Coal Co, 1899, 2 Q. B. 124; 68 L. J. Q. B. 731;
80 L. T. 582 ; 47 W. R. 484 : Applebtj v. Horseley Co, 1899, 2 Q. B.
621 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 892 ; 80 L. T. 863; 47 W. R. 614). The Court of
Appeal unanimously held that there can be no compensation given to a
workman who has not been in the employment at least two weeks, for on
less than that no weekly " average " can be struck (Lysons v. Knowles^
1900, 1 Q. B. 780; 69 L. J. Q. B. 449; 82 L. T. 189; 48 W. R. 408:
StuaH V. Nixon, 1900, 2 Q. B. 96; 69 L. J. Q. B. 698); but this ruling
was unanimously reversed in H. L., their lordships holding that the idea
in this Act of the word " Average " is simply to direct that one week shall
be taken with another, not as restrictive of the right of compensation
given to all workmen who are within the Act, but only as a guide with
respect to Scale and Amount (/*., 17 Times Rep. 166; 70 L. J. Q. B. 170 ;
1901,A. C. 79; 84 L. T. 65).
In order to ascertain these "Average Weekly Earnings during the
previous 12 months " of a Workman, the total actual amount earned by
him during that time should be added together and divided by 62 (Keast
V. Barrow JTcematite Co, 63 J. P. 66; 16 Times Rep. 141) ; — the words
"if he has been so long employed," in Sch 1 (lb), have nothing to do
with employment in different grades, the phrase simply meaning, " em-
ployed by the same employer " (Price v. Marsden, 1899, 1 Q. B. 493 ;
68 L. J. Q. B. 307; 80 L. T. 16 ; 47 W. R. 274). S. 2 of the same Sch
directs that in fixing the weekly payment to the workman " regard shall
be had " to his " Average Weekly Earnings " before, and his average
wage-earning power after, the accident; but that does not, as a matter of
law, cut down the limit of 60 per cent of his Average Weekly Earnings
on the basis of which the weekly payment is to be awarded under s. 1 6
{ElingwoHh v. Walmsley, 1900, 2 Q. B. 142; 69 L. J. Q. B. 619; 82
L. T. 647).
V. Disable : Earnings : Personal Labour.
AVERMENT: AVER F! Co. Litt. 362 b : Cowel: Elph. 106, n.
AVOI D « To avoid sale, " s. 11 (2), Bankry Act, 1890 ; V. Under.
V. Void.
AVOI DABLE. — Avoidable Damages ; V, Damage.
AVOIDANCE. — "Is when a Benefice becomes void of an In-
cumbent " (Cowel). Vh, Phil. Ec^. Law, Part 2, ch. 12. V. Next
Avoidance, Cp, Lapse.
AVOIDANCE 155 AWAY
Plea of Confession and Avoidance, is where the matter alleged is
admitted, bnt some other thing is set up to justify or excuse it : FA,
1 Encyc. 441, 442.
AVOUE. — An Avoud, in Canada, can bind his Client (until d^saveu)
by any Proceeding in the Cause, though taken without his client's
authority, or even in defiance of his prohibition (^King v. Pinaoneault,
L. R. 6 P. C. 246; 44 L. J. P. C. 42; 32 L, T. 174 ; 23 W. R. 576,
whva as to Avocat). A Canadian Avou^ is the equivalent of an English
SoiilCITOB.
AVOWTERER. — "'Avowterer,* is an adulterer with whom a mar-
ried woman continues in adultery " (Termes de la Ley).
AWAITING. — By its subs. 4, "awaiting his Trial," in s. 6, Pre-
vention of Crime (Ir) Act, 1882, "means, Committed for Trial, or
charged with any Indictable Offence by Indictment or Inquisition."
AWARD. — " Award on a Submission," s. 12, Arb Act, 1889; V.
Arbitration : Submission.
The finding of an OfiBcial Referee to whom an action has been sent for
Trial, under s. 14, Arb Act, 1889, is not an " Award, or Certificate, "
within 8. 8, Jud. Act, 1884 (per Fry, L. J., Munday v. Norton^ cited
Arbitration).
" Set out, allot, and award "; V. Set Out.
Stat. Def . — " Award of Coal Mines, " " Award of Iron Mines," 34 & 35
V. c. 85, s. 2. " Award of the Land Commrs," 47 & 48 V. c. 54, s. 3.
V. Final Award.
AWAY. — V. Lead away: Take away.
156
BACCARAT -BAG
BACCARAT. — " Baccarat, as ordinarily understood in England in
1894, comprised Baccarat in both forms/' t.e. (1) Baccarat Chemin de
Fer, and (2) Baccarat Banque, — and either is a breach of an agreement
prohibiting " Baccarat " {Fairtlough v. Whitmore^ 64 L. J. Ch. 386 j 72
L. T. 354; 43 W. R. 421).
BACK. — V. See Back.
BACKBARE. — An offender against the Forest Laws taken " with
the Manner," e.g, " Back-Bare," was " where a man hath killed a Wild-
Beast in the Forest and is found carrying him away " (Manwood, Hunt-
ing).
BACK FREIGHT.— V. The Cargo ex Argos, L. R. 6 P. C. 134;
42 L. J. Adm. 1. Vth, 1 Maude & P. 364, n (c): Gunnsstad v. Price,
L. R. 10 Ex. 65.
BACK STREET.— V. Shielv. Sunderland, 30 L. J. M. C. 215;
6 H. & N. 796.
BACKBERIND. — '' 'Backberind Theefe/ is a Theefe that is taken
with the Manner, i.e, having that found upon him (being followed with
the Hue and Crte) which he hath stolen, whether it be monj', linnen,
woollen, or stuffe " (Termes de la Ley). Vf, Cowel.
BACKWARDATION. — The opposite of Continuation.
BACKWARDS. — " Forwards and Backwards " ; V. Forwards.
BAD. — " When you say a Title is bad, the expression is ambiguous,
and must be contrasted with what is called a Good Title. I understand
a Good Title to be one which an unwilling purchaser can be compelled
to take. Contrasted with that, any Title which an unwilling purchaser
cannot be forced to take is a Bad one. But there are Bad Titles and Bad
Titles, — Bad Titles which are good holding titles, although they may
be open to objections which are not serious, are bad titles in a Convey-
ancer's point of view but good in a Business Man's point of view. I do
not know of any case in which a Court of Equity has decreed Specific
Performance and compelled the purchaser to pay his money for nothing
at all, when he shows the Court that the title he is asked to have forced
on him is bad, in that sense that he can be turned out of possession
to-morrow " (per Lindley, L. J., Scott v. Alvarez, cited Investigating).
BAG. — Qui Hop (Prevention of Frauds) Act, 1866, 29 & 30 V. c. 37,
a " Bag," or " Pocket," of Hops, includes " any package used for contain-
BAG 157 BAIL
iiig hops, or in which hops are packed and sent from the grower or pro-
ducer to any Factob, Merchant, or Brewer, or other person, either
before or after a sale thereof " (s. 1).
BAGGAGE. — Baggage, means such articles of Necessity, or Personal
Convenience, as are usually carried by passengers for their personal use
{Boman v. Maxwell, 9 Humph. 624) and is, semble, synonymous with
Personal Luggage, and, in the United States, is the word generally
used for what in England is more frequently called Personal Luggage.
" By * Luggage ' we are to understand such articles of Necessity or Per-
sonal Convenience as are usually carried by passengers for their personal
use; and not merchandize or other valuables, although carried in the
trunks of passengers, which are not designed for any such use but for
other purposes, such as sale and the like " (Story on Bailments, s. 499,
whv acutely examined by E. H. Bennett in a note to the 5th Ed., wh
note is appended to Fhelps v. Lond. & N. W. Ry, 19 C. B. N. S. 326-
330, where and at p. 475 of 9th Ed. of Story the American decisions on
" Baggage " will be found) .
BAIL. — '' 'Baile,' is when a man is taken or arrested for felony, sus-
picion of felony, indicted of felony, or any such case, so that he is re-
strained of his liberty. And, being by Law baileable, offereth surety to
those which have authority to baile him, which Sureties are bound for
him to the Kings use in a certaine summe of money, or body for body,
that he shall appeare before the Justices of Gaole-delivery at the next
Sessions, &;c. Then upon the Bonds of these Sureties, as is aforesaid, he
is bailed, — that is to say, set at liberty untill the day appointed for his
appearance.
" Master Man wood (Part 1, of his Forest Law, p. 167), maketh a great
difference between Baile and Mainprise, in these words, — * And note,
that there is a great diversity betweene Baile and Mainprise, for hee that
is mainprised is alwayes said to be at large and to goe at his owne liberty
out of ward, after hee is put to Mainprise, untill the day of his appear-
ance, by reason of common Summons, or otherwise. But it is not so
where a man is put to Bayle by foure or two men, ... for there hee is
alwayes accounted by the law to bee in their ward and custody for the
time; and they may, if they will, hold him in ward or in prison till that
time, or otherwise at their will : so that he that is bayled shall not be
said, by the law, to be at large or at his owne liberty ' " (Termes de la
I^ey). Vfy 2 Hale's Pleas of the Crown, c. 15. Cp, Mainprize.
The foregoing authorities were cited by Pollock, B., in Re Nottingham
Corp (cited Amerciament), and he ruled that an Estreated Recogniz-
ance, being for a Certain Sum and a Debt of Record to the Crown, is
not an " Amerciament "; but that that word is " clearly applicable \o the
case of Mainpernors who fail to produce the body of the person for whom
they have made themselves liable."
BAIL 158 BAILMENT
Note, — An agreement to indemnify one who " bails " another is in-
valid {Consolidated Exploration Co v. Musgrave^ 1900, 1 Ch. 37 j 69
L. J. Ch. 11).
Vh, 1 Encyc. 443-447 j and, as to Admiralty Bail, lb. 447-449. Cp^
Bailiff.
Stat. Def. —32 & 33 V. c. 38, s. 2.
BAILEE. — ''Bailee ** is the receiver of a Bailment. Qu^ Sale of
Goods Act, 1893, " * Bailee/ in Scotland, includes Custodier" (s. 62).
Larceny by Bailee; V, cases Bailment, 3rd par.
BAILIFF. — " *Baylife,' is an OfiBcer that belongeth to a Manor, to
order the husbandries and hath authority to pay Quit Rents issuing out
of the Manor, fell trees, repair houses, make pales, hedges, distrain
beasts doing hurt upon the ground, and divers such like. This Officer
is he whom the ancient Saxons called a Reeve " (Termes de la Ley).
" * To the haUife (a le baily),' s. 79, Litt. This word bailie, as some
say, commeth of the French word haylife^ in Latin, hallivus ; but in
truth baily is an old Sa^on word, and signifieth a safe keeper or pro-
tector, and haile or hallium is safe keeping or protection : and thereupon
we say, when a man upon surety is delivered out of prison, traditur in
balltum, he is delivered into bayle, that is, into their safe keeping or
protection from prison : and the sherife that hath custodiam comitatUs is
called ballivus, and the county balliva sua " (Co. Litt. 61 b). V. Bail:
Cowel: Jacob. ^
" Bailiff " of a Court, s. 8, 7 & 8 V. c. 19, means, one who receives his
appointment from the Judge of the Court {Tarrant v. Baker, 14 C. B.
199; 23 L. J. C. P. 21).
In another sense, similar to its primary meaning, ** Bailiff " means, a
person having the care of property and accountable for the uncertain
profits thereof (Co. Litt. 172 a: Com. Dig. " Accompt " A 3, E 4).
BailifE to Distrain for Rent must now be authorized by a Certificate
of a Co. Co. Judge (s. 7, 51 & 52 V. c. 21, on whv Hogarth v. Jennings,
1892, 1 Q. B. 907; 61 L. J. Q. B. 601). Vf, A.
Vf, 1 Encyc. 450.
Stat. Def. —Co. Co. Act, 1888, s. 186. — Ir. 27 & 28 V. c. 99, s. 3.
BAILMENT. — " *Bailement,' is a Delivery of things, whether it
be of Writings, Goods, or Stuffe to another, — sometimes to be delivered
backe to the baylor, t.e. to him that so delivered it, ^ sometimes to the
use of the baylee, i.e. of him to whom it is delivered; and sometimes
also it is delivered to a third person " (Termes de la Ley).
" When one person delivers, or causes to be delivered, to another any
moveable thing in order that it may be kept for the person making the
delivery, or that it may be used, gratuitously or otherwise, by the per-
BAILMENT 159 BAKER
son to whom the delivery is made, or that it may be kept as a pledge by
the person to whom delivery is made, or that it may be carried, or that
work may be done upon it by the person to whom delivery is made gra-
tuitously or not, and when it is the intention of the parties that the spe-
cific thing BO delivered, or the article into which it is to be made shall
be delivered either to the person making the delivery or to some other
person appointed by him to receive it, the person making the delivery is
said to bail the thing delivered; the act of delivery is called a Bailment;
the person making the delivery is called the Bailor; the person to whom
it is made is called the Bailee" (Steph. Cr. 215).
The term " Bailment," according to its ordinary legal sense, " relates
to something which is in the hands of a person who is to return it in
specie," e.g,, quk Larceny, by a Bailee (per Cockburn, C. J., R, v. If assail^
30 L. J. M. C. 175; L. & C. 58: B, v. Ashwell, 16 Q. B. D. 190; 55 L. J.
M. C. 65; 53 L. T. 773; 34 W. R. 297; 50 J. P. 181. So, B, v. Flowers,
16 Q. B. D. 643; 55 L. J. M. C. 179; 54 L. T. 647; 34 W. R. 367; 50
J. P. 648: B. V. De Banks, 53 L. J. M. C. 132; 13 Q. B. D. 29: B, v.
Holloway, 66 L. J. Q. *B. 830; 77 L. T. 247). Vh, Arch. Cr. 418: Rose.
Cr. 560.
As to the distinction between a Bailment and a Sale ; F. South Aus-
tralian Insrce v. Bandell, L. R. 3 P. C. 101.
Vf, Coggs v. Bernard, 1 Sm. L. C. 201: Add. C. 343-382: 1 Encyc.
451-465.
BAINES' ACTS. — The Criminal Procedure Act, 1848,11 & 12
V. c. 46:
The Quarter Sessions Act, 1849, 12 & 13 V. c. 45.
BAITING. — Coursing rabbits with dogs in an inclosure from which
they cannot escape, is not " Baiting " within s. 3, 12 & 13 V. c. 92 (Pitts
r. Millar, 43 L. J. M. C. 96 ; L. R. 9 Q. B. 380 ; 38 J. P. 615). In that
case, Cockburn, C. J., said, " The word has usually been understood to
apply to the case of an animal which is tied to a stake or peg, or so con-
fined as not to be able to get away."
BAKEHOUSE Quk Bakehouse Regn Act, 1863, 26 & 27 V. c. 40,
^ 'Bakehouse/ shall mean any place in which are baked Bread, Biscuits,
or Confectionery, from the baking or selling of which a Profit is derived "
(s. 2) ; — a def adopted in Sch 4, Part 2, 41 V. c. 16, and in s. 141, P. H.
(London) Act, 1891. Vh, 1 Encyc. 465. Va, NoN Textile Factobies :
Retail Bakehouse: Undekgkouxd.
BAKER. — A Covenant not to carry on the business of a "Baker or
Confectioner " on specified premises, is broken by selling bread or con-
fectionery there, though it be not made there {Hodgson v. Cojypard, 30
L. J. Ch. 20} 29 Bea. 4). Cj), Butcheb.
BALANCE 160 BALE
BALANCE. — "Balance," K 17, Ord. 21, R. S. C; Vth, Ann. Pr.
" Balance," in a letter, held to couple with it a previous receipt, so tha:t
both documents constituted a sufficient mem within the Statute of Frauds
(Studds V. Watsofij 28 Ck D. 305). For a similar purpose, " Purchase "
was held to mean " Agreement to Purchase " (Long v. Millar, 4 C. P. I>.
450). Vfy Cave v. Hastings, cited Abbangement.
Cp, " Property purchased," sub Pubchase.
Where a Bill of Sale prescribes payment by stated instalments up
to a certain date, and '* then the Balance is to be paid," that latter phrase
accurately describes the amount that would be due at the end of the period
(per Kay, L. J., Edwards v. Marston, cited Stipulated).
An acceptance of an Order to pay " the Balance " due to A., does not
preclude the acceptor from retaining his own claim on the Balance {Ex
p. Garrard, Be Lewer, 5 Ch. D. 61; 46 L. J. Bank. 70; 2b W. R. 364 ;
36 L. T. 42).
" Balance of Account "; K Pope v. Banyard, 3 M. & W. 424 ; 7 L. J.
Ex. 182: Townson v. Jackson, 13 M. & W. 374 ; 14 L. J. Ex. 57: BeU
ford Union v. Pattison, 11 Ex. 623 ; 1 H. & N. 623 ; 26 L. J. Ex. 115 :
and as to the same phrase in s. 56, Co. Co. Act, 1888, V, Avards v. Bhodes,
22 L. J. Ex. 106 ; 8 Ex. 312, 316 : Ann. Co. Co. Pr., Part 2, ch. 1.
" Available Balance " ; F. Available.
" Balance in Hand " ; V. In hand.
"Balance Order"; V. Be Sanders, 1 Morr. 186: Be Tennant,S lb.
166 : Westmoreland Slate Ca v. Feilden, 1891, 3 Ch. 16 ; 60 L. J. Ch.
680; %ohlcTXk\e^ it is not a Judgment. "A Balance Order, is merely
an Order for the collection of Assets " (per Lindley, M, R., Pritchett
V. English & Colonial Syndicate, 1899, 2 Q. B. 434). Vf, 1 Encyc.
468.
" Last annual Balance Sheet " ; V, Last.
Bequest of " Balance," F. Hill v. Mason, 2 Jac. & W. 248; of " Small
Balance," V. Page v. Young, L. R. 19 Eq. 601; 23 W. R. 479.
As to effect of " Balance " in a context to cut down a testamentary
gift to Personalty ; F. Coard v. Holdemesse, 20 Bea. 147. Vh, Remain.
BALE. — "Bale," "is an ambiguous word which may mean many
things, and therefore it is for a jury to say what it means in a Mercantile
Contract" (per Cresswell, J., Gorrissen v. Perrin, 21 L. J. C. P. 32);
and in that case the jury were supported in finding that a Bale of Gam-
bier, meant a compressed package weighing about 2 cwt. (27 L. J. C. P.
29; 2 C. B. N. S. 681).
" In the Cotton Trade at Alexandria, Surat, and Calcutta, — a Bale
means, a compressed bale " (Wood, 369, citing Taylor v. Briggs, 2 C. &
P. 525). " In the cotton trade at Charlestown a * Round Bale ' of cotton
means, an uncompressed bale; and a 'Square Bale' a compressed one"
(Wood, 372, citing Benson v. Schneider, 7 Taunt. 271).
BALK 161 BANK
BALK. — "The unploughed atrip between two sdiones ; Seebohm,
Eng. Vill. Comm. 2, 20" (Elph. 562, whv).
BALI r. Public Ball.
BALLAST. — Stat. Def., Thames Conservancy Act, 1894, a. 3.
BALLASTAGE. — Ballastage of ahipa, ia " a Toll for liberty to take
up Ballaat out of the bottom of a Port " (Hale, De Portibus Maris, eh, 6).
" Ballastage Rates "; Stat. Def., 16 & 17 V. c. 131, s. 1.
BALLET. — Ballets are of two kinds, " (1) Ballets divertissement,
where there is no train of ideas or story, but only an agreeable entertain-
ment; and (2) Ballet of Action, which has a story, and which may
contain all the emotions of Tragedy or Comedy " (per Erie, C. J., Wigan
Y, Strange, cited Stage Play).
BALTIC. — In a Marine Insurance on a voyage " to any port in the
Baltic,^* evidence is admissible to prove that the Gulf of Finland is
within the Baltic, although the two seas are treated as separate and dis-
tinct by geographers {Uhde v. Walters, 3 Camp. 15).
" London Baltic printed Rates " ; V. Southampton Colliery Co v.
Clarke^ 40 L. J. Ex. 8 ; L. R. 6 Ex. 53.
" Negligence Clause, as per Baltic Bill of Lading " / V. Serraino v.
Campbell, cited Conditions as per Charter-Party.
BANISHMENT. — Banishment and Exilement are synonyms, and
import a compulsory loss of one's country ; but " no subject can be ex-
iled or banished his country, whereby he shall perdere patriam, but by
authority of Parliament " (Co. Litt. 133 a : Newsome v. Bowyer^ 3 P.
Wms. 38 2 Vf, Cowel : 1 Encyc. 476, 5 lb. 239, 252-254). Cp, Abjura-
tion.
BANK. — "Bank" of a Canal, includes its towing-paths {Mon. By
& Can Co V. Rill, 28 L. J. Ex. 283; 4 H. & N. 421).
" The Bank of the Sea, is the utmost border of dry land " (Callis, 73,
i.e. it begins where the land side of the Shore ceases) ; " and is of the
same materials with the grounds wherein and whereon it standeth : it is
sometimes Natural and in some places Artificial. Katural, as mountains
raised higher than other grounds adjoining; Artificial, when it is cast by
man's hand" (lb.). A Sea Wall differs from a Bank, in that it is
Artificial only, and also as to its ownership, for " the ownership and
property of a Wall doth appertain to him who is bound to repair the
same, though his ground lie not next thereto; but of a Bank, the property
and ownership is his whose grounds adjoin thereto" (Callis, 74). Vf,
Fronting.
"The Bank," in a modern Act, is generally, by the Act's interp
clause, defined as, the Bank of England, or Bank of Ireland, as the
11
BANK 162 BANKER
case may require ; e.g. Lands C. C. Act, 1845, s. 3 ; 8 & 9 V. c. 19, s. 3;
45 & 46 V. c. 51, 8. 13 (7) ; 65 & 56 V. c. 39, s. 9; National Debt
Redemption Act, 1893, 56 & 57 V. c. 64, s. 7.
Bequest of property at testator's Bank ; V. My.
" Bank," or *' Bench," as used in the phrases King's Bench, Common
Bench; V. Co. Litt. 71b.
V. Local Bank: Sayings.
BANK CHARGES. — This phrase, in an action on a Bill of Ex., is
equivalent to " Expenses of Noting, " and may be specially endorsed as
a Liquidated Demand {Dando v. Boden^ 1893, 1 Q. B. 318; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 339; 68 L. T. 90 ; 41 W. R. 285).
BANK HOLIDAYS. — r.34&35V.c. 17; 38&39V.C.13.
BANK NOTE. — Stat. Def., Bank Charter Act, 1844, 7 & 8 V.
c. 32, s. 28 ; Stamp Act, 1891, s. 29.
" The Bank Notes Acts, 1826 to 1852 " ; " The Bank Notes (Scot)
Acts, 1765 to 1854 " ; " The Bank Notes (Ir) Acts, 1825 to 1864 " ; V.
Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
Part of a Bank Note ; V. Pakt.
BANK OF ENGLAND V. s. 12 (18), Interp Act, 1889.
" The Bank of England Acts, 1694 to 1892 " ; V. Sch 2, Short Titles
Act, 1896.
BANK OF IRELAND. — r. s. 12 (19), Interp Act, 1889.
"The Bank of Ireland Acts, 1808 to 1892 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles
Act, 1896.
BANK STOCK. — Bequest of; V.Big^iall y. Rose, 24 L. J.Ch. 27.
In Drake y. Martin (23 Bea. 89; 26 L. J. Ch. 786) a bequest of "all
My Bank Stock," was held to pass the Consols of the testator, he having
nothing else that would answer the description: Sv. Beahan y. Beahauy
Ir. Rep. 3 Eq. 427. V. Funds: Stock.
BANKER. — " Banking is not strictly a Trade " (per Jessel, M. R.,
Smith V. Anderson, 15 Ch. D. 259).
A " Banker," within the late Bankruptcy definition of "Trader," in-
cluded a person acting as a Banker, though keeping no open banking-
house nor usual bankers' books {Ex p. Wilson, 1 Atk. 218); also a
member of a Joint Stock Banking Co {Ex p. HaU, 3 Deacon, 405 : Ex
p, Wyndham, 1 Mont. D. & D. 146 : 8v, Ex p. Brundrett, 2 Deacon,
219) : but not an Army or Navy Agent (Ex p. Wilson, sup : Richardson
Y. Bradshaw, 1 Atk. 129).
It is for the jury to say whether a person is a " Banker, Merchant,
Broker, Attorney, or other Agent," within ss. 75, 76, Larceny Act,
1861 {R. Y. Bowerman, cited Security fob Money).
BANKER 163 BANKRUPTCY
Stat. Def. — Bank Charter Act, 1844, 7 & 8 V. c. 32, 8. 28; 19 & 20
V. c. 25, 8. 3; 21 & 22 V. c. 79, s. 5; Crossed Cheques Act, 1876,
39 & 40 V. c. 81, 8. 3 ; Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1879, 42 & 43
V. c. 11, s. 9; 45 & 46 V. c 61, s. 2, c. 72, s. 11 (2) ; Stamp Act,
1891, s. 29. — Bankers (Ir) Act, 1846, 8 & 9 V. c. 37, s. 32. — Bank
Notes (Scot) Act, 1846, 8 & 9 V. c. 38, s. 22.
Vfy as to meaning of " Banker " and his business, n. 6 M. & G. 671 :
Be Kennedy, Ir. Eep. 1 Eq. 425: Copland v. Davies, L. R. 5 H. L. 358:
1 Encyc. 479-482: Grant on Banking.
Qui Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1879, " * Bankers' Books, ' include
Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Account Books, and all other books
used in the ordinary business of the bank " (s. 9). Cp, Book.
Money &c " at my Bankers " ; V. My.
BANKING. — The British North America Act, 1867, s. 91, gives
to the Parliament of Canada Exclusive legislative authority over matters
relating to " Banking " in the Dominion; that " expression is wide enough
to embrace every transaction coming within the legitimate business of
a banker," — e.f^, lending money on security of goods or documents
(Tennant v. Uniqn Bank of Canada, 1894, A. C. 31; 63 L. J. P. C.
31 ; 69 L. T. 774).
BANKRUPT. — Qui Bills of Exchange Act, 1882, " ' Bankrupt,' in-
cludes any person whose estate is vested in a Trustee or Assignee under
the law for the time being in force relating to Bankruptcy " (s. 2) — a
def which, probably, is of general acceptation. Q?, Insolvent.
Qui Trustee Act, 1893, "Bankrupt," in Ireland, includes Insolvent
(s. 50).
Other Stat. Def. — /r. 20 <& 21 V. c. 60, s. 4. — Scot. 2 & 3 V. c. 41,
8.3; 19&20 V. c. 79, s. 4.
BANKRUPTCY. — "Bankruptcy," probablf, means the commission
of an Act of Bankruptcy followed by an adjudication (Ex p, Attwater^
5 Ch. D. 30: Va, Become); but qu^ the Title of a Trustee in Bankry,
"Bankruptcy," or even "the Time of the Bankruptcy," means, when
the Act of Bankry was committed to which (T. s. 43, Bankry Act, 1883)
such title may relate back (Exp. Att water, 6 Ch. D. 27; 46 L. J. Bank.
41 ; 36 K T. 917: Ex p. Payne, Be Cross, 11 Ch. D. 539; 40 L. T.
663; 27W.E.808).
Vh, Wms. Bank : Baldwin : Robson.
Bankry Law; V. Crime.
Bankry Petition; F. Pbtitton.
There is no "bankruptcy," within the meaning of a clause of For-
feiture, if it be annulled before income is payable (White y. Chitty,
36 L. J. Ch. 343; L. R. 1 Eq. 372: Lloyd v. Lloyd, L. R. 2 Eq. 722:
BANKRUPTCY 164 BANNER
Robins V. Rose^ 43 L. J. Ch. 334. Sv^ Samuel v. Samuel^ 12 Ch. J>.
152, in whc White v. Chitty was questioned: Va, SmaUcombe v. Olivi^r^
13 L. J. Ex. 305 ; 13 M. & W. 77). So, a Colonial Bankry, of a persoti
domiciled in England, does not work such forfeiture [Re BlvthTruzriy 3i>
L. J. Ch. 255; L. R. 2 Eq. 23: Be Hayward, 1897, 1 Ch. 906; ^S I*. J.
Ch. 392 ; 76 L. T. 383; 46 W. R. 439).
V. Alienation : Death : Sufficient Cause.
Forfeiture of a Lease, if ''the Lessee his exs ads or assigns shall
hecome hankrupt," connotes that a rightful assign takes the same estate
as the Lessee, and that the bankry referred to is (before assignment)
that of the Lessee his exs or ads, and (after assignment) that of the
assign, — in other words the bankry is that of the person for the time
being legally entitled to the term {Smith v. Gronow^ 1891, 2 Q. B.
394, 60 L. J. Q. B. 776; 65 L, T. 117; 40 W. R, 46). V. Becomk:
Liquidation.
Stat. Def. — Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881, s. 2 (xv); Mer Shipping Act,
1894, s. 742 ; Friendly Societies Act, 1896, s. 36 (2).
"The Bankry Acts, 1883 to 1890"; "The Bankry (Scot) Acts, 1856
to 1881 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY.— The British North
America Act, 1867, s. 91, gives to the Parliament of Canada Exclusive
legislative authority over matters relating to " Bankruptcy and Insol-
vency " in the Dominion; that, by a necessary implication, includes
power to interfere with " Property and Civil Rights," and the " Admin-
istration of Justice " (matters reserved to the Provincial Legislatures by
s. 92), so far as such matters may be affected by a General Law relating
to Bankry and Insolvency {Gushing v. Dupuy^ 49 L. J. P. C. 63; 6 App.
Ca. 409). But a Provincial Law affecting assignments and property of
Insolvents, is valid because falling within " Property and Civil Rights,"
and "not within 'Bankry and Insolvency/ in the sense in which those
words are used in s. 91 '* {A-G, Canada y. A-G, Ontario, cited Exclu-
sive, stating A'G. Canada y. A-G. Ontario, 1894, A. C. 189; 63 L. J.
P. C. 59).
BANNER. — The primary meaning of "Banner," is, probably, a
small flag bearing a device or symbol, and intended to be carried
(Termes de la Ley, Banneret), or to be waved or carried {Martin v.
Mackonochie, L. R. 2 P. C. 387). But canvas, parti-coloured or bear-
ing party words, fixed and stretched across a street, is a" Banner," within
s. 16 (1), Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act, 1883 {Stepney,
Times, 22 Dec 1892; 4 O'M. & H. 179. Vf, Pontefract, lb. 200) ; yet it
is not illegal, within that section, for a Parliamentary Candidate to accept
the gratuitous loan or gift of such a Banner {Kennington, 4 CM. & H.
93). V. Mark.
BANNS 165 BARGAIN
BANNS. — " 'Bans/ signifies a proclamation, or any Publike Notice,
that is given of anything " (Termes de la Ley).
*' Banns of Marriage " j F. Phil. Ecc. Law, 580: 2 Encyc. 1-3.
BAN NUM. — '* * Bannum,' or ' Banleuga, ' the utmost bounds of Man-
ner or Town " (Cowel).
BANQUE.— r. Baccarat.
BAPTIZED. — F. Unbaftized.
BAR. — " * Barred * is a word common as well to the English as to the
Prench, of which cometh the nowne, a Bar, barra. It signiiieth legally
a destruction for ever, or taking away for a time of the action of him that
right hath " (Co. Litt. 372 a). Vfy Termes de la Ley, Barre : 2 Encyc. 8.
K Babbistxb.
BARBED WIRE Qu^ Barbed Wire Act, 1893, 56 & 57 V.c. 32,
** 'Barbed Wire,' means, any wire with spikes or jagged projections"
(s. 2).
BARCARI A F. Bkbcaria.
BARE TRUSTEE A " Bare Trustee " is a Trustee who has no
duty to perform, and who, on request, would be compellable to convey or
transfer to his cestui que trust (Christie v. Ooinffton, 1 Ch. D. 279: Re
Cunningham and Frayling, 60 L. J. Ch.591; 1891, 2 Ch. 567; 64 L. T.
558; 39W. R.469).
Qui Pines and Kecoveries Act, 1833, a husband is not a *' Bare
Trustee" of lands settled to the Separate Use of his wife (Keer y.
Brown, 28 L. J. Ch. 477; Johns. 152-154).
After a judgment for sale in au action, a married woman trustee, bene-
ficially interested, is a "Bare Trustee," within s. 6, V. & P. Act, 1874,
and can convey real estate without Acknowledgment (^Be Docwra, 54
L. J. Ch. 1121; 29 Ch. D. 693). An unpaid Vendor, or any other per-
son having a beneficial interest, is not a " Bare Trustee " within g. 48,
Land Transfer Act, 1875 {Morgan v. Swansea, 9Ch. D. 582; 27 W. R.
283 : Svthc, Re Cunningham and Frayllngy sup).
An unpaid Vendor of Realty " is something between a Naked, or Bare,
Trustee {i,e, a person without beneficial interest) and a Mortgagee " (per
Jessel, M. R., Lysaght v. Edwards^ 45 L. J. Ch. 559) .
" Bare Trustee," s. 16, Trustee Act, 1893, means, " a Trustee without
any beneficial interest " (per North, J., London and County Bank v.
Goddard, cited Trust).
F. Acting Trustee.
BARGAIN. — " A 'Bargain ' is only another name for a * Contract ' "
(per Hawkins, J., in delivering jdgmt of the court in Crossman v. The
BARGAIN 166 BARGAIN, CONTRACT
QueeUf 56 L. J. Q. B. 245); and, as used in s. 17, Statute of Frauds, " Ba.r—
gain," means the terms on which the parties contract (Kenworthy ^'-
Scliofield, 2 B. & C. 947: Archer v. Baynes, 20 L. J. Ex. 54; 6 Ex. Q25 z
Goodman v. Griffiths^ 26 L. J. Ex. 145). V. Agreement.
As to this word in Sch 2, R. 64, P. H. Act, 1876; V. Fletcher v. Hudsori^
51 L. J. Q. B. 48; 7 Q. B. D. 611: The sale of a shilling's worth of sta-
tionery would be within the meaning of the word (per Bramwell, B. ,
Lewis V. Carry 46 L. J. Ex. 314; 1 Ex. D. 484). Sv, Babgaik ok
Contract.
V. Time Bargain.
BARG Al N AN D SALE. — " Bargain and Sale, is when a recompense
is given by both the parties to the bargaine: as if one bargain and sell
his land to another for money, here the land is a recompense to him for
the money, and the money is a recompense to the other for the land "
(Termes de la Ley). Vf, Jacob: 2 Eucyc. 16.
"A * Bargain and Sale' was an expression of very definite meaning
in use in the old forms of pleading; it stands for what is sometimes
called an ' Executed Contract, ' that is, one where the property has passed "
(Blackb. 124: Va, Benj. 1).
"Bargain and Sale," 27 H. 8, c. 16, originated the disused form of
conveyance of freeholds by Lease and Release : — Vh, 4 V. c. 21 : Watkins
on Conveyancing, Bargain and Sale : Wms. R. P. 151.
BARGAIN OR CONTRACT. — "Bargain," and "Contract,"
are convertible terms. Therefore, the " Bargain or Contract " an interest
in which disqualifies and penalizes a Member of a Local Board (s. 193,
P. H. Act, 1875 ; R. 64, Sch 2, lb.) semble, means no more than the
" Contract " an interest in which disqualifies and penalizes a Municipal
Councillor (ss. 12, 41, 45 & 46 V. c. 50).
It has been said, in this connection, that if "a shilling's worth of
stationery " were bought by a Mun. Corp of one of its members, " there
would be a ' Contract ' between the Corp and that Member " (per
Bramwell, B., Lewis v. Carr, 46 L. J. Ex. 315 ; 1 Ex. D. 484) ; but it
may be gathered from Nicholson v. Fields (31 L. J. Ex. 233 ; 7 H. & X.
810), that a mere casual, over-the-counter, dealing would not be such a
" Contract.'* Vf, per Bramwell, B., Woolleij v. jfiTay, 25 L. J. Ex. 351 ;
1 H. & N. 307. In Nicholson v. Fields^ however, it was held that an
invoice addressed to a Local Bd by, and receipted by, one of its Mem-
bers, charging for goods supplied at four different times, was evidence of
a " Contract " between that Member and the Board, although the items
were of trifling amount. Vf, Fletcher v. Hudson, cited Bargain.
Letting Booms to a Local Authority by one of its officers is a " Bar-
gain or Contract," within s. 193, P. H. Act, 1875 {Burgess v. Clarky
14 Q. B. D. 735) ; secus, of a Sale of Land to improve a Street ( Woolley
V. Kaj/j sui-)).
BARGAIN. CONTRACT 167 BARRATRY
Supplying materials to a Corporation Contractor, is not being inter-
ested in the contract (Le Feuvre v. Lankester, 23 L. J. Q. B. 254;
3 £. & B. 530).
Vf, Melliss V. Shirley, 16 Q. B. D. 446; 66 L. J. Q. B. 143: WhUeley
V. Barley^ cited Allowances. *
F. CoNTBACT : Concerned in : Interested in.
BARGE. — r. Ship: Vessel: Wherry.
BARLEY. — In the Corn Trade " fine " barley is different from, and
superior to, " good " barley {Hutchinson v. Bowker^ 6 M. & W. 535 ;
9 L. J. Ex. 24).
"Seed Barley"; "Chevalier Seed Barley"; V. CaHer y. Crick,
28 L. J. Ex. 238 ; 4 H. & N. 412.
BARN . — V. Outhouse.
BARNARD'S ACT. — 7 G. 2, c. 8.
BARON. — In the old phrase "Baron and Feme," "Baron" means
Husband. Vf, Feme.
Court Baron; F. Court.
BARON I A — V. Elph. 562.
BARONIAL. — " In the Irish Education Act, 1892, * Baronial Coun-
cil' shall mean Rural District Council " (61 & 62 V. c. 37, s. 74).
Qujl the County Works (Ir) Act, 1846, 9 & 10 V. c. 2, " * Baronial
Sessions * shall, in the case of a County of a City or County of a Town,
mean and include such Extraordinary Presentment Sessions " therefor,
" or the adjournment thereof, hereby provided " (s. 23).
BARONY " Barony " ; V. Cowel.
In Ireland, the word means a district : Stat. Def., 12 & 13 V. c. 36,
8. 6; 13 & 14 V. c. 1, s. 3, c. 68, s. 24, c. 69, s. 117; 15 & 16 V.
c. 63, s. 45 ; 18 & 19 V. c. 69, s. 2 ; 20 & 21 V. c. 16, s. 2 ; 34 & 35
V. c. 65, s. 3 ; 36 «& 37 V. c. 30, s. 6 ; 46 & 47 V. c. 43, s. 25.
BARRATRY. — "The word * Barratry' is derived from the Italian
barratrarcy to cheat. Any illegal, fraudulent, or knavish conduct of the
master or mariners of a ship by which the freighters or owners are
injured, is, by our law, Barratry. ... In order to constitute Barratry,
the act must, generally, be done fraudulently and with a criminal intent ;
and it is not sufficient that it is merely against the interest of the owner"
(1 Maude & P. 146: Vf, Taylor v. Liverpool & Gt. Wn. Steam Co, cited
Insurance). Negligence in steering, though in breach of a statutory
rule, is not Barratry (Grill v. General Iron Screw Collier Co, 35 L. J.
C. P. 321; 37 lb. 205; L. R. 1 C. P. 600; 3 lb. 476: Cp, Wilful De-
fault) : but wilful illegal trading involving condemnation of the ship
is Barratry, though, if successful, the trading would have been profitable
BARRATRY 168 BASE
to the owner (ffavelock v. Handily 3 T. R. 277 : Earle v, Rowcrofi^^
8 East, 126: Goldschmidt v. Whitmorey 3 Taunt. 508) ; and so is tho
carrying of prohibited persons if involving forfeiture of the ship {Aus^
tralasian Insree v. Jacksofiy 33 L. T. 286),
There maj be Barratry by one Go-Owner as against another (Jones v.
Nicholson, 23 L. J. Ex. 330 ; 10 Ex. 28), or by a Mtgor as against his
Mtgee (Small v. United Kingdom Insree, 1897, 2 Q. B. 311; 66 L. J,
Q. B. 736).
Vf, 1 Maude & P. 146 : Abbott, 185: Arn. 838: 2 Encyc. 23 et seq.
BARREL. — A Barrel of Beer, ''according to the custom of the
Brewing Trade, is a vessel holding 36 gallons " (per Pollock, B., Budd
V. Lucas, cited Tbade Descbiption). Vf, Cowel.
BARRETOR. — " * Barrettors* A barretor is a common moover and
exciter, or maintainer of suits, quarrels, or parts, either in courts, or
elsewhere in the countrey " (Co. Litt. 368 a). Vf, Jacob.
" ' Barretor ' is derived of this word (parret) which signifieth not only
a wrangling suit, but also such brawles and quarrels in the countrey as
are aforesaid " (Co. Litt. 368 b : Sv, Cowel for other derivations).
BARRISTER. — Qu^ Indian High Courts Act, 1861, 24 & 25 V.
c. 104, " ' Barrister,' shall be deemed to include. Barristers of England
or Ireland, or Members of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland "
(s. 19) ; qui Public Worship Eegn Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V, c. ^b, the
word includes Advocate, in the Isle of Man (s. 6) , and means Advocate
in Scotland, qui Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act, 1883
(s. 68).
" Prosecuting Barrister " ; V, Prosecuting.
" Revising Barrister " ; Stat. Def., 17 & 18 V. c. 102, s. 38. — /r. 48
& 49 V. c. 17, s. 32; 61 & 62 V. c 37, a. 109 (1).
BARTER. — " This word is used by us for the exchange of wares for
wares " (Termes de la Ley : Cowel) .
BASE. — Qua London Bg Act, 1894, " 'Base,' applied to a Wall,
means, the under-side of the course immediately above the footings, if
any, or, in the case of a Wall carried by a Bressummeb, above such
Bressummer " (subs. 10, s. 5) : V* s. 3, Metrop Bg Act, 1855. Cp,
Foundation.
A Base Fee, " is a Tenure in Fee at the Will of the Lord, distin-
guished from Socage free tenure ; but Ld Coke says that a Base Fee, or
qualified fee, is what may be defeated by limitation, or on entry &c ;
Co. Litt. 1, 18 " (Jacob). Thus, e.g., a Disentailing Deed without the
consent of the Protector of the Settlement (where there is one),
gives only a Base Fee ; because the Fee thereby created, though good
BASE 169 BATH
against the Issue of the Tenant in Tail, is not good against the Eeniain-
ders and Reversion (s. 34, Fines and Recoveries Act, 1833). Vf^ Good-
eve, 68, 70, 81: 2 Encyc. 28. For a list of Base Fees, T. Challis on
Real Property, 2nd Ed., 297 et seq.
Qui Fines and Recoveries Act, 1833, " * Base Fee,' shall mean exclu-
sively, that Estate in Fee Simple into which an Estate Tail is converted
where the Issue in Tail are harred, but persons claiming Estates by way
of Remainder, or otherwise, are not barred " (s. 1).
Vh, Me Drummand and Davies, cited Pboperty.
" £<i8sa tenurdj or Base Tenure^ was a holding by villenage, or other
customary service, opposed to Alta tenura, the higher tenure in capite or
by military service &c " (Jacob). Vf, Cowel, Base Estate.
Qui Gold and Silver Wares Act, 1844, 7 & 8 V. c. 22, " * Base Metal *
shall mean, any metal whatsoever, other than Gold or Silver of the
respective standards required by law" (s. 14).
BASEMENT STOREY F. Storey.
BASS' ACT. — The Clerks of the Peace Removal Act, 1864, 27 &
28 V. c 66.
BASTARD. — A " Bastard " is a person " that be borne out of Jaw-
full marriage '* (Go. Litt. 244 a: Vf, Termes de la Ley: Cowel: Jacob:
2 Bl. Com. 247). And the husband of a woman being " within the
foure seas" (lb.), is not now conclusive to legitimatize her offspring;
proof, positive or presumptive, of non-access may be given (Fendrell v.
Pendrelly 2 Stra. 926: B. v. Luff, 8 East, 204: Goodright d. Tompson
V. Saul, 4 T. R. 366: Morris v. Davies, 6 CI. & F. 163: Hawes v. Ihae-
ger, 23 Ch. D. 173; b2 L. J. Ch. 449 : Aylesford Peerage, 11 App. Ca. 1),
even though there has been opportunity of access {Cope v. Cope, 1 Moo.
& R. 269: R, v. Mansfield, 1 Q. B. 450, 452; 10 L. J. M. C. 97; 1 G.
& D. 7 : Bosville v. A,'G., 12 P. D. 177 : Bumahy v. BaUlie, 58 L. J. Ch.
842). But where husband and wife are living together, the presumption
of the legitimacy of the wife's offspring is so strong, that it can only be
rebutted by evidence absolutely irresistible (Head v. Head, 1 Sim. & St.
152; T. & R. 138: Banbury Peerage, 1 Sim. & St. 163: Morris v. 2>a-
vies, sup : Legge v. Edmonds^ 25 L. J. Ch. 125).
If the husband was under the age of procreation (Co. Litt. 243 a), or
if his habit of body was such as to make his begetting children an impos-
sibility (Lomax v. Holmdefi, 2 Stra. 940), the children of the wife would
be bastardized.
Vh, 2 Encyc. 30-33: and, qui Slander, Odgers, 149, 150. Va,
Affiliation.
BATH. — In the frequent clause in the Acts of Water Works Cos
excepting (inter alia) " Baths " from being a Domestic Purpose, an ordi-
BATH 170 BEADSMAN
nary moveable bath is not within such exception ( Weaver v. Cardiff, 48
L. T. 906 : Bingham v. Sheffield W, W, Co, cited in Walker v. Lam-
beth W. W. Co, 63 L. J. Ch. 876). And if the clause excepts " Baths,
Wash-houses, or Public Purposes," then " Baths " (read with its con-
text) means Public Baths, and even the ordinary fixed household bath
remains a Domestic Purpose (Weaver v. Cardiff, sup); secus, if the
phrase is, " Baths, Horses, Cattle, or for washing carriages, or for any
Trade or Business whatsoever " ( Walker v. Lambeth W. W. Co, 63
L. J. Ch. 874; 71 L. T. 75; 68 J. P 736).
"The Baths and Wash-houses Acts, 1846 to 1882"; V. Sch 2, Short
Titles Act, 1896.
BATTALION.— Quk Regn of the Forces Act, 1881, 44 & 45 V.
c. 57, " Battalion," in its application to Cavalry, Artillery, or Engineers,
means, " Hegiment, Brigade, or other Body into which Her Majesty may
have been pleased to divide such Cavalry, Artillery, or Engineers "
(subs. 2, s. 49).
BATTERY.— r. Assault: Beat.
BATTLE. — Trial by Battle; V. 2 Encyc. 37: Termes de la Le^^
Battaile: Jacob, BaMel: 3 Bl. Com. 341, 342. Abolished by 69 G. 3,
c. 46.
BAWDY HOUSE.— V. Brothel.
BAY. — V, Estuary.
BAY WINDOW.— F. Building.
BE. — To "be" at a place, is wider than to "Reside," e.g. in the
requirement, s. 27, 43 G. 3, c. 161, to make a Return for Assessed Taxes
where the person ** shall reside, or be,** which latter clearly includes his
place of business {A-G. v. McLean, 1 H. & C. 750; 32 L. J. Ex.
101; 11 W. R. 292; 8 L. T. 113). V. Being.
BEACHING. — Beaching of Fishing Boats in winter; V» per Ld
O'Hagan, Aiton v. Stephen, 1 App. Ca. 462.
BEACON. — V. Buoy.
BEADLE. — " «Bedeir is derived of the French word Beadeau,
which signifies a messenger of the court, or under baylife, in Latine,
Bedellus " (Co. Litt. 234 b). Vf, Termes de la Ley : 2 Encyc. 38.
BEADSMAN. — " * Beadsmen,' according to the definitions given by
the authors to whom we have been referred, seem to have been in antient
times, persons who devoted themselves to Prayer, — not merely on their
own account, but for the benefit also of others *' (per Cockburn, C. J.,
Faulkner v. Boddington, cited Office).
BEAM TRAWL 171 BEASTS
BEAM TRAWI Stat. Def., 44 & 45 V. c. 11, s. 9.
BEAR. —The use of " Bear " in collocation with " Pay," — e.g. in a
tenant's covenant to '* bear and pay " taxes, rates, duties, &c — has " the
effect of more distinctly developing its very comprehensive character "
(per Baggallay, L. J., Budd v. Marshall, 50 L. J. Q. B. 29). V. Taxes.
Semble, there is a difference between a gift to descendants who ** bear "
a particular Name, and a gift to Descendants "of" such Name {Ee
jRoberts, 50 L. J. Ch. 265; S. C. on App. 19 Ch, D. 620).
BEARER. — The " Bearer," of a Bill or Note, " means the person in
possession of a Bill or Note which is payable to Bearer " (s. 2, Bills of
Ex. Act, 1882). Vth, Good v. Walker, 61 L. J. Q. B. 736: Day v.
Longhurst, 62 L. J. Ch. 334; 68 L. T. 17; 41 W. R. 283.
A Debenture payable " to Bearer " is, in effect, a Promissory Note, and
jmsses from hand to hand free from any equities which might have
attached to it as between the Company and the original holder {Re Mar-
seUles Imperial Land Co, 40 L. J. Ch. 93; L. R. 11 Eq. 478).
Note to "Bearer on Demand"; V. Cheetham v. Butler, 5 B. & Ad.
837.
F. Negotiable.
BEARING. —"Bearing Even Date" (Sch 55 G. 3, c. 184, Bond),
" ties down the operation of that clause of the Sch to the date written
on the Instrument " (per Tenterden, C. J., Wood v. Norton, 9 B. & C.
887).
When a Bill of Ex. or Promissory Note expressly made interest pay-
able, but without defining the date from which interest was to run, — e,g.
by simply saying "bearing Interest," — it carried interest from its
date, and not merely from its maturity {Kennerly v. Nash, 1 Starkie,
452) ; and is not this still so notwithstanding s. 57, Bills of Ex. Act,
1882 ? Sv, Byles, 440.
BEAST GATE. — V. Cattle Gate.
BEASTS. — " The Beasts of Parque or Chase, properly extend to the
Bucke, the Doe, the Foxe, the Marten, the Eoe; but, in a common and
legall sense, to all the Beasts of the Forrest" (Co. Litt. 233 a). V.
Park: Chase.
" Beasts of Forrests be properly Hart, Hinde, Bucke, Hare, Boar, and
Wolfe; but legally all wild beasts of veuery " (lb.). V. Forest.
Beasts of the Warren are " Hares, Conies, and Roes " (lb.). V, War-
ren. Fowls of the Warren ; F. Fowl.
Vf, As to all the above, Barrington*s Ca^e, 8 Rep. 138.
Beasts of the Plough ; V. Co. Litt. 47 a, b: Woodf. 483.
"Beasts that gain his land," 51 H. 3, stat. 4, does not include cart
BEASTS 172 BED
Colts and young Steers, unbroken to harness or the plough (Keen y,
Friest, 4 H. & N. 236; 28 L. J. Ex. 157).
F. Horse: Cattle,
BEAT. — A mere technical Battery (F, Assault), is not a "Beat-
ing," within 8. 29, 7 & 8 6. 4, c. 29; — "unlawfully beat," as there
used, connotes a "beating" in the popular sense of that word, which
pulling a mau to the ground and holding him there is not (per
Maule, J., JR. y. Hale^ 2 C. & E. 326).
BECOME. — A person** becomes bankrupt," qu^ the Bankry Laws,
when he commits the Act of bankruptcy on which his adjudication is
founded ; not only at Adjudication (Fawcett v. Feamet 6 Q. B. 20 : Exp,
Harris^ 44 L. J. Bank. 31; L. R. 19 Eq. 253). Vcu^ BANKRUPTcr.
"Become a Bankrupt," s. 7 (2), Bills of Sale Act, 1882; F. Ex p,
AUawj Re Munday, 14 Q. B. D. 43 ; 33 W. R. 231.
A Go's Articles disqualifying a Director " if he become bankrupt," does
not prevent the election of one who is already an undischarged bankrupt
{Dawson v. African &c Co, 1898, 1 Ch. 6; 67 L. J. Ch. 47; 77 L. T.
392; 46W. R. 132).
" Become Insolvent "; F. Hereafter : Insolvent.
Forfeiture if demised premises shall " become vested " in another ;
F. Vested.
" Becoming after the passing of this Act an Urban Sanitary Author-
ity "; F Kennedy v. Great Southern & W. By, 30 L. R. Ir. 686.
F Entitled: Eldest.
BED. — "I will cite a passage from the jdgmt in an American case
{State of Alahama v. State of Georgia^ 64 U. S. 506), for it exactly con-
veys what I understand to be the meaning of ' Bed of a River, ' — ' The
Bed of the River is that portion of its soil which is alternately covered
and left bare, as there may be an increase or diminution in the supply of
water, and which is adequate to contain it at its average and mean stage
during the entire year, without reference to the extraordinary freshets
of the Winter or Spring or the extreme droughts of the Summer or
Autumn.* This, when applied to a Tidal River, means, without refer-
ence to Extraordinary Tides at any time of the year " (per Smith, L. J.,
Thames Conservators v. Smeed, 1897, 2 Q. B. 338 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 716 ; 77
L. T. 325; 45 W. R. 691 ; 61 J. P. 612). In accordance with that def,
and on the authority of Goolden v. Thames Conservators (1891, in H. L.,
but not reported), it was held, in Thames Conservators v. Smeed, that
"Bed of the Thames," s. 87, Thames Conservancy Act, 1894, includes
the Foreshore between High and Low Water-Mark at Ordinary Tides,
although the soil belongs to private owners. Vf, Several Fishery, n :
2 Encj-c. 44-47.
F. Iron.
BEDDING 173 BEER-HOUSE
BEDDING. — "All must agree, I think, that 'Bedding' is used
more often than not as describing something which does not include a
Bedstead" (per Channell, J., Davis v. Harris^ 1900, 1 Q. B. 729; 69
L. J. Q. B. 232; 81 L. T. 780; 43 W. R 445; 64 J. P. 136); but in
the exception from Execution, s. 147, Co. Co. Act, 1888, " Bedding "
means, whatever the Exon Debtor " has for the purposes of sleeping ac-
commodation,"— e.ff, a Mattress laid on the floor, or a Bedstead {S, C).
Note, The exception in that section applies to a Distress for Rent (s. 4,
51 & 62 V. c. 21).
BEEN.— r. Have Been.
BEER. — Summer's Botanic Beer, manufactured from fermented
sugar and water, and flavoured with herbs, is '' Beer " within the meaning
of the Customs and Inl. Rev. Act, 1885; and to retail it necessitates
the holding of an Excise license {Howorth v. MinnSy 56 L. T. 316; 51
J. P. 181). The effect of such a ruling would seem to be that no kind
of '' Beer " containing over 2 % of Proof Spirit can be sold without a
license ; Vf^ inf.
Qu4 Beerhouse Act, 1830 ( V. s. 32), and Wine and Beerhouse Act,
1869 ( V. 8. 2), " Beer," includes Ale and Porter.
Qui Inl. Rev. Act, 1880, " * Beer,* includes Ale, Porter, Spruce Beer,
and Black Beer, and any other description of Beer " (s. 2), — a def ex-
tended to include '^ any Liquor which is made or sold as a description of
Beer, or as a Substitute for beer, and which, on analysis of a sample
thereof at any time, shall be found to contain more than 2 % of Proof
Spirit " (subs. 1, s. 4, 48 & 49 Y. c. 51) ; and, by subs. 2 of the last sec-
tion, the meaning of *' Beer," as amplified by subs. 1, is applied to all
Acts '' relating to Excise Licenses for the sale of Beer, unless there is
something in the subject or context inconsistent therewith."
Qu4 Part 3, Inl. Rev. Act, 1880, " ' Beer,' includes Cideb " (s. 40).
Stat. Def. — Ir. s. 3, 34 & 35 V. c. 111.
F. ExcisEABLE Liquor: Intoxicating Liquor: Spirits: Spirit-
uous Liquor: Wine.
BEER-HOUSE. — " Beer-house " means a place where beer is sold to
be consumed on the premises ; but a " Beer-shop " means a place where
Beer is sold by retail, and it is immaterial whether it is to be consumed
on the premises or not {London and Suburban Land Co y. Field, 50
L. J. Ch. 549; 16 Ch. D. 645; 44 L. T. 444: Custance v. Wilkinson, 95
Law Times, 157: Holt v. Collyery 50 L. J. Ch. 311; 16 Ch. D. 718 ; 44
L. T. 214; 29 W. R. 502: St. Alban's v. BaUersby, 47 L. J."Q. B. 571;
3 Q. B. D. 359; 26 W. R. 679; 38 L. T. 685: NicoU v. Fenning, 51
L. J. Ch. 166 ; 19 Ch. D. 258 ; 30 W. R. 95 ; 45 L. T. 738). Therefore
a covenant against a " Beer-iSAop " will prohibit a " Beer-^ou«e " : not
BEER-HOUSE 174 BEFORE THE PEOPLE
80, vice versd {Land. & N. W. Eij v. GameU, 39 L. J. Ch. 25 ; L. R.
9 Eq. 26; 21 L. T. 352; 18 W. R. 246: Holt v. CoUyer, sup). Vfy
Devonshire v. Simmons (39 S. J. 60), where the point was raised, but
not decided, as to whether the sale of beer in a Private Hotel to Guests
only, would make the place a Beer-Shop.
V. Ale-Housb: Public-Housb : Inn: Shop.
BEER-SHOP.— V. Beeb-House.
BEETLE-HEADED. — It is not Slander, per se, to say of a Justice
of the Peace that '^ he is a Fool, an Ass, and a Beetle-headed Justice "
{BUI Y. Neal, 1 Lev. 52). Indeed, evil-speaking of Justices may go a
long way ; V, Hollis v. Briscow, Cro. Jac. 58 : E, v. Farre, 1 Keble,
629 : — " Blood Sucker " seems almost a verbal amenity ( F. Blood).
. BEFORE. — "Within 3 months before" the Petition, s. 6 (1 c),
Bankry Act, 1883; V. JEx p. Forster, SBW.U. 4^56, 56 L. T. 573: Fx
p. Townend, 40 W. R. 47; 64 L. T. 743.
" Before," s. 40 (b), Bankry Act, 1883, means " Next before " {Be
Smith, 55 L. J. Q. B. 288; 17 Q. B. D. 4; 54 L. T. 307; 34 W. R. 535).
The 21 days notice to be given by Applicant for a License " before he
applies," — s. 7, 32 & 33 V.c. 27; s. 40, 35 & 36 V. c. 94, — is not,
necessarily, computed from the first day of the Annual General Licens-
ing Meeting, but from the day on which the Application is to be taken
{B, V. W. Riding Jus,, 39 L. J. M. C. 17; L. R. 5 Q. B. 33: R. v.Pow-
nail, 1893, 2 Q. B. 158 ; 62 L. J. M. C. 174 ; 57 J. P. 424) . Cp, s. 42 (2),
35 & 36 V. c. 94, on whv R. v. Anglesey Jus,, 1892, 1 Q. B. 850; 61
L.J. M. C. 149; 56 J. P. 440.
" Devolve before " ; V, Devolve.
F. Aforesaid: After: Act: Not before: On or before: Within.
BEFORE MARRIAGE. — Debts contracted by a Married Woman
"before Marriage, " — s. 19, M. W. P. Act, 1882, Va. s. 13 — "do not
mean 'before she was ever married,* but mean, before the marriage
existing at the time when the provisions of the sections have to be ap-
plied" (per Esher, M. R., Jay v. Robinson, 59 L. J. Q. B. 367; 25
Q. B. D. 467; 63 L. T. 174; 38 W. R. 550).
BEFORE OR AFTER. — "Dying before or after"; V. Kendall y.
BuH, W. N. (73) 151.
F. Thereafter to be born.
BEFORE PAYABLE. — Gift over "before payable"; F. Chitty,
Eq. Ind. 7412: " before becoming entitled " ; V. lb. 7415.
BEFORE THE PEOPLE. — " Their Lordships are of opinion that
the words * Before the People ' (Rubric preceding Prayer of (3onsecra-
BEFORE THE PEOPLE 175 BEHIND
tion in Communion Office) coupled with the direction as to the manual
acts, are meant to be equivalent to ' In the Sight of the People.' They
have no doubt that the Rubric requires the manual acts to be so done
that, in a reasonable and practical sense, the communicants, especially
if they are conveniently placed for receiving the Holy Sacrament, as is
pre-supposed in the Office, may be witnesses of, i.e, may see them.
What is ordered to be done ' Before the People,' when it is the subject
of the sense, not of hearing, but of sight, cannot be done ' Before ' them
unless those of them who are properly placed for that purpose can see it.
It was contended that 'Before the People,' meant nothing more than
' In the Church,' to guard against an anterior and secret consecration of
the elements. But if the words * Before the People ' were absent, the
manual acts, and the rest of the Service, could not be performed else-
where than in the Church and in that sense coram populo, nor could the
sacrament be distributed except in the place and at the time of its con-
secration ; this argument would, therefore, reduce to silence the words
• Before the People,' which are an emphatic part of the declaration of
the purpose for which the preparatory acts are to be done. That decla-
ration applies not to the Service as a whole, nor to the consecration of
the elements as a whole, but to the manual acts separately and specifi-
cally " (per Cairns, C, delivering jdgmt of P. C. Ridsdale v. Clifton^ 46
L.J. P.O. 61; 2P. D. 276).
BEQ. — F. PsECATOBY Trust.
BEGIN. — " Begin to Demolish " ; V. Demolish.
Person entitled to a Legacy in succession who shall " begin to Enjoy
the Benefit thereof," s. 12, Legacy Duty Act, 1796, 36 G. 3, c. 62; F.
Kenlis V. Hodgson, 1895, 2 Ch. 458; 64 L. J. Ch. 585; 72 L. T. 866,
distinguishing Re Hay garth, 22 Ch. D. 545; 52 L. J. Ch. 416.
" Begin to Form a New Street " ; F. New Street.
" Begin to Keep House " ; F. Keep House.
Where proper Notices and Plans had been given and lodged under
s. 72, P. H. Act, 1848, it was a "Matter or Thing begun or made,^*
within 8. 9, 21 & 22 Y. c. 98, although little or nothing had been done
towards the actual work (Felkin v. Berridge, 15 C. B. N. S. 257: Vf,
Heston & Isleworth v. Grout, cited Done). Cp, Commencement.
BEGOTTEN. — F. Co. Litt. 20 b: Born: To be Born.
BEHALF. — F. In that behalf: On behalf: For.
BEHAVE. — " Appear, act, or behave " ; F. Keeper.
BEHAVIOUR.— F Good Behaviour.
BEHIND. — As to the phrase " Leaving no Issue behind him " ; F.
2 Jarm. 609.
BEING 176 BELIEF
BEINQ. — '' Being," as used in a sense similar to that of the ablati^^
absolute, has sometimes been translated as, " having been " ; but it prep-
erly denotes a State or Condition existent at the time when the conclusion
of law or fact has to be ascertained.
Thus the phrase, ** being a Trader y" in the Bankrj Act, 1869, meant,
'* carrying on trade at the time when the act in question is committed "
(per Jessel, M. R., Exp. Mc George, 51 L. J. Ch. 910; 20 Ch. D. 697:
Sv, Carry on, towards end). Therefore a trader who had absolutely
ceased trading was not liable to the consequences of a Trader-Debtor's
Summons under s. 6 (b) of that Act {JS^ p. SchomJberg, 10 Ch. 172 ; 23
W. R. 204), nor to be adjudicated bankrupt for departing from his
dwelling under subs. 3, s. 6 (^Ex p. McGeorge, sup) ; but if he had the
intention to resume trading he was still a trader (Ex p. Salaman, 21
Ch. D. 394; 47 L. T. 495; 31 W. R. 282).
But " any two or more persons being Partners " (who may proceed, or
be proceeded against, in the partnership name, s. 115, Bankry Act, 1883),
does not connote that they must be partners at the time of the proceed-
ings, but rather means, persons " who have had the relationship of part-
ners for the purpose of the liability which is sought to be enforced " (per
Alverstone, M. R., Be Wenhanij 69 L. J. Q. B. 807; 1900, 2 Q. B. 698;
83 L. T. 94).
" Being in England " ; V, Living.
" Being in advance " ; F. Advance.
F. Be: Entering or Being: Time Being: Is: Present Tense.
Machinery, &c, " standing or being " ; F. Erected.
" Being," may create a Covenant, — e,g. in a lessee's covenant to repair
premises, ''the same being first put in repair by the lessor," these latter
words create a covenant by the lessor {Cannock v. Jones, 3 Ex. 233; 5 lb.
713; 18 L. J. Ex. 204) ; and so, probably, in such a covenant, do the
words " being allowed sufficient rough timber " {Martyn v. Clue^ 22 L. J.
Q. B. 147 ; 18 Q. B. 661 : Fa, Mucklestone v. Thomas, Willes, 146),
but in the way Martyn v. Clue was presented, it was only necessary to
regard the phrase as creating a Condition Precedent, on which latter
point FjT, Neale v. Ratcliffe, 20 L. J. Q. B. 130; 15 Q. B. 916: Coward
V. Gregory, 36 L. J. C. P. 1; L. R. 2 C. P. 153, 172. So, in such a
covenant, lessor " Finding, Allowing and Assigning timber sufficient "
was held to create a Condition Precedent {Thomas v. Cadwallader,
Willes, 496) ; but " Having or Taking " Bote, was held only to amount
to a license to the lessee {Bristol v. Jones, 28 L. J. Q. B. 201 ; 1 E. & E.
484). F. Finding.
" Being," may be used in the sense of a direct Averment (per Campbell,
C. J., E. V. Waverton, 17 Q. B. 565, 568).
" Lawfully being " ; F. Lawfully.
BELIEF. — " Best of his Belief " ; F. Best Belief : Bona Fidk.
" In the Full Belief "; F. Precatory Trust.
BELLIGERENT 177 BELONGING
BELLIGERENT V. 2 Encyc. 62-56.
BELLOWS. — V. Mechanical Means.
BELONG. — An under-bailiff sending unwholesome meat to market,
is not a " person to whom the same belongs," within s. 117, P. H. Act,
1876 (Newton v. Monkeom, 68 L. T. 231; 4 Times Rep. 205) ; but, seinble,
the phrase includes a Factob (BiUing v. PrMle, 66 L. J. Q. B. 180; 46
W. R. 187; 61 J. P. 86, — a case on s. 47 (2), P. H. (London) Act, 1891,
which subs. Wills, J., said was " an enlarged edition " of s. 117, P. H.
Act, 1876).
BELONGING. — Property " belonging " to a person, has two general
meanings, — (1) Ownership ; (2) the Absolute Right of User : " A Road
may be said, with perfect propriety, to belong to a man who has the right
to use it as of Right, although the soil does not belong to him " (per
Martin, B., ±-0. v. Oxford &c Ry, 31 L. J. Ex. 227; 7 H. & N. 840).
By the Poor Relief Act, 1819, 69 G. 3, c. 12, s. 17, Churchwardens
and Overseers are to hold, as a Body Corporate, all buildings &c " be-
longing " to the Pabish ; — That phrase is to be taken in its popular
sense {Doe v. Terry, 6 L. J. M. C. 27 ; 4 A. & E. 274 ; 6 N. & M. 666) ;
but it applies only *' where the rents are applicable solely to Parochial
Purposes which are under the control of the Parish Officers " (per Parke,
B., UthwaU V. Elkinsy 13 M. & W. 777 ; 14 L. J. Ex. 131). In Doe v.
Hiley (10 B. & C. 886), it was held, that the phrase comprised property
the profits of which were to be applied to Church Repair, because that
was in aid of the Church Rate {the followed in Alderman y. Neate,
8 L. J. Ex. 89 ; 4 M. & W. 704 ; but questioned in Allison v. Stark,
8 L. J. M. C. 13; 9 A. & E. 255, and Gouldsworth v. Knights, 12 L. J.
Ex. 282 ; 11 M. & W. 343). Since the Compulsory Church Rate Aboli-
tion Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 109, it may, probably, be said that property
the profits of which are to be applied in Church Repair is not within the
phrase, for such repair can hardly now be regarded as a Parochial Pur-
pose. Property, though applicable to general parochial purposes, is not
within the phrase if the Legal Estate therein be vested in known existing
Trustees (St. Nicliolas, Deptford v. Sketchley, 17 L. J. M. C. 17 ; 8 Q. B.
394; over-ruling iJwmiaZZ V. Munt, 16 L. J. Q. B. 180; 8 Q. B. 382).
Vf, Tudor Char. Trusts, 240-243.
Churchyard " belonging to " a District Church, s. 10, 19 & 20 V.
c. 104 ; V. Champneys v. Arrowsmith, 36 L. J. C. P. 266 ; 16 W. R. 1011;
16 L. T. 689.
V. Outlet.
Salvage for saving the lives of '* persons belonging to" a Ship, s. 468
(2), Mer Shipping Act, 1864, comprises passengers as well as the crew
(The FusUier, 34 L. J. P. M. & A. 26; 3 Moore P. C. K S. 61). In
that case Dr. Lushington said, " I think that nothing is more common
12
BELONCINC 178 BELONGINGS
than to say of passengers by a ship, that they are passengers ' belonging '
to the ship, and would be included under the expression * persons.' ''
As to the phrase " Belonging or appertaining " ; V. Williams v. Fhil-
lips, 51 L. J. Q. B. 102; 8 Q. B. D. 437. These " are not Words of Art "
(per Pollock, C. B., Maitland v. Mackinno7i, 32 L. J. Ex. 49; 1 H. & C.
607). Vfy as to their interpretation, and as to the phrase " Thereunto
Belongingy" Maitland v. Mackiimon, sup: Bodenhum v. PritcJiard,
cited Enjoyed: Doe d. Gore v. Langton, 2 B. & Ad. 680: 1 Jarm. 782:
2 Piatt, 34: KingsmUl v. Millard, 11 Ex. 313: Common : Mill. " The
words * thereto belonging ' may, perhaps, primd facie, be considered to
mean something held under the same title as and occupied with the sub-
ject-matter of the devise to which they are annexed " (Watson Eq. 1322).
"If a man grant his Saddle with all things ' thereunto belonging,' —
stirrups, girths, and the like do pass. So, if a man grant his Yiol, the
strings and bow will pass " (Bac. Ab. Chrant, I, 4, citing Pri4ie v. Brahani,
Yaugh. 109). So, a grant of Looms " and other Effects and Things be-
longing thereto," will pass healds, reeds, weft, and waste cans {Cort v.
Sagar, 27 L. J. Ex. 378 ; 3 H. & N. 370). But a lease of a " House and
Premises with the gardens, pleasure-grounds, coach-house, and stabling
thereto belonging," will not pass an adjoining meadow {Minton v. Geiger,
28 L. T. 449).
Bequest of " Effects belonging to the Business," includes the Fixtures
(Finder v. Finder, 18 W. R. 309).
Money or Property " belonging to " a Friendly Socy ; V, per Esher,
M. R, Re Miller, cited Possession : Preference.
Premises " belonging to and Occupied with " a Dwellinghouse, Sch
B, R. 2, House Tax Act, 1808, 48 G. 3, c. 55, means, those premises
which are adjuncts to the Dwghouse and are used therewith for a common
purpose, — e.g, the Stables of an Inn, though such stables are separated
from the Inn and are let to the innkeeper by separate landlords and at
separate rents ( Young v. DougUis, 17 Sc. L. R. 119 : Smith v. Fetrie,
29 lb. 342 : Fhillips v. Lord Advocate, 36 lb. 336: Swain v. Fleming,
81 L. T. 202), so. Hunt Kennels are adjuncts to the Dwghouse of Hunt
Servants (Cheape v. Kinnwnt, 16 Sess. Ca., 4th Ser., 144), so, are Horse
Trainer's Stables to the Head Lad's house (Lambton v. Ke7T, 1895,
2 Q. B. 233; 64 L. J. Q. B. 749; 43 W. R. 541) ; but the Chapel, Class-
Room, Gymnasium, Racket Courts, and other buildings necessary for the
purposes of a Public School, e,g, Clifton College, are not adjuncts to the
Head Master's house (Clifton Coll. v. Tompson, 1896, 1 Q. B.. 432; 65
L. J. Q. B. 231; 74 L. T. 168; 44 W. R. 410; 60 J. P. 599).
F. Appertaining : Appurtenances: Mill: Purposes-
BELONGINGS. — A testator, at his death, owned and occupied a
country house called Torfrey ; by his Will he said, — "I give to T. G. M.
(my grandson) Torfrey and all the Belongings thereto "; held, by North,
BELONGINGS 179 BENEFICE
J., that the gift comprised Torfrey as it stood at the testator's death,
iiicludiog the furniture, pictures, and household effects therein, its
gardens, green-houses, conservatories, stahles, coach-houses, outhouses,
aud farm buildings, and about 27 acres of laud and orchard, together
with the horses, carriages, agricultural and other implements, and all the
live aud dead stock in and about the premises (Be Gundrt/, 28th July,
1898).
BELOVED Wl FE. — " A bequest by a husband to his * beloved wife/
not mentioning her by name, applies exclusively to the individual who
answers the description at the date of the Will, and is not to be extended
to an after-taken wife " ( Wms. Exs. 960, citing Garratt v. Niblock, 1 Russ.
& My. 629). In the note, however, it is added, " this point cannot arise
since the new Wills Act; for the second marriage would revoke the Will.
But a similar question may occur in respect of a bequest by a testator to
the wife of another person : V. Boreham v. Bu/nall, 8 Hare, 131 ; 19 L. J.
Ch. 461 : Be Lyne, L. R. 8 Eq. ^5, 38 L. J. Ch. 471." Vf, Be Mor-
risson, W. N. (88) 212.
A bequest to "my dearly beloved," of all testator's property, even
though coupled with an appointment of " her " as sole executrix, was held
uncertain and did not give the property to the wife (^Sullivan r. Sullivan,
4 Ir. Rep. Eq. 457).
V. Wife.
BENEFICE. — This word occurs in cap. 14, Magna Carta. It is "a
large word, and is taken for any Ecclesiasticall Promotion or Spirituall
Living whatsoever" (2 Inst. 29: Vf, 3 lb. 155: Elph. 562). As to
what is a "Benefice with Cure," within 13 Eliz. c. 20; F. M'Bean v.
Deiine, 30 Ch. D. 520; 55 L. J. Ch. 19; 33 W. R. 924; 1 Times Rep.
624: Shaw v. Woods^ 5 Ir. Cora. Law Rep. 156.
It seems doubtful whether a Wesleyan minister holds a " Benefice,"
within s. 14, Rep. People (Ir) Act, 1850, 13 & 14 V. c. 69 {Foster v.
Mulhally 10 Ir. Com. Law Rep. 532) ; but the negative seems clear, qu4
Rep. People Act, 1832, for though s. 18 (like the Act for Ireland)
speaks simply of " Benefice, " yet s. 26 amplifies this to " Benefice in a
Church."
Qui Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act, 1871, 34 & 35 V. c. 43, " * Bene-
fice ' shall comprehend all Rectories with Cure of Souls, Vicarages, Per-
petual Curacies, Donatives, Endowed Public Chapels, and Parochial
Chapelries, and Chapelries or Districts belonging or reputed to belong,
or annexed or reputed to be annexed, to any Church or Chapel " (s. 3), —
a def substantially followed in 34 & 35 V. c. 44, s. 2 ; 61 & 52 V. c. 20,
8. 12; 60 & 61 V. c. ^5, s. 15 (4) ; 61 & 62 V. c. 48, s. 13 (1); 62 & 63
V. c. 17, s. 2 (1 h).
Other Stat. Def. — 6 & 7 W. 4, c. 115, s. 56; 1 & 2 V. c. 23, s. 16,
BENEFICE 180 BENEFICIAL
c. 106, 8. 124; 2 & 3 V. c. 49, 8. 21 ; 5 & 6 V. c. 27, s. 15, c. lOS,
8. 31; 20 & 21 V. c. 13, s. 6 ; 26 & 27 V. c. 120, a. 37. — Jr. 10 & 1 1.
V. c. 32, 8. 66; 14 & 15 V. c. 73, a. 1; 23 & 24 V. c. 72, s. 2; 32
& 33 V. c. 42, 8. 72.
BENEFICIAL. — " Beneficial '* and " Profitable " are not convertible
terms (Dwar. 683).
To determine whether a Sale of Lands is " more beneficial for the
parties interested" than a Division, s. 3, Partition Act, 1868, regard
must be had to what in a monetary (and unsentimental) sense will
be most profitable to the parties generally {Drinkwdter v. Ratcliffe^
L. R. 20 Eq. 633; 44 L. J. Ch. 607: Fleming v. Crouch, W. N. (84)
111).
A testamentary appointment of all property over which the testator
has " any beneficial Disposing Power'* is not confined to a Power exer-
cisable for the benefit of the testator or his estate (per Pearson, J., Von
Brockdorffy. Malcolm, 55 L. J. Ch. 121 ; 30 Ch. D. 172 ; 63 L. T. 263;
33 W. R. 934) j but the contrary was held by Fry, J., in Ames v. Cado-
gan (48 I^ J. Ch. 762; 12 Ch. D. 868). FA, Theobald, 223.
The "Beneficial Enjoyment** of property by a Successor, s. 21, Sucn
Dy Act, 1863, " means no more than in his own right, and for his own
benefit, not as a trustee for another " (per Ld Wensleydale, -4.-G. v.
Sefton, 34 L. J. Ex. 104. F. Beneficially Entitled). So, also,
" beneficial Interest" s. 2, same Act, means " a beneficial enjoyment in
contradistinction to holding as trustee " (per Ld Chelmsford, lb, 106).
A direction in a Will that a Solicitor Trustee shall have his prc^t
Costs, is a " beneficial Gift or Interest" within s. 15, Wills Act, 1837
(Be Barber, 56 L. J. Ch. 373; 31 Ch. D. 666; 64 L. T. 375; 34 W. R.
396: Be Pooley, 40 Ch. D. 1).
" Beneficial Interest ** qixk Part 2, Mer Shipping Act, 1894 ; F. s. 67,
replacing s. 3, Mer Shipping Act, 1862; Vth, 1 Maude & P. 55, 56:
BaUhijany v. Bouch, 60 L. J. Q. B. 421.
" Beneficial Interest ** in a Telegraph, s. 7, 31 & 32 V. c. 110 ; F. R,
V. Coleridge, 45 L. J. Q. B. 649.
" Beneficial Interest, " s. 2 (1 d). Finance Act, 1894 ; F. A,- G. v. Dobree,
cited Purchase.
There must be a " Beneficial Occupation " of a tenement to make the
occupier assessable to Poor Rate under the Statute of Elizabeth. The
word " beneficial " in that connection is not the same as " profitable " to
the person or corporation rated ( F. per Denman, C. J., R. v. Vange,
3 Q. B. 254, 255, and the cases hereon collected, 3 Chitt. Stat., 3rd Ed.,
Poor, 1019 et seq). The border-line of these cases was set by Gambier
V. Lydford (23 L. J. M. C. 69 ; 3 E. & B. 346; confirmed by MaHin v.
West Derby, 11 Q. B. D. 145 ; 52 L. J. M. C. 66 : Vf, Mersey Docks v.
Llanelian, 54 L. J. Q. B. 49; 14 Q. B. D. 770: Dewsbury W. Works
BENEFICIAL 181 BENEFICIAL
Bd Y.Fenistone, 66 L. J. M. C. 121 ; 60 J. P. 644 ; 17 Q. B. D. 384 ; 64
L. T. 692; 34 W. B. 622, and cases there cited). As a general rule,
wbeie a tenement is capable of beneficial occupation it is rateable, unless
occupied by the Grown or its servants for Crown purposes. (Mersey
Docks V. Cameron, alias, Jones v. Mersey Docks, 11 H. L. Ca.443; 36
L. J. M. C. 1; 13 W. E. 1069). Note : As to what are Crown Purposes,
r. Coojnber v. Berks Jus., 63 L. J. Q. B. 239; 9 App. Ca. 61: Mid^
dlesex Co. Co. v. St. George's, Hanover Sq., 1897, 1 Q. B. 64; 66 L. J.
• Q. B, 101: Worcestershire Co. Co. v. Worcester, 1897, 1 Q. B. 480; 66
L. J. Q. B. 323; 76 L. T. 138; 45 W. R. 309; 61 J. P. 244: Leicester
Co, Co. v. Leicester Assessment Committee^ cited Policb: St. Marga-
ret's Y. Hdskins, 1899, 2 Q. B. 474; 68 L. J. Q. B. 840; 81 L. T. 390;
47 W. R. 649; 63 J. P. 726.
A Reformatory School is rateable (^Tunnidiffe v. Birkdale, h^ L. J.
M. C. 109; 20 Q. B. D. 460; 36 W. R. 360; 62 J. P. 452; overruling
Sheppard v. Bradford, 33 L. J, M. C. 182; 16 C. B, N. S. 369; 12
W. R. 867), 80, is an Industrial School (Durham Co. Co. v. Chester-le-
Street, 1891, 1 Q. B. 330 ; 60 L. J. M. C. 9), so, are School Board prem-
ises {E. V. West Bromwich, 63 L. J. M. C. 163; 13 Q. B. D. 929: E. v.
London School Bd, 65 L. J. M. C. 169; 17 Q. B. D. 738; 66 L. T. 384;
34 W. R 683; 60 J. P. 419), and so is a Sewage Farm worked by a
Local Authority (obliged to sewer) and worked by them at an inevitable
loss (Burton^nrTrent r. Egginton, 69 L. J. M. C. 1; 24 Q. B. D. 197;
62 L. T. 412; 38 W. R. 181; 64 J. P. 453: London Co. Co. v. ErUh,
1893, A. C. 662; 63 L. J. M. C. 9; 42 W. R. 330; 69 L. T. 725 ; 67
J. P. 821 : Va, Metrop Bd of Works v. West Ham, 40 L. J. M. C. 30 ;
L. R. 6 Q. B. 193), even though the tenement cannot be sold or let (Lon-
don Co. Co. V. Erith, sup; over-ruling OwerCs College v. ChorUon-
uponrMedlock, m L. J. M. C. 29 ; 18 Q. B. D. 403 ; 66 L. T. 373 ; 36
W. R. 236 ; 61 J. P. 356 : Vf, HuU Dock Co v. Seulcoates Union, 1895,
A. C. 136 ; 64 L. J. M. C. 49) : — Secus, if the tenement, — e.g. a Public
Park, — is one which the Local Authority is not bound to acquire, and
which is maintained at a loss, and which (as a matter of law) cannot be a
beneficial occupation (London Co. Co. v. Lambeth, 1896, 2 Q. B. 25 ; 66
L. J. M. C. 148; 74 L. T. 605; 44 VV. R. 621; 60 J. P. 470; in H. L.
nom. Lambeth v. London Co. Co., 1897, A. C. 626; 66 L. J. Q. B. 806;
76 L. T. 795; 46 W. R. 79; 61 J. P. 680, adopting Hare v. Putney, 50
L. J. M. C. 81; 7 Q. B. D. 223). Qui property of a Co in a Winding-
up; V. Re National Arms Co, 64 L. J. Ch. 673; 28 Ch. D. 474: Be
• Blazer Co, 1895, 1 Ch. 402; 64 L. J. Ch. 161.
F. Exclusive Occupation : Lease: New Occupier: Sewee.
"Beneficial Owner " ; V. Be Roulston, 21 L. R. Ir. 603.
An Assignment "as Beneficial Owner," does not by the covenants
thereby implied (s. 7, Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881), enlarge the subject-
matter from a defeasible into an indefeasible interest (^Re Greenwood^
BENEFICIAL 182 BENEFICIALLY
40 W. R. 357; 66 L- T. 101). Vfy As to those implied covenants,
David Y. Sabiuy cited Titlk.
A Bill of Sale from the grantor " as Beneficial Owner," is void,
because that phrase does imply those covenants {Ee Barber, Exp. Stan^
fordf cited In accordance with the form).
" Beneficial Owner," s. 1, Larceny Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 116, " is
not a Term of Art. It is a popular expression, and ought to receive a
liberal construction " (per Wills, J., E. v. Neat, 69 L. J. Q. B. 121) ;
therefore, one who has the control of money, or the power of appropriat-
ing it to the purposes of enjoyment and amusement in which he only
participates to a small degree, is such a " Beneficial Owner " (iSL C. 69
L. J. Q. B. 118 ; 81 L. T. 682 ; 64 J. P. 39).
" Beneficial Power " ; V. " Beneficial Disposing Power," sup.
"Beneficial WindingAtp'' of a Co, s. 131, Comp Act, 1862; V. Hire
Purchase Co v. Richens, 20 Q. B. D. 387; ^ L. T. 460 ; 36 W. R. 365 ;
4 Times Rep. 184. " Just and Beneficial " application in a Winding-up j
F. JUvST.
BENEFICIALLY ENTITLED. — •* Beneficially entitled to posses-
sion," 8. 2 (5), S. L. Act, 1882, " does not mean entitled and deriving a
benefit from possession, but beneficially entitled in the sense of being
entitled for one's own benefit, if there is any benefit to be derived from
the estate, and not simply as trustee for others " (per Cotton, L. J., Re
Jones, 53 L. J. Ch. 811 ; 2^ Ch. D. 736). Vf, Re Clltheroe, 31 Ch. D.
135: Re Atkinson, lb. 577: Re Strangways, 34 Ch. D. 423. A Tenant
for Life is "beneficially entitled to possession," although his actual en-
joyment is intercepted by a Trust for accumulation to raise a fund to
pay debts and legacies {Annesley v. Woodhotise, 1898, 1 I. R. 69).
Property to which, quk a Succksston, a person becomes "beneficially
entitled . . . Upon the death " of another, means, property to which he
so becomes entitled by reason only of such death ; therefore, a gratuitous
Assignee of a Life Policy, who has for years kept up the Policy out of
his own moneys, does not become entitled to the policy moneys " upon "
the death of the insured, for he gets such moneys by reason, among other
things, of his own payments (Lord Advocate v. Fleming, 1897, A. C.
145; 66 L. J. P. C. 41; 76 L. T. 125; 45 W. R. 674).
F. Beneficiary: Entitled.
BENEFICIALLY INTERESTED. — "A person having a contin-
gent interest in real estate (Re Sheppard, 4 D. G. F. & J. 423; 9 Jur.
N. S. 59) is a person 'Beneficially Interested ' within s. 37, Trustee
Act, 1850; and so is a creditor who has obtained a decree for the admin-
istration and sale of real estate (Re Wragg, 1 D. G. J. & S. 356) ; and
also, it seems, a purchaser under a decree who has paid his purchase
money into Court (Ayles v. Cox, 17 Bea. 584). The committee of lunatic
BENEFICIALLY 183 BENEFIT
cestui que trusts is not a person ' Beneficially Interested ' within this
section {Re Bourke, 2 D. G. J. & S. 426) " : Dan. Ch. Pr. 1787.
BENEFICIARY. — A Beneficiary is "one who is Beneficially
ENTITLED to, or interested in, property; i.e. entitled to it for his own
benefit, and not merely as Trustee, or Exor, holding it for others. The
word is nearly equivaftnt to 'Cestui que trust,' which, on account of
its cumbersomeness and inexpressiveness, * Beneficiary * has begun to
supersede in modern law " (2 Encyc. oS).
BENEFIT. — A Power to Trustees to make advances for a person's
" Benefit," enables them to make advances to set up in business that per-
son's husband (Be Kershaw, 37 L. J. Ch. 751 ; L. R. 6 Eq. 322); or to
pay the person's debts {Lowther v. BentiJick, 4A L. J. Ch. 197 ; L. R. 19
Eq. 167 : Be Stanger, cited Whole : Sv, Be Price, 34 Ch. D. 603). Vf,
Be Hargreavesy W. N. (85) 174. " Benefit " is much wider than " Ad-
vanckment " ; V. M^Mahon v. Gaussen, 1896, 1 I. R. 147.
But a discretionary trust to apply income forfeited by bankruptcy, for
the " benefit " of the bankrupt beneficiary, would seem to be confined to
allowing it to be spent on his Maintenance, in the widest and most
general sense of that word (Be Bullock, Good v. Lickorish, cited Apply).
The " benefit " of a Married Woman, justifying the Court in remov-
ing a Restraint on Anticipation under s. 39, Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881,
is not confined to her pecuniary benefit {Be Pollard, 1896, 2 Ch. 552;
65 L. J. Ch. 796; 75 L. T. 116; 45 W. R. 18); it means, such benefit as
the Court (on each particular application, Be Warren, 52 L. J. Ch. 928)
shall cautiously consider to be for her own advantage, having regard to
all the circumstances of her case (-Re Currey, b^ L. J. Ch. 389 : Be Little,
68 lb. 233; 40 Ch. D. 418; 37 W. R. 289: Be Badcliffe, 1892, 1 Ch.
227 ; 61 L. J. Ch. 186; 66 L. T. 363 ; 40 W. R. 323 : Be Somes, 40 S. J.
210: Be WHson^Steivart, 75 L. T. 381: Be Pollard, sup: Paget v.
Paget, 67 L. J. Ch. 1, 266 : 1898, 1 Ch. 470). Sometimes a wife's pro-
perty may be so affected by marital rights that it may be for her " bene-
fit " to remove restraint, so that her husband's creditors may be settled
with {Be Stewart, 41 S. J. 80). Note. A wife's claim to Indemnity
from her husband qah the Order, will be prejudiced unless it be ex-
pressly given by the Order {Paget v. Paget, sup).
" Benefit of Children "; F. Be Pocock, 6 Ch. 445 : Scotney v. Lomer,
29 Ch. D. 535 ; 31 lb. 380: Urquhart v. Butterfield, 36 Ch. D. 55;
37 lb. 358.
A bequest "for the Benefit of Wife and her Children," semble, means
to the Wife for life, with remainder to her children ; in any case, the
children, inter se, take as Joint tenants {Armstrong v. Armstrong, 38
L. J. Ch.463; L. R. 7 Eq. 518).
A Policy under s. 10, M. W. P. Act, 1870, repld s. 11, M. W. P. Act,
BENEFIT 184 BENEFIT OF SUR'SHIf=*
1882, "for the Benefit of the assured's Wife and Children," gives tlie
policy moneys to the Wife and Children as Joint Tenants (Me Seyton^ S6
L. J. Ch. 775; 34 Ch. D. 511 : Re Davits, 1892, 1 Ch. 90; 61 L. J.
Ch. 650 \ 66 L. T. 104). Vh, Be Tumbull, 1897, 2 Ch. 415; 66 L. JT-
Ch. 719.
"Benefit," s. 5, 22 & 23 V. c. 61; V. Thomson v. ThomsoUy cite<i
Parent.
" Benefit by cesser of interest" ; V. Cesser.
Where the " Benefit " of a Business is given up, — e,ff. under Partner-
ship Articles, — the person giving it up will be restrained from solicit-
ing and obtaining the custom of the business to the detriment of the
person taking the business (Burrows v. Foster, cited Clark v. Leaeh^
32 Bea. 23; 32 L. J. Ch. 293). Vf, Goodwill.
Assignment of Copyright with all " Property and Benefit " ; V, JSxp^
Hutchins and Eomer, 4 Q. B. D. 90, 483; 48 L. J. Q. B. 505.
Deed for " the Benefit of Creditors generally " ; F. Generally.
" Benefit " to Donor " by Contract or otherwise," s. 11 (1), 52 & 53 V.
c. 7; r. A^G. V. Worrally 1895, 1 Q. B. 99; 64 L. J. Q. B. 141; 71
L. T. 807.
" Benefit, " s. 2 (1 ft). Finance Act, 1894, is not to be cut down to
"Benefit in Income" (per Williams, J., A-G.y. Wood, 1897, 2 Q. B.
102 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 522; 76 L. T. 654; 45 W. R. 663).
" Benefit " of an Ecclesiastical Charity, s. 75, Loc Gov Act, 1894, in-
cludes temporal, as well as spiritual or religious, benefit (per Chitty,
L. J., Be Boss and Be Ferry Almshouses, cited Ecclesiastical
Charity).
" Benefit of the Grantor, " Mortmain Act, 9 G. 2, c. 36, s. 1, " means,
something given collusively, and making the deed inconsistent with
that which it professes to be " (per Patteson, J., Doe d. Graham v.
HawkiJis, cited Beyoke).
BENEFIT OF CLERGY.— "Benefit of Clergy," was a privilege
which a Clergyman, or one who could " read as a Cierke in such a booke
and place as the Judge " should appoint, had to " pray hisClergie " when
arraigned for Felony, and thereupon " to bee delivered to the Ordinary
to purge himself e of the same offence " (Termes de la Ley). The privi-
lege was abolished (except as to Peers) by 7 & 8 G. 4, c. 28, s. 6; and,
as to Peers, by 4 & 6 V. c. 22. Vh, Jacob, Clergy : 2 Encyc. 69-61.
BENEFIT OF SURVIVORSHIP. —"There is a difference be-
tween a gift over of the shares of any prior legatees to the survivors, and
a gift to several * with Benefit of Survivorship.' The latter expression
ifl very general, and may without impropriety be held to pervade the
whole fund, so as to carry accrued as well as original shares " (2 Jann.
714, citing Be Crawhall, 8 D. G. M. & G. 480: Sv, Vorley v. Bichard-
son, lb. 126 ; 26 L. J. Ch. 336).
BENEFIT OF SUR'SHIP 185 BERCARIA
As to this phrase giving a Vested Interest; V. Comeck v. Wadman,
L. B. 7 Eq, 80, wlierein Donald v. Bryce, 16 Bea. 681, was doubted:
Voy Daniel y. Gosset, 19 Bea. 478 : Re Stnalinff, W. N. (77) 236: Wiley
▼. Chanteperdrixj 1894, 1 1^ R. 209.
BENERTH. — ** Benerth signifieth the service of the plough and
cart " (Co. Litt. 86 a). " Ben-erth was precarious tillage service with
horse and cart : gavel-erth was tillage service certain : hen-rip is a
precarious service of reaping: gavel-rip was the same service only cer-
tain " (Elton, Ten. Kent, 34). Fa, Spelm. : Cowel : Precarijb.
BENEVOLENCE: BENEVOLENT. — A bequest for objects of
" Benevolence and Liberality " (Morice v. Durham^ Bp., 9 Ves. 399; 10
lb. 622), or for " Benevolent Purposes " (James v. Allen, 3 Mer. 17: jRe
Jarmauy 47 L. J. Ch. 676; 8 Ch. D. 684) is not good : &, Re Lloyd,
cited Beligiotjs.
r. Charity: Philanthropic.
" I think there is some fund for providing oysters at one of the Inns
of Court for the Benchers. This, however benevolent, would hardly be
caUed charitable " (per Ld Bramwell, Income Tax Commrs v. Femsel,
cited Charitable Purpose).
" Benevolent Asylum " ; V, Dilworth v. Commr of Stamps, cited
Asylum.
" Benevolent Society" ; V, Friendly Society.
BENEWORK.— r. Precarijb.
BEN-RIP.— F. Benerth.
Ld Qeo. BENTINCK'S ACT. — The Gaming Act, 1845, 8 & 9
V. c 109.
BEQUEATH V. Devise.
BEQUEATHED.— The word "Bequeathed" (though perhaps not
in itself a technical word) is primarily applicable only to property pass-
ing under a testamentary disposition (^Re Armstrong, 49 L. J. Ch. 53;
42 L. T. 823) ; and would, ordinarily, connote Personal Property; but,
on a context, it may easily include B«alty (Fl Devise).
"Specifically bequeathed," may be construed, "bequeathed expressly
and not by reference " (Jackson v. Hosie, 27 L. R. Ir. 450).
BERCARIA. — ^ Berquarium or hercaria^ commeth of here, an old
Saxon word, used at this day for barkes and rindes of trees, and signi-
fieth a tan-house, or a heath-house, where barkes or rindes of trees are
laid to tan withal : and berquarii are mentioned in Domesday. It sig-
nifieth also, and more legally, a sheep-cote, of the French word bergerie "
(Co. Litt. 6 b). Vf, Cowel, Barcaria : Touch. 96.
BEREWICA 186 BEST ENDEAVOURS
BEREWICA. — " Berewica, or berewit, in Domesday, signifietb a
towne " (Co. Litt. 116 a). But it ia also said to mean " a manor, or
rather a detached member of a manor, a town, a hamlet, a sub-manor, a
corn farm " (Elph. 563, citing Spelm. : Cowel, Berwica : 1 Ellis, Introd.
Domesday, 240).
BERMONEY BOAT.— F. Net.
BERTH. — V. Off.
As to the effect of a Berth-Note, F. Rotherfield 8, 8. Co v. Tweedy,
2 Com. Ca. 84.
BESEECH. — F. Precatory Trust.
BESET. — " Picketing " workmen is, obviously, to " Watch or Beset "
them, within s. 7 (4), Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875,
38 & 39 V. c. 86; but the section provides that " attending at or near the
house or place where a person resides, or works, or carries on business,
or happens to be, or the approach to such house or place. In order vierely
to obtain or communicate informationy shall not be deemed a 'Watching
or Besetting,' within the meaning of this section." That proviso does
not legalise picketing to induce men not to work for, or others not to deal
with, the person picketed, — conduct which may be restrained by In-
junction {Lyons v. Wilkitis, 1896, 1 Ch. 811; 65 L. J. Ch. 601; 45 W. E.
19; 74 L. T. 358: 8. C. Ko. 2, cited Malice: Chamock v. Courts 1899,
2 Ch. 35; 68 L. J. Ch. 550 ; 80 L. T. 564 ; 47 W. R. 633 ; 63 J. P. 456 :
Walters v. Green, 1899, 2 Ch. 696; 68. L. J. Ch. 730; 81 L. T. 151 ; 48
W. R. 23 ; 63 J. P. 742). Those cases show that " House, or other
Place," in the section, includes " Any " place where the workman hap-
pens to be ; and that the " watching or besetting " need not be for any
lengthened time. FA, Farmer v. Wllsonj 82 L. T. bfd^\ 69 L. J. Q. B.
496; 64 J. P. 486.
C/?, Intimidate : Molest.
BESIDES. — When provisions are made for children "besides " an
eldest son, no children take unless there be a son ; sectis, if the phrase is
"other than " {WalcoU v. Bloomfield, 4 Dr. <& War. 235; 6 Ir. Eq.
Rep. 227: Vthc^ 8impson v. Frew, 5 Ir. Ch. 517. On both cases F. Be
Flemyng, 15 L. R. Ir. 369, 370).
BEST BELIEF. — A person who swears to the " Best of his Belief, "
" imports that he is entitled to entertain the belief he expresses " (per
Pollock, C. B., Roe v. Bradshatv, L. R. 1 Ex. 108 ; 36 L. J. Ex. 71). Q?,
" Information and Belief," sub Information.
BEST ENDEAVOURS.- F. Utmost.
BEST LUMBER 187 BEST RENT
BEST LUMBER. —<' A Contract to erect a building of « the Best
Lumber'; construed to mean the best lumber of which bgs were ordinarily
constructed at that place : Mclntire v. Barnes, 4 Col. 285 " (Hudson, 138).
BEST OIL. — A contract for " Best Oil " may be explained, by oral
evidence, to mean that the contract will be satisfied if the oil delivered
contain a substantial portion of " best " oil {LttccLs v. Bristow, 21 L. J.
Q. B. 364 J E. B. & E. 907).
BEST PRICE. —The "Best Price "that can be gotten for goods
distrained, 2 W. & M. c. 5, s. 2, is prima facie evidenced if the goods are
sold at their appraised value ( Walter v. Jtumbal, 1 Raym. Ld. 55) ; but
that presumption may be rebutted by evidence (Cook v. Corbett, 24 W. R.
181 : Foynter v. Bucklei/, 5 C. & P. 612). Restrictive conditions, e.f;,
that the purchaser must consume hay, or unthreshed corn, on the prem-
ises, cannot be imposed (Hawkins v. Walrond, cited Purchaser).
Best Price to be obtained by Mtgee, when selling; V. Coote, 276.
As regards " Best Price " of Settled Land, when sold for dwellings of
the Working Classes ; V. s. 74 (1 a), 53 & 54 V. c. 70.
V. Fair Price : Price.
BEST RENT. — The " Best Rent " means the most Rack-rent that
can reasonably be gotten for the whole term of the lease to be granted,
having regard to the solvency of the proposed tenants and what may
fairly be considered for the permanent benefit of the property ; and when
a Power to grant a lease at the " Best Rent " be exercised fairly and
honestly, a reasonable latitude will be allowed to the donee of the power,
8o that when he has to choose between two or more responsible offers, not
widely differing in amount, he is not bound to accept the highest offer
(1 Piatt, 483-489: Woodf. 415, 416: Harwell, ch. 17: Copinger & Munro,
on Rents, 152-154). " Unless otherwise authorised by the Power, a uni-
form rent must be reserved throughout the term " (Redman, 34, citing
Doe d. SuUon v. Harvey, 1 B. & C. 426).
r. s. 18 (6), Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881.
The Settled Land Act, 1882, enabling Tenants for Life to grant Leases,
provides (s. 2, subs. 7), that " Every Lease shall reserve the Best Rent
that can reasonabl}' be obtained, regard being had to any Fine taken, and
to any money laid out or to be laid out for the benefit of the settled land,
and generally to the circumstances of the case." The value of a contem-
poraneously surrendered Lease may be taken into consideration in deter-
mining such "Best Rent" (Re Rawlins, Jj, R. 1 Eq. 286); but not
Buildings already erected and not part of the transaction (Re Chawner,
cited Consideration). As to Inadequacy of the rent reserved, V. Suth-
erland V. Sutherland, 1893, 3 Ch. 169; 62 L. J. Ch. 954. When a Tenant
for Life takes an undisclosed payment for granting a lease, that is prima
facie proof that the " Best Rent " has not been obtained (Chandler v.
BEST RENT 188 BETWEEN
BradUy, 1897, 1 Ch. 316 ; 66 L. J. Ch. 214 ; 75 L. T. 681 ; 45 W. R.
296). Vh, Harold v. Dahj, 30 L. R. Ir. 697.
As regards " Best Rent " of Settled Land, when leased for dwellings
of the Working Classes, V. s. 74 (1 a), 53 & 54 V. c. 70.
V. Ancient Rent.
BEST TITLE. — " The provision that the purchaser is to accept the
* Best Title ' that the vendor can give, certainly does not take away the
purchaser's right " to insist on having the deeds handed over on Comple-
tion (per Romer, J., Re Duthy and JessoUj cited Inform ation).
BET. — Issuing Coupons in connection with a Sporting Newspaper
and offering prizes for naming winners of races on such coupons, is not
inviting a " Bet, or Wager," within s. 3 (3), 37 V. c. 15 (Caminada v.
Ifulton, 60 L. J. M. C. 116; 64 L, T. 672; 39 W. R. 640 ; 55 J. P. 727:
Sv, E. V. Stoddartj 83 L. T. 638). Vfy Lottery: Wager: Gaming
Contract.
" To bet," " Betting," ss. 1 and 3, 16 & 17 V. c. 119, does not include
the mere payment of a bet that has been made and lost {Bradford v.
Dawson, 1897, 1 Q. B. 307 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 191 ; 76 L. T. 64; 46 W. R.
347; 61J.P. 134).
Betting, within s. 3, 36 & 37 V. c. 38, must be at, or on, a " Game, or
pretended Game op Chance " {Ridgeway v. Famdale, 1892, 2 Q. B. 309;
61 L. J. M. C. 199; 67 L. T. 318; 41 W. R. 128; 56 J. P. 697).
BETTERMENT.— V. Trade Interest.
BETTING HOUSE.— r. Common Betiino House: Common
Gaming House.
BETWEEN. — A testamentary gift to two or more "between," or
" between or atnongst " them, creates a tenancy in common {Lashbrook v.
Cock, 2 Mer. 70: Wms. Exs. 1327: 2 Jarm. 257 lA-G.v, Fletcher, L. K
13 Eq. 128; 41 L. J. Ch. 167); and so, though the phrase be "jointly
and between them " (Perkins v. Baynton, 1 Bro. C. C. 118 : Richard'
son V. Richardson^ 14 Sim. 526). V. Among.
It is submitted that where a Time has to elapse, or a Thing is to be
done, " between " two Dates, both dates are excluded ; herein resembling
Clear, and Interval. Vh^ Aynew v. Fowler, 1 Ir. Com. Law Rep. 462.
So " between " two Places is exclusive of both (R, v. Fisher, 8 C. & P.
613).
Quk Post Office (Offences) Act, 1837, 1 V. c. 36, " whenever the term
'between ' is used in reference to the transmission of letters, newspapers,
parliamentary proceedings, or other things between one place and an-
other, it shall apply equally to the transmission from either place to the
other " (s. 47).
BETWEEN 189 BIGAMY
As to an agreement and declaration '* between <and by the parties
hereto " ; K Agkekd and Declabed.
" Plies between " ; V. Ply.
BEYOND. — « Beyond their Control " ; V. Conteol.
BEYOND SEAS. — By the Mer Law Amend. Act, 1856, 19 & 20 V.
c. 97, 8. 12, no part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land, nor the islands of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, or
any islands adjacent to any of them are to be deemed to be " Beyond
Seas" within the meaning of the Statute of Limitation, 4 & 5 Anne, c. 16.
(Prior to the Act of 1856, Ireland was " beyond seas " qui 4 & 5 Anne,
Lane v. Bennett, 1 M. & W. 70, for " beyond seas " had been held " out
of Great Britain," King v. Walker, 1 Bl. W. 286).
The def in 19 & 20 V. c. 97 was, in substance, the same as that pro-
vided for the Com. L. Pro. Act, 1862 (s. 227), and for the Com. L. Pro.
Act (Ir), 1853 (s. 4) ; and afterwards for the Army Discipline and Regn
Act, 1879 (s. 181), and Army Act, 1881 (subs. 25, s. 190). Qu4 26
V.c. 10, " no part of the United Kingdom, " is " beyond seas " (s. 2).
For some purposes, the words " Beyond Seas " are not to be construed
literally, but are synonymous with " out of the realm or territories," so
that India may not be " beyond seas " (Add. T. 68^ citing Ruckmaboye
V. Lulloobhoy Mottlchund, 8 Moore P. C. 4). V, Eealm.
Goods shipped from a Foreign Port under a Through Bill of Lading
to Liverpool, landed in London and sent thence to Liverpool in another
ship, are Imported into Liverpool " from parts Beyond Seas," within
8. 234, Mersey Dock Acts, Consolidation Act, 1858 (Mersey Dock v.
Twigge, 67 L. J. Q. B. 604 ; 3 Com. Ca. 176). Vf, Trading.
" Offences committed on Land beyond the Seas, for which an Indict-
ment may legally be preferred in England or Wales," s. 2, 11 & 12 V.
c. 42; r. R. V. Eyre, 37 L. J. M. C. 159; L. R. 3 Q. B. 487.
Note, " Absence beyond seas," s. 16, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27, does not, on and
since 1st Jan 1879, prevent the Statute of Limitations from running qu^
Distress or Ejectment (ss. 3 and 12, Real Property Limitation Act, 1874).
BIDDING. — A Bidding Prayer, is when the Minister moves the
people to join with him in prayer on topics which he mentions, but for
which he provides no form of words. For the Bidding Prayer in the
Church of England, F. 55th of the Canons Ecclesiastical, 1603.
Vendor's right of bidding at an Auction of Goods, is curtailed by
8. 58, Sale of Goods Act, 1893.
BIGAMY. — "Every one commits the felony called Bigamy, who,
being married, marries any other person during the life of his or her wife
or husband.
" The expression * being married ' means, legally married. The word
BIGAMY 190 BILL
' marries ' means, go through a form of marriage which the law of the
place where such form is used recognizes as binding, whether the parties
are by that law competent to contract marriage or not, and although, hy
their fraud, the form employed may, apart from the Bigamy, have been
insufficient to constitute a binding marriage.
'' Provided that this definition does not extend (a) to a second marriage
contracted elsewhere than in England and Ireland by any other than a
subject of Her Majesty ; nor (b) to any person marrying a second time,
whose husband or wife has been continually absent from such person for
seven years then last past, and has not been known by such person to be
living within that time (or whose husband or wife is reasonably believed
to be dead, E. v. Tolson, 58 L. J. M. C.97; 23 Q. B. D. 168; 60 L. T.
899) ; nor (c) to any person who at the time of such second marriage was
divorced from the bond of the first marriage, nor to any person whose
first marriage has been declared void by the sentence of any Court of
competent jurisdiction.
" A Divorce k vinculo matrimonii pronounced by a foreign Court be-
tween persons who have contracted marriage in England and who continue
to be domiciled in England, on grounds which would not justify such a
Divorce in England, is not a Divorce within the meaning of this clause "
(Steph. Cr. 188, 189, citing 24 & 25 V. c. 100, s. 57, as explained by
the authorities there also cited. V. espy B. v. AlleUf 41 L. J. M. C. 97;
L. R. 1 C. C. R. 367, disapproving B. v. Fanninff, 17 Ir. Rep. C. L. 289;
lOCoxC. C. 411).
Vf, Arch. Cr. 1110-1121 : Rose. Cr. 284-296: 2 Encyc. 73-78.
«
BILL. — "The word * Bill' is one of the most general that can be
used wherever it is not confined by other terms, e.g. a Bill in Parlia-
ment, a Bill in Chancery. In every kind of business the word * Bill '
occurs as representing any Writing, — a Bill of Lading, a Bill of
Parcels, a Play Bill, a Bill of Fare, a Bill of Divorcement, and so on "
(per Maule, arg. Bank of England v. Anderson^ 3 Bing. N. C. 601).
A Solr*s Bill of Costs, not debiting any one by name but enclosed in
an envelope addressed to the client, is a good " Bill," within s. 37, 6&7
V. c. 73 (Boberts v. Lucas, 11 Ex. 41; 24 L. J. Ex. 227: Vf, Champ v.
Stokes, 6 H. i& N. 683 ; 30 L. J. Ex. 242). Whether items of charge
are delivered as a " Bill," within the section, is a question of fact in each
particular case (Be Bomer, 1893, 2 Q. B. 286; 62 L. J. Q. B. 610).
Without items, there can be no proper "Bill," even though the Solr
delivers his claim as for an agreed gross sum (Fhilbf/ v. ffazle, 29 L. J.
C. P. 370; 8 C. B. N. S. 647: Wilkinson v. SmaH, 33 L. T. 573;
Vehc, Blake v. Hummell, 51 L. T. 430).
" Bill, Placard, or Poster," s. 18, 46 & 47 V. c. 51, s. 14, 47 & 48
V. c. 70; F. Barstow Case, 5 Times Rep. 159: Denbigh and Flint
Case, lb. 160: Shrewsbury Case, lb. 160.
BILL OF COMPLAINT 191 BILL OF EXCHANGE
BILL OF COMPLAINT. — Stat. Def., 15 & 16 V. c. 86, s. 66.
— Jr. 30 & 31 V.c. 44, s. 2.
BILL OF CREDIT. — "A Letter whereby one person requests an-
otlier to advance money to a third person named therein for a certain
amount, and promises to reimburse the person making the advance. It
is more usually termed a Letter of Credit " (2 Encyc. 87). Vf^ Letter
of Creditj 7 lb. 369: Circular Note, 3 lb. 34.
BILL OF EXCHANGE. — "A Bill of Exchange is an Uncon-
ditional Order in Writing, addressed by one person to another, signed
by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to
pay, On demand, or at a fixed or Detebuinablb future time, a Sum
CERTAIN in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to bearer "
(a. 3, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882). That section further provides that,
" An Order to pay out of a particular fund is not Unconditional within
the meaning of this section ; but an unqualified Order to pay, coupled
with (a) an indication of a particular fund out of which the drawee is to
reimburse himself or a particular account to be debited with the amount,
or (b) a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the Bill, is un-
conditional.'' And further that
" A Bill is not invalid by reason —
(a) That it is not dated;
(b) That it does not specify the value given, or that any value has
been given therefor ;
(c) That it does not specify the place where it is drawn, or the place
where it is payable."
Note. The Bills of Ex. Act, 1882, is a Code of Law relating to Nego-
tiable Instruments, and is to be construed according to the natural mean-
ing of its language, uninfluenced by prior decisions except upon some
special ground, e.g. where its words are of doubtful import, or have
acquired a technical or special meaning (per Ld Herschell, Bank of Eng-
land V. Vagliano, 1891, A. C. 107; 60 L. J. Q. B. 164: per Chitty, J.,
Be English Bank of River Plate, 1893, 2 Ch. 438 ; 62 L. J. Ch. 678 ;
69 L. T. 14 ; 41 W. K 521). A similar rule was applied by the P. C.
to the construction of the Civil Code of Lower Canada, in Robinson v.
Canadian Pacific Ry, 1892, A. C. 481 ; 61 L. J. P. C. 79; 67 L. T. 506.
Fl Approved Bill : Cheque: Order, at end: Part. C]p, Promis-
sory Note.
Vh, Byles: Chalmers : Rose N. P. 350 : 2 Encyc. 94-109.
Qui Stamp Act, 1891, s. 32: V. Remit.
A promise to deliver up a Bill of Ex., means the whole Set, if drawn
in Sets {Kearney v. West Granada Co,l H.&N. 412; 26 L. J. Ex. 15).
A document otherwise in the form of a Bill of Exchange but having
no drawer's name to it, is not a Bill of Exchange within s. 22, 24 & 25
V. c. 98 {R. V. Harpery 50 L. J. M. C. 90; 7 Q. B. D. 78).
BILL OF LADING 192 BILL OF SALE
BILL OF LADING. — <' A Bill of Lading is the written evidence
of a Contract for the Carriage and Delivery of goods sent by Sea for
certain Freight. The contract, in legal language, is a contract of
Bailment (2 Raym. Ld. 912). In the usual form of the contract, the
undertaking is to deliver to the Order, or Assigns, of the Shipper. By
the delivery on board, the Ship-master acquires a special property to
support that possession which he holds in right of another, and to en-
able him to perform his undertaking. The general property remains
with the Shipper of the goods until he has disposed of it by some act,
sufficient in law, to transfer property. The Indorsement of the Bill of
Lading is simply a direction of the delivery of the goods '.' (per Lough-
borough, C. J., Lickbarrow v. Mason, in Error, Mason v. LickbarroWy
1 Bl. H. 359). A Bill of Lading is for a separate parcel or parcels of
goods; a Charteb-Pabty is a contract for the whole ship or some prin-
cipal part thereof. Vh, 2 Encyc. 110-127: Abbott, Part 3, ch. 2:
Carver, Part 1, ch. 3, 5: Scrutton on Charter-Parties and Bills of
Lading. V, Clean Bill of Laj>ikq.
Indorsement of; V. Pass : The : Sans Bbcoubs.
Stat. Def . — Customs Tariff Amendment Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V. c. 22,
s. 21.
BILL OF QUANTITIES.— V, Quantity Surveyor.
BILL OF RIGHTS. - 1 W. & M. sess. 2, c. 2, —the full title of
which is " An Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and
Settling the Succession to the Crown."
Cpy " Petition of Right," sub Petition. V. Settlement, at end.
BILL OF SALE. — A Bill of Sale is an Assignment of chattels,
whereby the property in such chattels is intended to pass, but without
possession of them being given (per Esher, M. R., Johnson v. Diprose,
1893, 1 Q. B. 512; 62 L. J. Q. B. 291; 68 L. T. 486; 41 W. R. 371).
An Agreement for sale of furniture on the ordinary Hire and Purchase
System is not a Bill of Sale by the vendee {Ex p, Crawcour, 9 Ch. D.
419; nom. Be RobertsoUj 47 L. J. Bank. 94: Fjf, Buy), unless, on con-
sideration of all the facts, it can be seen that the true nature of the
transaction was that the document should be a security for money {Ma^
dell V. Thomas, 1891, 1 Q. B. 230; 60 L. J. Q. B. 227; 64 L. T. 9; 39
W. R. 280: Re Watson, 59 L. J. Q. B. 394; 25 Q. B. D. 27). So, a
Building Agreement, which provides that all materials brought by the
builder on the land shall become the property of the freeholder, is not a
Bill of Sale {Reeves v. Barlow, 12 Q. B. D. 436; 63 L. J. Q. B. 192:
Vf, Right in Equity : Re Hall, Ex p. Close, 54 L. J. Q. B. 43 ; 14
Q. B. D. 386; 51 L. T. 795; 33 W. R. 228 : Church v. Sage, 67 L. T.
800; 41 W. R. 175: Sv, Climpson v. Coles, cited License); nor is a
Co's Debenture {Re Standard Manufacturing Co, 1891, 1 Ch. 627;
BILL OF SALE 193 BILL OF SALE
60 L. J. Ch. 292 : Richards v. Kidderminster, 1896, 2 Ch. 212; 65 L. J.
Ch. 502: Vfy Company: Sv^ now, s. 14, Comp Act, 1900); nor is a
" Letter of Hypothecation accompanying a deposit of goods by merchants
or factors, or Pawn-Tickets given by pawnbrokers, or in fact any case
where the object and effect of the transaction are immediately to trans-
fer the possession from the grantor to the grantee " (per Cave, J., Re
Hally Ex p. Close, sup: Fa, Transfer: Hilton v. Tucker^ 57 L. J.
Ch. 973; 39 Ch. D. 669 ; 69 L. T. 172; 36 W. K 762 : Exp. Hubbard,
Re Hardtvick, 55 L. J. Q. B. 490; 17 Q. B. D. 690; 35 W. R. 2). Vf,
Manchester S. & L. Ry v. North Central Wagon Co, 58 L. J. Ch. 219 ;
13 App. Ca. 554 : Grigg v. National Guardian Co, 1891, 3 Ch. 206 ;
61 L. J. Ch. 11 : Spencer v. Mid. Ry, 11 Times Rep. 542: Redhead v.
Westwood, 59 L. T. 293 : Re Yarrow, Collins v. Weymouth, 59 L. J.
Q. B. 18; 61 L. T. 642; 38 W. R. 175 : — And as to when a document is
not a Bill of S., but is a Pledge, V. Charlesworth v. Mills, 1892, A. C.
231; 61 L. J. Q. B. 830; 66 L. T. 690; 41 W. R. 129; but Cp, Re
Townsend, Ex p. Parsons, cited License.
The def of a Bill of Sale, for the purposes of the Bills of S. Acts,
1878 and 1882, is given in s. 4 of the Act of 1878. But whilst this
def has been adopted for the Act of 1882 by a. 3 of the latter, that same
section provides that the peculiar provisions of the Act of 1882 shall not
apply to a Bill of S. not given *' by way of security for the payment of
money."
As to what is an Assurance; Authority or License; License;
Receipt ; Transfer (including Assignment) ; Assignment ; Ordi-
nary Course, within that def, or Marriage Settlement, or Vessel,
within its exception : V. those words respectively. But it should always
be borne in mind that ^ the Bills of S. Acts strike, not at Transactions
but, at Documents " (per Kekewich, J., Grigg v. National Guardian Co,
sup, and per Russell, C. J., London & Yorkshire Bank v. White, 11
Times Rep. 570; Sv, per North, J., Jarvis v. Jarms, 63 L. J. Ch. 10);
and a document, not apparently a Bill of S., may, on the circumstances,
be treated as one {Beckett v. Tower Assets Co, 1891, 1 Q. B. 638 ; 60
L. J. Q. B. 493; 64 L. T. 497; 39 W. R. 438: Re Watson, sup).
Attornments are Bills of Sale, s. 6, Act, 1878; Vth, Re Willis,
67 L. J. Q. B. 684; 21 Q. B. D. 384; 36 W. R. 793: Mumford v.
Collier, 69 L. J. Q. B. 662; 25 Q. B. D. 279; 38 W. R. 716 : Scobie v.
Collins, 1896, 1 Q. B. 376; 64 L. J. Q. B. 10; 71 L. T. 776. Vf,
Attornment.
Letters of Hypothecation of imported goods are exempted from the Act
of 1882 (64 & 66 v. c. 36, amending 63 & 64 V. c. 53).
Other Stat. Def. — 17 & 18 V. c. 36, s. l. — Ir. 17 & 18 V. c. 6b,
B.1', 42&43V. c. 60, s. 4; 46 & 47 V. c. 7, s. 3.
Vh, In accordance with the form: Specific: Separately: Reed,
43: Rose. N. P. 1180: 2 Encyc. 127-147: Defeasance: Occupation.
13
BILL OF SALE 194 BINDING
A " Bill of Sale " of a Ship, b. 56, 17 & 18 V. c. 104, means an actual
Transfer, as distinguished from an Agreement to tT&usieT {BcUthyany
V. Bouch, 60 L. J. Q. B. 421).
As to " Bill of Sale " in s. 11, Trinidad Ordinance, No. 16, 1884; V.
Tennant v. Howatsofij 67 L. J. P. C. 110 ; 13 App. Ca. 489; 68 L. T. 646.
BILL WITH OPTION OF CASH. — F. Cash with option
OF Bill.
BILLA VERA.— F. True Bill.
BIND. — By s. 62, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1864, a Garnishee Order nisi
shall " hind " the Debt in the garnishee's hands. That means, " that the
dehtor, or those claiming under him, shall not have power to convey or
do any act as against the right of a party in whose favour the deht is
hound ; and we construe it as not giving any property in the deht in the
nature of a mortgage or lien, hut a mere right to have the security en-
forced " (per Campbell, C. J., in delivering the jdgmt of the Q. B.,
Holmes v. TuttoUy 24 L. J. Q. B. 361 ; 6 E. & B. 67; Vth, Ex p. Jose-
lyne, 4.1 L. J. Bank. 91; 8 Ch. D. 327; 26 W. R. 646; 38 L. T. 661:
Rylands v. Reardouj 8 L. R. Ir. 1).
But in construing an obligation whereby a Joint Stock Co did " Bind "
themselves and their undertaking, James, L. J., said, — " It seems to me
that the word 'Charge,' that the word 'Bind,' and the word 'Oblige'
(whatever may be the ordinary use by conveyancers of one or the other
of them), in point of English language and of legal language, mean the
same. ' To Bind ' means * to Charge, ' and * to Charge ' means ' to Bind,'
and ' Oblige ' means to charge or bind. All these words are in my
opinion absolutely synonymous " {Re Florence Land Coy 48 L. J. Ch.
145 ; 10 Ch. D. 630: Sv^ jdgmt of Jessel, M. R., in the). Yet it seems
clear that " to Charge " property is to create a Lien on it ( F. Charge) ;
whilst in Holmes v. Tutton (sup) that was held to be a quality which
did not inhere in the word ''Bind," at least in the section there being
construed.
F. Bound.
BIND OVER. — Where power is given to Justices to "bind over,"
or to cause a person to do a certain thing, and such person being present,
shall refuse to be bound or to do such thing, a power is implied to com-
mit to prison until compliance (Dwar. 672). Vfy R, v. Thinn^ 12 Q. B.
1026; 18 L. J. M. C. 41: 2 Encyc. 148. Q?, Recognizance.
BINDING.^'' Made Binding " ; F. Required : Obligatory.
" Binding and Conclusive "; F. Inconsistent.
" Valid and Binding " ; F. Valid.
BIRD 195 BLACK
BIRD. — Bird of Game; V. Game, Animals,
Bird of Warren ; V. Fowl.
F. Domestic Animal: Wild Bibd.
BIRTH. —** The Births and Deaths Registration Acts, 1836 to 1874 " ;
" The Births, Deaths, and Marriages (Scot) Acts, 1854 to 1860 " ; " The
Births and Deaths Registration (Ir) Acts, 1863 to 1880 "; — F. Sch 2,
Short Titles Act, 1896.
BISHOP. — "A Bishop, is a minister of God unto whom, with per-
manent continuance, there is given (not only power of administering the
Word and Sacraments which power other Preshyters have, hut also) a
farther power to Ordain ecclesiastical persons, and a power of chieftjr in
Grovernment over presbyters, as well as laymen, a power to be by way of
jurisdiction, — a Pastor even to Pastors themselves. So that this Office,
as he is a Presbyter or Pastor, consisteth in those things which are com-
men unto him with other pastors, as in ministering the Word and Sacra-
ments : but those things incident unto his Office which do properly make
him a Bishop, cannot be common unto him with other Pastors. Now,
even as Pastors, so likewise Bishops, being principal pastors, are either
(1) at Large, or (2) with Restraint : — At Large, when the subject of
their regiment is undefinite, and not tied to any certain place ; Bishops
with Restraint, are they whose regiment over the Church is contained
with some definite, local compass, beyond which compass their jurisdic-
tion reacheth not. Such, therefore, we alway mean when we speak of
that regiment by Bishops, — which we hold a thing most lawful, divine,
and holy in the Church of Christ " (Hooker, Ecc. Polity, Bk. vii, cited
Phil. Ecc. Law, 22, 23). A Bishop may reform the manners of his
People and Clergy by Ecclesiastical Censures ; and it is also his business
*' to institute and direct Induction to all ecclesiastical livings in his
diocese" (1 Bl. Com. 382). Vfy Ordinary: Natal Bp, v. Gladstone,
cited Diocese : Merriman v. Williamsj 7 App. Ca. 484; 51 L. J.
P. C. 95.
" Bishop, " in a modern Act is, generally, by the Act's interp clause,
made to include Archbishop, e,g. — 3 & 4 V. c. 86, s. 2 ; 14 & 15 V.
c. 97, s. 29 ; 19 & 20 V. c. 104, s. 33; 33 & 34 V. c. 91, s. 2 ; 34 &
35 V. c. 44, 8. 2; 35 & 36 V. c. 8, s. 2; 37 & 38 V. c. 77, s. 14,
c. 86, s. 6; 50 & 51 V. c. 12, s. 2, c. 68, s. 1; 51 & 52 V. c. 20, s. 12.
^/r. 14 & 15 V. c. 72, s. 1, c. 73, s. 1; 27 & 28 V. c. 54, s. 4.
" Bishop of the said Church " ; Stat. Def., 33 & 34 V. c. 110, s. 4.
BITCH. — In an Indictment for Bestiality, "Bitch" sufficiently
denotes a female Dog, though the female of the Fox, the Otter, and other
animals is also called a Bitch {R, v. Allen, 1 C. & K. 495).
BLACK: BLACK-LEQ, ftc. — It was said by counsel, arg., in Bar^
neU v. Allen (27 L. J. Ex. 412j 3 H. & N. 376 ; 31 L. T. 0. S. 217),
BLACK 196 BLANKS
that the prefix ^ Black " has always a bad meauing in such terms as
" Blackguard," " Black-leg," " Black-sheep." Either word would prob-
ably be Libel if written ; but neither, probably, would, per se, be Slander.
" BltLck-leg " : " Black-^Ae^p." — In BameU v. Allen (sup) the Court
was equally divided as to whether calling a man a "Black-Ze^," as
meaning a disreputable gambler, was actionable Slander. But to write
of a person that he is a "Black-leg," or "Black-sheep," with an in-
nuendo that the phrase imputed that the person was of a bad character,
would be Libel {McGregor v. Gregory ^ 12 L. J. Ex. 204; 11 M. & W.
289; 2 Dowl. P. C. 769: aBHen v. Clement, 16 L. J. Ex. 77; 16
M. & W. 159) . In Bamett v. Allen, Pollock, C. B., said that the sense
in which he had always understood " Black-leg " was " a professed gam-
bler, a person who makes a business of bettiug — not necessarily dis-
honest, though disreputable." Watson, B., thought the word had no
precise signification; but Martin and Bramwell, BB., thought it imputed
the indictable offence of cheating at cards, within s. 17, 8 & 9 V. c. 109.
F. Chbat: Professed Gambles.
" Black-leg " is often used by Trade Unionists to signify Non-Union-
ist workmen who do not conform to the rules of their Union. FA, Beset.
BLACK ACT. — 9 G. 1, c. 22, repealed by one of PeeVs Acts, 7 &
8 G. 4, c. 27 ; " commonly called the Waltham Black Act, occasioned by
the devastations committed near Waltham in Hampshire, by persons in
disguise or with their faces blacked " (4 Bl. Com. 246).
BLACK BEER.— F Beer.
BLACKMAII " «Blackmaile,' is a word used in 43 Eliz. c. 13,
and it signifies a certainty of money, corn, cattell, or other consideration,
given by the poore people in the North parts of England, unto men of
great name and aliance in those parts, to be by them protected from such
as usually robbe and steale there " (Termes de la Ley). " These Robbers
are of late years called Moss-troopers" (Cowel). Vf, 2 Encyc. 164:
Jacob.
To impute '' blackmailing " is Libel, needing no Innuendo (Edsall v.
Brooks, 2 Robt. N. Y. 29; 3 lb. 284).
Ld BLANDFORD'S ACT. — New Parishes Act, 1856, 19 & 20 V.
c. 104.
BLAN KS. — As to Blanks, in Deeds ; F. Elph. 26 : —
In Debentures of a Co; F. Be Queensland Land Co^ 1894, 3 Ch. 181;
63 L. J. Ch. 810 ; 71 L. T. 115 ; 42 W. E. 600: —
In Transfers of Shares &c; F. Elph. 28-30: Hamilton, 199-201:
France v. Clark, 53 L. J. Ch. 588; 26 Ch. D. 257: Colonial Bank v.
Cady, 60 L. J. Ch. 131 ; 15 App. Ca. 267 ; 63 L. T. 27 ; 39 W. B. 17 :
BLANKS 197 BLOCKADE
Fox V. Martin^ 64 L. J. Ch. 473: FowM v. Lond. & Frov. Bank, 1893,
2 Ch, 655; 62 L. J. Ch. 795: —
In Wills ; V. 1 Jarm. 18, 144, 441 : Theobald, 33, 241, 271 : Ee Ear-
risofiy 55 L. J. Ch. 799 ; 30 Ch. D. 390: IllingwoHh v. Cooke, 20 L. J.
Ch. 512 ; 9 Hare, 37 : Greig v. MaHin\ 7 W. R. 315 : GUI v. Bagshaw,
35 L. J. Ch. 842 ; L. R. 2 Eq. 746: Re White, 1893, 2 Ch. 41; 62 L. J.
Ch. 342 ; 68 L. T. 187 ; 41 W. R. 683 : Asten v. Asten, 1894, 3 Ch. 260 ;
63 L. J. Ch. 834; 71 L. T. 228: Be Macduff, 1896, 2 Ch. 451 ; 65 L. J.
Ch. 700; 74 L. T. 706; 45 W. R. 154.
Fa, Next.
BLASPHEMY. — "Every publication is said to be blasphemous
which contains matter relating to God, Jesus Christ, the Bible, or the
Book of Common Prayer, intended to wound the feelings of mankind, or
to excite contempt and hatred against the Church by law established, or
to promote immorality.
" Publications intended in good faith to propagate opinions on religious
subjects, which the person who publishes them regards as true, are not
blasphemous (within the meaning of this definition) merely because their
publication is likely to wound the feelings of those who believe such
opinions to be false, or because their general adoption might tend by
lawful means to alterations in the constitution of the Church by law
established " (Steph. Cr. 108, 109 ; whv, for an alternative and stricter
definition, which as there pointed out would probably not be now adopted :
Vf, Jacob).
Vh, Arch. Cr. 970-972 : Rose. Cr. 595 : Odgers, ch. 17 : Hebetic :
Heretico Combubendo : Cp, Chbistian Religion.
BLAST FURNACE.— V. Non-Textile Factobies.
BLEACHING. — " Bleaching Works "; Stat. Def., 23 & 24 V. c. 78,
8.7; 26&27V. c. 38, s. 1; 27 & 28 V. c. 98, s. 1.
" Bleaching and Dyeing Works " ; Stat. Def., Sch 4, Part 1, 41 V.
c. 16 : Vth, Rogers v. Manchester Backing Co, 1898, 1 Q. B. 344 ; 67 L. J.
Q. B. 310. Vf, Non-Textile Factobies.
BLENCH F. Feu.
BLIND. — Quk 56 & 57 V. c. 42, " 'Blind,' means, too blind to be
able to read the ordinary school books used by children " (s. 15).
BLOCKADE. — "A Blockade may be more or less rigorous, either,
(1) for the single purpose of watching the military operations of the
enemy and prerenting the egress of their fleet; or (2) to cut off all access
of neutral vessels to the interdicted place : the latter is strictly and prop-
erly a Blockade ; for the other is, in truth, no Blockade at all as far as
neutrals are concerned. *' The right to impose this latter is '' of a severe
BLOCKADE 198 BOARD
nature, and not to be aggravated by mere constraction. ... If the ships
stationed on the spot to keep up the Blockade will not use their force for
the purpose, it is impossible for a Court of Justice to say there was a
Blockade actually existing at that time so as to bind a neutral vessel "
(per Ld Stowell, TJie Juffrow Maria, 3 Rob. C. 154, 156). Vfy The
Frederick Molkej 1 Rob. C. 86, and The Betsey, lb. 93, and notes on the
Tudor's L. C. M. L. 1011.
Vh, Deane, Law of Blockade : Macqueen: Westlake: Poison.
As to effect of a Blockade on a Contract ; V. Abbott, 763-769.
BLOOD. — "If a man devise land to a roan et sanguini suo^ that is
a Fee Simple ; but if it be semini sua, it is an Estate Tail " (Co. Lilt.
9b: Fjr, 1 Rol. Ab. 834 : s. 28, Wills Act, 1837).
*' < Blood Relations,' cannot embrace a larger class than < Relations.'
No doubt, all men are Blood Relations of all other men, if they are de-
scended from a Common Ancestor, however remote ; and we are told that
the nations of the earth are made of ' One Blood.' But, for manifest
convenience, the word < Relations,' in legal import, is limited to Nearest
of Kin, and now to Next op Kin under the statute " (per Porter, M. R.,
Dunlop V. Greer, 1899, 1 1. R. 335).
" Blood Sucker " ; It is not Slander, per se, to say of a Justice of the
Peace, " he is a Blood-Sucker, and sucketh blood," — " for it cannot be
intended what blood he sucked " (Hilliard v. Constable, Cro. Eliz. 306).
Cpy Beetle-headed.
F. Halp-Blood : Name : In Blood : Spitting op Blood.
BLOODWIT. — V. WiTE.
BLOODY HAND. — " 'Bloody hand,' is the apprehension of a
trespasser in the Forest against Venison, with his hands, or other parts
of him, bloudy, although he be not chasing or hunting " (Termes de la
Ley, citing Manwood, c. 18, s. 9, fo. 133 b). Cp, " Found committing,"
sub Found: " Taken with the Manner," sub Manner.
BOARD. — r. Fire on Board : F. 0. B. : On Board.
" The Board " in a modern Act, is generally defined by the Act's in-
terp clause, according to the subject-matter of the Act, e.g, — 14 & 15 V.
c. 34, 8. 3; 16 & 17 V. c. 96, s. 36 ; Public Libraries Act, 1855, 18 & 19
V. c. 70, s. 3 ; 26 & 26 V. c. 93, s. 3; 32 & 33 V. c. 102, s. 2 ; 41 & 42
V. c. 29, s. 2 ; Taxes Management Act, 1880, 43 & 44 V. c. 19, s. 5;
48 & 49 V. c. 72, s. 1 (4 e); 54 & 55 V. c. 17, s. 2, — Scot. 19 & 20 V.
c. 103, s. 3 ; 20 & 21 V. c. 71, s. 3 ; Lunacy^ (Scot) Act, 1862, 25 & 26
V. c. 54, s. 1 ; Public Libraries Act (Scot), 1867, 30 & 31 V. c. 37, s. 2,
c. 101, s. 3 ; Roads and Bridges (Scot) Act, 1878, 41 & 42 V. c. 51, s. 3 ;
Public Libraries Consolidation (Sci^t) Act, 1887, 50 &51 V. c. 42, s. 2;
P. H. (Scot) Act, 1897, 60 & 61 V. c. 38, s. 3 ; Poor Law (Scot) Act,
1898, 61 & 62 V. c. 21, s. 9. — /r. 34 & 35 V. c. 100, s. 2.
BOARD 199 BODILY HARM
« Bd of Agriculture " ; Stat. Def., 52 & 53 V. c. 30, s. 1.
" Burial Board " ; Stat. Def., 19 & 20 V. c. 98, ss. 3, 35; 20 & 21 V.
c. 81, 8. 28.
"Bd of Control for Lunatic Asylums," in Ireland; Stat. Def., 61 &
62 V. c. 37, s. 109.
Bd of Directors ; F. Director.
" Drainage Bd "; Stat. Def., 51 & 52 V. c. 39, s. 6.
" Bd of Education,^ in Scotland; Stat. Def., 35 & 36 V. c. 62^ s. 1.
" Bd of Guardians "; Stat. Def., Interp Act, 1889, s. 16 (1, 3).
V. Congested: Harbour: Highway.
" Local Board " ; Stat. Def., 26 & 21 V. c. 97, 8.2; 28 & 29 V. c. 75, s. 3.
" Local Board of Health " ; Stat. Def., 11 & 12 V. c. 63, s. 2.
" Local Qovernment Bd " ; Established, constituted, and defined by 34
& 35 V. c. 70. Stat. Def., ScoU 49 & 50 V. c. 32, s. 9; 52 & 53 V.
c. 72,8.17; 55&56V.C. 43,8.25; 61 & 62 V. c. 21, s. 9. — Jr. 39 &
40 V. c. 75, 8.22; 42 & 43 V. c. 25, s. 2; 48 & 49 V. c. 41, s. 17 ; 51
& 52 V. c. 53, s. 2; 52 & 53 V. c. 64, s. 3, c. 72, s. 18 ; 54 & 55 V.
c.48,8.42; 57 & 58 V. c. 38, s. 12 ; 58 & 59 V. c. 2, s. 14.
" Metropolitan Bd " ; Stat. Def., 44 & 45 V. c. 34, s. 1.
'* Bd of Superintendence " ; Stat. Def., 19 & 20 V. c 68, s. 2.
" Bd of Supervision," in Scotland ; Stat. Def., 26 & 27 V. c. 108,
8. 30; 38 & 39 V. c. 74, s. 2; 55 & 56 V. c. 55, s. 4.
" Bd of Trade "; Stat. Def., Interp Act, 1889, s. 12 (8).
" Bd of Works," in Ireland, is usually defined as " the Commrs of
Public Works in Ireland," e,g. 44 & 45 V. c 49, s. 57; 46 & 47 V. c. 60,
8.21; 54V.c.l,s.l3; 55 & 56 V. c. 65, s. 12 ; 58 & 59 V. c. 2, s. 14.
Cpy Commissioners.
BOARDER.— 'A Guest is a Wajrfarer; but a Sojourner in an Inn,
on a special contract to stay and board, is a Boarder (Chamberlain v.
Masterson^ 26 Ala. 377).
BOAT.— "Boat" includes a Steamboat (Tisdell v. Combe, 7 L. J.
M. C.48; 7A. &E. 788).
V. Fishing Boat: House Boat: Craft: Wherry: Mine.
A contract to carry a ** Boat," may be explained, by a practice, to mean
a Boat from wbich its deck, if it have one, is removed (Haynes v. Halli-
datj, 9 L. J. 0. S. C. P. 179; 7 Bing. 687).
Stat. Def. —30 & 31 V. c. 82, s. 20 ; 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 108. — Scot.
49 & 60 V. c. 53, 8. 17.
BOCLAND. — Land held by Deed or Charter (Jacob). Vf, Char-
ter-land: Co. Litt. 6 a, 68 a: Spelm.: 1 Stubbs, Goustit. Hist. ch. 6:
1 Ellis, Introd. Domesday, 230 n.
BODILY HARM. — r. Grievous Bodily Harm: Inflict: Maim:
2 Encyc. 204-20a
BODILY INJURY 200 BONA
BODILY INJURY.— F. Involve.
" Other Offence involving Bodily Injury to a Child under 16," Sell,
67 & 68 V. c 41, applies only when the injured child is under 16 {R. v.
Roberts^ 18 Cox C. C. 630).
BODY. — Heirs of the Body; V. Heies: Heirs op the Bodti
Tail.
** Body," as indicating a governing body; Stat. Def., 26 & 27 V. c. 112,
8. 3: so, of "Body or Person," 14 & 16 V. c. 97, s. 29; 19 & 20 V. c. 104,
8. 33. Vfy Legislative Assembly: Legislative Body.
BODY CORPORATE. — "Every Body Politic, or Corporate, and
person and persons," s. 66, 4 G. 4, c. 96 ; held to include Parishes {R. v.
Barton, 9 L. J. M. C. 23; 11 A. & E. 343; 3 P. & D. 190).
The entrance fees and subscriptions of a Social Club are not " funds
voluntarily contributed to any Body Corporate or TJnincorporate " within
48 & 49 V. c. 61, 8. 11 (6) ; and the Club is, therefore, not exempt from
the duty imposed by that Act {Re New University Club, 18 Q. B. D.
720 ; 66 L. J. Q, B. 462 ; 56 L. T. 909 ; 36 W. K; 774).
For a reading of " Body Corporate " in an Investment Clause ; F. Wood
V. Middletonj 79 L. T. 166.
Stat. Def. — Mun. Corp. Ir. Act, 1840, 3 & 4 V. c. 108, s. 216.
BODY UNINCORPORATE.— Stat. Def., Customs and Inl. Rev.
Act, 1886, 48 & 49 V. c. 61, s. 12.
BOQ. — " Bog " adjudged, temp. Car. 1, to be a well-known term in
Ireland {Mulearry v. Eyres, Cro. Car. 611). Vf, Turf Moss.
BOI LER. — " Boiler " (ss. 3 and 4. 46 & 46 V. c. 22 ; Vth, s. 2, 63 & 64
y. c. 36) includes the boiler proper in which steam is generated, and also
the conveying pipe and the receiver, Le, the whole machine in which the
steam is held until liberated for some other purpose {R. v. Boiler Ex*
plosions Act Commrs, 1891, IQ. B. 703; 60 L. J. Q. B. 644; 64 L. T.
674; 39 W. R. 440). F. Closed Vessel: Domestic.
BOILLOURIE.— F Saliva: Cowel, BoUary.
BOLT. — To accuse a man of having " bolted," means, semble, to
accuse him of leaving the place suddenly with the intention of defraud-
ing his creditors (G^Brien v. Bryant, 16 L. J. Ex. 77; 16 M. & W. 168).
BONA. — " 'Bona Notabilia* is where a man dies having goods to
the value of £5 in divers diocesses " (Termes de la Ley). Vh, Wms.
Exs. 237: Commrs of Stamps v. Hope, 1891, A. C. 476 ; 60 L. J. P. C.
44; 65 L. T. 268; following Blackwood v. Regina, cited Personal
Estate.
Bona Feritura ; F. Perishable.
BONA 201 BONA FIDE
Bona Vacantia ; V. Vacant.
Bona Wamaia ; V. Waif.
BONA fide. — The equivalent of this phrase is "honestly" (per
Bramwell, L. J., R. v. Holl, 60 L. J. Q. B. 766 ; 7 Q. B. D. 676). The
correct province of this phrase is, therefore, to qualify tilings or actions
that have relation to the mind or motive of the individual ; and it has
no meaning when joined to things or actions common to all mankind^
though sometimes it is thus used in a figurative, hut inaccurate, sense.
A fact completely within physical apprehension oan neither be hond^ nor
nuz/a, fide : a mental fact may be either.
Thus the phrase "bonS fide Traveller'' in s. 1, 17 & 18 V. c. 79,
it is submitted, means the same thing as "Traveller"; for, as Wil-
liams, J., asked, " Can a man be said to be a mala fide traveller ?
The question is, — Was he a traveller ? " {Atkinson^ v. Sellers, 28
L. J. M. C. 13; and Vh, Traveller). Yet in Penn v. Alexander
(1893, 1 Q. B. 622, 62 L. J. M. C. 66; 68 L. T. 366 ; 67 J. P. 118; 41
W. R. 392) the majority of a Court of five Judges held, that if a person
journeys the prescribed distance of 3 miles, but only for the purpose
of getting a drink during prohibited hours, he is not a " bou& fide "
traveller; but, it may perhaps be asked, if the journey had been to fetch
a bottle of medicine would it not have been " bonH fide " ? and what
is there in one drink more than another, that can affect the quality of
the journey taken to procure it ? Va^ Williams y. McDonald^ cited
Tbayellbr. But Fenn v. Alexander has been adopted in Ireland
(Parker v. The Queen, 1896, 2 I. R. 404).
So, " bond fide " in the phrase, " the actual and bona fide Occupation "
of lands or tenements in s. 18, Rep. People Act, 1832, would seem sur-
plusage, — for how could an " actual " occupation be maid fide ?
" I suppose anybody would have a difficulty in defining the difference
between a ' Parishioner * and a ^ bon^ fide Parishioner.' I do not know
what difference there is between them " (per Bramwell, B., Etherington
V. Wilson, 46 L. J. Ch. 168; 1 Ch. D. 160).
Nor can there be a mal& fide exercise of a person's Legal Rights in his
own land {Bradford v. Pickles, 1896, A. C. 687; 64 L. J. Ch. 769 ; 73 L. T.
363; 44 W. R. 190; 60 J. P. 3), or a mala fide Co, duly registered under
the Comp Act, 1862 {Re Salomon, 1897, A. C. 22 ; 66 L. J. Ch. 36; 76
L. T. 426 ; 46 W. R. 193).
But there may be a Bon& fide Act, Belief, Intention, Claim, Objection,
or Mistake ; or a person's Conduct may be bon& fide. Each of these is,
so to speak, a mental fact having its origin in the individual.
As to a Conveyance being bon& fide within 13 Eliz. c. 6, or 27 Eliz.
c. 4, or the corresponding Irish Statute 10 Car. 1, sess. 2, c. 3; V, Twyne^s
Case, 3 Rep. 81 ; 1 Sm. L. C. 1 : Wood v. Dixie, 7 Q. B. 892 ; 9 Jur. 798 :
DarvUl v. Terry, 30 L. J. Ex. 355 ; 6 H. & N. 807 : Lynch v. Copinger,
14 W. R. 863: Re Moroney, cited Fraudulent Assurance: Good;
BONA FIDE 202 BONA FIDE
Valuable: Purchase for value. For the cases on "BonS fide" as
ased in the old Bankrj Acts, and on ** Good Faith " as used in the Act
of 18G9, V, Yate Lee, 436 : May on Fraudulent Conveyances.
« Bouft fide Charitable Gift " ; V. Fulham v. Thanetj 7 Q. B. D. 539;
50 L. J. M. C. 42.
BoD& fide Charter-Party] V. Newberry v. Colvin, 7 Bing. 206.
Debt " bonft fide contracted,'* s. 2, 48 G. 3, c. 138, is one not coUu-
sively contracted {Robinson v. Vale, 2 B. & C. 762).
BonH fide Interest in a Life Policy ; V. Moore v. Woolsey, cited Sat-
isfactory.
Bona fide LeasCj 9.2,12 & 13 V. c. 26 ; V. Moffett v. Gough, 1 L. R.
Lr. 331: by a Tenant for Life, V. Sutherland v. Sutherland, 1893,
3 Ch. 169; 62 L. J. Ch. 953; 69 L. T. 186; 42 W. R. 13.
Bon& fide Payment of Calls on Directors' Shares ; V. Syke's Case, L. E.
13 Eq. 265 ; Svthc, Re Wood's Co, 62 L. T. 760. Cp, Gibson v. Muskett,
inf.
" Bona fide called upon to pay " ; F. Called.
" Bond, fide Residence " of a Selector of Laud, within s. 18 (New South
Wales) Crown Lands Alienation Act, 1861 ; V. Tooth v. Power^ 1891,
A.C.284; 60 L. J. P. C. 39 ; 64 L. T. 698.
F. Subscriber.
As to the bouS. fide Belief that a first wife or husband is dead so as to
excuse from Bigamy ; V.R, v. Tolson, 5S L. J. M. C. 97 ; 23 Q. B. D. 168 ;
60 L. T. 899 : Steph. Cr. 27, n. 4. — Bonft fide belief by a Constable that
an Offence has been committed ; V, Ballinger v. Ferris^ 5 L. J. M. C
133 ; 1 M. & W. 628. — Bonft fide belief in statements made in a Co Pro-
spectus ; r. Derry v. Peek, b^ L. J. Ch. 864; 14 App. Ca. 337 ; 38 W. R.
33 ; 61 L. T. 265 ; 5 Times Rep. 625.
^* Payments really and bonft fide made," s. 82, 6 G. 4, c. 16, mean
payments which the party does not intend to reclaim {Gibson v. Muskett,
11 L. J. C P. 225; 3 Sc. N. S. 419).
A " bonft fide Purchaser," s. 26, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27 (and as it should
seem, as a general phrase), means, one who is " really a purchaser, and
not merely a donee taking a gift under the form of a purchase " (per
James, L. J., Vane v. Vane^ 42 L.J. Ch. 299; 8 Ch. 383). A Judg-
ment Creditor is not a purchaser within 27 Eliz. c 4 {Beavan v. Oxford^
cited Disposixa Power) ; nor though he has taken out a garnishee
summons is he " a bonft fide purchaser " within s. 28, 23 & 24 V. c. 127
{Dallow V. Garrold, 14 Q. B. D. 543; 54 L. J. Q. B. 76; 52 L. T. 240;
33 W. R. 219).
"Bonft fide Purchaser for Value, without Notice," s. 28,23 & 24 V.
c. 127; V. Notice.
" Bonft fide Purchase," s. 3 (1), Finance Act, 1894; V.A-G. v. Dobree,
cited Purchase.
" Bonft fide Rented " ; V. Rented.
BONA FIDE 203 BONA FIDE
Party taking beneficially under an instrument " bonft fide," and t.r
" Valuable Consideration," s. 11, 7 V. No. 16 (New South Wales), s. 18 ;
22 V. No. 1 (lb.) ; V. Sydney By A&sn y. Lyons^ 1894, A. C. 260; 63
L. J. P. C. 108.
The phrase ** honcL fide " is employed in several sections of Lord St,
Leonards' Law of Property Amendment Act, 1859, 22 & 23 V. c. 36.
As to what will constitute a bonfi fide Claim of Riyht so as to oust the
jurisdiction of inferior tribunals ; V, Lovesey v. Stallard, 38 J. P. 391 ;
30 L. T. 792 : White v. Feast, 41 L. J. M. C. 81 ; L. K. 7 Q. B. 353 : Cole
V. Miles, 57 L. J. M. C. 133; 36 W. R. 784: Leicester v. Holland, 57
L. J. M. C. 76: Thompson v. Ingham, 19 L. J. Q. B. 189 ; 1 L. M. & P.
216: E. V. Cridland, 27 L. J. M. C. 28; 7 E. & B. 853: Hudson v.
McRae, 33 L. J. M. C. 65; 12 W. R. 80: WiUiams v. Adams, 31 L. J.
M. C. 109 ; 2 B. & S. 312: ScoU v. Baring, 64 L. J. M. C. 200 ; 72 L. T.
495 ; 11 Times Rep. 175. There can be no such Claim in mere personal
matters (Carter v. Thomas, 1893, 1 Q. B. 673; 62 L. J. M. C. 104;
69 L. T. 436 ; 41 W. R. 510 ; 57 J. P. 438). V. Fair and Reasonable.
As to what is a bon§L fide Objection to Church Bates, within s. 7, 53 G. 3,
c. 127, so as to oust justices' jurisdiction ; V. Pease v. Chaytor^ 31 L. J.
M. CI; 1 B. & S. 658: B, v. Blackburn, 32 L. J. M. C. 41: and as to
Quakers under s. 4, 7 & 8 W. 3, c. 34, Backhouse v. Bishopwearmouth,
30 L. J. M. C. 118.
A " bona fide Mistake " under R. 2, Ord. 16, R. S. C, includes a mis-
take of law as well as of fact (Buckett v. Gover, 46 L. J. Ch. 407 ; 6 Ch. D.
82 ; 25 W. R. 455: Mason v. Harris, 11 Ch. D. 106: Tryon v. National
Provident Inst., 16 Q. B. D. 678) ; but it must be a genuine mistake,
and not an erroneous view of the law which has been deliberately adopted
(Clowes V. HUliard, 46 L. J. Ch. 271 ; 4 Ch. D. 413; 25 W. R. 224).
Vf, Ann. Pr.
F. Mistake.
Execution "bonft fide executed and levied," 2 & 3 V. c. 29, s. 1,
meant " bona fides of the creditor who caused execution to issue and of
the sheriff who is his minister " (per Abinger, C. B., Belcher v. Magnay,
13 L. J. Ex. 52; 12 M. & W. 109: Vf, Hall v. Wallace, 10 L. J. Ex.
133; 7 M. & W. 358).
To take a Negotiable Instrument " bonS, fide," means "really and
truly for value " (per Cresswell, J., Raphael v. Bank of England, 17
C. B. 172).
The modern phrase for a bonft fide holder for value of a Bill or Note
without notice of any imperfection, is " Holder in due course " (s. 29,
Bills of Ex. Act, 1882) ; Va, Holder for Value.
As to a bonft fide holder for value of Bonds, &c ; V. London & County
Bank v. London & River Plate Bank, 21 Q. B. D. 635 ; 57 L. J. Q. B.
601.
V. Good Faith.
BOND 204 BOOK
BOND. — A Bond is an Obligation by Dkkd. F%, Jacob : Add. C.
189: Leake, 123.
" Bond, Covenant, or Instrument " ; F. Ikstbukent : Periodical.
" Bond," 8. 8, 8 & 9 W. 3, c. 1 1 ; F. Gerard v. Clowes^ 1892, 2 Q. B. 11 ;
61 L. J. Q. B. 487 ; 67 L. T. 204 : Strickland v. WUliams, 1899, 1 Q. B.
382; 68 L. J. Q. B. 241 ; 80 L. T. 4.
"Bond"; Stat. Def., &o^. 26 & 26 V. c. 86,8.4; 64&66V. c. 34,
s. 4.
Gift of Bonds; F. Htidleston v. Gouldsbury, 10 Bea. 647: Mercery,
fiercer, 10 Ir. Ch. 605: KerUv. Tapley, 11 Jur. 940: Roberta v. Kuffin^
2 Atk. 112.
" Mtges or Bonds," in an Investment Clause ; F. Mostoaoe : Db-
BENTUBE.
'^ Bonds and Specialties "; F. Specialty.
BONIS. — Trespass de bonis asportatis; F. Tbovbr.
BONUS. — In Be Eddystone Mar Insrce (W. N. (94) 30) Stirling,
J., adopted the def of '* Bonus " as given in the New English Dictionary,
viz, " a Boon, or Gift, over and above what is nominally due as remu-
neration to the receiver, and which is, therefore, something wholly to
the good " ; and, therefore, that a Certificate for Shares crossed with the
word " Bonus," was notice to a Transferee for Value that they had been
issued gratis ; and, in a Liquidation, he must be settled on the List of
Contributories.
" Bonus in money "; F. Dividend.
BOOK: BOOKS. — By the Copyright Act, 1842, s. 2, a "Book"
is to be construed to mean " every volume, part or division of a volume,
pamphlet, Sheet of letteb-pkess, sheet of music, map, chart or plan
separately published." Semble, this includes a Newspaper (F. Cox v.
Land and Water Jotimal Co, L. R. 9 Eq. 324; 39 L. J. Ch. 152:
Walter v. Howe, 17 Ch. D. 708 : Cate v. Devon & Exeter Newspaper
Coy 40 Ch. D. 600: Walker v. Lane^ cited Author) ; Punch is such a
" Book " (Bradbury v. HoUen^ 42 L. J. Ex. 28; L. R. 8 Ex. 1) ; so is a
Periodical {Henderson v. Maxwellj 4 Ch. D. 163; 46 L. J. Ch. 69)
if actually published at the date of registration (& C, 6 Ch. D. 892;
46 L. J. Ch. 891). A Directory is a " Book " {Kelly v. Morris, 36 L. J.
Ch. 423 ; L. R. 1 Eq. 697) ; so, of Trade Lists {Exchange Telegraph Co
V. Gregory, 1896, 1 Q. B. 147; 66 L. J. Q. B. 262: Trade Auxiliari/ Co
V. Middlesbortyugh Assn, 68 L. J. Ch. 293; 40 Ch. D. 426), or Time
Tables {Leslie v. Young, 1894, A. C. 336), or Law Reports {Butterworth
V. Robinson^ 6 Ves. 709: Siceet v. Maugham, 9 L. J. Ch. 323; 11 Sim.
61: Hodges v. Smith, 2 Ir. Eq. Rep. 266), or the Head-Notes of Law
Cases {Sweet v. Benning, 24 L. J. C. P. 175; 16 C. B. 469), or Printed
Music {UAlmaine v. Boosey, 1 Y. & C. Ex. 299). Prints of all kinds
BOOK 205 BOOK
(qy, also photographs) published together in a volume, form a " book,"
whether there be letter-press or not; or "there may be such things as
picture-books for those who cannot read letter-press " (per Jessel, M. R.,
Maple V. Junior Army and Navy Stores^ 62 L. J. Ch. 71 ; 21 Ch. D. 369;
31 W. R. 70: Vf, Corny ns v. Hyde, 43 W. R. 266; 72 L. T. 250; 11
Times Rep. 167 : but cp^ Schove v. Schmincke, inf) ; and prints bound
in a volume are none the less a ** book " entitled to copyright because
they are bound up with letter-press or with other prints not so entitled;
and so also of bound letter-press, for a " book " includes every part of
a book (Boyue v. Houlston, 5 D. G. & S. 267; 21 L. J. Ch. 470, whcv
explained in Maple v. Junior A, & N, Stores, sup) ; and so also, of each
one of a series of literary compositions, if clearly distinguishable, al-
though in one volume and under one general title (Johnson v. Newnes,
63 L. J. Ch. 786; 43 W. R. 572). Nor is a " book," whether composed
of letter-press or prints only, or of both combined, less within the pro-
tection of the Copyright Act because it is used as an advertisement dis-
tributed gratis, — e,ff. a Trade Catalogue, whether illustrated or not
(ffotten V. Arthur, 1 H. & M. 603; 32 L.J. Ch. 771 : Grace v. Newman,
L. R. 19 Eq. 623; 44 L. J. Ch. 298; Vthlc, PeUy v. Taylor, 1897, 1 Ch.
465; 66 L. J. Ch. 209; 75 L. T. 546; 46 W. R. 299: MapU v. Junior
A. & N, Stores, sup, whlo definitely overrules Cobbett v. Woodward,
L. R. 14 Eq. 407; 41 L. J. Ch. 656: Vf, Lamb v. Evans, cited Literasy:
Collis V. Carter, 78 L. T. 613). V. Periodical: Volume.
But an envelope with the following words printed on the outside, —
" Entered at Stationers' Hall. Key enclosed. The Christograph : The
Christian's Puzzle. Suitable for all sects and denominations. Every
family should have it. Price, with key, 6d.," and containing inside a
piece of card-board which, when held up to the light, cast a shadow
resembling the well-known picture "Ecce Homo," and a slip of paper
on which was printed an extract from Longfellow, was held not to be a
" Book " within the Copyright Act (Cable v. Marks, 52 L. J. Ch. 107);
nor is the printed face of a Forecast Barometer such a " book " (Davis v.
Committi, 54 L. J. Ch. 419; 52 L. T. 539; 1 Times Rep. 216); nor a
Cricket Scoring Sheet (Page v. Wisden, 20 L. T. 435); nor an illustrated
Album (Schove v. Schmincke, 56 L. J. Ch. 892 ; 33 Ch. D. 546; 56 L. T.
212; 34 W. R. 700). V. Chart.
A New Edition is a new " Book," if, in substance, it is the result of
new labour, as distinguished from a mere reprint (Bktck v. Murray,
9Sess. Ca., SrdSer., 341: Hedderwick v. Griffin, S Seas. Ca., 2nd Ser.,
883: Thomas y. Turner, 56 L. J. Ch. 66; 33 Ch. D. 292; 55 L. T. 534;
35 W. R. 177). Vf, Copinger on Copyright, 2 ed., 102-106.
Other Stat. Def. — 1 & 2 V. c. 69, s. 16; 7 & 8 V. c. 12, s. 20 ; 38
& 39 V. c. 63, 8. 2.
V, Author: First Publication: Copy.
"Book published in Numbers"; Stat. Def., International Copyright
Act, 1886, 49 & 60 V. c 33, s. 11.
BOOK 206 BOOK OF PUBLIC
Bound Manuscript Notes will sometimes (generally ?) pass under a
Bequest of "Books " (Willis v. Curtois, 8 L. J. Ch. 105; 1 Bea. 189:
Wms. Exs. 1049, 1065).
" Books of the Bank "; Stat. Del, 32 & 33 V. c. 102, s. 16 ; 48 & 49
V. c. 50, s. 27. Cpy " Bankers' Books," sub Banker.
To BOOK. — " To any place to which they book, " s. 14, Regn of Rail-
ways Act, 1873, semblSf means, place " to which they quote a Rate "
(Jones V. N. E.Ry, 2 Ry & Can Traffic Ca. 208. Vf, Felsall Co v. Lond.
& N. W. Ry, 7 lb. 11).
BOOK BINDINQ WORKS.— F. Nontextile Factobies.
BOOK DEBTS. — Include all such debts as, in the ordinary course
of carrying on business, would be entered in books, although not actually
entered (Shipley v. Marshall, 32 L. J. C. P. 258; 14 C. B. N. S. 566:
Va, per Esher, M. R., Offl. Eec.Y. Tailby, 56 L.J. Q. B. 33: Be Stevens^
W. N. (88) 110, 116).
An Assignment of *' all " Book Debts ** due and owing or which, dur-
ing the continuance of this security, may become due and owing " to the
grantor, is not too vague to include future debts ( Tailby v. Official Bee,,
58 L. J. Q. B. 75; 13 App. Ca. 523; 60 L. T. 162; 37 W. R. 513,
over-ruling Beldingy. Bead, 3 H. & C. 955; 34 L. J. Ex. 212; 11 Jur.
N. S. 547, and Tadman v. UEpineuil, 20 Ch. D. 758).
A Bequest of " Book Debts," held to include the testator's share of
trade debts of a Partnership ( Toplis v. Vanderheyde, 9 L. J. Ex. Eq. 27 ;
4 Y. & C. 173). Vf, Terry v. Terry, 33 Bea. 232 ; 12 W. R. 66 ; 9 L. T.
469. On a Sale of " Book Debts," the vendee takes them subject to Set-
offs ( Chick V. Blackmore, 23 L. J. Ch. 622 ; 2 Sm. & G. 274 ; 2 W. R.
488).
BOOK OF ACCOUNTS. — The "Books of Accounts" men-
tioned in R. 259, Bankry Rules, 1883, repld R. 349, Bankry Rules,
1886, mean such books of account as are usual in the bankrupt's busi-
ness, and do not extend to " letters, cheques, and vouchers from which
books of account can be made up " (per Cave, J., Be Winslow, 55 L. J.
Q. B. 238 ; 16 Q. B. D. 696; 54 L. T. 306; 34 W. R. 534 ; 3 Morr. 60).
BOOK OF ANTIQUITY.— F. Law LiBBABT.
BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. — Qui Public Worship Regu-
lation Act, 1874 (and, probably, as of general acceptation), the ^ Book of
Common Prayer," means (V* s. 6) the Book annexed to 14 Car. 2, c. 4;
Vf, 35 & 36 V. c. 35, s. 1.
BOOK OF PUBLIC NATURE — S. 14, 14 & 16 V. c. 99; V.
Public Book.
BOOKING UP 207 BORN
BOOKINQ UP r. Walsh v. Walleyy 43 L. J. Q. B. 102; L. R.
9 Q. B. 367.
BOOKLAND.— F. Bocland.
BOOKMAKER.— V. per Esher, M. R., Powell v. Kempton Park
Co^ cited Place. The business of a Sporting ''Bookmaker" is not in
itself illegal (Thwaites y. Coulthwaite^ 1896, 1 Ch. 496; 65 L. J. Ch.
238). Vf, Vocation.
BOONS. — In a Power to Lease reserving accustomed "Bents,
Boons, Heriots, and Services," — "Boons" means covenants {Cardigan
V. Montague, Sug. Pow. 832, 918).
BOONWORK.— F. Pbbcablb.
BOOT. — F. Bote.
BOOTY. — " Booty consists in whatever can be seized npon land by
a Belligerent Force irrespectively of its own requirements, and simply
because the object seized is the property of the Enemy. In common use
the word is applied to Arms and Munitions in possession of an Enemy
Porce, which are confiscable as booty although they may be private prop-
erty ; but rightly, the term includes also all property which is suscep-
tible of appropriation" (Hall's International Law, 4 ed., 453. Q>,
Pkize. Vhy Banda and Kirwee Booty, cited Co-opebation : In Trust.
BORDARM. — "In Domesday there be often named hordarii seu
borduannij eoscea, coscet, cotucamij cotariij who are all in effect bores or
husbandmen, or cottagers, saving that hordarii, which commeth of the
French word horde for a cottage, signifieth there bores holding a little
house, with some laBd of husbandry bigger than a cottage ; and tioterelli
are meere cottagers, qui eotagia et curtilagia tenent" (Co. Litt. 5 b).
F. ViLLANI.
Cp, Cottage.
BORDLANDS. — " 'Bordlands,' signifie the Demesnes, which lords
keep in their hands for the maintenance of their Bord or Table "
(Cowel). V/, Elph. 563, citing Termes de la Ley, and other authorities.
BORE. — F. BoBDAsii: Search.
BORN. — The word " Born " or " Begotten," in gifts to children as a
class, does not exclude after-born children (2 Jarm. 183: FjT, Elph. 236:
Lawfully begotten).
In such a connection, the word " Bom " or " Living," is synonymous
with procreated^ so as to include a child en ventre (2 Jarm. 185). But
the fiction, or indulgence, of the law which treats a child en ventre as
actually born, applies only for the purpose of enabling a child to take a
BORN 208 BOROUGH
benefit to which if actually bom it would have been entitled ; in all
other cases the word " Born " must have its natural interpretation (Bias-
son V. Blasson, 34 L. J. Ch. 18 ; 2 D. G. J. & S. 665 : Pearee v. Car-
rington^ 42 L. J. Ch. 516, 900; 8 Ch. 969: it seems otherwise, qu^
" Living "). In Blasson v. Blassony the words were " born and living " ;
and " it was necessary there that the child should be both born and liv-
ing " (per Chitty, J., Be Burrows, cited Living). V. Due Time.
Fjr, "Born," *'To be bom," Watson, Eq. 1381-3: To be Boen:
Tarbuck v. Tarbuck, 4 L. J. Ch. 129 : Brookman v. Smith, L. R. 6 Ex.
291; 7 lb. 271; 40 L. J. Ex. 161; 41 lb. 114.
" If A. shall not have had a child," embraces a child en ventre (Pearee
v. Carrington, sup).
Quk MuBDEB, for a child to be " bom alive " the whole body must be
brought into the world alive; it is not sufficient that the child re-
spires in the progress of the birth (per Littledale, J., B. v. Povlton,
5 C. & P. 330).
BORNE. — "Borne on the Books of one of Her Majesty's Ships in
Commission," s. 87, 29 & 30 V. c. 109 ; V. Hearson v. Churchill^ 1892,
2 Q. B. 144; 61 L. J. Q. B. 569; 66 L. T. 843 ; 40 W. R. 615; 56
J. P. 820.
BOROUQH. — In very early days "Borough" meant a Castle, or
Fortified Town (2 Kemble, Anglo-Saxons in England, 171, 328: Ta,
Burgh-bote, sub Bote); then it got to mean a Town returning a bur-
gess or burgesses to Parliament (Co. Litt. 115 b: Cowel: Jacob), and
therefore it was said " Every Borough is a Town, but every Town is not
a Borough " {Linne Begis Case, 10 Rep. 123 b). Fjf, 2 Encyc. 213.
In modem times Boroughs are, broadly speaking, divided into (1) Par-
liamentary Boroughs, i.e. returning Members to Parliament; and (2)
Municipal Boroughs, i,e, urban communities for municipal government,
— the latter being subdivided into (a) those having a Commission of
the Peace, and (b) those without such a Commission..
For a list of Parliamentary Boroughs, V. Rep People Act, 1832, as
amended by Rep People Act, 1867, and Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885:
For Municipal Boroughs in 1835, K 5 & 6 W. 4, c. 76, which, with much
subsequent municipal legislation, was replaced by Mun Corp Act, 1882.
"Borough," has been variously expounded by interp clauses: The
Stat. Def . connotes,
Sometimes, a Parliamentary Borough, merely, — e.g. 31 & 32 V. c. 125,
88. 3, 58; 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 109, c. 63, s. 33:
Sometimes, a Municipal Borough, merely, — e.g, 18 & 19 V. c. 57,
8. 7; 19&20 V. c. 69, s. 30:
Sometimes, a Municipal Borough, or a Town or Place having a sepa-
rate Police Establishment, — e.<7. 32 & 33 V. c. 70, s. 7; 41 & 42 V.
c. 74, s. 7 :
BOROUGH 209 BOROUGH
Sometimes, a Municipal Borough in England; any Boyal Burgh or
Parliamentary Burgh or Town, in Scotland; or, Municipal Corp, in
Ireland, — e,g. 23 & 24 V. c. 139, s. 37 ; 25 & 26 V. c, 66, a. 1 :
Sometimes, a Borough Town and City Corporate, having a Com-
mission of the Peace, — e.g. 16 & 17 V. c. 97, s. 132; Vth^ Faversham
V. Thanet, 2 B. & 8. 292:
Sometimes, any Borough, not being a County of a City or County of
a Town having a Commission of the Peace, e,g, 40 & 41 V. c. 56, s. 7 :
Sometimes a City, County of a City or Town, and Town Incorporate, —
e.g. 18 & 19 V. c. 126, s. 23; 36 & 37 V. c. 33, s. 5:
Sometimes, " a County of a City, County of a Town, City, Munici-
pal Borough, Cinque Ports and its Liberties, Town Corporate, or other
Place, in which a General Annual Licensing Meeting is held in pur-
suance of the Intoxicating Liquors (Licensing) Act, 1828, exclusive of
a petty sessional division of a county," — e.g. 35 & 36 V. c. 94, s« 74.
Other Stat. Def . — 45 & 46 V. c. 50, s. 77 ; 47 & 48 V. c. 70, s. 35. —
Jr. 13 & 14 V. c. 69, s. 117; 31 & 32 V. c. 49, s. 25, c. 112, s. 40 ; 40
& 41 V. c. 56, s. 7.
In all Acts passed after 31st Dec 1889, "Borough," "Parliamentary
Borough," and "Municipal Borough" having the meanings prescribed
by 8. 15, Interp Act, 1889.
Cp, Bu&oh: Corfosate: Countt Bobough: Distbict: Metbo-
POLITAN BOBOUOHS.
" Borough, or Place,*^ s. 31, 11 & 12 V. c. 43, means a place having a
Commission of the Peace {R. v. Dalej 22 L. J. M. C. 44; Dears. 37; 17
J. P. 68: Winn y. Mossman, 38 L. J. Ex. 200; L. R. 4 Ex. 292; 33
J. P. 743 : Eeigate v. Hunt, 37 L. J. M. C. 70 ; 32 J. P. 342. Q?,
B. V. Yorkshire Jus., cited Place, at end). So, " Town Corporate," prob-
ably, usually connotes a place having a Commission of the Peace (s. 4,
24 & 25 V. c 75; s. 246, Mun Corp Act, 1882); but, a Borough may
be a " Town Corporate" s. 1, 9 G. 4, c. 61, though it has no separate
Commission of the Peace {Brown v. Nicholson, 5 C. B. N. S. 468 ; 28
L. J. M. C. 49 ; 7 W. R. 88 ; 32 L. T. O. S. 160).
" Borough Business " ; Stat. Def., 17 & 18 V. c. 20, s. 2.
" Borough CivU Court "; Stat. Del, 45 & 46 V. c. 50, s. 7.
"Borough Coundr^ Stat. Def., 51 & 52 V. c. 54, s. 14.
" Borough Justices " ; Stat. Def., 17 & 18 V. c. 20, s. 2.
"Borough Occupation Franchise"] Stat. Def., 48 & 49 V. c. 3,
8. 7 (7).
" Quarter Sessions Borough " ; V, Quabteb Sessions.
" Borough Rate," or " Borough Fund " ; Stat. Def., 8 & 9 V. c. 100,
8. 114, c 126, s. 84 ; 14 & 15 V. c. 28, s. 2 ; 16 & 17 V. c. 97, s. 132 ; 18
& 19 V. c. 57, s. 4, c. 121, s. 2. — Scot. 55 & 56 V. c. 43, s. 25 ; 56 & 57
V.c.67,s. 3. — 7r.l9&20V.c.98,s.2; 29 & 30 V. c. 90, s. 57 ; 35 &
36 V. c. 60, 8. 28.
14
BOROUGH ENGLISH 210 BOTE
BOROUQH ENGLISH. — " Some Boroughs have such a Custome,
that if a man have issue many sonnes and dyeth, the Youngest Son
shall inherit all the tenements which were his father's within the same
Borough, as Heire unto his father by force of the Gu^tome ; the which
is called Borough English " (Litt. s. 165) ; and, failing sons, some Cus-
toms give the land to the Youngest Brother (Co. Litt. 110: Cowel).
The Custom is called Borough English, '* because it was the first (as some
hold) in England " (Co. Litt 110 b : Sv, 2 Encyc. 216, 217). Vh,
Wms. R. P. 107: Goodeve, 3, n.
BORROW. — What is " to borrow and raise upon the Credit of the
Rates," s. 69, 58 G. 3, c. 45; V. E. v. St. Michael, 6 E. & B. 807 ; 25
L. J. Q. B. 379.
A power " to borrow, or take up money at interest," gives power to
raise money on any kind of security for its repayment at a future date
(Bank of England v. Anderson, 6 L. J. C. P. 158 ; 3 Bing. K C. 589:
Booth V. Bank of England, 7 CI. & F. 509; 6 Bing. N. C. 415).
V. Hereafter BORBOw: Loan.
BOSCUS.— F. Wood.
BOTE. — "Bote," or ** 'Boot,* is an old word, and signifieth helpe,
succour, ayde, or advantage, and is commonly joined with another word
whose signification it doth augment " (Termesde la Ley); it is synony-
mous with Estovers (2 Bl. Com. 35).
" House-Bote, is a sufficient allowance of wood to build or repair the
house, or to burn in it, which latter is sometimes called Fire^Bote.
FloughrBote and Cart-Bote, are wood to be employed in making and re-
pairing all instruments of husbandry, as ploughs, carts, harrows, rakes,
forks, &c. Hay-Bote or Hedge-Bote is wood for repairing hedges or
fences, as pales, stiles, and gates to secure epclosures " (Woodf. 737).
" Common of Estovers, is the right to cut wood for these purposes in
another man's land" (Elph. 564, citing Spelm. Bota: Estovarium:
Wms. on Settlements, 230 ; Wms. on Rights of Common, jww«.).
" Bote is an ancient Saxon word, and sometimes signifieth Ambrcia-
KENT or Compensation, as Thefthote, Manbote; or freedome from the
same, as Brigbote, Castlebote, Burghbote " (Co. Litt. 127 a) : The follow-
ing are Amerciaments, —
Dolg-bote; " A Recompense made for a scar or wound " (Cowel).
Feud-bote; " A Recompense for engaging in a feud or faction, and the
contingent damages : it having been the custome of ancient times for all
the kindred'to engage in the kinsmans quarrel " (Cowel).
God-bote; " A Fine, or Amerciament for crimes and offences against
God; an Ecclesiastical or Church Fine " (Cowel).
Had'bote; " A Recompense made for the violation of Holy-Orders, or
violence offer'd to persons in Holy Orders " (Cowel).
BOTE 211 BOUGHT
Hloth-bote; " A Mulct set on him who is in a Riot " (Jacob).
Mag-botey or Moeg-hote; " A Kecompense for the slaying or murder of
ones kinsman " (Cowel : Vfy Jacob).
Matirbote; " A Compensation or Kecompense for homicide ; particularly
due to the lord for killing his man or vassal " (Jacob : Vf^ Cowel).
Theft-bote', " Is when a roan taketh any goods of a theefe to favour
and maintaine him, and not when a man taketh his owne goods that
were stollen from him" (Termes de la Ley: jy, Cowel: Jacob). V.
Compound.
The following are Freedom s, or Quittances, —
Brig'bote, or Brug-bote^ or Bridg-bote ; " Is to be quit of giving ayde
to the repairing of Bridges " (Termes de la Ley). Jacob says^ it was a
Contribution for this purpose : Fa, Cowel, Bruckrbote : but Co. Litt., sup,
treats it as a Quittance.
Burglirbote ; " Is to be quit of giving ayde to make a Borough, Castle,
Citie, or Walles throwne downe " (Termes de la Ley) : Cowel and Jacob
say, it was a Contribution for these purposes: but Co. Litt., sup, treats
it as a Quittance.
CasHe-hote ; V, preceding par.
Park-bote ; " Is to be quit of enclosing a Park, or any part thereof "
(4 Inst. 308).
BOTH. — " Both," as inaccurately used in s. 2, 6 G. 4, c. 67; V. E.
v. Tadcaster, 4 B. & Ad. 703; 2 L. J. M. C. 63.
" Both Eyes " ; K Sight.
"Both Sides"; F. Nephew.
V. Either.
BOTTOMRY BILL. —Form of, V. Abbott, 1246.
BOTTOMRY BOND. — A Bottomry Bond, "is a contract by
which, in consideration of money advanced for the Necessaries of the
Ship to enable it to proceed on its voyage, the keel or bottom of the ship,
pars pro toto, is made liable for the repayment of the money in the event
of the safe arrival of the ship at its destination '* (per Ld Stowell, The
Atlas, 2 Hagg. Adm. 53). " A contract similar to this upon the Cargo
of the ship, is called Respondentia, but it is of rare occurrence " (lb. 57).
The Master has no authority to hypothecate the vessel in any other man-
ner (Statnbank v. Fenning, 11 C. B. 61; 20 L. J. C. P. 226).
Vh, Park, ch. 22 : Abbott, 152-179, 882, 1245: Carver, Part 2, ch. 10 :
Add. C. 760 etseq: 2 Encyc. 220-227.
Cpf Maritime Lien, sub Lien.
BOUGHT. — Where a commission is payable on all goods " bought,"
it becomes payable on all orders accepted, even though the person ac-
cepting is ultimately unable to deliver the goods ordered (Lockwood v.
Leuicky 8 C. B. N. S. 603; 29 L. J. C. P. 340). Cp, Sale.
BOUGHT 212 BOUNDING
Com ** bought/' or '* purchased," within 8. 27 of the Act authorising^
the importation of Foreign Com on paying duties in proportion to the
price of British Com (Peel's Sliding Scale Act, 9 6. 4^ c. 60), means,
com " bought " in the popular sense of the word, irrespective of the
contract therefor being valid in law as being in compliance with the
Statute of Frauds or otherwise; because the object of the Returns of Sales
required by the section was to ascertain the average price of British com
(E. V. Tawnrow, 1 B. & Ad. 465).
Qnk Corn Returns Act, 1882, 46 & 46 V. c. 37, " 'Bought,' means the
agreement to buy ; whether made by sale-note or otherwise, and irrespec-
tive of actual delivery in pursuance thereof" (s. 18). Vf, British Corn.
An agreement to give drafts against produce ^bought and paid for,"
means, actually bought and paid for ; — '' to be " cannot be read into the
expression (Chartered Bank of India, &c v. Mdcfayden, 64 L, J. Q. B.
367; 72 L. T. 428; 43 W. R. 397).
" Bought or agreed to buy," s. 9, Factors Act, 1889; K Buy.
" Bought and Sold " Notes ; V. Add. C. 493 : Leake, 226, 227 : FUen^
den V. Levy, 3 F. & F. 477.
BOUND.— F. Bind.
" To be bound " ; V. Re Frape, cited In Writing.
" Bound to conform " ; F. Conform.
A Treaty provision that the government shall ** not be bound " to ex-
tradite, implies that they may {Re Oalwey, 1896, 1 Q. B. 230; 66 L. J.
M. C. 38 ; 73 L. T. 756; 44 W. R. 313 ; 60 J. P. 87).
" Bound to relinquish "; V. Relinquish.
A statement (amounting to a Warranty) in a Charter-Party, that the
ship is ** now in Finland bound to London,^ means, that the ship is in
some place in Finland from which place she is under engagement to pro-
ceed direct to London; not that she is at liberty to go to some other
place in Finland so long as she comes direct from Finland to London
without calling at a port in any other country {Engman v. Palgrave,
4 Com. Ca. 75).
r. Legally bound. Cp, Concerned.
BOUNDARY. — Place having a known; or defined Boundary; Fl R
V. Northowram^ &c, cited Place.
" Boundary of Any Lands," s. 45, Tijthe Act, 1836, did not enable
Tithe Commrs to settle the Boundary of Parishes {Re Ystradgunlais
Commrsj 8 Q. B. 32).
BOUNDING. — "Bounding or abutting" on a New Street within
8. 77, 25 & 26 V. c. 102 ; V. Williams v. Wandsworth, 63 L. J. M. C.
187 ; 13 Q. B. D. 211 : Hackney v. G, E. Ry, 61 L. J. M. C. 67 ; 62 lb.
105; 8 App. Ca. 687 : L, B. & S. Ry v. St. Giles, 48 L. J. M. C. 184 j
4 Ex. D. 239.
BOUNDING 213 BRANCH
** Bounding or abutting, ** on a Street where footway made, s. 1, 53 &
54 V. c 54 ; F. Paddington v. NoHh Metrop Ry, 1894, 1 Q. B. 633 ; 63
L. J. Q, B. 316; 58 J. P. 419.
V, Forming: Fbontiko: Abut.
BOUNDS. — r. Bannum.
BOURNE. — V. Stubqks Boubxe's Act.
BOVATA TERR>E.— r. OxoANOB.
BOVERI A. — " An Ox-house, or Ox-stall " (Cowel).
BOVILL'S ACTS.— The Petitions of Right Act, 1860, 23 & 24
r. c 34:
The Lunacy Begn Act, 1862, 25 & 26 V. c 86, repealed by the Lunacy
Act, 1890:
To amend law of Partnership, 28 & 29 Y. c. 86, replaced by ss. 2 (3),
3, Partnership Act, 1890.
BOW WINDOW F. Building.
BOX. — F. Hodgson v. Little^ cited Fisheby.
•* Boxes," held not to include Rollers in a Patent Specification {^Bar-
her V. Grace^ 1 Ex. ^39; 17 L. J. Ex. 122).
BOY. — V. PuEB : GiBL.
Qui Coal Mines Regn Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 58, " *Boy,' means a
male under the age of 16 years " (s. 75).
"Boys on the Foundation," qui Public Schools Act, 1868, 31 & 32
V. c. 118; F. S.4
BOYCOTT. —To " boycott " a person, is the offence defined in s. 2
(1), Criminal Law and Procedure (Ir) Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 20, on
whvy Re Heaphy^ 22 L. R. Ir. 500. To declare a person ** boycotted," or
to threaten to ** boycott " him, is to excite, an Unlawful Confedebacy
against him, within s. 3, Tumultuous Risings (Ir) Act, 1831, 1 & 2
W. 4, c. 44 {R. V. Barretty 18 L. R. Ir. 430) ; though, possibly, it ought
to be left to the jury to say whether the word, as used in the case under
trial, bears such meaning (R, v. Coady^ 10 lb. 205).
To allege of another that he has been guilty of a " Boycott," is Libel
(Pink V. Federation of Trades Unions, 67 L. T. 258 : Trollope v. Lon-
don Bg Trades Federation, 72 L. T. 342 ; 11 Times Rep. 280).
Cp, Intimidate.
BRANCH.— Branch of a Fbibndly Society; Stat. Def., Friendly
Soc Act, 1896, 8. 106.
F. FiBST Heib Male : Younoeb.
BRAND 214 BREACH OF TRUST
BRAND. — " Brand " (introduced into the description of what may be
a Trade-Mark by s. 64, 46 & 47 V. c. 67, repld s. 10, 51 & 52 V. c. 50)
does not, necessarily, mean something burnt into an article ; and, prob-
ably, an incorporation, e.g. by a wator-mark, would suffice (Pirie v. Good-
all, 1892, 1 Ch. 35 ; 61 L. J. Ch. 79; 65 L. T. 640; 40 W. R. 81); but
it cannot consist of mere words in common use (& C). V. Heading.
BRANDY. — "Brandy," sold simply as such, must not be reduced
more than 25 degrees under proof (Sale of Food and Drugs Act Amend-
ment Act, 1879, 42 & 43 Y. c. 30, s. 6). Suj Gin, and the case there
cited.
BRAWLING F: s. 2, 23 & 24 V. c. 32, and Vth, Asher v. Calcraft^
56 L. J. M. C. 57; 18 Q. B. D. 607; 56 L. T. 490; 35 W. R. 651; 51
J. P. 598 : Vallancey v. Fletcher^ cited Any.
" Chiding and Brawling " in Church, 5 & 6 Edw. 6, c. 4; V. Clinton
Y. Hatchardy 1 Addams, 96 : Dawe v. Williamsy 2 lb. 138 : Jenkins v.
Barrett, 1 Hagg. Ecc. 18.
BREACH OF CONDITION F. Forfeiture.
BREACH OF CONTRACT OR DUTY These words, in s. 6,
Admiralty Court Act, 1861, 24 V. c. 10, " have been held to be limited to
a breach of contract contained in a Bill of Lading (The Fieve Superlore,
L. R. 5 P. C. 482 ; 43 L. J. Adm. 20), and they do not give jurisdiction
in respect of a breach of Charter-Party committed before the goods were
put on board {The Dannebrog, L. R. 4 A. & E. 386 ; 44 L. J. Adm. 21) " :
1 Maude & P. 400.
Action " founded on " breach of contract ; V, Founded on.
BREACH OF COVENANT. —F. Goodhand v. Aijscough, 52 L. J.
Q. B. 97; lOQ. B. D. 71.
V, Particular Breach.
BREACH OF TRUST. —Liability incurred by means of "Fraud
or Breach of Trust," s. 49, Bankry Act, 1869; V. Emma Co v. Grant,
50 L. J. Ch. 449; 17 Ch. D. 122 : Ramskill v. Edwards, 55 L. J. Ch. 81 ;
31 Ch. D. 100; 53 L. T. 949; 34 W. R. 96. Note: The corresponding
phrase in s. 30, Bankry Act, 1883, and in s. 28 (3 h), lb. (the latter sec-
tion repld 8. 8 (3 l), Bankry Act, 1890) is " Fraud, or fraudulent Breach
of Trust " : Is the sense altered ? Vh, Re Smith, 1893, 2 Ch. 1 ; 62
L. J. Ch. 336; 68 L. T. 337; 41 W. R. 289; 57 J. P. 516: Ee Farker,
Ex p. Sheppard, 19 Q. B. D. 84.
Costs ordered against a Trustee in an action relating to a fraudulent
breach of trust, are not incurred " iy means of" such breach, within
s. 30 (1), Bankry Act, 1883, though consequential upon it {Be Greer,
BREACH OF TRUST 216 BREAK GROUND
1895, 2 Ch. 217; 64 L, J. Ch. 620 ; 72 L. T. 865; 43 W. K. 547; 69
J. P. 441).
Breach of Trust quA s. 8 (1), Trustee Act, 1888 ; V. Re Swain, 1891,
3 Ch. 233; 61 L. J. Ch. 20 ; 65 L. T. 296: Be Bowden, cited Money.
A " Breach of Trust " which, when done at the Instigation, &c, of a
Beneficiary, gives a Trustee a claim to be indemnified under s. 6, Trustee
Act, 1888 (repld s. 45, Trustee Act, 1893), must be " some act or omission
which is itself a breach of trust, and not some act or omission which
only becomes a breach of trust by reason of wani; of care on the part of
the trustees " (per Lindley, L. J., Be Somerset, 1894, 1 Ch. 231; 63 L. J.
Ch. 41 : Mara v. Broumey 1895, 2 Ch. 69 ; 64 L. J. Ch. 594; 72 L. T.
765, revd on another point, 1896, 1 Ch. 199 ; 65 L. J. Ch. 225 ; 73 L. T.
638). Note. As to mode of obtaining this indemnity, V. Be Holt,
1897, 2 Ch. 525; 66 L. J. Ch. 734; 76 L. T. 776 ; 45 W. R. 650: — and
as to recoupment by assenting Beneficiary independently of the statute,
V. Baby v. Bidehalgh, 24 L. J. Ch. 528 ; 7 D. Q. M. & G. 104: Sawyer
V. Sawyer, 54 L, J. Oh. 444; 28 Ch. D. 595.
As to Belief or Excusal for Breach of Trust ; V. Reasonably.
"Fraud, or Fraudulent Breach of Trust," in 1st Exception to s. 8,
Trustee Act, 1888 (enabling Trustees to plead Statute of Limitations), con-
notes fraud to which a trustee is " party or privy," ue, one in which " he
has personally in some way participated " (per Lindley, L. J., Thome v.
Heard, 63 L. J. Ch. 360; affd 64 lb. 652 ; 1895, A. C. 495). Vf, How
y. Winterton, 1896, 2 Ch. 626; 65 L. J. Ch. 832; 75 L. T. 40 ; 46 W. R.
103.
V. Tbust: Tbustee.
BREAD. — r. French Bread.
BREAK. — A burglarious breaking is effected by breaking, or further
breaking, any part of a Dwellinq-house, or unloosing or forcing any cf
its fastenings; or by feloniously obtaining admission by a trick or
threat, or by getting down the chimney (for the cases, V, Arch. Cr. 600 ;
Rose. Cr. 314; and for another definition, V. Steph. Gr. 248).
BREAK BULK. — To "break bulk " is not now necessary to consti-
tute Larceny by a Bailee (s. 3, 24 & 25 Y. c. 96, re-enacting s. 4, 20 &
21 y. c. 54). The cases were very numerous, and turned on nice dis-
tinctions, as to what amounted to " breaking bulk " (V. 2 Russ. Cr. 131,
153, 320).
BREAK DOWN. — Break-down of Machinejy; V. Hogarth v.
Miller, cited Efficient.
BREAK GROUND. — A Ry Co "breaks ground," within an agree-
ment relating to the construction of a line of railway, only when such
construction really begins ; not when, as preparatory to such construe-
BREAK GROUND 216 BRIBERY
tion, they merely remove some rails to take the angles of certain lines
^hich they will have to cross at a level (Bristol & Exeter By v. Som-
erset & Dorset Ry^ 2B.J &. Can Traffic Ca. 82).
BREAK OUT. — " The expression 'Breaks out' (in the offence of
Breaking Prison) means an actual breaking of the place in which the
party is confined, whether intentional or not " (Steph. Cr. 102. Vf, Rose.
Cr. 373, 392).
"Break Prison"; V. Pbison: Jacob, Gaol and Gaoler: 10 Encyc.
404.
BREAKAGE. — F. Leakage and Breakage.
" Breakage during removal," in an Exception to a Plate-glass Insrce ;
F. Marsden v. City and County Assrce^ 35 L. J. C. P. 60; L. R.
1 C. P. 232.
BRED. — As to where Fish are "bred, kept, or preserved," s. 1,
6 G. 3, c. 14 ; F. E. v. Carradice, Ross. & Ry.'205.
BRESSUMMER.— Qui London Bg Act, 1894, " 'Bressummer,'
means a wooden beam, or a metallic girder, which carries a wall " (subs.
7, s. 5). F. Foundation : Babe.
BREST. — " Brest, or any Port in Europe north and east of Brest,"
s. 626, Mer Shipping Act, 1894 ; F. Ths Rutland^ and The Columbus,
cited Trading.
BREWER. — "Brewer," generally, connotes a Brewer of Beer, e.g.
43 & 44 V. c. 20, s. 2. Vf, Art.
BREWERY. — A testamentary option to purchase at fths its value,
all the testator's " Property, Brewery, &c, " held, on the context and the
circumstances, that " Brewery " included, not only the place where the
brewing was done and the business carried on but also, the business con-
nexion, including the Tied Houses ( Waite v. Morland, 14 W. R. 746 ;
14 L. T. 649).
BRIBERY. — " 'Bribery* is a high offence, viz., when any man in
Judicial place or any great Officer takes any fee, pension, gift, or reward
for doing his Office, save from the King onely " (Cowel) : Vf, 4 Bl.
Com. 139.
As between Principal and Agent — "If a gift be made to a Confi-
dential Agent with the view of inducing the agent to act in favour of the
Donor in relation to transactions between the Donor and the agent's
Principal, and that gift is secret as between the Donor and the Agent, —
i.e, is without the knowledge and consent of the Principal, — then the
gift is a Bribe in the view of the law. Then these rules apply, — (1)
The Court will not enquire into the Donor's motive in giving the bribe,
BRIBERY 217 BRIDGE
nor allow evidence to be gone into as to the motive; — (2) The Court
will presume, in favour of the Principal and as against the Briber and
the agent bribed, that the agent was influenced by the bribe, and this
presumption is irrebuttable ; — (3) If the Agent be a coufidential buyer
of goods for his Principal from the Briber, the Court will assume, as
against the Briber, that the true price of the goods, as between him and the
Purchaser, must be taken to be less than the price paid to or charged by
the Briber by, at any rate^ the amount or value of the Bribe, but if the
Purchaser alleges loss or damage beyond this he must prove it " (per
Romer, L. J., Hovmden v. MUlhoffy S3 L. T. 43).
For the def of Bribery at Parliamentary Elections, F. Corrupt Prac-
tices Prevention Act, 1854, 17 & 18 V. c. 102, ss. 2, 3; Rep People Act,
1867, 8. 49 ; Rep People (Scot) Act, 1868, s. 49 ; 44 & 45 V. c. 40, s. 2 ;
46 & 47 V. c. 51, 8. 3, and Sch 3, Part 3: — at Municipal Elections, V.
47&48V.C. 70,8. 2, and Sch 3, Parti; 45 & 46 V. c. 50, s. 77; 53
& 54 y. c. 55, 8. 2. Vhy Leigh & Le Marchant, 4 ed., 3-25: Mattinson
& Macaskie, 2 ed., 4--39: Rogers, ch. 11. Cp^ Corrupt Practice.
Vf, Arch. Or. 1187, 1193: Rose. Cr. 297-303: 2 Eucyc. 245-247.
BRICK-BUILT. — ''A house described as 'brick-built,' is under-
stood to be brick-built in the ordinary sense of the words ; not composed
externally partly of brick and partly of timber, and lath and plaster"
(Dart. 137, 155, citing Powell v. Doubbley Sug. V. & P. 29: Arnold v.
Arnold, 14 Ch. D. 270 ; 42 L. T. 705; 28 W. R. 635 : English v. Mur^
ray, 49 L. T. 35; 32 W. R. 84).
BRICKWORK. — V. New Brickwork.
BRIDGE. — As to what is a Bridge and whether an Arch, or a num*
ber of Arches, constructed over stagnant water may be considered a
Bridge; V. R. y. Derbyshire, 11 L. J. M. C. 51; 2 G. & D. 97.
In Nottingham Co. Co. v. Manchester S. & L. By (71 L. T. 430).
"Bridge," held, to include Approaches of the length of 180 feet on
either side of the bridge in question. So, qu4 Roads and Bridges (Scot)
Act, 1878, 41 & 42 V. c. 51, ** Bridge," includes " the accesses thereof " ;
but not any bridge which a person is bound to maintain (s. 3).
"Bridge hereafter to be erected or built j" s. 5, 43 G. 3, c 59; K R,
T. Lancashire, cited Erected.
As to the phrase^ " Bridge broken in a Highway," Statute of Bridges, 22
H. 8, c. 5; F. R. v. Southampton, No. 1, 55 L. J. M. C. 158; 17 Q. B. D.
424; 55 L. T. 322; 35 W. R. 10; 50 J. P. 773: Sv, S. C, No. 2, 19
Q. B. D. 590 ; 56 L. J. M. C. 112; 57 L. T. 261 : and as to " Bridges "
in Statute of Sewers, F. Callis, 85 et seq.
ABridge may be a " Street " (Beaver v. Manchester, 26 L. J. Q. B. 311 ) .
" Bridge," in s. 46, Ry C. C. Act, 1845, includes the roadway over a
bridge as well as the structure of the bridge itself, and therefore the cost
BRIDGE 218 BRITISH COMPNDS
of metalling and paving such roadway is payable by the Kailwaj' Com-
pany (Bury V. Lancashire & Yorkshire By, 57 L. J. Q. B. 280; 20
Q. B. D. 485 ; 59 L. T. 193; 36 W. R. 491 ; 52 J. P. 341 ; affd in H. L.
nom. Lancashire & Yorkshire Ry v. Bury^ 59 L. J. Q. B. 85; 14 App. Ca.
417; 61 L. T. 417 ; 54 J. P. 197).
The Mutiny Act exemption of soldiers from toll on crossing '' Bridges, "
does not extend to a steam ferry boat, though it be called a floating
bridge ( Ward v. Gray, 34 L. J. M. C. 146 ; 6 B. & S. 345).
Power to open soil of Bridges ; F. Open.
" Bridge Tax,'' " Bridge Rate," " Bridge Area,'' qui Loc Gov (Ir)
Act, 1898, 61 & 62 V. c. 37 ; V. s. m (9).
" The Bridges Acts, 1740 to 1815 " ; " The Bridges (Ir) Acts, 1813 to
1875 "; V. Sch. 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
r. County Bridge : Private Bridge : Public Bridge : Over.
*
Vh, Woolrych on Ways, ch. 8.
BRIDLE-PATH. — "A Bridle-path, or Horse-way, is a Way along
which a man has a right to ride or lead a horse, although he owns no
estate or interest in the soil. Such right may he either public or private.
And, as a rider must occasionally dismount, a Horse-way includes a Foot-
way " (2 Encyc. 247, 248). Cp, Driftway : Footway.
BRIQ-BOTE. — V. Bote.
BRINE.— r. Mine.
" Brine Pumper," quk 54 & 55 V. c. 40, " means a person or company
who pumps or raises brine from shafts, wells, springs, or mines" (s. 52).
BRING FORWARD. — The prohibition against "Bringing For-
ward " a house or building beyond the front wall of the building on
either side of it, s. 156, P. H. Act, 1875, does not apply to a new house
or building on a new site ( Williams v. Wallasey, 55 L. J. M. C. 133;
16 Q. B. D. 718 ; 34 W. R. 517).
BRINGING UP.— Trust for, T. Maintenance,
BRITAIN.— F. Great Britain.
BRITISH COIN.— "British Coin," "British Money" ; Stat. Def.,
62 & 53 V. c 42, s. 2 (4).
BRITISH COLONY. — "British Colony"; Stat. Def., 14 & 15
V. c. 99, s. 19.
"British Colony and Possession" ; Stat. Def., 31 & 32 V. c. 37, s. 5.
BRITISH COMPOUNDS. — Stat. Def., Spirits Act, 1880, 43 &
44 V. c. 24, 8. 3* Cj>j British Wine.
BRITISH CONSULAR 219 BRITISH ISLANDS
BRITISH CONSULAR OFFICER. — Quk Foreign Marriage Act,
1891, 54 & 55 V. c. 74, includes " a Pro-Consul and an Acting Consular
Agent " (s. 11).
BRITISH CORN. — Quk Com Returns Act, 1882, 46 & 46 V. c. 37,
" * British Com,' means Wheat, Barley, and Oats, the produce of the
United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, or the Isle of Man " (s. 18).
BRITISH ecu RT. — " British Court in a Foreign Country " ; Stat.
Def., 53 & 64 V. c. 37, s. 16 ; 65 & 56 V. c. 6, s. 6.
BRITISH CUSTOM. — " Average, if any, to he adjusted accord-
ing to British Custom," means, that only such Qeneral Average contribu-
tion is to he made as would he made according to the practice of British
adjusters (Stewart v. W. India & Pacific S. S. Co, L. R. 8 Q. B. 88,
362; 42 L. J. Q. B. 191; 28 L. T. 742; 21 W.R. 963). For the rules
regulating such practice, V, Abbott, App. 1253.
BRITISH DOMINIONS. — For the purposes of the Copyright
Act, 1842, " the words * British Dominions * shall he construed to mean
and include all parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land, the islands of Jersey and Guernsey, all parts of the East and West
Indies, and all the Colonies, Settlements atid Possessions of the Crown
which now are or hereafter may he acquired '' (s. 2). That extends to
Canada (Low v. Routledge, 35 L. J. Ch. 114; 1 Ch. 42).
BRITISH FUNDS " British Funds " is a synonym for " Funds " :
— and a direction to purchase an Annuity in "the British Funds,"
means, not that a British Government Annuity is to he purchased for
the life of the heneficiary but, that British Funds are to he purchased
sufficient to pay the amount annually, and therefore the Annuity is per-
petual (Kerr y. Middlesex Hosp., 22 L. J. Ch. 356; 17 Jur. 49 ; 1 W. E.
93 ; 20 L. T. 0. S. 160).
BRITISH INDIA. — In all Acts of Parliament passed after the 81st
Dec. 1889, " 'British India ' shall mean all territories and places within
Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her
Majesty through the Governor-General of India, or through any Gov-
ernor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India"
(s. 18 (4), Interp Act, 1889); and,
'' < India' shall mean British India together with any territories of
any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised
through the Gk)vernor-General of India, or through any Governor or
other officer suhordinate to the Governor-General of India " (s. 18 (6), lb.).
BRITISH ISLANDS. — In all Acts of Parliament passed after 31st
Dec 1889, " < British Islands, ' shall mean the United Kingdom, the
BRITISH ISLANDS 220 BRITISH SETTLEMT
Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man" (s. 18 (1), Interp Act, 1889).
In Lloyd's Signal Stations Act, 1888, 51 & 62 V. c. 29, the phrase,
" means the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands " (s. 19).
Cp, del in Bills of Ex. Act, 1882, qui Inland Bills; V. Inlakd:
« British Isles," 6 & 6 V. c. 12, s. 66.
BRITISH LAW. — " British Law," or " Law of Great Britain," in
Treaties and Protocols ; V, Hall on the Foreign Jurisdiction of the
British Crown, 166, n, 166.
BRITISH LETTER Qak Post Office (Offences) Act, 1837, 7 W. 4
& 1 v. c. 36, '' ' British Letter ' shall mean a letter transmitted within
the United Kingdom " (8.'47).
BRITISH NEWSPAPER Qui Post Office (Offences) Act, 1837,
** * British Newspapers,' shall mean Newsfapbb printed and puhlished in
the United Kingdom " (s. 47, the additional words as to Stamp Duty
not now being operative) : qn^ Post Office (Duties) Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Y.
c. 96, the phrase means " newspapers printed and published in the United
Kingdom, and also newspapers printed in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Aldemey, Sark, or Man " (s. 71).
BRITISH PORT. — QiA Sea Fisheries Act, 1843, 6 & 7 V. c. 79,
'' British Port," means, any Port in the United Kingdom or the Channel
Islands (s. 18).
BRITISH POSSESSION. — In all Acts of Parliament passed after
31st Dec. 1889, " ' British Possession,' shall mean any part of Her
Majesty's dominions exclusive of the United Kingdom ; and where parts
of such dominions are under both a central and local legislature, all parts
under the central legislature shall, for the purposes of this definition, be
deemed to be one British Possession " (s. 18 (2), Interp Act, 1889).
Prior Stat. Def. — 26 & 27 V. c. 24, s. 2; 32 & 33 V. c. 11, s. 2 ;
33 & 34 V. c. 52, s. 26; 45 & 46 V. c. 74, s. 17, c. 76, s. 3 ; 46 & 47
V. c. 67, s. 117,- 47 & 48 V. c. 31, s. 18.
F. British Colony: British Settlement.
BRITISH POSTAGE. — Stat. Def., 7 W. 4 & 1 V. c. 36, s. 47.
BRITISH SEAMAN. — " 'British Seaman,' may mean, one who,
whatever his nationality, is serving on board a British ship " (per Black-
burn, J., E. V. Anderson J L. K. 1 C. C. R. 162). Q?, English Mar-
riage. V. Seaman.
BRITISH SETTLEMENT. — Qui British Settlements Act, 1887,
60 & 61V. c. 54, " 'British Settlement,' means, any British Posses-
sion which has not been acquired by cession or conquest, and is not for
BRITISH SETTLEMT 221 BROKER
tbe time being within the jurisdiction of the Legislature (constituted
otherwise than by virtue of this Act, or of any Act repealed by this Act)
of any British Possession " (s. 6).
BRITISH SHIP. — The phrase ''British" Ships or Vessels, has
three meanings : —
1. All ships or vessels, properly so called, according to our Municipal
liaw;
2. All ships or vessels under the British Flag, though perhaps not
strictly entitled thereto, because, by the Law of Nations, the carrying
the British Flag stamps on them, as to other nations, the British national
character;
3. All ships or vessels, — though this is a much more doubtful
point, — under neutral flags, but owned by BsmsH Subjects (per
I>r. Lushington, The Leucade^ 1 Jur. N. S. 553).
" British Ship," qui Mer Shipping Act, 1894; V. s. 1.
A ship built in England for a foreign owner and not registered, or
intended to be registered, as a British Ship, is not a British Ship within
Mer Shipping Act, 1854, repld Mer Shipping Act, 1894 {Union Bank
of London v. Lenanton^ 47 L. J. C. P. 409; 3 C. P. D. 243).
" British Vessel "; Stat. Def., 6 & 7 V. c. 79, s. 18.
r. Ship: Bbcognizbd Bbitish Ship.
BRITISH SLAVE COURT. — Stat. Def., Slave Trade Act, 1873,
36 & 37 V. c. 88, s. 2.
BRITISH SPIRITS Stat. Def., 32 & 33 V. c. 103, s. 3; 43 &
44 V. c. 24, 8. 3. Cpy British Wine.
BRITISH SUBJECT. —" British Subject," s. 2, 24 & 26 V. c. 114,
includes a naturalized British subject (Re Galley 45 L. J. P. D. & A.
107; 1 P. D. 438: Vh, Be Keller, 61 L. J. P. D. & A. 39).
Stat. Def. — Liberated Africarfs Act, 1853, 16 & 17 V. c. 86, s. 2.
" The British Subjects Acts, 1708 to 1772 "; V. Sch. 2, Short Titles
Act, 1896.
Vhy The Report to Parliament, of the Inter-Departmental Committee
on the Naturalization Laws, 24th July 1901 (Gd. 723).
BRITISH WINE. — "British Wine" is synonymous with " Made
Wine"; F. Harris v. Jenns, cited Wine. Cp, British Compounds:
Bhitish Spibits.
BROAD. — r. Mesh.
BROCAGE. — "^ The wages or hire of a Broker " (Cowel).
BROKER. — Brokers "are those that contrive, make, and conclude
bargains and contracts between merchants and tradesmen, in matters of
BROKER 222 BROTHEL
money and merchandize, for which they have a fee or reward " (Jacob,
cited by Best, G. J., Gibbons v. Eule, 4 Bing. 306: this def is derived
from 1 Jac. 1, c. 21, cited Fbiperbr: FjT, 8 & 9 W. 3, c. 20, s. 60,
vhere the def is, those who *^ make or drive" bargains). A Broker is
not put into possession of the property to be sold, as a Factor is {Baring
V. Corrie^ cited Factor). Vf, Statuta Civitas London, 13 Edw. 1,
stat. 6 : Termes de la Ley : Cowel : 2 Eucyc. 262-272 : Evans, on Agency :
Story, on Agency.
As to meaning of " Broker " in 6 Anne, c, 16, and 6 G. 1, c. 18 ; V. Wilkes
V. Ellis, 2 Bl. H. 566: Clark v. Powell, 2 L. J. K. B. 145; 4 B. & Ad.
846: SmUh v. Lindo, 27 L. J. C. P. 196, 335; 4 C. B. N. S. 395: Mil-
ford V. Hughes, 16 L. J. Ex. 40; 16 M. & W. 174. In the last case
llolfe, B., said that a case of brokerage '' must relate to goods and money,
and not merely to personal contracts for work and labour." A Stock-
broker is within these enactments (Janssen v. Green, 4 Burr. 2103). Cp,
Jobber.
Note. — As to what is " acting as a Broker," within 57 G. 3, c. Ix,
V. ScoU V. NoHh, L. E. 2 C. P. 270 : Scott v. Cousins, L. R. 4 C. P. 177 ;
38 L. J. C. P. 156. If a contracting party merely adds " Broker," and
not *' as Broker," to his signature, he is personally bound {Hutcheson v.
Eaton, 13 Q. B. D. 865; 51 L. T. 846).
" Broker," as used in the late Bankry def of " Trader," included not
only barterers of merchandise, but also assurance-brokers (Ex jp. Stevens,
4 Mad. 256), Bill-brokers {Ex p. Fhipps, 2 Dea. 487), Pawn-brokers
{Rawlinson v. Pearson, 5 B. & Aid. 124), Ship-brokers {Pott v. Turner,
4 Moore & P. 551; 6 Bing. 702), and Stock-brokers (Cullen, on Bankry,
12, Note 2, 48).
" Broker " is a sufficient description of a Ship-broker, for the purposes
of the Bills of Sale Acts {Gugen v. Sampson, 4 F. & F. 974) ; though
a Ship-broker is not within the Acts regulating Brokers {Gibbons v. Rule,
sup).
Stat. J)ei.—Scot. 25 & 26 V. c. 101, s. 3; 55 & 56 V. c. 65, s. 4.
V. Passage Broker : Excambiator: Banker.
BROOD. — F. Fry.
BROTHEL. — "Brothel," "Bawdy-house," or "Common Bawdy-
house," are synonyms {Singleto?i v. Ellison, 1895, 1 Q. B. 607; 64
L. J. M. C. 123; 72 L. T. 236 ; 43 W. R. 426; 59 J. P. 119).
Nuisance, or no Nuisance, is not an element in the definition of
' Brothel " {R. v. Holland Jus., 46 J. P. 312).
" Brothel," or " Bawdy-house," is " a Place where people of opposite '
sexes are allowed to Eesort for prostitution " (per Wills, J., Singleton
V. Ellison, sup).
But the Occupier of the place has the entree for all purposes, and,
BROTHEL 223 BROUGHAM'S ACTS
accordingly, does not need to be " allowed " there for any special purpose ;
therefore, a place occupied by a woman, who permits no other woman
but herself to be there for sexual purposes but who herself is accus-
tomed to receive men for such purposes, is not a " Brothel " within s. 13,
48 & 49 V. c. 69 {Singleton v. Ellison^ sup). The ratio decidendi of
the seems to show that if, instead of one, there are two or more women
who are joint occupiers of a Place where they (but only they) respectively
receive men for sexual intercourse, such place would not be a Brothel.
Vf, Keep.
A Brothel involves the idea of a Place of Resort ; therefore, the allow-
ance of an isolated act of prostitution, even by strangers to the occupancy,
would not make the place a Brothel ; but the one proved instance may,
itself, prove it to be, not solitary but, one of many instances {R, v.
Holland Jus.y sup).
Cp, " Disorderly House," sub Disordbbly. F. Whore: Eligible.
Vhf 1 Encyc. 272 et seq : Jacob, Bawdy-house.
BROTHER: SISTER. — A gift to "Brothers"; " Sisters," — in-
eludes the Half-blood ; " and so with regard to every other degree of re-
lationship " (2 Jarm. 154). " I think that, in general, when a man speaks
of his brothers and sisters he speaks of them, not with reference to the
definition of the word in the dictionary, but as a class standing in the
same relation to one or both of his parents in which he himself stands.
Though the half-blood are not descended from both the same parents,
they are, — as it is said in Termes de la Ley, Demy Sangue^ — < after a
sort, brothers,' * brothers by the father's side,' < brothers by one mother ';
and however others might describe them or they might designate them-
selves, I think that, if required to give a precise description of the
nature and degree of the relation subsisting between them, they, in ordi-
nary parlance, would be called and would call themselves, Brothers and
Sisters " (per Turner, V. C, Grieves v. Rawley, 22 L. J. Ch. 625 ; 10 Hare,
63). But this construction may be varied by a context {Be Reed, 57 L. J.
Ch. 790; 36W. K. 682).
The widower of a sister is not a " Brother, " nor is the widow of a
brother a'' Sister," there being no blood relationship (Hussey v. Berke-
ley, 2 Eden, 194).
A gift to '' Brothers and Sisters," the testator knowing himself to be
illegitimate, imports his putative brothers and sisters {Be Cameron^ 91
Law Times, 176 : Eelations).
V. Nephew.
Lord BROUGHAM'S ACTS. — The Beerhouse Act, 1830, 11
a 4&1 W.4, c. 64:
For shortening language of Acts, 13 & 14 V. c. 21, repealed and re-
placed by Interp Act, 1889;
BROUGHAM'S ACTS 224 BUILD
The Evidence Acts, 1845, 8 & 9 V. c. 113; 1861, 14 & 15 V. c. 99;
1853, 16 & 17 V. c. 83:
The Marriage (Scotland) Act, 1856, 19 & 20 V. c 96.
Vf, Brougham's Acts and Bills, by Eardley Wilmot.
BROUGHT. — An enactment that " no Action shall be brought," e. g.
8. 4, Statute of Frauds, is not Ketrospbctivk {Gillmore v. Shooter,
2 Mod. 310) ; so, of " brought or maintained " in the Gaming Acts, 1845.
1892 (Moon v. Burden, 2 Ex. 22 : Knight v. Lee, 1893, 1 Q. B. 41 ; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 28 ; 67 L. T. 688 ; 41 W. R. 125 j 57 J. P. 117. Vf, MiaNTAiN).
" Properly brought " ; V. Properly.
BROUGHT AGAINST. -*- There is no Action " brought against " a
deft against whom no relief is sought; and who might more properly
have been made a pit ; — the presence of such a deft does not justify an
Order for service out of the Jurisdiction under R. 1 (g), Ord. 11, R. S. C.
{Deutsche National Bank v. Paul, 1898, 1 Ch. 283; 67 L. J. Ch. 156 ; 78
L. T. 35; 46W. R.243).
F". Pursuance.
BROUGHT ALONGSIDE.— F. Alongside.
BROUGHT BEFORE. — A person is sufficiently " brought before "
a magistrate, s. 24, 2 & 3 Y. c. 71, if he appear in answer to a summons ;
and it is not necessary that he should have been actually arrested and
brought in custody {Hadley v. Perks, 35 L. J. M. C. 177 ; L. R. 1 Q. B.
444; 7 B. & S. 375). Vf, R. v. Willcox, 37 W. R. 686.
BROUGHT INTO QUESTION.— T. jdgmt of Willes, J.,
Cooper r. Hubbuck, 31 L. J. C. P. 326; 12 C. B. N. S. 456. Vf,
Question.
BROUGHT UPON. — Fixtures, &c, "brought upon" any land,
&c, s. 6 (2), Bills of Sale Act, 1882, means, brought upon the premises
for the purpose of being Used there {London & JEastem Counties Loan
Co V. Creaky, cited Plant).
BRUERA. — "A man grants omnes brueras sua^] the soile where
heath doth growe passeth. It is derived from bruyer, a French word for
heath ; and it is called ros in the British tongue " (Go. Litt. 4 b, 5a:
V. Touch. 95 : Juncaria).
South Sea BUBBLE ACT. — 6 G. 1, c. 18.
BUGGERY. — This is synonymous with Sodomy (Jacob, whv).
BUILD.— V. Erect: Put.
A contract to supply stones and marie and burn lime for the " build-
ing " of houses, does not include, in that word, the plastering and tile-
BUILD 225 BUILDING
pointing of the houses (per Cresswell, J., Charlton v. Grtbson, 1 C. & K,
541).
Covenant not to " build " any Dwelliughouse ; F. DomvUe v. Colvile,
cited DWELLINGHOUSE.
BUILDER. —A " Builder," within the late Bankrj def of " Trader,"
was one who built houses for sale, whether on land purchased or leased
by him for that purpose, or who built for other persons by hire or con-
tract (Ex p. NeirinckXy 4 L. J. Bank. 73 ; 2 Mont, & Ayr. 384). But
the purchasing land with unfinished houses thereon and employing per-
sons to complete the houses, was not trading as a " Builder" (Ex p. Ed-
wards, 9 L. J. Bank. 11 ; 4 Jur. 153; 1 Mont. D. & D. 3). Vf, Exp.
StewaH, 18 L. J. Bank. 14 ; 13 Jur. 581 ; 3 Ex. 700; 3 D. G. & S. 557 :
Re FowUr, Fon. B. C. 201.
Structure " erected by a Builder for use " ; V, Use.
Qu^ London Bg Act, 1894, " Builder," " means the person who is em-
ployed to build, or to execute work on, a Building or Sthugture, or
(where no person is so employed) the Owxeb of the building or struc-
ture " (sube. 33, 8. 5).
BUILDING. — What is a ^ Building " must always be a question of
degree, and circumstances : its '' ordinary and usual meaning is, a block
of brick or stone work, covered in by a roof " (per Esher, M. R., Moir v.
Williams, 1892, 1 Q. B. 264; 61 L. J. M. C. 33). Vf, Structure.
" The masonry on the sides of a Canal is not sufficient to constitute it
a 'building.' A London street, though paved and faced with stone-
work, would yet be *land'; whilst the Holborn Viaduct would be a
« Building ' " (per Blackburn, J., E. v. Neath Canal Nav., 40 L. J. M. C.
197).
In a Covenant to Repair, '' the repairing or re-instating of ' Buildings'
would include a Garden Wall, or a Wall enclosing or defining some por-
tion of a field " (per James, V. C, Bowes v. Law, L. R. 9 Eq. 641).
But in a Covenant restricting User, '' Building " does not include a
Boundary Wall of reasonable height (Child v. Douglas, Kay, 560 ; 5 D. G.
M. & G. 739: Bowes v. Law, L. R. 9 Eq. 636; 39 J. Ch. 483; 22
L. T. 267 ; 18 W. R. 640) : — In Child v. Douglas, Wood, V. C, thought
a Boundary wall 5 ft. high, projecting at right angles to the street be-
yond the prescribed Building Line, might be doubtful, and that one of 15
ft. was too high; Si^thc on appeal. In Bowes v. Law, James, V. C, held
that a Front Boundary Wall alongside the road 8 ft. 6 in. high, was not a
breach of a covenant that " no Buildings except Dwellinghouses " should
be erected, but that it was a breach of that covenant to erect part of
that wall to a height of 11 ft., against which was to be a glazed lean-to
roof for the purpose of a Vinery, Vf, Private Dwbllinghouse.
It may, probably, be said that " Building," by itself, will not include a
16
BUILDING 226 BUILDING
Wall (per Parke, B., E. v. Gregory^ 5 B. & Ad. 555) ; and, k fortiori,
when in such a collocation as " House or Building " (Brown y. Holyhead,
7 L. T. 332). Vf, inf.
A Bay or Bow Window is a " Building," and its Addition to a house
will be a breach of a covenant not to erect " any building "in advance of
the house {Western v. M'Dermot, 36 L. J. Ch. 76; 2 Ch. 72: Manners
V. Johnson, 45 L. J. Ch. 404; 1 Ch. D. 673: Vthy ChiUy v. Bray, 48
L. T. 860 : Vf, R. v. Gregory, inf) ; seciis, of a projection of 2 inches
to a height of 1 ft. 6 in. in the front basement wall, or of a projection of
1 foot in a brick porch {Child y. Douglas, sup).
So, a wooden Advertisement Hoabding is a contravention of a covenant
not to erect a " Building or Erection " on the premises (per Mathew, J.,
Pocock V. Gilham, 1 Cab. & El. 104) ; but where the covenant was not
prohibitive and rather regulative of " any Building " to be erected, and
the regulations were inapplicable to an advertisement hoarding, it was
held that such a hoarding, though prejudicial, was not prohibited {Foster
v. Fraser, 1893, 3 Ch. 158; 63 L. J. Ch. 91; 69 L. T. 136; 42 W. R. 11;
57 J. P. 646: Cp, Lavy v. London Co. Co,^ inf). A Trellis- work
Screen has been held a " Building " other than a Stable or Coach-house,
within a restrictive covenant (per Bomer, J., Wood v. Cooper, 1894,
3Ch. 671; 63 L. J. Ch. 845).
A Wall with a covered way on the inside of a Church-yard as a protec-
tion from the weather, is not such a " Building " as is prohibited on a
Disused Burial Ground, by the Disused Burial Grounds Act, 1884, or
the Open Spaces Act, 1887 {St, Botolph, Vicar, v. Parishioners of Same,
1900, P. 69). Fa, sup.
A Wheel of a Water-Mill is within the phrase " Messuages and Build-
ings," as used in a Tenant's covenant to repair {Openshaw v, Evans, 50
L. T. 156).
Where a statute prohibits a " Building," that will, generally, include
any Addition to a bg, e.g. a prohibition against a " building" within a
stated distance from a road, will be offended by an open shop thrown out
from, and connected by a roof with, a house outside that distance, and so
of a portico or shelter {R, v. Gregory, 5 B. & Ad. ^b: Cohurg Hotel v.
London Co. Co., 81 L. T. 450; 63 J. P. 805: Cp, Manners v. Johnson,
sup).
" Possibly a « Silo ' may be called a 'Building ' within the meaning of
S. L. Act, 1882, s. 25 (xi)" (per Cotton, L. J., Re Broadwater, 54 L. J.
Ch. 1105).
A " Building, Structure or Erection," s. 75, 25 & 26 V. c. 102,
must be one on a space theretofore Vacant; and a new building, &c,
erected on the site of an old one recently pulled down, is not within the
section {Auckland v. Westminster, 41 L. J. Ch. 723; 7 Ch. 597: Vf,
Barlow v. St. Mary Abbotts, 55 L. J. Ch. 680; 11 App. Ca. 257 ; 55 L. T.
221 ; 34 W. R. 521 ; 60 J. P. 691). A magisterial finding that a smaU
BUILDING 227 BUILDING
conservatory over a projecting shop-front is not within this section was
not over-ruled {St. Georgey Hanover Sq,, v. Sparrow^ 33 L. J. M. C. 118;
16 C. B. N. S. 209). But though the mere raising an existing Frontage
Wall is not within the section, yet it is otherwise if the space between
the top of such raised wall and the house it encloses is roofed over ( Clark
v. St Fancras, 34 J. P. 181). A fence, if merely a reasonable delimi-
tation of property, is not within the section ; secus, if it is (or is made)
more than that and has the character of a building, structure, or erection
(miis V. Fhimstead, 68 L. T. 291 ; 57 J. P. 359 ; 41 W. R. 496). A
mere Wall, is not a building, structure, or erection, within the section
(Wendon v. London Co. Co., 1894, 1 Q. B. 812; 63 L. J. M. C. 117; 70
L. T. 440; 42 W. R. 370; 58 J. P. 606); but, even as regards a Wall,
it is a question of degree, and if it be used, or intended, for an Adver-
tisement-station, it is within the section (Lavy v. London Co. Co.,
1895, 2 Q. B. 577; 64 L. J. M. C. 262 ; 73 L. T. 106; 43 W. R. 677 ; 59
J. P. 630: Cp^ Foster Y, Fraser, sup, and Slaughter y. Sunderland, inf).
A Conservatory which projects from a dwellinghouse is not a " Build-
ing " within a Bye-Law under the P. H. Act, 1876 (Hibbert v. Acton,
5 Times Rep. 274). Vh, Adams v. Bromley, 36 J. P. 743.
** Building," within London Bg Act, 1894, and other Acts relating to
the Metropolis ; V. Stevens v. Gourley, 29 L. J. C. P. 1 ; 7 C. B. N. S. 99 :
Hall V. Smallpiece, 59 L. J. M. C. 97 : London Co. Co. v. Fearce, 1892,
2 Q. B. 109; 06 L. T. 685; 40 W. R. 543; 66 J. P. 790: Coburg Hotel
v. London Co. Co., sup: Structure.
The Fee* given by Part 1, Sch 2, Metrop Bg Act, 1855, to District Sur-
veyors for " Every Building," means, for every bg covered in by a roof;
therefore, a structure consisting of (say) 14 separate sets of chambers,
having a common staircase and covered by one roof, is only one building
(not 14), and the Surveyor is only entitled to fees as for one bg onl}'
{Moiry. Williams, 1892, 1 Q. B. 264; 61 L. J. M. C. 33; 66 L. T. 215;
40 W. R. 69; 56 J. P. 197). Cp, Distinct.
" Building," s. 157, P. H. Act, 1875, means, a structure roofed in and
capable of affording protection or shelter; therefore, mere roofless adver-
tisement-hoardings which surround a piece of land, though stayed and
tied together, are not a "building" within this section (Slaughter v.
Sunderland, 60 L. J. M. C. 91; 65 L. T. 250; 55 J. P. 519: Cp. Foster
Y. Fra^er, and Lavy v. London Co. Co.^ swp); secus, of a Pig-stye, or
Hen-house {Walker y. Baildon, 37 S. J. 217). Vf, Hibbert v. Acton,
sup: New Building.
QukP. H. (London) Act, 1891," •Building,' and 'House,' respectively,
include the Curtilage of a building or house, and include a building or
house wholly or partly erected under statutory authority " (s. 141).
Qa4 Burgh Police (Scot) Act, 1892, 55 & 56 V. c. 55, " 'Building'
shall include any Structure or Erection of what kind and nature soever,
and every part thereof " '(subs. 3, s. 4).
BUILDING 228 BUILDING
A wooden structure (let into the ground by posts) 9 ft. 6 in. long, 3 ft.
deep, and 7 ft. high, roofed, glazed in front, and with a door at one end,
used only for exhibiting photographs, but with no public approach ; held,
by the Justices as a " Building " within s. 3, P. H. (Building in Streets)
Act, 1888, 51 & 52 V. c. 52, and, per Pollock, B., they were right, and,
per Hawkins, J., that it was a question of fact concluded in that case by
the Justices' finding {Leicester v. BrowHy 62 L. J. M. C. 22; 67 L. T. 686;
41W. R.78).
Though a house is in Separate Flats, all of it that is under the one roof
is a ** Building," within Kules 28, 29, Dairies, Cowsheds, and Milkshops
Order, 1885 (London Co. Co. v. Edwards, 1898, 2 Q. B. 75^ 67 L. J. Q. B.
648; 78 L. T. 558; 62 J. P. 377).
Sheds for protecting Mine Engines, held, within a Local Act authoris-
ing a Rate on all " Buildings " {Brown v. Granville, 10 Bing. 69).
" House, Warehouse, Counting House, Shop, or other Building, " to
confer the franchise under s. 27, Kep People Act, 1832, includes, in its
last term, only buildings of a permanent character used for residentiary
or commercial purposes (Pownall v. Dawson, 21 L. J. C. P. 14; 11 C. B.
9) ; and does not include a tool shed (Powell v. Boraston, 34 L. J. C. P.
73; 18 C. B. K S. 175). Sv, Morrish v. Harris^ L. R. 1 C. P. 155. Is
a Pig-stye such a " Building "? (Powell y. Farmer, 34 L. J. C. P. 71;
18 C. B. N. S. 168). A Cow-house may be ( Whitmore v. Wenlock, 13
L. J. C. P. 55; 5 M. & G. 9). Vf, Toms v. LuckeU, cited Lodger.
"Dwelling-house, Workshop, or other Building,*' s. 3, Prescription
Act, 1832, 2 & 3 W. 4, c. 71, means quk " Building," one analogous to
those mentioned (Harris v. De Pinna, 33 Ch. D. 238 ; 54 L. T. 38), e.g.
a Green-house (Clifford v. Holt, 1899, 1 Ch. 698; 68 L. J. Ch. 332; 80
L. T. 48). So, "House, Shop, or other Building whatever," s. 38, 57
G. 3, c. 19, does not include a temporary booth, e.g. Hustings (Allen v.
Aj/re, 1 L. J. 0. S. K. B. 204).
" Sewer, Drain, Privy, Cesspool, Ashpit, Building,** in a Local Act
relating to public health, held to include in its last term a Dwelling-
house (Pearson v. Kingston, 35 L. J. M. C. 36; 3 H. & C. 921).
" House or other Bg," s. 92, Lands C. C. Act, 1845; V. House.
An Arch used as a store-house is a " Building " within s. 7, Gas Works
Clauses Act, 1847 (Thompson v. Sunderland Gas Co, 46 L. J. Ex. 710;
2 Ex. D. 429).
An unfinished house is a " Building " within s. 6, 24 & 25 V. c. 97 (R.
V. Manning, L. R. 1 C. C. R. 338; 41 L. J. M. C. 11 ; 25 L. T. 573).
" Corporate Buildings," s. 92, 5 & 6 W. 4, c. 76; Semble, a Corpora-
tion Pew is within this phrase (E. v. Warwick, 15 L. J. Q. B. 306;
8 Q. B. 926). Vf, Necessakilt.
"Building, Erection, or Thing," within a Local Act prohibition; Fl
Colbran v. Barnes, 11 C. B. N. S. 246: Thing.
" Building of the Warehouse Class " ; V, Warehouse.
BUILDING 229 BUILDING LEASE
A Bye-Law relating to the construction of Cesspools in connection
with Buildings, may apply as well to old as to new bgs (Simmons v. 3fal'
ling, 1897, 2 Q. B. 433 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 5S5 ; 77 L. T. 341 ; 45 W. R. 603 ;
61 J. P. 602).
" Buildings, Lands, and Heredits "; V. Hereditament.
^^ Bg, &c, vested in, and in the occupation of, Her Majesty " ; V. Vested.
F. Addition : New Building : Old Building : Public Building :
Stbuctube: Dwellinghouse : House: Erect: Erection: Factory:
Kebuilding: Canal: Property other than land: Market Gar«
den: Height.
Qui Foreign Enlistment Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 90, « 'Building/ in
relation to a Ship, shall include the doing any act towards, or incidental
to, the construction of a ship " (s. 30).
BUILDING LAND. — '' 'Building Land' is a term frequently used
for land capable of being built on — land suitable for being built on in
the judgment of those who come to that conclusion " (per Hatherley, C,
Lond. & S. W. Ry v. Blackmore, 39 L. J. Ch. 716 ; L. R. 4 H. L. 610).
Vft Dougherty v. Oatesy cited Freehold. Cp, Building Purposes.
F. Broomfield v. Williams, cited Contrary Intention.
BUILDINQ LEASE. — A Building Lease as distinguished from a
Kepairing Lease, involves the idea of either erecting a building on
vacant land, or of pulling down old buildings and erecting new ones on
the site (London v. Nash, 3 Atk. 513, 514). It must contain a covenant
by the lessee to build (Jones v. Vemey, Willes, 169: ReUallett, 52 L. J.
Ch. 804; 24 Ch. D. 624). Q?, Occupation Ijsase.
For the purposes of the Conv. &, L. P. Act, 1881, a Building Lease " is
a Lease for Building purposes, or purposes connected therewith," s. 2 (x).
A similar definition is provided for the S. L. Act, 1882; V. s. 2 (10, iii).
This includes a Lease whereby the lessee covenants to spend a substantial
sum on specified repairs ; but if the leave of the Court be required, —
e.g. under s. 63, S. L. Act, 1882, by s. 7, S. L. Act, 1884, — that leave
will not be given where the Court thinks the repairs are of such a kind
that the Tenant for Life ought to pay for them (Re Danielle 1894, 3 Ch.
503; 64 L. J. Ch. 173; 71 L. T. 563; 43 W. R. 133).
A Building Lease, under S. L. Act, must be in Good faith (Suther-
land V. Sutherland, 1893, 3 Ch. 169 ; %2 L. J. Ch. 946 ; 69 L. T. 186 ;
42 W. R. 12).
In determining whether a Lease is, or is not, a Building Lease, within
the Solrs Bem Ord, regard must be had, — (1) to the circumstances of
the contract; (2) the subject-matter of the demise; and (3) the nature
and extent of the expenditure to be made ; e.g. a lease to a Race Com-
mittee of 135 acres with a cottage thereon for 99 years at a Rack-rent,
the lessees covenanting to spend £1000 within 12 months in good and
BUILDING LEASE 230 BUILT
sufficient improvements of a substantial and permanent character, is not;
a Building Lease, for there is no stipulation, or manifest necessity, that
the money is to be spent in building; but a similar lease of a large house
with about 1 acre of ground attached, the house being much out of repair,
and the lessee covenanting to spend £300 on similar improvements, is sl
Bg Lease (Ee Hogan, 1894, 1 L R. 503). Vf, Re Hall to Sutton, 1900,
1 I. R. 137.
Quk Part 2, 23 & 24 V. c. 153, " Building Leases " includes " Repair-
ing Leases " (s. 25) : Va, 21 & 22 V. c. 77, s. 2.
BUILDING LINE.— V. Barlow y. St. Mary Abbotts, 11 App. Ca.
257; 55 L, J. Ch. 680; 55 L. T. 221 ; 34 W. R. 521 ; 50 J. P. 691:
Worley V. St. Mary Abbotts, 1892, 2 Ch. 404; 61 L. J. Ch. 601 : Nevo^
haven Loc, Bd v. Newhaven School Bd, 30 Ch. D. 350.
V, Genebal Line of Buildings : Arise.
BUILDING OWNER. — Qui London Bg Act, 1894, "Building
Owner," "means such one of the Owners of adjoining land as is desir-
ous of huilding, or such one of the Owners of buildings, storeys, or rooms,
separated from one another by a party-wall or party-structure, as does, or
is desirous of doing, a work affecting that party-wall or party-structure "
(subs. 31, s. 5), — this def is an amplification of s. 82, 18 & 19 V.
c. 122.
V. Adjoining Owner.
BUILOINQ PURPOSES.— The phrase, land "used for Building
Purposes," s. 128, Lands C. C. Act, 1845, does not mean what is ordi-
narily called " Building land " ; but means " land actually used for
building purposes, not land contemplated to be used for building pur-
poses, or intended to be used for building purposes, or suitable for build-
ing purposes " (per Hatherley, C, Loud* & S. W. By v. Blacktnore, 39
L. J. Ch. 717 ; L. R. 4 H. L. 610: Va, Coventry v. L. B, & S. Ry, 37
L. J. Ch. 90; L. R. 5 Eq. 104 ; 16 W- R. 267: Carington v. Wycombe
Ry^ cited Town).
Qu4 Conv & L. P. Act, 1881, " * Building Purposes,' include the erect-
ing, and the improving of, and the adding to, and the repairing of.
Buildings *' (s. 2, subs. 10) : a like def is provided for the S. L. Act,
1882 (s. 2, subs. 10, iii). Vh, Re Daniell, cited Building Lease: Re
Ellesmere, W. N. (98) 18.
BUILDING SOCIETY. — "The Building Societies Acts, 1874 to
1894 " ; r. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
Vh, Wurtzburg, on Building Societies.
BUILT. — " Erected or built " ; V. Erected.
A Covenant, in a Conveyance, that " no Hotel, Tavern, Public-house,
Beer-house, Shop, or other bg,'' for the sale of intoxicants, "shall be
BUILT 231 BURGAGE
built " upon the land conveyed, means that the prohibited businesses ** shall
not be " on the land ;«and, therefore, the User of any bg on the land for
either of such businesses will be restrained, though such user was not in
contemplation when the bg was " built " ( Webb v. FagoUi^ 79 L. T. 683).
BUILT UPON. —As to this phrase as used in s. 128, Lands G. C.
Act, 1845; V. jdgmt of Hatherley, C, Lond, & S. W. Ry v. Blackmorey
39 L. J. Ch. 713 ; L. R. 4 H. L. 610 : CaHngton v, Wycombe Ry, cited
Town.
Vfy Amell V. Regenfs Canal Coj cited Passage.
BULK. — V. Bbeak Bulk : Left.
BULLER'S ACTS. — The Poor Law Acts of 1848, 11 & 12 V. cc. 82,
91, and 110.
BUNGLER. — To say of an Abttficeb that he is a '' Bungler '' in
his work, is Slander, per se (Redman v. Fyne, 1 Mod. 19). Cp^
Cobbler.
BUOY. — Quk Mer Shipping Act, 1894, " * Buoys and Beacons,' in-
eludes all other marks and signs of the Sea " (s. 742).
BURDEN. — The Exemption from Tolls given by s. 19 (6), 32 & 33
V. c. 14, for vehicles used for the conveyance " of any Goods or Burden,''
does not extend to such things as a travelling show. Neither does
''Burden " include persons. ** I cannot think that if a tradesman deals
in an article, and sends his traveller out in a gig, the gig would be
exempt on the ground that the traveller could be said to be a Burden "
(per Kelly, C. B., Speak v. Powell, 43 L. J. M. C. 19 ; L. R. 9 Ex. 25).
Upon the construction of the Act for establishing a Ferry across tho
Tyne, " Burthen " held to mean capacity for carrying, not register ad-
measurement (North Shields Ferry Co v. Barker, 2 Ex. 136). And,
ordinarily speaking, so many Tons Burden connotes a capacity to carry;
but in the legislation relating to the Registration of British Vessels
prior to Mer Shipping Act, 1894, and in that Act (V. ss. 3, 90, 622,
625) " 'Tons Burden ' is used with a meaning which is the same as that
of a Tonnage of a Vessel ascertained in the manner directed by the Act
for the time being in force, — i.e. the Registered Tonnage " (The Brunei,
1899, P. 45; 1900, P. 24; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 1 ; 69 lb. 8; 81 L. T.
500). F/; 53 & 54 V. c. 56, s. 3.
Qu^ Lessee's Covenant in a Lease to bear Burdens, it has been said
that " perhaps, the most inclusive word is * Burdens ' " (Redman, 300,
citing Sweet y. Sea ger t^nd Tidswell x. Whitworth, for u;Ai; Taxes). Sv,
Outgoings: Impositions.
BURQAQE. — " * Burgage,' is a Tenure proper to Cities, Borow8,and
Towns, whereby the Burgers, Citizens, or Townsmen hold their lands or
BURGAGE 282 BURGH
tenements of the King, or other lord, for a certain yearly rent " (Cowel).
FjT, Co. Litt. 108b-116a: Termes de la Ley: Jac^b: 2 Encyc. 302.
Note. The right of " Burgage Tenants " " in every City or Town,
being a County of. itself " to vote for a Member of Parliament, was re-
tained by 8. 31, Kep People Act, 1832, on whv Bogers, Part 1.
"By Burgage Tenure" " Held Burgage "5 Stat. Def., Scot 23& 24 V.
c. 143, 8. 2.
BURQESS.—" BurcrensU, is a man of trade " (Co. Litt. 80a). —
" < Burgesses, Burgenses^' are properly the inhabitants of a Borow or
Town, driving a trade there " (Cowel). F/» Jacob.
'* Burgess " is sometimes used to designate a Registered Parliamentary
Voter, but more generally a Registered Municipal Voter: F. 31 & 32 V.
c. 41, 8. 2; 41 & 42 V. c. 2^, s. 4; Mun Corp Act, 1882, ss. 7, 9; 47 &
48 V. c. 70, 8. 35 ; 48 & 49 V. c. 9, s. 3. When applied to a City " Bur-
gess " has been made to include " Citizen " : K 3 & 4 V. c. 108, s. 215;
12 & 13 V. c. 94, 8. 10. V. Freeman.
V- Entitled to be on Burgess List.
BURQH, — "Burgh" in Scotland has affinity to "Borough" in
England.
" Burghs," are Parliamentary ; — Koyal ; — Police.
A " Parliamentary Burgh " is, probably, generally understood as a
Town returning, or contributing to return, a Member to Parliament (31
& 32 V. c. 108, 8. 2 ; 55 & 56 V. c. 55, b. 4, subs. 23) ; but in other Acts
it is defined as " a Burgh or Town to which Magistrates and Councils
were provided by 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 77 " (17 & 18 V. c. 64, s. 1 ; 25 & 26 V.
c. 101,8.3).
A " Royal Burgh " is a Town whose Common Council and Magistrates
are elected under 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 76: V. 25 & 26 V. c. 101, s. 3. 3 & 4
W. 4, c. 76, divides these Burghs into two classes, t.e. Sch C. Edinburgh,
Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dundee, Perth, Dunferpiline, Dumfries, and Inver-
ness : — Sch F. Dornoch, New Galloway, Culross, Lochmaben, Bervie,
Wester Anstruther, Kilreny, Kinghorn, and Kintore.
A " Police Burgh " is a Town or Populous Place whose Municipal
Government is constituted, and the boundaries whereof are fixed, under
the General Police Acts for Scotland, or under any Local Police Act:
FA, 55 & 56 V. 0.55,8.4(25); 58 & 59 V. c. 6, 8.3; 52&53V.C.50,
8.105; 53&54V.C.60, 8.6, C.67, 8. 30; 54&55 V. c. 32, s. 7; 57 &
58 V. c. 58, fe. 54.
As regards Municipal Government, there are also Burghs of Regality,
and Burghs of Barony.
Whether all, or only some or one, of the foregoing are included in
" Burgh " as used in any one of the many Acts relating to " Burghs" will
be ascertained by its interp clause : •>— e.g, qu^ 55 & 56 V. c. 55, its s. 4 (4)
provides that " ' Burgh ' when used alone (unless otherwise expressed,
or inconsistent with the context), shall include Boyal Burgh^ Parlia-
BURCH 283 BURIAL
mentary Burgh, Burgh incorporated by Act of Parliament, Burgh of
Regality, Burgh of Barony, and any Populous Place or Police Burgh
administered in whole or in part under any General or Local Police Act " :
— But, qu4 £2 & £3 V. c. 50, its s. 105 provides that " ' Burgh ' means,
any Royal, or Parliamentary, Burgh."
"Burgh General Assessment"-, Stat. Def., 50 & 51 V. c. 42, s. 2.
" Burgh Local AutharUy " ; Stat. Def., 41 & 42 V. c. 51, s. 3.
" Burgh School "; Stat. Def., 24 & 26 V. c. 107, s. 1 ; 35 & 36 V.
c. 62, 8. 1.
"Burghal Parish^' "Burghal Part of a Parish"; Stat. Def., 57 &
58 V. c. 58, 8. 54.
BURGH-BOTE V. Bote.
BU RGLARY. — " Burglary " is a Term of Art {Holford v. Bailey, 18
L. J. Q. B. 109; 13 Q. B. 426: R. v. Gray, 33 L. J. M. C. 78 ; L. &
C. 365), and means the breaking and entering by Night of the Dwell-
ing-house {Va^ Mansion) of another with intent to commit a felony
therein (3 Inst. 63 ; 4 Bl. Com. 224) ; " or, being in such dwelling-
house, shall commit any felony therein, and shall in either case break
out of the said dwelling-house in the night " (24 & 25 V. c. 96, s. 51).
Vf, Arch. Cr. 591-615; Rose. Cr. 313-336: Termes de la Ley: 2 Encyc.
304-309: Jacob: Break: Enteb.
BURIAL. — Qu^ P. H. (Scot) Act, 1897, "« Burial,' includes Crema-
tion" (s. 3). V. Chbistian Burial: Intbbmbnt.
" The Burial Acts, 1852 to 1885 " ; " The Burial (Ir) Acts, 1824 to
1868 " ; " The Burial Grounds (Scot) Acts, 1855 to 1886 " ; V. Sch 2,
Short Titles Act, 1896.
" Burial Board "; V. Board.
" Burial Ground," s. 1, Metropolitan Open Spaces Act, 1881 ; ss. 2, 4,
Open Spaces Act, 1887 ; Disused Burial Grounds Act, 1884 ; — includes
ground in which no interment has taken place, and whether consecrated
or not, which has been at any time Set apart for the purposes of inter-
ment; and '^ IHstised Burial Ground," means, such a Burial Ground
which is not used for interments, whether or not it is closed for that
purpose by an Order in Council or is otherwise disused (Re Fonsford
and NexcpoH School Bd, 1894, 1 Ch. 454 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 278; 70 L. T.
502; 42 W. R. 358). Q?, Cemetery. Vf, Under.
"Burial Ground"; Other Stat. Def., 27 & 28 V. c. 97, s. 7; 30 &
31 V. c 38, s. 1; 37 & 38 V. c. 85, s. 6.
" New Burial Ground," s. 7, 16 & 17 V. c. 134, s. 12 ; 20 & 21 V. c. 81,
includes an addition to an old one {R, v. Basingstoke^ 41 S. J. 30). Vh,
Provided.
Burial Ground " of " a Parish ; V. Of.
" Places of Burial," s. 23, 20 & 21 V. c. 81, " are those which may be
BURIAL 234 BUSINESS
called Public Burial Places, and have that permanent impress upon them
by reason of their having been devoted (either by Consecration^ Trust
Deed, or otherwise) to the purpose of interment, and which are kept and
taken care of as such " (per Lush, J., Foster v. Dodd, 7 B. & S. 169).
BURKE'S ACT. — The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act,
1782, 22 G. 3, c. 82.
BURN : BURNING.— The singeing of the cover is not a ''burning"
of a Will so as to Revoke it ; nor is a fraudulent burning of something
else instead of the Will, which the testator has directed to be burnt, a
revocation {Doe d. Reed v. HarriSf 6 A. & E. 209; 6 L. J. K. B. 84;
stated 1 Jarm. 131). " A strong intention to burn is not a burning.
There must be, at all events, a partial burning of the instrument itself ;
I do not say that a quantity of words must be burnt ; but there must be
a burning of the paper on which the Will is ** (per Patteson, J., lb.),
Coleridge, J., whilst agreeing that a total destruction was not necessary,
added, — " but there should be such a burning as destroys the entirety of
the Will, for in such a case the Will of the testator no longer exists as
he framed it." ( Vf^ Doe d. Perks v. Perks, cited Tear). But, semble, a
slight singeing of the Will itself, is a " burning," if the Will was thrown
on the fire by the testator with intent to burn it, although it fell o£E the
fire and was saved from further destruction by a person picking it up and
preserving it without the testator*s knowledge (Bibb v. Thomas, 2 Bl. W.
1043). V. Destkoy.
So, if a Marine Policy contains a warranty against Ayeraoe, " unless
the Ship is stranded, sunk, or burnt," the Ship is not " burnt " if she
merely receives a small injury by fire, e.ff. damage to the plating of the
bunker (The Glenlivet, 1894, P. 48; 63 L. J. P. D. & A. 45; 69 L. T.
706; 42 W. R. 97; 7 Asp. 395). V. Sink: Stbandino.
V. Fire.
QuA Arson ; F. Set Fire.
Burning of Heretics ; V. Heretico Combubendo.
BURST. — Bursting; T. Flood.
BURTHEN. — r. Burden.
BUSHEI A Bushel is 8 Gallons (s. 15, 41 & 42 V. c. 49). As
to Lime, Fish, Potatoes, Fruit, or any other Goods and Things which,
prior to 9th Sept. 1835, were sold by Heaped Measure; V. s. 16, lb.
" ' Bushel,' taken by itself and without reference to any Custom or par-
ticular Agreement, means a Statute Bushel " {Hockin v. Cooke, 4 T. R.
314: St. Cross Hosp, v. Howard de Walden, 6 lb. 338).
BUSINESS. — Companies, for the acquisition of gain, of more than
20 persons for " carrying on any other business " (i.e. other than Bank-
ing) must be registered (s. 4, Comp Act, 1862).
BUSINESS 285 BUSINESS
" * Business ' has a more extensive meaning than the word ' Trade * "
(per Willes, J., Harris v. Anieri/, 35 L. J. C. P. 92 ; L. R. 1 C. P. 148) :
on the other hand, it has heen said that " ordinarily speaking, Business
is synonymous with 'Trade ' " (per Chatterton, V. C, Delanyv, Delany^
15 L. R. Ir. 67).
In Smith v. Anderson (50 L. J. Ch. 43; 15 Ch. D. 258), Jessel, M. R.,
after citing definitions of " Business " from several dictionaries, said,
" anything which occupies the time and attention and lahour of a man, /or
the purpose of profit (Sv, inf), is business." Further on he remarks, —
'' There are many things which in common colloquial English would not
be called a Business, when carried on by a single person, which would
be so called when carried on by a number of persons. For instance, a
man who is the owner of a house divided into several floors and used for
commercial purposes, e.g. offices, would not be said to carry on a business
because he let the offices as such. But suppose a Company was formed
for the purpose of buying a building, or leasing a house, to be divided
into offices and to be let out, — should not we say, if that was the object
of the Go, that the Co was carrying on business for the purpose of letting
offices ? The same observation may be made as regards a single indi-
vidual buying or selling land, with this addition, that he may make it a
business, and then it is a question of continuity. When you come to
an Association or Company formed for a purpose, you would say at once
that it is a business, because there you have that from which you would
infer continuity. So in the ordinary case of investments, a man who
has money to invest, the object being to obtain his income, invests his
money, and he may occasionally sell the investments and buy others, but
he is not carrying on a business." The decision, of which the obser-
vations just quoted were the preface, was reversed on appeal ; without,
however, as it would seem, affecting the value of those observations in
regard to its use in s. 4 of the Comp Act. Within that section a
mutual Marine Insurance Association is a ** Business " (Ee Padstow
Assrcej 51 L. J. Ch. 344; 20 Ch. D. 137) ; so is Farming though it
could not properly be called a trade {Harris v. Amery^ sup) : and so is
a Mutual Benefit Society the object of which is to lend money to its
members only {Shaw v. Benson, 52 L. J. Q. B. 675 ; 11 Q. B. D. 563) ;
or a Land Society one of whose objects is to win minerals (Crowther
V. Thorley, 31 W. R.^564 ; 32 lb. 330 ; 48 L. T. 644 ; 50 lb. 43). Such
transactions, however, as were contemplated by the Government and
Guaranteed Permanent Trust, or by the Submarine Cables Trust, are not
a ** Business " ; the Trustees being such, in deed as well as in name, and
not being agents with power to enter into contracts (Smith v. Anderson,
sup ; over-ruling Sykes v. Beadon, 48 L. J. Ch. 522 ; 11 Ch. D. 170).
So, a Literary Socy is not such a Business {Re Bristol Athenceum,
cited Joint Stock Company).
But though the contemplation of making profit was stated by Jessel,
BUSINESS 236 BUSINESS
M. B., in Smith y. Andersofiy to be an ingredient in determining whether
a sequence of things done would form a ** Business, " and though that
idea runs through the other cases just cited, yet that portion of the defi-
nition would seem to be confined to cases under the Comp Act, or those
of a like kind. It is indeed clear lanr that there may be a " Business "
offending against a prohibitory covenant, without pecuniary profit being
at all contemplated. In such a connection, especially, " Business " is a
very much larger word than " Trade '* : and the word " Business " is em-
ployed in order to include occupations which would not strictly come within
the meaning of the word " Trade,'* — the larger word not being limited
by association with the lesser (per Pearson, J., Rolls v. MilleVy 53 L. J.
Ch. 101). Therefore, a covenant not to permit the carrying on of any
" Trade or Business " is broken by allowing the premises to be used as
an Out-Patient Branch of a Hospital {Bramwell v. Laey^ 48 L. J. Ch.
339 ; 10 Ch. D. 691 ; 40 L. T. 361 ; 27 W. R. 463 : TodrHeatley v. Ben.
ham, 40 Ch. D. 80 ; 58 L. J. Ch. 83 ; 37 W. R. 38) ; or as a Home for
working girXh. {Rolls v. Miller, 53 L. J. Ch. 99, 510, 682; 25 Ch. D.
206 ; 27 lb. 71). And the Council of Law Reporting carry on (probably)
a Trade and certainly a Business within the phrase " Trade or Business "
in s. 11 (5), Customs & Inl. Rev. Act, 1885, 48 & 49 V. c. 51 {Re Law
RepoHing Council^ 58 L. J. Q. B. 90).
On the other hand there may be a sequence of acts from which profit
is anticipated without a '* Business " being constituted. Thus where
a Barrister, occupying a house and 79 acres of land as a private resi-
dence which he had originally taken for pleasure, used some of the land
for breeding cattle and horses and raising vegetables, fruits and flow-
ers, which he sold, and he also occasionally bought and sold cattle and
horses; it was held, on the evidence, that he did not carry on '^ Business "
within s. 44, Bankry Act, 1883, and therefore that his Trustee was not
entitled to claim, as against a Bill of Sale holder, by virtue of that section
{Re Wallis, Exp. Sully, 14 Q. B. D. 950 ; 33 W. R. 733 ; 52 L. T. 625).
Vfy In his Trade or Business.
^ But again, and in another view, there may be a " Business " without
any sequence of acts, for " if an isolated transaction which, if repeated,
would be a transaction in a Business, is proved to have been undertaken
with the intent that it should be the first of several transactions in the
carrying on a business, then it is a first transaction in an existing Busi-
ness ; . . . and if the business is one in which it is proper to keep books,
then books ought to be kept from the commencement of the first trans-
action "; and their Aon-keeping is a ground for refusing &c a Bankrupt's
Order of Discharge, within s. 28 (3 a), Bankry Act, 1883 {Re Griffin, 60
L. J. Q. B. 235 ; 39 W. R. 156). Vf, Business Transactions.
A Boys-School (Doe d. Bish v. Keeling, 1 M. & S. 95 : Vf, Disagree-
able), or a Girls-School {Kemp v. Sober, 20 L. J. Ch.602; 1 Sim. N. S.
517), is a "Business or Calling," or a "Public Trade or Business"
BUSINESS 237 BUSINESS
( Wickenden v. Webster, 25 L. J. Q. B. 264 ; 6 E. & B. 387; 27 L. T.
O. S. 122) within a restrictive covenant. So is a Pay-Hospital {Poftman
V. Bome Hospitals Assn, 27 Ch. D. 81, n; 60 L. T. 599 : Fa, Bramwdl
V. Lacy and Rolls v. Miller, sup). It is questioned whether keeping a
Tjodging House is a " Business " within such a covenant (Woodf. 706) ;
but surely it is a " Business " (per Lindley, L. J., Holls v. Miller, 27
Ch. D. 88), though not a " Trade."
Qui Partnership Act, 1890, " ' Business/ includes every Trade, Occu-
pation, or Pbofession " (s. 45).
Note. The mere description in a Lease of the demised premises being
of a particular Business Character, e.g, an Hotel, does not create an im-
plied covenant for carrying on that business {Grand Canal Co v.
M'Namee, 29 L. E. Ir. 131); nor does a covenant that no other than a
specified business shall be carried on, imply, affirmatively, that such
business shall be carried on (Doe v. Guest, 15 M. & W. 160).
V, Trade: Calling: Ordinary Calling: Carry on: Profits:
Transact Business: Solely: Purposes.
" Business,** the conducting of which is punishable under 16 & 17 V.
c. 119, ss. 1, 3, does not mean the general, or any part of the, business of
a place in which betting may be carried on, but means, " the Business of
a Betting-house Keeper " in that place (per Hawkins, J., B. v. Cook, 13
Q. B. D. 384 ; 51 L. T. 21; 32 W. R. 796 ; 48 J. P. 694). Vf, Davis v.
Stephenson, cited Use.
It seems that a Patentee is engaged in a " Business " within R. 4,
Trades Marks Rules, Feb. 1883, so long as he receives royalties under
his patent, even though he does not himself manufacture (Re Ralphs
63 L. J. Ch. 188 ; 26 Ch. D. 194).
Filling up vacancies in a Local Board of Health, is" Business " within
Sch 1, Part 1, R. 2, P. H. Act, 1876 (Newhaven Loc. Bd v. New-
haven School Bd, 30 Ch. D. 360).
" Business in any Action,^* &c, in R. 2, Solrs Rem Ord, does not in-
clude conveyancing business (Re Merchant Taylors^ Co, 64 L. J. Ch.
867; 30 Ch. D. 28: Vh, Re Atkinson, 24 L. R. Tr. 182). "Business "
in R. 6 of the Order means, any part of the business which would be
covered by the Scale Fee (Re Allen, 66 L. J. Ch. 487; 34 Ch. D. 433 ;
5Q L. T. 6; 36 W. R. 218: Hester v. Hester, m L. J. Ch. 247: 34
Ch. D. 607 ; bb L. T. 862 ; 36 W. R. 233 ; 61 J. P. 438: Re Metcalf,
57 L. J. Ch. 82; 67 L. T. 926 ; 36 W. R. 137). V. Business Cox-
ducted with: Undertaking.
" Business of the Co " ; V. Re Foreign & Colonial Government Trust,
cited Conveniently.
" Business of any Mine,'' s. 29, 24 & 26 V. c. 97; F. Erection.
V. Out of the Business.
A Bequest of a " Business," does not include a freehold shop in which
the Business is carried on (Re Benton^ 30 W. R. 702).
BUSINESS 238 BUS. PURPOSES
So, a bequest, by a Corn and Wool Factor, of " mj said Business, and
tbe Goodwill thereof, with the premises in which the same shall be
carried on," was held not to pass the testator's Capital in his business,
nor his Book-Debts (which were regarded as part of Capital), nor his Stock-
in-Trade ; but that sacks, horses, and drays, " forming, as it were, part of
the implements of trade," did pass {Delany v. Delaiiy^ 15 L. R. Ir. 55:
as to Book Debts, Vf, Re Deller, W. N. (88), 62). Nor does a bequest of
"Goodwill and Fixtures," pass the Stock-in-Tbade {Re Presley ^ 92
Law Times, 391).
Power to advance to set-up in business ; V. Set up.
Contract not to do " Business " for A.'s clients; V. Client,
" Place of Business "; V. Place.
*' Similar Business " ; F. Similar.
BUSINESS CONNECTED WITH. — The negotiations {Re
Field, 54 L. J. Ch. 661 ; 29 Ch. D. 608 ; 33 W. R. 553), and a prelimi-
nary agreement {Re Emanuel and Simnionds, 55 L. J. Ch. 710; 33
Ch. D. 40 ; 34 W. R. 613), are " Business connected with " a Lease, within
Rule 2, Solrs Rem Ord and as such comprised within the work for
which the ad vaL remuneration is provided by the Order {Savery v. En-
field, 1893, A. C. 218 ; 62 L. J. Ch. 674). But abortive negotiations
with persons other than the actual lessee is not such Business {Re
Martin, 41 Ch. D. 381; 5 Times Rep. 426). FjT, Lease.
V. BUSINESH.
BUSINESS DAYS. — "Non-business Days" for the purposes of
Bills of Ex. Act, 1882, mean —
" (a) Sunday, Good Friday, Christmas Day :
(b) A Bank Holiday, under the Bank Holidays Act, 1871, or Acts
amending it:
(c) A day appointed by Royal Proclamation as a Public Fast or
Thanksgiving Day.
Any other day is a Business Day " (s. 92, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882).
BUSINESS HOURS- — If a thing is to be done by A. "during
Business Hours," semble that means, during A.'s business, and not
during the business hours of other persons ( V. per Smith, L. J., Re Kent
Coalfields Syndicate, 67 L. J. Q. B. 503).
BUSINESS PREMISES.— As to effect of a description in Par-
ticulars of Sale of property as " Business Premises " ; V. Re Davis and
Cavey, BS L. J. Ch. 143; 40 Ch. D. 601.
BUSINESS PURPOSES. — Semble, a remittance to a clerk to be
employed for " Business Purposes," is not misapplied if out of it he pays
his own salary ( Smith v. Thompson, 8 C. B. 44; 18 L. J. C. P. 314).
BUS. TRANSACTIONS 289 BUTT
BUSINESS .TRANSACTIONS. — The "usual and proper" Books
of Account sufficiently disclosing a person's " Business Transactions and
Financial Position*' the omission to keep which is a Bankry offence (46
& 47 V. c. 52, 8. 28, subs. 3, a), need only disclose a Bankrupt's Trans-
actions and Position " in the business carried on by him/' and need not
disclose matters outside such business, — e,g. a building speculation, the
Bankrupt not being a builder {Re Mutton, 19 Q. B. D. 102; o6 L. J. Q. B.
395; 56 L. T. 802; 35 W. R. 561). Vf, Be Griffin, cited Business.
BUT. — " Where gifts are intended to be cut down, the words cutting
them down are generally introduced by some stronger word than * But ' ;
and there must, therefore, be a distinction made between cases where
gifts are properly cut down and those where such a result is only to be
inferred from imperfect statements of the event on which the testator in-
tended to found the gift over " (per Ld St. Leonards, Abbott v. Middleton,
28 L. J. Ch. 113; 7 H. L. Ca. 68 ; Sv, jdgmt of Ld Wensleydale in the).
The word " But " following a covenant " suggests a qualification," but
is insufficient to create an independent covenant (per Hall, V. C, Sear v.
House Property Co, 50 L. J. Ch. 77 ; 16 Ch. D. 387), in which case a
lessee's covenant not to assign without lessoi'^s consent, was held to be
only qualified by the added phrase " but such consent not to be Unrea-
sonably withheld," and that such phrase did not amount to a covenant
by the lessor on which a breach could be assigned; Vf^ Brouffhton v. Con-
way, Moore, 58 ; Dy. 240 a: Gervis v. Peade, Cro. Eliz. 615; Dy. 240 a:
Elph. 469.
" But on the contrary," may render an allegation specific which before
was general and uncertain {Edge v. Pemberton, 12 M. & W. 189) ; the
phrase '* should never be used " in a Pleading statement (per Willes, J.,
Carpenter v. Parker, 3 C. B. N. S. 243: Vh, Harris v. Mantle, 3 T. K.
307).
BUTCHER. — The business of a" Butcher "* is carried on, within the
meaning of a restrictive covenant, if raw meat be sold on the premises
though the animals be slaughtered elsewhere {Doe d. Gaskell v. Spry,
1 B. & Aid. 617) ; and so the exposure of pork-meat for sale is carrying
on the business of a ** Pork-Butcher " {Doe d. Davis v. Elsam, Moo. &
M. 189). But in Cleaver v. Bacon (4 Times Rep. 27), Kekewich, J.,
cited from the Imperial Dictionary the definition of " Butcher " as, " One
who slaughters animals for market; or one whose occupation is to kill
animals for the table " ; and, the learned judge added, " One who simply
sells meat does not seem to enter into that definition " ; but that was an
obiter dictum, yet still the case involved the construction of a restrictive
covenant; V. Offensive: Baker: Cabby on.
BUTT. — "A piece of land ; e.g. Register of Worcester Priory, fol.
49 b (Cam« Soc.). Where a selio abruptly meets othersy or abuts upon a
BUTT 240 BY
boundary at right angles, it is sometimes called a Butt; Seebohm, 6 "
(Elph. 564). V. Srlion.
BUTTER. — "Butter," quk Margarine Act, 1887, means, "the sub-
stance usually known as Butter, made, exclusively from Milk or Cream or
both, with or without Salt or other Preservative, and with or without the
addition of Colouring Matter '* (s. 3). Vf^ Maroabinb.
BUTTY COLLIER- — "Butty Colliers are two or more working
colliers who join together, and enter into an agreement with a mine owner
to get coal or iron-stone from the mine at so much a yard or so much a
ton, and sometimes at so much a day. They are not allowed to underlet
the work or leave it ; but they employ other workmen under them ; and
they are responsible for their wages. They usually work manually them-
selves ; and they may bind themselves to the mine owner to do so ; V.
Bowers v. Lovekin, 6 E. & B. 584 ; 26 L. J. Q. B. 371 ; 4 W. R. 600 ; 27
L. T. 0. S. 168: Sleeman v. Barrett, 2 H. & C. 934 ; 33 L. J. Ex. 163;
12 W. E. 411 ; 9 L. T. 834 " ; MacS. 520, n 4. Bowers v. Lovekin laid
down that a Butty Collier is an " Artificer " within the Truck Act, 1831 ;
SfK Abtifigeb: — " We cannot take judicial notice of what a Butty-man
is ; the position may be very different in different collieries " (per Bigby ,
L. J., Marrow v. Fiimby, &c Co, cited Employeb).
BUY. — A Hire-Purchase agreement is not an agreement to "buy "
Goods within s. 9, Factors Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V. c. 45 (ffelbij v. Matthews^
1895, A. C. 471 ; 64 L. J. Q. B. 465 ; 72 L. T. 841 ; 43 W. K 561) ; un-
less it contains an obligation whereby the hirer is hound to buy {Lee v.
Bxitlery 1893, 2 Q. B. 318; 62 L. J. Q. B. 591 ; 69 L. T. 370; 42 W. E.
88 : Hull Ropes Co v. Adams, 73 L. T. 446; 65 L. J. Q. B. 114 ; 44 W. R.
108). Vf, Shenstone v. Hilton, 1894, 2 Q. B. 452 ; 63 L. J. Q. B. 584:
McEntire v. Crossley, 1895, A. C. 457; 64 L.J. P. C. 129; 72 L. T. 731.
BUYER. — Quk Sale of Goods Act, 1893, " 'Buyer,' means a person
who buys, or agrees to buy. Goods " (s. 62).
BY. — An injury or damage is not " done by " a person or thing if he
or it be impelled thereunto by ,the Act of God ( Weir Commrs v. Adavp'
son, 47 L. J. Q. B. 193 ; 2 App. Ca. 743).
On the other hand, a Commission on an Auction is ** paid by the Client, "
R. 11, Sch 1, Part 1, Solrs Rem Ord, if the Purchaser pays a fee to the
Auctioneer ( Cholditch v. Jones, 1896, 1 Ch. 42 ; 65 L. J. Ch. 83 ; 73 L. T.
528 ; 44 W. R. 124). Vf, Conducting.
A Co " incorporated by Act of Parliament," means one which " by '* an
Act is brought into existence, and does not include a Co incorporated
" under " an Act; therefore, a Power to Invest in the shares &c of a Co
incorporated '' by " Act, does not include the shares &c of a Co registered
BY 241 BY DIRECTION
under the Comp Act, 1862 (Be Smith, 1896, 2 Ch. 590; 65 L. J. Cb.
761 ; 74 L. T. 810: Vf, Elve v. Boyton, cited Company).
The difference between " By " and ** In " is exemplified in Edmunds
V. Waugh (35 L. J. Ch. 234; L. R. 1 Eq. 418; 14 W. R. 257). There
the question arose on the Real l*roperty Limitation Act, 1833, s. 42,
which prohibits the recovery of more than six years' arrears of rent or
interest " hy any Distress^ Action, or Suit/* In giving judgment, Kin-
dersley, V. C, pointed out that the word was " by " not " in " ; and,
accordingly, it was held that though a mortgagee's estate is being admin-
istered " in " an action, yet the section does not prevent him or his rep-
resentatives from retaining more than 6 years' arrears of interest out of
the proceeds in their hands arising from the sale of the mortgaged prop-
erty ( Vf, Re Marshfield, 56 L. J. Ch. 599 ; 34 Ch. D. 721 ; 56 L. T. 694 ;
35W. R. 491; distinguishing Mason v. Broadbentf 33 Bea. 296: V.
Rbcoyeb: Chaboed upon).
" By, from, or under " ; F. Claiming Undeb.
As to difference between property passing^ *' By " as contrasted with
" Under," or " Under or By Virtue of " an Instrument; V, A-Q, v. Chap-
man, and per Williams, J., A^G, v. Dodington, cited Under.
Easement " enjoyed by " some Consent In wbitino, s. 2, 2 & 3 W. 4,
c. 71 ; V. Simpson v. Godmanchester, 1897, A. C. 696; 64 L. J. Ch. 843 ;
65 lb. 154; 66 lb. 770.
** By whose order" ; V. Extbaobdinaby Tbaffio.
BY AND BETWEEN.— V. Agbekd and declabbd.
BY AUTHORITY. — A Gazette which merely purports to be
printed " By Authority," does not purport to be printed " by the Queen's
Printers," or " by the Queen's Authority " (JK, v. Wallace, 14 W. R.462).
BY DAY Qui Canal Boats Acts, 1877, and 1884, " ' By Day,' shall
be deemed to include the hours between 6 o'clock in the morning and
9 o'clock at night " (s. 9, 47 & 48 V. c. 76). V. Day.
BY BILL. — Payment to be made "By Bill" does not mean, and
parol evidence cannot be received to shew it to mean, '' By Approved
Bill " (Hodgson v. Davies, 2 Camp. 530: V. Benj. 721). V. Afpboved
Bill.
BY CONSENT.— V. Consent.
BY DEED OR WRITING.— F. In Wbitino.
BY DEFAULT.— r. Default.
BY DIRECTION OF THE EXECUTORS.— T. Pbopbietob.
16
BY FORCE 242 BY LAW
BY FORCE. — "By force of the statates in that case made and pro-
vided/' in an Indictment, is surplusage {A-G. v. Le Revert^ 9 L. J. Ex.
163; 6M. &W.405).
"By Force or Fraud"; T. Fraud.
BY HIMSELF.— F. Himself.
BY INHERITANCE.— r. Inheritance.
BY LAW. — This phrase means, by Implication of Law, as distin-
guished from Stipulation by Contract ; and therefore on a contract pro-
viding a specified notice to quit, s. 33, Agricultural Holdings (England)
Act, 1883 (prescribing a year's in lieu of a half-year's notice), has
no application {Barlow v. Teal, 54 L. J. Q. B. 564 ; 15 Q. B. D. 501;
1 Times Rep. 491). Fl Legal Notice: Legal Disability: Six
Months.
So, " Debts payable by law out of Personal Estate," s. 23, 5 & 6 V.
c. 79, means such debts as, in themselves and in their own nature and
character, are payable out of personal estate; and has no relation to any
testamentary provision (Fercival v. The QueeUy 33 L. J. Ex. 289;
3 H. & C. 217).
But, semblCf " By Law " has no such meaning, but rather a contractual
meaning, as used in s. 210, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1852, which relates to
proceedings for the forfeiture of a lease when a half-year's rent is in
arrear and the landlord ** hath Kight by law to re-enter for the non-pay-
ment thereof " ; that phrase, by analogy to a similar one in s. 2, 4 G. 2,
c. 28, probably, means, " a right to re-enter reserved to the lessor by the
lease " ( V. per Mansfield, C. J., Brewer v. Eaton^ 3 Doug. 230 : Doe
d. Dixon v. Roe^ 7 C. B. 134: Doe d. Darke v. Bowditch, 8 Q. B. 973;
15 L. J. Q. B. 266). So, by s. 28, 3 & 4 V. c. 42, Interest on Debts is
"payable in all cases in which it is now payable by Law," " which in-
cludes Interest payable under a contract " (per Chitty, J.| Be Reliance
Bg Socy, 61 L. J. Ch. 455).
Cp, Eight in Equity.
Testamentary gift of what " may by Law be given for Charitable Pur-
poses "; r. Re Bridger, 1894, 1 Ch. 297; 63 L. J. Ch. 186 ; 70 L. T.
204; 42W. R.179.
" Devolution by Law " ; F. Devolution : Disposition.
F. Party by law enabled to declare such trust.
"By Operation of Law"; F. Devolution: Surrender. On a
Change of Name, — e.g. by a Co, or by a Woman on her marriage, — a
registered Proprietor of a Trade-Mark becomes "entitled by Opera-
tion of Law " to be registered in the new name under s. 87, Patents, &c
Act, 1883 {Re New Ormonde Cycle Co, 1896, 2 Ch. 520; 65 L. J. Ch.
785; 75 L. T. 50).
BY LAW 243 BY PROMOTION
" Constituted by Law " ; V. Constituted.
" Incapacitated by Law "; V. Incapacitated.
** Prohibited by Law " ; V. Pbohibitsd.
Right or Privilege " by Law or Practice "; V. Practice^ at end.
V. Bye-Law.
BY MEANS OF.— V. Breach of Trust.
BY NIQHT — V. Night.
BY PAYMENT. — V. Reduced by Payment.
BY POISON.— r. Poison.
BY POST. — Service of a Notice of Objection to a Parliamentary
Vote by sending it " by Post " in manner prescribed by s. 100, 6 V. c. 18,
is ** Sufficient " proof of the service and is Conclusive (Bishop v. Helps,
2 C. B. 45; 15 L. J. C. P. 43). Cp, Sufficient Evidence.
Where an Act passed after 31st Dec 1889, " authorizes or requires any
Document to be served * By Post' (whether, the expression 'Serve,*
' Give/ or < Send,' or any other expression is used) then, unless the con-
trary intention appears, the service shall be deemed to be effected by
properly addressing, pre-paying, and posting a letter containing the
Document, and (unless the contrary is proved) to have been effected at
the time at which the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of
post " (s. 26, Interp Act, 1889). FA, Ordinaby Course: Send: Serve.
Notices under P. H. Act, 1875, may be served " by Post, by a pre-
paid Letter " (s. 267) ; — proof of posting a Notice which does not show
it was by a prepaid letter, is insufficient, although the section, further
on, says that, '' in proving such service it shall be sufficient to prove that
the Notice, Order, or other Document was properly addressed and put
into the post " (WaUhamstow v. Henwoodj 1897, 1 Ch. 41; 66 L. J. Ch.
31; 75 L. T. 375; 45 W. R. 124).
" It is settled law that an Offer is to be deemed accepted when the
Letter of acceptance is ' posted ' ; the reason being that the Post Office
IS considered the common agent of both parties " (per Cozens-Hardy, J.,
^e London & Northern Bank, 69 L. J. Ch. 26 ; citing Re Imperial
Land Go of MarseilleSj 41 L.. J. Ch. 621; 7 Ch. 587); but handing a
letter to a postman for him to post, is not " posting " it ; and, conse-
quently, the delivery to him of a Letter of Acceptance of an Application
for Shares is not a posting, qu^ fixing the time of Acceptance (^Re Lon*
don & Northern Bank, 1900, 1 Ch. 220 ; 69 L. J. Ch. 24; 81 L. T. 512).
« By the Post " ; Stat. Def., 3 & 4 V. c. 96, s. 71 ; 10 & 11 V. c. 85,
8.20.
BY PROMOTION.- V. Promotion.
BY PURCHASE 244 BY WEIGHT
BY PURCHASE. — As to the effect of this phrase in a Limitation
to prevent application of rule against Pebpetuities ; V. Watson, £a^.
245, 246. V. Purchase.
A covenant to settle such future property as may be acquired " by pur-
chase," will include a subsequently effected Life Policy and the moneys
payable thereunder (Ee Turcan, 58 L. J. Ch. 101 ; 40 Ch. D. 5).
BY REASON. — ''Costs sustained by the defendant by reason oi"
an Indictment or Information for Libel, s. 8, 6 & 7 V. c. 96, includes the
costs of unsuccessfully showing cause against the Rule nisi for filing the
Information {R, v. Steel, 45 L. J. Q. B. 391 ; 1 Q. B. D. 485; disapprov-
ing R. V. Cavendish, 12 Ir. L. R. 230).
V, Contbact: Coloub.
BY RETAII r. Eetail.
BY SEX.— r. Sbx.
BY THE YEAR. — V. Peb Annum: Valub.
BY THIS MY WILI F. Hebein.
BY VIRTUE. —A Fire Escape built pursuant to s. 7, Factory and
Workshop Act, 1891, though an Imposition or Outqcinq within a
lessee's covenant, is an expense which the lessor is called upon to
pay " by virtue of an Act of Parliament" {Arding v. Economic Printing
Co, 79 L. T, 622, 420).
" By virtue or in pursuance of " ; V, Pubsuance: Undbb.
" By virtue of the Statute of Distribution " ; Fl Re Sturge and
G. W. Ry, 19 Ch. D. 444.
Money in " his Possession by virtue of his Office '* ; V. Office :
Coloub.
Occupation " by virtue of Service " ; V. Skbye.
V. As such: Take in Execution: Duties.
BY WAY OF- — " By way of -<4rfver^w6r»«n^ " ; F. Advebtisement.
" By way of Gaming *'\ F. Gaming Contbact.
" By way of Jointure "; F. Jointube.
" By way of Mortgage or Equitable Charge " ; F. Mobtoaqb ob
Charge.
" Duties i ncident to an estate conveyed by way of mtge " ; F. Tbust.
" By way of Succession " ; F. Settlement : Succession.
BY WEIGHT. —To sell Bread " By Weight," s. 4, Bread Act, 1836,
6 & 7 W. 4, c. 37, the Bread, after it is baked, must be weighed ; it is
not enough to weigh the dough before baking and make an allowance for
loss of weight in the oven (Jones v. Huxtable, 36 L. J. M. C. 122; L. R.
BY WEIGHT 245 BYE LAW
2 Q. B. 460; 15 W. R.900; 31 J. P. 634; 8 B. & S. 433: Hill v. Brown-
ing, L. R. 5 Q. B. 453; 22 L. T. 584; 34 J. P. 774) ; but, semhle, if a fair
sample of a few loaves from each batch are weighed after the batch has
been baked, and as a test of the weight of all the loaves in the batch,
that would suffice ( Webb v. Manders, 12 S. J. 1020). The point is, that
in some fair way the baked Bread must be weighed shortly before sale.
'* I do not say that it is strictly the duty of the seller to weigh a loaf at
the time of sale ; but unless the loaf were weighed then, or shortly
before, that would be evidence of a sale otherwise than ' By Weight ' "
(per Blackburn, J., J(mes v. ffuxtable, sup).
In Williams v. Deggan (31 J. P. 807) Cockburn, C. J., is reported to
have said that a baker ought to weigh his bread in the presence of his
customer; and so he ought, and he runs risk if he do not; but there
would seem no compulsion that he must {Jones v. Huxtahle^ sup : R, v.
Kennet, L. R. 4 Q. B. 565; 33 J. P. 824: Mitton v. Troke, 20 L. T. 563;
33 J. P. 821).
It is no answer to a charge of not selling " By Weight,*' that the buyer
asked for a loaf of a specified price {London Co, Co, v. Read^ 1900, 1 Q. B.
288; 69 L. J. Q. B. 39; 81 L. T. 452; 48 W. R. 393; 63 J. P. 775).
V, Fbknch Bread.
Selling Coals by Weight, 1 & 2 W. 4, c. Ixxvi, s. 57; V. Smith v. Wood,
59 L. J. Q. B. 5; 24 Q. B. D. 23 ; approving Meredith v. Holman, 16
L. J. Ex. 126; 16 M. & W. 798, whlc was on s. 54.
BY WHOSE. — " Person by whose Act, Default, Permission, or Suf-
ferance, the Nuisance arises," s. 12, 18 & 19 V. c. 121, s. 94, P. H. Act,
1875, 8. 4, P. H. (London) Act, 1891 ; V. Brown v. Bussell, 37 L. J. M. 0.
65; 9 B. & S. 1 ; L. R. 3 Q. B. 251: Bamett v. Laskey, cited Cleanse:
Fordom v. Parsons, 1894, 2 Q. B. 780; 64 L. J. M. C. 22; 71 L. T. 428;
68 J. P. 765 : R. v. Mead, 64 L. J. M. C. 169; 59 J. P. 160: Permission.
" By whose Order "; V. Exteaordinaby Traffic.
V. Authorize.
BY WILL.— F. Writing: Purchase.
BY WRITINQ.—r. Writing.
BYE. — "Bye signifieth a dwelling, bye, an habitation, and byan to
dwell " (Co. Litt. 5 b).
BYE LAW. — "Is not a Bye Law, a law governing the Corporate
Body, and which they are authorized to make ? '* (per Alderson, B.,
Hopkins v. Swansea, 8 L. J. Ex. 125; 4 M. & W. 621). Vh 5 Rep. 63:
Termes de la Ley : Cowel, Bilawes : James v. Tutney, Cro. Car. 497,
498: Collman v. Mills, cited Permit: London Assn of Shipowners v.
London & India Docks, 1892, 3 Ch.242: 67 L. T. 238: Peace: Requ-
BYE LAW 246 BYRES
late: New Building: Selwyn, N. P. 1187-1191: Lumlej, on Bje
Laws: 2 Encyc. 315^19.
By a Stat. Def., *' Bye Law '' is sometimes made to include Kule,
Order, or Regulation, e.g. 25 & 26 V. c. 97, s. 2 ; 27 & 28 V. c. 113, s. 3;
48 & 49 V. c. 76, s. 29; 49 & 50 V. c. 32, s. 9.
BYRES.— r. Cattle Shed.
247
C. F. I.-C>€TERIS PARIBUS
C. F. I. — Cost, Freight, AND Insurance ; whv.
C. O. D. — Collect on Delivery, or Cash on Delivery.
CAB. — Qa4 Dublin Amended Carriage Act, 1854, 17 & 18 V. c. 45
(V. s. 10), " * Cabriolet ' shall include every carriage known as Hansom's
Patent Safety Cab; and every carriage constructed with four wheels used
for passengers (except a Stage Carriage, or a carriage drawn or im-
pelled by the power of steam) which shall be used for the purpose of
standing or plying for Hire in any street or road, or other place within
the limits of " the Dublin Carriage Act, 1853. F. Ply. Cp. Carriage.
Qua London Cab Act, 1896, 59 & 60 V. c. 27 ( V. s. 3), " • Cab ' shall
mean any Hackney Carriage," within 32 & 33 V. c. 115.
CABIN OR OTHER ALLOWANCES. — In Best y. Saunders
(Moo. & M. 268), Lord Tenterden was of opinion these words did not
apply to an allowance in the nature of Primage. Vh 1 Maude & P.
121, 122.
CABIN PASSENGER. — r. Steerage Passenger.
CABLISH. — '* Brushwood, or, more properly, windfalls; Spelm. ;
browsewood; 4 Inst. 308 " (Elph. 564). Vf Cowel.
CAD. — V. Conductor.
CADAVER. — A dead human body, — the word being said to be
formed of the first syllables of the words caro data vermibus (flesh given
to the worms), — " The burial of the Cadaver (that is, caro data vermibus)
is nuZlius in bonis j and belongs to ecclesiastical cognizance " (3 Inst. 203,
cited by Holroyd, J., R. v. Coleridge^ 2 B. & Aid. 809). There is no prop-
erty in a Cadaver (Williams v. Williams, 51 L. J. Ch. 385; 20 Ch. D.
659, and authorities there cited: R. v. Friee, cited Christian Burial).
CETERIS PARIBUS. — A statutory power to appoint to a Living
was vested in trustees who were to appoint a fit and proper person duly
qualified, provided that in such appointment such person should be pre-
ferred, " ceeteris paribus," who should belong to a certain class; — held,
that ''oBteris paribus" referred to the being fit and proper and duly
qualified, and not to the general qualifications of a clergyman (A-G. v.
Fowis, 24 L. J. Ch. 218; Kay, 186).
CAIRNS' ACTS 248 CALCUTTA LINSEED
CAIRNS' ACTS. — Chancery Amendment Act, 1858, 21 & 22 V.
c. 27, repealed by 46 & 47 V. c. 49 :
Partition Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 40.
CALAMITY. — V. Unforesekn.
CALCEY. — A Galsey, or Gals way, or Causey, 23 H. 8, c. 5, is a
Footpath, and ^ is a passage, made by art of earth gravel stones aud
such like, on or over some High or Common Way leading through sur-
rounding grounds, for the safe passage of the King's liege people ''
(Callis, 90). Vh, Chester Mill Case, 10 Rep. 137. Cowel gives the
word as " Calcetum," or " Calceata," and defines that word as. Causeway.
CALCULATED TO BENEFIT. — Scheme of Arrangement not
" Reasonable," or " calculated to benefit the general body of Creditors,"
s. 18 (6), Bankry Act, 1883 ; V. Be Aylmer, 19 Q. B. D. 33; 56 L. J.
Q.B.460; 56L.T.801; 35W R.532; 20Q.B.D.258; 57 L. J. Q. H.
168; 36 W. R. 231: Be Burr, cited Approve: Be Thurlow, 1895,
1 Q. B. 724; 64 L. J. Q. B. 479; 72 L. T. 642.
CALCULATED TO DECEIVE.— Name of Co so nearly resem-
bling that of an already registered Co " as to be calculated to deceive,"
s. 20, Comp Act, 1862 ; V, Manchester Brewery Co v. North Cheshire &
Manchester Brewery Co, 1898, 1 Ch. 539 ; 67 L. J. Ch. 351 ; 78 L. T.
537 ; 46 W. R. 515, and cases there cited.
The prohibition in s. 6, Trade Marks Registration Act, 1875, 38 & 39
V. c. 91, against registering, in connection with a trade mark, words
" calculated to deceive," refers to deceptiveness inherent in the words
themselves, and not as arising from similarity to words comprised in
other trade marks {Be Horshurgh, 53 L. J. Ch. 237).
As to the same phrase in Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1883,
ss. 72 (2), 73; V. Be Speer, W. N. (87) 8; 55 L. T. 880: Be Australian
Wine Importers and Mason, 58 L. J. Ch. 380; 41 Ch. D. 278: Eno v.
Dunn, 15 App. Ca. 252 ; 63 L. T. 6 ; 39 W. R. 161 : Be Smokeless
Powder Co, 1892, 1 Ch. 590; 61 L. J. Ch. 301; 66 L. T. 407; 40 W. R.
507: Be Dexter, 1893, 2 Ch. 262; 62 L. J. Ch. 645 ; 68 L. T. 793:
Faine v. Daniell, 1893, 2 Ch. 567 ; 62 L. J. Ch. 732 ; 68 L. T. 801 ; 42
W. R. 40 : Be Loftus, 1894, 1 Ch. .193 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 52 ; 69 L. T. 690 ;
42 W. R. 251 : Be Verreries de VjSStoile Soey, 1894, 2 Ch. 26 ; 63 L. J. Ch.
381; 70 L. T. 295; 42 W. R. 420: Be Dewhnrst, 1896, 2 Ch. 137; 65
L. J. Ch. 618; 74 L. T. 388; 44 W. R. 672: Saxlehner v. Apollinaris
Co, 1897, 1 Ch. 893 ; 6& L. J. Ch. 533 ; 76 L. T. 617.
As to the Evidence of what is " calculated to deceive," qui an alleged
Infringement of a Trade-Mark ; V, Baker v. Bawson, 60 L. J. Ch. 49 ;
45 Ch. D. 519.
CALCUTTA LINSEED. — V. Wieler v. Schilizzi, 26 L. J. C. P.
id; 17C. B.619.
CALENDAR 249 CALL
CALENDAR.— T. Almanack.
CALENDAR MONTH. — "A 'Calendar Month' is a legal and
technical term ; and in computing time by calendar months, the time
must he reckoned hy looking at the calendar and not by counting days "
(per Brett, L. J., Migotti v. Colville, 48 L. J. C. P. 695; 4 C. P. D. 233;
27 W. R 744; 43 J. P. 620). Therefore, e.g,y "one calendar montli's
Imprisonment is to he calculated from the day of imprisonment to the
day numerically corresponding to that day in the following month, less
one " (Ih.). When there is no such corresponding day in the last month
of the imprisonment, the prisoner's term will he up on the last day of
such last month. Thus a prisoner "sentenced to a calendar month's
imprisonment will never he imprisoned for a greater numher of days than
there are in the month in which he was sentenced" (per Cotton, L. J.,
Migotti y. Colville, sup). So, as regards the requirement of a calendar
month's Notice of Action, — "in considering what is the length of a
Calendar month, it is sufficient, when the months are hroken whatever he
the length of either, to go from one day in one month to the correspond-
ing day in the other " (per Cockburn, C. J., Freeman v. Eead, 11 W. R.
802; 32L. J. M.C.226; 8 L. T. 468 ; 4 B. & S. 184).
So, of a Complaint, which has to be made " Within 1 calendar month
after " its cause; and, therefore, where in such a case the alleged Offence
be on the 30th May, the complaint is in time on the 30th June (Radcliffe
V. Bartholomewy 1892, 1 Q. B. 161 ; 61 L. J. M. C. 63; 65 L. T. 677; 40
W. R. 63; 56 J. P. 262). ^Time.
V. Month : Six Months.
CALL. — A " Gall " on a Go's Shares is used in two senses, — (1) the
Application to the Shareholders to pay; (2) the Amount to be paid (per
Parke, B., Newri/, &c Ry v. Edmunds, 2 Ex. 121).
A Circular to Shareholders informing them that the Directors have
resolved on making a " Gall ** of Capital, constitutes a Call (per Parke, B.,
Shaw V. Rowley, 16 M. & W. 810), for " Notice of a thing implies that
it exists " (per Coleridge, J., jB. v. Londonderry ^ &c Ry, 13 Q. B.
1003) ; but a Call is made, in point of time, when the Resolution is
passed, and not when the Notice is given (S. C). Va Owing. Vh
Hamilton, ch. 11.
Instalments by which a Share is payable, are not " Calls " (per Kelly,
C. B., Hubbersty v. Manchester S. & L. Ry, 8 B. & S. 421, 423).
Probably, it is of general acceptation in the Winding-up of a Co, to
define a " Call ** as, " a demand or requisition upon Contributories of the
Co, made or to be made for a Contributory Payment towards the funds
or assets thereof, or for or towards the payment or discharge of any of
the debts, liabilities, or tosses of such Co " (s. 3, 11 & 12 V. c. 45).
** To < call * at a Port is a well-known se&term ; it means to call for
CALL 250 CALUMNIATOR
the purposes of basiness, — generally, to take in or unload Cargo, or to
receive orders. It must mean that the vessel may stop at the Port of
Call for a time, or else the liberty to call would be idle '' (per Esher,
M. R., Leduc v. Wardj cited Liberty to Call).
Toll for using pier or landing-stage *' every Time of Call/' s. 165,
Thames Conservancy Act, 1894, will not (in the absence of contract)
authorise a higher charge than the prescribed toll on the ground of the
stay being longer than a mere '' Call '' would require {Queen of the River
8. S. Co V. Thames Conservators, 47 W. R. 686).
CALL UPON. — An agreement not to "call upon, or directly or
indirectly solicit orders from," a person's customers, prohibits only busi-
ness calls in the way of the trade or business of the person whose cus-
tomers are referred to (Mills v. Dunham^ cited Customer).
Arbitrators are " called on to a>ct^" Sch 1 (c), Arb Act, 1889, when
called on to do some specific thing connected with the arbitration, e.g.
if they receive a Notice requiring them to appoint an Umpire (Baring-
Gould V. Sharpington Syndicate^ 1899, 2 Ch. 91; 68 L. J. Ch. 434).
Cpj Baker v. Stephens^ cited Enter.
A person is " bond fide called upon to pay " Rates, s. 6, 6 & 7 V. c. 18,
if his name is inserted as the rate-payer in the Rate Book (Cook v. Luckett,
2 C. B. 168; 16 L. J. C. P. 78).
CALLED. — "My estate called A." is a general description, not
confined to a particular locality, and therefore extrinsic evidence may be
given of what is included in such a devise; seeus^ if there were a descrip-
tion of lands " at " or " in " a particular locality (Bicketts v. Turquand^
1 H. L. Ca. 472; cited 1 Jarm. 427, 428). V. Of.
CALLING. — Carrying on a School is a " Calling," within a restric-
tive covenant (Doe d. Bish v. Keelingy 1 M. & S. 96 : Kemp v. Sober ^
20 L. J. Ch. 602 ; 1 Sim. K S. 617) ; and " the Profession of Teaching
is a * Calling,' notwithstanding the fact that that teaching is carried on
under the directions of a Society regarded by law as an illegal organiza-
tion " (per Porter, M. R., Galwey v. Barden^ 1899, 1 I. R. 614), in whc
it was held that a Member of the Order of Jesuits who was a teacher in
a Jesuit College, was entitled to a legacy conditioned on his entering a
** Profession, Trade, or Calling," although his appointment in the College
involved his being at the service of the Socy, and though there was no
doubt that he intended to dedicate the legacy to the use of the Socy.
fy Business.
Q? Apprentice : Ordinary Calling: Vocation.
CALSWAY V. Calcey.
CALUMNIATOR.— F. Challenge.
CAMPBELL'S ACTS 251 CANCEL
Lord CAM PBELL'S ACTS. — Libel Act, 1843, 6 & 7 V. c. 96 :
Fatal Accidents Act, 1846, 9 & 10 V. c. 93:
Obscene Publications Act, 1857, 20 & 21 V. c 83:
Vexatious Indictments Act, 1869, 22 & 23 V. c. 17.
CAN. — To engage to do anything " as fast as it can " be done, means
no more than, as fast as Possible: Vh Customary.
"Can be," means, "can reasonably be" (per Knight^Bruce, L. J.,
Whicker v. Hume, 21 L. J. Ch. 406; 1 D. G. M. & G. 506; 14 Bea. 509;
adopted by P. C. in Jex v. McKinney, 68 L. J. P. C. 69; 14 App. Ca. 77).
Such sum as " can be procured " ; V. Llewellyn v. Rutherford^ cited
Goodwill.
CAN TRANSFER. — r. Left.
CANADA. — The re-union of Upper and Lower Canada became
" Canada " by the British North America Act, 1840, 3 & 4 V. c. 36, by
8. 61 of which it was enacted that " the words ' Act of the Legislature of
the Province of Canada/ are to be understood to mean, < Act of Her
Majesty her heirs or successors enacted by Her Majesty or by the Goy-
emor on behalf of Her Majesty, with the advice and consent of the
Legislative Council and Assembly of the Province of Canada.'" In
3 & 4 v. c. 78 (F. s. 12) " Province of Canada " was defined, " Canada as
constituted under " the Act of 1840.
CANAL. — Semble^ The Biver Bourne, at Bournemouth, is canalized
80 as to be a " Canal," within s. 17, P. H. Act, 1876 (per Lindley, L. J.,
Durrani v. Branksome, cited Filthy Water).
Qu^ Ry and Canal TraflBc Act, 1864, " < Canal ' shall include any
Navigation whereon Tolls are levied by authority of Parliament, and
also the Wharves and Landing Places of and belonging to such Canal or
Navigation and used for the purposes of Public Traffic " (s. 1), — a
def adopted for Regn of Railways Act, 1873 ( V. s. 3).
Other Stat Def. — 26 & 27 V. c 112, s. 3; 38 & 39 V. c 17, a. 108 ;
40 & 41 V. c. 60, s. 14.
Building " used for the purposes of a Canal "; V. Purposes.
" Land used only as a Canal " ; F. Only : Railway.
" Canal Boat "; Stat Def., 40 & 41 V. c. 60, s. 14.
"Canal Company ""^ Stat. Def., Ry& Canal Traffic Act, 1854, s. 1 ;
Regn of Railways Act, 1873, s. 3; 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 108; Ry &
Canal Traffic Act, 1888, ss. 37, 46; 61 & 62 V. c. 16, s. 8.
" Canal /ntcr^f "; Stat Dei, Ry & Canal Traffic Act, 1888, s. 42 (3).
CANCEL. — To "cancel" a document, is to put au end to it by
drawing lines over it, or over its signatures, " in the form of lattice-
work, or eancelli ; though the phrase is now used, figuratively, for any
CANCEL 252 CANDIDATE
manner of obliteration or defacing it " (2 Bl. Com. 308, 309) e.g. by
tearing the seals off a Deed ( Ward v. Lumley^ 29 L. J. Ex. 322; 5 H.
& N. 87, whv as to utility of document after Cancellation). Bnt an in-
tention to destroy must accompany the act of cancellation {Eaper v.
Birkbeck, 15 East, 17 : Wilkinson v. Johnson, 3 B. & C. 428 : per
Maule, J., Bamberger v. Commercial Credit, 15 C. B. 693). Vf Touch,
by Preston, 70, 56, n. Cp Burn.
But a document may be made void under a power to '' cancel " without
the mannal act of cancellation {Bamberger y. Commercial Credit, 15
C. B. 676; 24 L. J. C. P. 115).
In a Marine Insrce, or Charter-Party, " Cancel," sometimes means, to
become void : — thus a Mem on a Charter-Party provided that the Char-
ter should be " cancelled " on either of certain events happening, and
that was held to mean, that if either event happened the Charter should
become void (Adamson v. Newcastle S. S. Insrce, 48 L. J. Q. B. 670 ;
4 Q. B. D. 462). But where a Policy on Freight provided that " no
claim arising from the cancelling of any Charter" should be allowed;
held, that frustration of the adventure did not amount to cancellation
(Re Jamieson and Newcastle S. S. Insrce, 1895, 2 Q. B. 90 ; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 660; 72 L. T. 648 ; 43 W. K 530).
Not every Tearing of a Will is a Cancellation of it (per Best, J., Doe
d. Perkes v. Perkes, cited Tear).
r. To BE cancelled: Destroy: Revoke.
CANDIDATE. — "The correct sense of the word * Candidate' is, a
person offering himself to the suffrages of the people " (per Ld Ellen-
borough, Morris v. Burdett, 2 M. & S. 217). But on this the question
arises, when does a person so offer himself ? This question, according to
the purpose for which it is asked, will vary in its answer.
A person who, with his consent, received a parliamentary nomination,
but who declined to go to the poll, was not a" Candidate " liable to ex-
penses of polling booths &c, within s. 71, Eep People Act, 1832 {Muntz
V. Sturge, 10 L. J. Ex. 234 ; 8 M. & W. 302). But a candidate cannot
withdraw from nomination, except ** during the time appointed for the
election " (35 & 36 V. c. 33, s. 1), — ue. the hours for nomination, —
or by neglecting, on request, to find security for the returning officer's
expenses within one hour afterwards (38 & 39 V. c. 84, s. 3). How far
then would Muntz v. Sturge, be now operative in case no request for se-
curity be made within the time prescribed by the section last cited, and
yet the candidate, before the expenses of the polling had been incurred,
repudiated his candidature and consequent liability ? Such a person
would not be a " Candidate " within s. 71, Rep People Act, 1832, and
on the other hand the returning officer would not have availed himself of
8. 3, 38 & 39 v. c. 84. How then could he claim for services repudiated
before rendered ? If it be said that the time for withdrawing the nomi-
CANDIDATE 258 CANDIDATE
nation being past, the nominee remains a " Candidate " in spite of him-
self, and all the machinery of an election must go on, and that that would
be the nominee's fault ; it may be replied, that the fault is equally the
returning officer's for not having required the security, which request
would have at' once settled the matter. It would seem, therefore, that in
the case supposed the returning officer would be without remedy (but see
a contrary opinion, Cunningham on Elections, 66, 67).
A person who, with his consent, received a parliamentary nomination,
but declined to go to the poll, was held to be a *' Candidate " within
17 & 18 V. c. 102 (V. 8. 38), and the 21 & 22 V. c. 87 (V. s. 3) ; and as
such liable to the fee of £10 to the election auditor, an office abolished
by 26 & 27 V. c. 29 (Edwards v. Whitehurst, 29 L. J. Ex. 329 ; 5 H. A N.
131).
But the most important aspect in which the question can be put, of
when and how a person becomes a Parliamentary Candidate, is as it
affects his return or the liability of himself or agents for Corrupt Prac-
tices. In this view, the Stat. Def. is given in s. 63, Corrupt and Illegal
Practices Prevention Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V. c. 51, as follows: —
** Candidate at an Election," and " Candidate," mean " unless the
context otherwise requires, (1) any person elected to serve in parlia-
ment at such election, and (2) any person who is nominated as a candi-
date at such election, or is declared by himself or by others to be a
candidate on or after the day of the issue of the writ for such eleC'
tioriy or after the dissolution or vacancy in consequence of which such
writ has been issued.
" Provided that where a person has been nominated as a candidate or
declared to be a candidate, by others, then, —
(a) If he was so nominated or declared without his consent, nothing
in this Act shall be construed to impose any liability on such
person, unless he has afterwards given his assent to such nomi-
nation or declaration, or has been elected ; and
(b) If he was so nominated or declared, either without his consent or
in his absence, and he takes no part in the election, he may, if
he thinks fit, make the Declaration respecting election expenses
contained in the 2nd Part of the 2nd Sch to this Act, and the
election agent shall, so far as circumstances admit, comply with
the provisions of this Act with respect to expenses incurred on
account of or in respect of the conduct or management of the
election in like manner as if the candidate had been nominated
or declared with his consent."
This definition establishes two classes of candidates: —
1. Successful:
2. Unsuccessful.
1. As regards successful candidates, a person ** elected'* is a candidate,
and is responsible for all the acts of himself or his agents for the time
CANDIDATE 254 CANNOT
being, that bear upon bis election ( Youghal, 21 L. T. 306 ; 1 O'M. & H.
291). There is no limitation of time. A successful candidate is a " can-
didate " as soon as be begins to operate with a view to his election ; and
thenceforward all the liabilities, disqualifications, and penalties of a
" candidate " attach to him (Boston, 1874, 2 O'M. & H. 161, was a memo-
rable instance : Vf, Malcolm v. Ingram, L. R. 10 C. P. 168 ; 44 L. J. C. P.
121).
2. As regards unsuccessful candidates, the difference is indicated above
by italics. An unsuccessful candidate would not be a " candidate, " pe-
nally responsible, except for acts done on or after the day of the issuing
of the writ or after the dissolution or vacancy.
Other Stat Def . — 31 & 32 V. c. 125, s. 3 ; 35 & 36 V. c. 60, s. 2 ; 45
&46 V. C.50, 8. 77. — Scot. 53 &54 V. c. 55,8. 2.
A person disqualified for Election and therefore disqualified for Nomi-
nation, if regularly nominated in point of form for election as a Munici-
pal Councillor, can properly '* allege himself to have been a Candidate, "
8. 88 (1), Mun Corp Act, 1882, and is entitled to petition under that
section (Harford v. Lynskey, 1899, 1 Q. B. 852; 68 L. J. Q. B. 599 j 80
L. T. 417 ; 47 W. R. 653; 63 J. P. 263).
CANDLE. — Qud. the Duties imposed by 24 G. 3, c. 11 (repealed),
** Candles " did not include small Bush-lights made at home and '' only
once dipped in, or once drawn through, grease or kitchen stuff, and not
at all through any tallow, melted or refined " (s. 5). Vth^ A-G. v. Bar-
relly 1 Y. & J. 495.
The goods of the East India Co had to be " sold openly and publicly
by Inch of Candle " (s. 69, 9 & 10 W. 3, c 44), on whv Eagleton v.
East India Co, 3 B. & P. 63-66.
CANISTER.— V. Case ob Canister.
CANNEL r.lRON.
Quk Metropolis Gas Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V. c. 125, "Cannel Gas,"
means. Gas of an Illuminating Power ( V. 8. 25) of " not less than 20
candles " (s. 4).
CANNOT. — "Cannot," includes a legal inability, as well as a
physical impossibility (The Newbattle, 54 L. J. P. D. & A. 16; 10
P. D. 33).
Where, on an inquiry before Justices, the Settlement of an Insane
Person* " cannot be ascertained," s. 41, 9 G. 4, c. 40, means, "not a
permanent and perpetual disability to ascertain it but, only a disability
to decide upon it at the time " (per Coleridge, J., B. v. Heyop, 8 Q. B.
560; 15 L. J. M. C. 70).
Substituted Service of a notice if the person to be served " cannot be
Found," s. 15 (2), 14 & 15 V. c. 92, means, cannot be found after due
CANNOT 255 CAPACITY
diligence has been used to effect personal service {Blue y. Fullerton, Ir.
Rep. 10 C. L. 233).
CANON. — A Canon of the Church, is a Member of a Chapter (2 Bl.
Com. 383), who has no Cure of Souls (Phil. Ecc Law, 140), and whose
chief duty is not only to preach, " in his own person, so often as he is
bound by law, statute, ordinance, or custom, but shall likewise preach in
other churches of the same diocese where he is resident, and especially
in those places, whence he or his Church receive any yearly rents or
profits " (No. 43, Canons Ecc. 1604). ^, 3 & 4 V. c. 113, s. 93 ; 35 & 36
V. c. 8, 8. 2.
Minor Canon ; T. 3 & 4 V. c. 113, s. 93.
Vh, Randolph v. MUman, 38 L. J. C. P. 81 ; L. R. 4 C. P. 107.
CANONRY.— V. Walrond v. Pollard, 3 Dy. 294 a: Ecc. Commrs
V. KUdare, 8 Ir. Ch. Rep. 100.
CANTARIA.— V. Chauntby.
CANVASSER. —-Qu4 Municipal Elections, a " Canvasser," " means
any person who solicits, or persuades, or attempts to persuade, any person
to vote, or to abstain from voting, at an Election, or to vote, or to abstain
from voting, for any Candidate at an Election " (s. 2, 35 & 36 V. c. 60;
8. 77, 45 & 46 V. c. 50).
It is submitted that that def is good for " Canvasser " at any Election.
CAPABLE. — " Capable of being covered by Insrce " ; V. Insurance.
" Capable of taking effect " ; V, Subsisting.
** Capable forthwith of exercising all the functions of an Incorporated
Co," s. 18, Comp Act, 1862; — " Those are strong words. The Co at-
tains maturity on its birth " (per Ld Macnaghten, Be Salomon^ 66 L. J.
Ch. 49; 1897, A. C. 22).
A child under 7 is not capable of Crime; between 7 and 14 there is
only a presumption against such capability (1 Bl. Com. 464, 465) ; but
a boy under 14 cannot be guilty of Rape (1 Hale, P. C. 630: E. v.
Groomhridge, 7 C. & P. 583).
F". Incapable.
CAPACITY. — Capacity is " an ability or fitnesse to receive : In law,
it sigpiifies when a man or body politick is able to give, or take, lands or
other things, or to sue actions " (Cowel). P/Termes dela Ley.
A claim arising in respect of moneys improperly received and re-
tained by a Director of a Building Socy, is not a Dispute ** in his Ca-
pacity of a Member of the Society " within s. 2, Bg Societies Act, 1884, so
that it ought to be referred to arbitration {Municipal Permanent Bg Socy
V. Richards, 39 Ch. D. 372 ; 58 L. J. Ch. 8 : Cp. Character) ; the phrase
refers " to disputes arising out of the social contract that binds the mem-
CAPACITY 256 CAPITAL
bers of the Socy together" (per Fry, L. J., Western Suburban^ &c Socy
V. Martin, cited Dispute).
CAPITA. — V. Peb Capita.
CAPITAL. — The " Capital " of a Joint-Stock Co, " means, the
money subscribed pursuant to the Mem of Assn, or what is represented
by that money " (per Lindley, L. J., Vemerv. Gen, & Commercial Trust,
1894, 2 Ch. 239; 63 L. J. Ch. 462).
" The word * Capital ' for the purposes of a Joint Stock Co, may have
any one of at least three meanings, viz. : —
*' (1.) Nominal Capital : — the amount named in the Memorandum of
Association, say, £100,000 in 10,000 shares of £10 each.
*^ (2.) Issued Capital : — say 5,000 shares of £10 each, part of the above
nominal capital.
" (3.) Paid-up Capital : — say £25,000, being £5 per share on each of
the above 5,000 shares.
'* In which one of these meanings it is used in the Acts, it is very diffi-
cult to say: probably it is used sometimes in one and sometimes in
another. In the Dronfield Co (17 Ch. D. 76, 86; 60 L. J. Ch. 387),
Jessel, M. R., pointed out that in s. 12 of the Comp Act, 1862, and
s. 9 of the Comp Act, 1867, it must mean not merely ' Nominal Capi-
tal ' but < Issued Capital ' or < Trading Capital.' By s. 3 of the Comp
Act, 1877, the word as used in the Comp Act, 1867, is to ' include '
paid-up capital; and looking at s. 6 of the Comp Act, 1877, it must
include unissued capital, for that section gives power to reduce capital
by cancelling unissued shares. The result, therefore, would seem to
be that the Acts of 1867 and 1877 in fact cover all three meanings "
(Buckl. 583).
" Available Capital *'; V, Available.
Capital " losty^* or " unrepresented by available assets," s. 3, Comp Act,
1877, does not comprise Capital that has been expended in preliminary
expenses (Re Abstainers Insrce Co, 1891, 2 Ch. 124; 60 L. J. Ch. 510;
64 L. T. 256; 39 W. R. 674). Note: — where Capital is so lost, &c,
the Court has jurisdiction to sanction any scheme for Reduction of
Capital (British & American Corp v. Couper, 1894, A. C, 399; 63 L. J.
Ch. 425; 70 L. T. 882; 42 W. R. 652: Jte Floating Dock Co, 1895,
1 Ch. 691; 64 L. J. Ch. 361; 43 W. R. 344: Be National DweUings
Socy, 78 L. T. 144).
Outlay out of Capital; V, Outlay.
Capital " raised " or " issued " from which preliminary expenses to b^
paid; F. NichoU v. Regent's Canal Co, 63 L. J. Q. B. 641; 71 L. T.
249.
Bequest of " Capital "; V. Enohin v. Wylie, 10 H. L. Ca. Ij 31 L. J.
Ch. 402.
CAPITAL 257 CAPITAL MONEY
Book Debts are part of a Tradesman's Capital {Delany v. Delani/,
cited BusTNBSS, towards end).
V. Income : Profits : Productive Capitai. : Uncalled Capital :
Nominal: Loan.
CAPITAL EMPLOYED. — On the sale of a business, a representa-
tion as to the " Capital employed " therein by the vendor, means, " the
amount in pounds, shillings, and pence which he has invested therein,
and which, if not so invested, might be in his pocket, or otherwise ex-
pended on his account " (per Kekewich, J., Glasier v. Rolls^ 58 L. J. Ch.
330; 37 W. R. 430; 60 L. T. 591; revd on a ground not affecting above
def, 6 Times Rep. 691; 62 L. T. 133).
" Sum employed as Capital " ; Sch D., 1st Case, R. 3, Income Tax
Act, 1842; V. Reid^s Brewery Co v. Male, cited Profits: Royal Insrce
V. WaUon, 1897, A. C. 1; 66 L. J. Q. B. 1 : 75 L. T. 334; 61 J. P.
404 : — qua Cost-Book Mines, Morant v. Wheal Grenville Co, 71 L. T.
758 ; 11 Times Rep. 67.
V. Ay THE PRESENT TIME.
CAPITAL LOST. — V. Capital.
CAPITAL MONEY.— The def of "Capital Money'* in s. 2 (9),
S. L. Act, 1882, should be transposed thus, — " Capital Money arising
under this Act and receivable for the trusts and purposes of the Settle-
ment, is, in this Act referred to as Capital Money arising under this
Act " (per Esher, M. R., Marlborough v, Majoribanks, 32 Ch. D. 5 ;
65 L. J. Ch. 339 ; 34 W. R. 377 ; 54 L. T. 914). The phrase means.
Capital Money capable of being applied, — i.e. money in hand, as dis-
tinguished from probable future receipts (Re Bristol, 1893, 3 Ch. 161 ;
62 L. J. Ch. 901; 69 L. T. 304; 42 W. R. 46, and cases there cited).
Svy Re Norfolk, cited Improvement.
Proceeds from sale of Heir-looms (Marlborough v. Majoribanks, sup),
a Fine on granting a Lease (s. 4, 47 & 48 V. c. 18), Money required for
Enfranchisement or for Equality of Exchange or Partition (s. 18, S. L.
Act, 1882), Money in Court, or in the hands of trustees, Liable to be
laid out in purchase of lands (ss. 32, 33, lb. : Re Byron, 23 Ch. D. 171 ;
53 L. J. Ch. 152; 48 L. T. 515 ; 31 W. R. 517: Ex p. Castle Bythaw,
1895, 1 Ch. 348; 64 L. J. Ch. 116; 43 W. R. 156 : Re Mackenzie, 23
Ch. D. 759; 52 L. J. Ch. 726; 48 L. T. 936: Re Tennant, 58 L. J. Ch.
457: Re Mundy, cited Option: Clarke v. Thornton, 35 Ch. D. 314;
56 L. J. Ch. 302; 35 W. R. 603; 56 L. T. 294: Svthlc, Burk^ r. Gore,
13L. R. Ir. 367) are "Capital Money" within the S. L. Act, 1882;
but accumulations of surplus rents are not (Re Newcastle, 24 Ch. D.
129; 52 L. J. Ch. 645; 48 L. T. 779; 31 W. R. 782).
Money liable to be laid out in the purchase of Land that may be in-
vested or applied as " Capital Money," s. 33, S. L. Act, 1882^ includes
17
CAPITAL MONEY 258 CARCASE
money to bo laid out in Freehold Ground Rents having a prescribc'd
relative value and a prescribed term (Re ThomaSy cited Improvement).
" Capital Money," qu^ s. 69, Loc Gov Act, 1888, is defined in subs. 3
of that section.
Vh Tudor, Char. Trusts, 280, 281.
CAPITAL NOT CALLED UP. — Includes unissued Shares (£'«^-
lish Channel Steamship Co v. Bolt, 17 Ch. D. 715).
CAPITAL WORKS. — Stat. Def., Loc Gov (Scot) Act, 1889, 52 &
53 V. c. 50, s. 18 (7).
CAPITE. — A Tenant in Capite, was one who held " immediately of
the King, as of his Crowne, be it by Knight's Service or Socage ; and not of
any Honor, Castle, or Manor " (Termes de la Ley). jyCowel: Jacob.
CAPTAIN. — Qui Militia (Voluntary Enlistment) Act, 1875, 38 &
39 V. c. 69, " • Captain,' includes any other Commanding Officer of a
company " (s. 2).
" Captain or Commanding Officer " ; T. 26 & 27 V. c. 116, s. 3.
CAPTIVES. — V. Prisoner.
CAPTORS.— V. Joint Captors.
CAPTURE. — Capture is " a Taking, an Arrest, a Seizure, 14 Car. 2,
c. 14" (Cowel).
"Capture," in a Marine Insurance, and generally, means a hostile
seizure by one country of the Ships or G^ods of the subjects of another
country with which it is in a state of War, with intent to keep or to
deprive the owner of the thing seized (Park, ch. 4: Johnston v. Hogg, 52
L. J. Q. B. 343; 10 Q. B. D. 432, and dicta there cited). In Cory v.
Burr (52 L. J. Q. B. 659 : 8 App. Ca. 393), which was also a case on a
Marine Policy and contained the usual warranty against " Capture and
Seizure," Selborne, C, said, — " I am disposed to agree that if the word
* Capture ' had stood alone it might have appeared to point to a belligerent
capture."
Though a Ship is the more easily captured because she was driven by
stress of weather on the shore, that is none the less a Capture {Chreen v.
Elmslie, Peake, 212) ; seeus, if she be a Total loss before seizure, for
then the loss is already a Peril of the Sea {Hahn v. Corhett, 2 Bing.
205). Vf Consequences.
F. Seizure: Actual Capture.
CAPUT PORTUS. — F. Port.
CARCASE. —Quk Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1878, 41 &
42 y. c. 74; '* < Carcase ' means; the carcase of an animal; and includes^
CARCASE 259 CARE-TAKER
part of a carcase, and the meat, bones, hide, skin, hoofs, horns, offal, or
other part of an animal, separately or otherwise, or any portion thereof "
(s. 5, subs. 1, vi), — a def which (by s. 69) is adopted for 57 & 58 V. c. 57.
CARDS. — Qui Revenue Act, 1862, 25 & 26 V. c. 22, " Cards," means
Playing Cards charged with Stamp Duty ; and " Pack of Cards " means
** any quantity or number of cards not exceeding 52 " (s. 28).
CARD WELL'S ACT. —By & Canal Traffic Act, 1854.
CARE: CUSTODY. —"Whether the custody be domestic or not,
if a person, — no matter who he is or in what relation he stands, — has
the care and custody of a Lunatic, and during the course of that care or
custody abuses, ill-treats, or wilfully neglects a lunatic he is within "
8. 9, 16 & 17 V. c. 96, and liable to its penalty (per Coleridge, C. J.,
Buchannan v. Hardij, 56 L. J. M. C. 45 ; 18 Q. B. D. 486 ; 35 W. R.
453 ; 51 J. P. 741). In that case it was, accordingly, held that a parent
is within the section ; and the decision in R, v. Rundle (24 L. J. M. (L
129 ; 1 Dears. 482), that a husband is not, was adversely criticised. A
brother is within the section {R, v. Porter ^ 33 L. J. M. C. 126).
** Custody, Charge, or Care " of a Child, qui Prevention of Cruelty to
Children Act, 1894, 57 & 58 V. c. 41; V. s. 23 (3). A woman's para-
mour is not (as a cohabiting husband is) ipso facto within this phrase,
because he is not its ** Paebnt " ; to convict him it must be shown that,
in fact, he had the custody of, and did neglect, her child (Ottley v. Fenn,
109 Law Times, 175, 176).
" Care or Management " of a Place kept for Betting, ss. 1 and 3, 16
& 17 V. c. 119 ; V. R. v. Cook, and Davis v. Stephenson, cited Use.
" Care, Government, or Management " of a House, &c, s. 2, 21 G. 3,
c. 49 ; V, Keeper.
Servants having " the Care " of property, s. 8, Black Act, 9 G. 1, c. 22,
8. 4, 52 G. 3, c. 130 ; F. Nesham v. Armstrong, 1 B. & Aid. 146: Somer-
set V. Mere, 4 B. & C. 167.
CARELESSLY. — As to effect of a jury's finding that a Privileged
Communication was made honestly, but " carelessly " ; V, Pittard v.
Oliver^ 89 Law Times, 119.
" Carelessly, or Accidentally " break or damage a Street Lamp, s. 207,
Metrop Man. Act, 1855; the liability under this section may, under the
word "accidentally," be incurred though the damage resulted in great
measure through the lamp being in an improper and unsafe position
(Burgess v. MorrU, 77 L. T. 97 ; 61 J. P^553).
CARE-TAKER. — A " Care-taker *' is one whose only business is to
guard the premises against injury ; and does not include one who may
create danger (Quin v. National Assrce, Jones & Carey, 330); therefore,
a carpenter having charge of an unfinished house in which he also carries
CARE-TAKER 260 CARGO
on his business as a carpenter, is not properly described as a '^ Care-taker ''
qui a Fire Policy {S. C).
CARQO. — " The word 'Cargo,' as referred to a Ship, is very intelli-
gible, and must mean the whole Loading. It may as well be said that
the word * Ship ' is uncertain, one being much bigger than another" (per
Cur. Sargent v. Beed, 2 Stra. 1228) ; " Cargo," and, generally, " Freight/'
are terms applicable to Goods only (Lewis v. Marahallj 13 L. J. C. P.
193; 7M. &G. 729).
" Generally speaking, the term ' Cargo,' unless there is something in
the context to give it a different signification, means the entire load of
the ship which carries it " (per Mellish, L. J., Borrotoman v. Draytorij
2 Ex.'D. 19; 46 L. J. Q. B. 276: for such a context, Fl Caffin v. Aldridge,
cited Port). So when a contract shews that the buyer of a " Cargo " is
to have complete control over the destination of the vessel, " Cargo "
means the entire ship-load and not a shipment, and the buyer of, e.g.
" a Cargo of from 2,500 to 3,000 Barrels (seller's option)," may reject a
tender of 3,000 Barrels on the ground that other Barrels had been shipped
by the same vessel and therefore that a ** Cargo " was not tendered (Bor-
rotoman V. Drdtftony sup : Vay Kreuger v. Blancky L. R. 5 Ex. 179 ; 39
L. J. Ex. 190: Ffl Maude & P. 313). And, on the other hand, the
buyer of a " Cargo," the quantity being mentioned, is bound to take the
Cargo, whatever its quantity, unless the contrary is very plainly shewn
(Levi V. Berk, 2 Times Rep. 898). V. More or Less.
Where, however, the question is on a Policy of Insurance, " Cargo "
does not necessarily mean the whole loading (Houghton v. Crilbart, 7 C.
& P. 701: Vthc contrasted with Sargent v. Iteedy sup, in jdgmt of
Cleasby, B., Kreuger v. Blanch, sup). FA, Anderson v. Morice, 1 App.
Ca. 713; 46 L. J. C. P. 11; 25 W. R. 14 ; 35 L. T. 566: Colonial Insrce
V. Adelaide Insrce, 12 App. Ca. 128; 56 L. J. P. C. 19; 35 W. R. 636;
56 L. T. 173.
As to the meaning of " Full and Complete Cargo "; V, Southampton
Steam Co. v. Clarke, L. R. 4 Ex. 73; 6 lb. 53; 38 L. J. Ex. 54; 40 lb.
8 : Duckett v. Satterfield, L. R. 3 C. P. 227 ; 37 L. J. C. P. 144 : Morris
v. Levison, 1 C. P. D. 155; 45 L. J. C. P. 409; 34 L. T. 576; 24 W. R.
517; Vthlc, Carnegie \, Conner, 59 L. J. Q. B. 122; 24 Q. B. D. 45;
61 L. T. 691; 6 Asp. 447: Miller v. Bomer, 1900, 1 Q. B. 691; 69
L. J. Q. B. 429; 82 L. T. 258: Vf, Caffin v. Aldridge, cited Port:
Heathfield S, S. Co. v. Rodenacher, 2 Com. Ca. 55. And as to the effect
of custom on the mode of loading a " full and complete cargo " of Sugar;
F. Cuthhert v. Cumming, 10 Ex. 809; 11 lb. 405: Vth 1 Maude & P.
• 294. V. Wet.
" Cargo to be brought to and taken from Alongside free of expense
and risk to the ship " ; V. 1 Maude & P. 291, citing Wright v. New Zeor
land Shipping Co, 4 Ex. D. 165.
CARGO 261 CARRIAGE
" Cargo is to be discharged with all despatch according to the cus-
tom of the Port " ; V. 1 Maude & P. 292, citing Postlethwaite v. Free-
laiid, 4 Ex. D. 155; 5 App. Ca. 599; 48 L. J. Ex. 353; 49 lb. 630:
Custom ART.
" Cargo expected to arrive " ; V, Expected to akbivb.
Vh Benj. 684, 688 : Blackb. 217, 223.
CARNAL KNOWLEDGE. — In the crime of Rape, «« Carnal
Knowledge,' means the penetration to any the slightest degree of the
organ known, by the male organ of generation " (Steph. Gr. 186 : s. 63,
24 & 25 V. c. 100). Vf Arch. Cr. 862 ; llosc. Cr. 767.
CARNO. — Is an Immunity (Termes de la Ley).
CARPENTER. — A " Carpenter," within the late Bankry definition
of *' Trader," meant '' a person who purchases timber and other materials
which he works up as a Carpenter, and not a person who merely works at
the trade" (Arch. Bankry, 11 ed., 35, citing Chapman v. Lamphire^
3 Mod. 155; 1 Cooke, B. L. 49).
CARRIAGE. — Speaking generally a ''Carriage" includes anything
on which men or goods are carried : therefore a Bicycle is a " Carriage "
within 8. 78, Highway Act, 1835, although bicycles were not in vogue
when the Act passed {Taylor v. Goodwin, 4 Q. B. D. 228 ; 48 L. J. M. C.
104 ; 27 W. R. 489; 43 J. P. 653: M'Kee v. M'Grath, 30 L. R. Ir. 41).
" A carriage need not be necessarily on wheels; for instance, it may be
drawn as a sledge, so as to facilitate its use on a road " {Taylor v. Good-
winy sup) ; and, semble, a Wheel-barrow is not a Carriage {Brunton v.
Hall, 1 Q, B. 792; 10 L. J. Q. B. 258; 1 G. & D. 207). "Bicycles,
Tricycles, Velocipedes, and other similar Machines," are now expressly
declared to be " Carriages " within the Highway Acts (s. 85, Loc Gov
Act, 1888); but that section does not incorporate s. 78, Highway Act,
1835, and a Constable has no right, without warrant, to apprehend a
Bicyclist travelling at night without a lamp {Hatton v. Treeby, 1897,
2 Q. B. 452; 66 L. J. Q. B. 729 ; 77 L. T. 309; 46 W. R. 6; 61 J. P. 586).
But where a private Turnpike Act imposed a toll " for every Carriage
of whatever description and for whatever purpose which shall be drawn
or impelled or set or kept in motion by steam or any other power or
agency than being drawn by any horse or beast " ; it was held that a
Bicycle was not included, and that those words applied "only to car-
riages of a heavy description which both wear the road and are impelled
by some mechanical power " ( Williams v. Ellia, 5 Q. B. D. 175 ; 49 L. J.
M. C. 47; 28 W. R. 416; 44 J. P. 394; distinguishing Taylor v. Good^
win, sup) ; but Williams v. Ellis is not of general application, and was
cited in vain in Ellis v. Nott Bower (13 Times Rep. 35) ; Va Coach.
Qu4 the Revenue Act^ 1869, 32 & 33 Y. c. 14, and by s. 19 (6) thereof,
CARRIAGE 262 CARRY
" the term * Carriage,' means and includes, any Vehicle drawn by a horse
or mule, or horses or mules ; — except a Waggon, Cart, or other Vehicle ,
used solely for the conveyance of any Goods or Burden, in the course of
Trade or Husbandry, and whereon the Christian Name and Surname
and Place of Abode or Place of Business of the Owner, or the Kame or
Style and Principal or onlj' Place of Business of the Co or Firm owning^
the same, shall be visibly and legibly painted in letters of not less than,
one inch in length." That def is substantially adopted in s. 4 (3), 51
& 52 V. c. 8, but there a Hackney Carriage is excepted, and, on the
other hand, the def is enlarged so as to include a Carriage propelled by-
steam, electricity, or other mechanical power.
Other Stat. Def. —38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 108 ; 44 & 45 V. c. 67, s. 6. —
Scot 25 & 26 V. c. 110, s. 3 ; 55 & 56 V. c. 55, s. 4.
" Any Carriage," in the latter part as well as the first part of s. 45,
Town Police Clauses Act, 1847, means, a Hackney Carriage (Jones v.
Short, cited Street). In ss. 37, 40 to 52, 54, 58, and 60 to 67, of that
Act, " Carriage " includes an Omnibus (s. 4 (1), 52 & 53 V. c. 14).
F. Vehicle: Stage Carriage: Wheeled Carriage: Locomotive:
Locomotive Engine: Cab: Cart: Coach: Job.
Carriage Traffic ; V. Traffic.
CARRIED. — " Goods carried into any Port in England or Wales in
any Ship," s. 6, 24 V. c. 10; V. Daptieto v. Wyllie, 43 L. J. Adm. 20;
L. R. 6 P. C. 482: The Fieve SupeHore, 43 L. J. Adm. 20; L. R.
5 P. C. 482.
The transfer to the Mersey Docks and Harbour Bd of the Town Dues
on all goods " carried or conveyed upon, over, or along any part of the
Upper Mersey," is to be read in its literal sense and applies to the Dues
on goods carried over any part of the river in the ordinary course of a
voyage (Mersey Docks & Barbour Bd v. Hunter, 80 L. T. 96 ; 4 Com.
Ca. 142).
CARRIER. — A " Carrier," 3 Car. 1, c. 1, means a Carrier of Goods
(per Counsel in Sandiman v. Breach, 7 B. & C. 97 : Va, Ex p. Middle^
ton, 3 B. & C. 164).
Quh Carriage and Deposit of Dangerous Goods Act, 1866, 29 & 30 V.
c. 69, and by s. 7 thereof, " Carrier," includes " all persons or bodies car-
rying Goods or Passengers for Hire, by Land or Water " : Q> 38 & 39
V. c. 17, s. 108.
"Carrier, or Fortoarder^* \ Stat. Def., Customs TariflE Amendment
l2t, 1860, 23 & 24 V. c. 22, s. 24.
r. Common Carrier : Not as Common Carriers.
CARRY. — " To carry " a person, includes putting him m a position
to be carried, and therefore placing a debtor on a coach for the purpose
of conveying him to prison, was a " carrying " within s. 1, 32 G. 2, c. 28
CARRY 263 CARRY ON
(Dewhurst v. Pearson, 2 L. J. Ex. 143; 1 Cr. & M. 365; 3 Tyr. 242;
IDowl. 664).
" Carry to sell," as a Hawker; V. R. v. McKnight, 10 B. & C. 734.
CARRY AWAY. — V. Asportation ; Take and Carry away.
CARRY ON. — " The phrase * Carrying on ' implies a repetition or
series of acts " (per Brett, L. J., Smith v. Anderson, 50 L. J. Ch. 52; 15
Ch. D. 247 ; Vthc, Be Government's Stock Investment Co, 60 L. J. Ch.
479: Vf, Re Siddall, 54 L. J. Ch. 682; 29 Ch. D. 1: Crowther v.
Thorley, 50 L. T. 43; 32 W. R. 350: Re Thomas, 14 Q. B. D. 379:
England v. Webb, 1898, A. C. 758; 67 L. J. P. C. 120; 79 L. T. 131 :
Re Griffin, cited Business.
A Railroad Company " carries on Business," ss. 60 and 128, 9 & 10 V.
c. 95, repld s. 74, Co. Co. Act, 1888, only at its Principal office where
the directors meet and the general business of the Co is transacted
{Minor V. Lond. & N. W, Ry, 26 L. J. C. P. 39; 1 C. B. N. S. 325:
ShieU F. G. N, Ry, 30 L. J. Q. B. 331 ; 9 W. R. 739 : Brown v. Lond,
& K W, Ry, 32 L. J. Q. B. 318 ; 4 B. & S. 326: Le Tailleur v. S. E.
Ry, 3 C. P. D. 18: Va Dwell: Reside). So, of a Pier Co {Aberyst-
with Pier Co v. Cooper, 35 L. J. Q. B. 44; 14 W. R. 28; 13 L. T.
273). But a Manufacturing Co " dwells and carries on business " at its
place of manufacture and sale, and not at its Registered Ofiice (Keynsham
Lime Co v. Baker, 33 L. J. Ex. 41 ; 2 H. & C. 729; 12 W. R. 166;
9 L. T. 418: Oldham Co. v. Beald, 33 L. J. Ex. 236 ; 3 H. & C. 132).
A Building Contractor " carries on business " where his general place of
business is, and not at the locality where particular contracts are being
executed ( Gorslett v. Harris, 29 L. T. 0. S. 75). But if the nature of a
man's business be such that he must be personally moving about within
a particular district, — e.g, an Apothecary, — that is carrj^ng on busi-
ness within that district {Mitchell v. Render, 23 L. J. Q. B. 273).
To " carry on " a business, means, primarily, to carry on one's own
business ; therefore, a salaried clerk does not '* carry on business '' at the
office of his employer within s. 12, Mayor's Court Procedure Act, 1857
(Lewis V. Graham, 20 Q. B. D. 784 ; 22 lb. 1 ; 57 L. J. Q. B. 376; 58 lb.
117 ; 36 W. R. 574 ; 37 lb. 73 ; 59 L. T. 35). Vh, Le Tailleur v. S. E.
Ry (sup) : Re Sax, cited Cease.
A clerk in the Admiralty does not " carry on business " at his office
within s. 40, London Small Debts Act, 10 & 11 V. c. Ixxi (Buckley v.
Hann, 19 L. J. Ex. 151; 5 Ex. 43); nor does a Deputy Sealer of the
Court of Chancery (Rolfe v. Learmouth, 19 L. J. Q. B. 10 ; 14 Q. B.
196), nor a clerk in the Privy Council Office (Sangster v. Cave, 19 L. J.
Ex. 313 ; nom. Sangster v. Kay, 5 Ex. 386), nor a partner in a mine on
the Cost-Book principle, the business of which mine is wholly conducted
by an agent (Mitchell v. Render, sup), qui s. 128, 9 & 10 V. c. 95 : — for
CARRY ON 264 CARRY ON
the principle in these cases would seem to be that neither of the persons
carried on " business " at all : Va, Glennie v. Delmar^ 1 L. M. & P. 402.
But as a place where a Debtor'^ Summons could be served (R. 17,
Bankry Rules, 1870), it was held that a clerk " carrieil on business " at
his employer's office {Re Bowie, Exp. Breull, 50 L. J. Ch. 384; 16 Ch. D-
484; 29W. R. 299).
Having an Agency is not a carrying on business by the Principal
(Corbete v. Gen. Steam Nav. Co, 28 L. J. Ex. 214; 4 H. & N. 482:
Baillie v. Goodwin, 33 Ch. D. 605; 55 L. J. Ch. 849 ; 55 L. T. 56 ; 34
W. R. 787: Grant v. Anderson, 1892, 1 Q. B. 108; 61 L. J. Q. B. 107 ;
66 L. T. 79 ; Cp, Clarke v. Watkins, inf) ; secus, of a Branch business
( Weatherley v. Calder, 61 L. T. 608).
Qui R. S. C, — e,g. Ord. 9, R. 8 ; Ord. 48 a, R. 1, 3, — a Foreign Co
carries on business in England if it has a place of business there
{Haggin v. Comptoir cPEscompte, 58 L. J. Q. B. 608; 23 Q. B. D. 519 ;
37 W. R. 703; 61 L. T. 748; La Bourgogne, 1899, P. 1; 68 L. J. P. D.
& A. 9, 104; 79 L. T. 331); secus, of an individual or private firm
{Russell Y. CambefoH, 58 L. J. Q. B. 498; 23 Q. B. D. 526; 37 W. R.
701 ; 61 L. T. 751 ; Vthc, Grant v. Anderson, sup). Fjf Ann. Pr.
V. Dwell.
But none of the foregoing cases (except, probably, those in the 2nd
par) apply when the question is, where a business is "carried on" so
that it may be seen where the Profits are earned on which Income Tax
is payable under 5 & 6 V. c. 35, s. 100, Case 1, R. 2, and 16 & 17 V.
c. 34, 8. 2, Sch D. {Enchsen v. Last, 51 L. J. Q. B. 86 ; 8 Q. B. D. 414).
In that case Jessel, M. R., said in his jdgmt; — " There is no principle
of law which decides what * carrying on ' Trade is — a multitude of cir-
cumstances make up what is called ' carrying on ' a Trade ; for it is a
compound fact made up of a variety of things. Now the facts of this case
show that this is a Co with stations in this kingdom, with the ends of
cables in this kingdom, and these cables are worked from here by the staff
of the Co. There is an office in London, and the Co takes messages and
sends them to foreign parts. There is, as it appears to me, a perfectly
plain case of * carrying on * trade here. A Co in this country which
regularly undertakes the carrying of goods abroad for money as part of
its ordinary business, * carries on ' trade in this country, even though the
whole of tho carriage is done abroad. The mere fact that the Co enters
into contracts in this country with English subjects for the right of car-
riage appears to me to be the same thing as if it made similar contracts for
the sale of goods. Whether the contract is for carriage or for the right
to transmit messages, makes no difference. So if a Railway Company,
with a station at Dover and another at Calais, carries passengers from
Dover to Calais as a regular practice, that would be a trading at Dover."
Indeed, in this connection, it may be said that, where the Brain Power
is, there (and, semble, there only) a Trade or Business is " carried on **
CARRY ON 265 CARRY ON
(San Paulo Ry v. Carter, 1895, 1 Q. B. 580; 1896, A. C. 31; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 379; 65 lb. 161; distinguishing Colquhoun v. Brooks, 59 L. J.
Q. B. 53; 14 App. Ca. 493, and Bartholomay Co v. Wyatt, 1893, 2 Q. B.
499; 62 L. J. Q. B. 525, and following London Bank of Mexico y.
Apthorpey 1891, 2 Q. B. 378; 60 L. J. Q. B. 653: Va, Sully v. A-G.,
29 L J. Ex. 464; 5 11. & N. 711). It may, probably, be said that Bar-
tholomay Co v. Wyatt is no longer an authority, for Wright, J. (one of
the judges who decided it), has abandoned it, on the ground that its ratio
decidendi was destroyed by the San Paulo decision {Apthorpe v. Peter
Schoenhofen Co, 79 L. T. 98). Those two latter cases, and St. Louis
Breweries v. Apthorpe (79 L. T. 551 ; 47 W. R. 334 ; 63 J. P. 135) seem
to warrant this remarkable development of the San Paulo decision that,
— even where all the practical operations of a business are carried on
abroad, and the Undertaking and its assets are legally vested in a Foreign
Co, yet, if nearly all the shares in such Co are held, and its financial
affairs are controlled, by an English Co located in England, the business
is '' carried on " in England ; and Income Tax has to be paid on the whole
of its Profits, and not merely on so much of such profits as may be re-
mitted to England. But Cp, Grainger v. Gough, 1896, A. G. 325; 65
L. J. Q. B. 410; 74 L. T. 435; 44 W. R. 561.
Vf, Tischler v. Apthorpe, 33 W. R. 548 ; 52 L. T. 814; 1 Times Rep.
344 : Pomeroy v. Apthorpe, 56 L. J. Q. B. 155 : Werle v. Colquhoun,
57 L. J. Q. B. 326; 20 Q. B. D. 753. V. Elsewhekb; Reside: Re-
ceived. Cp* Exercise: Derive: Arising.
As to place where a Business is carried on, qu4 Probate Duty in
Australia; V, Beaver v. Victoria Master in Eq., 1895, A. C. 251; 72
L. T. 127; 64 L. J. P. C. 126.
A Cape of Good Hope statute, taxing a Co whose business is ** described
as to be carried on ix this Colony," does not apply to a Co whose Regis-
tered Office is in England and whose object is to carry on business " in
any part of the world," even though the Co has an Agency in the Col-
ony ; for " to say that a business is to be in a place named is one thing;
but to say that it may be carried on anywhere is a totally different thing *'
{Marshall v. Orpen, 1895, A. C. 606; 64 L. J. P. C. 177; 72 L. T. 783 ;
approving Colonial Government v. British S, Africa Co, 9 Juta, 280).
The exemption in s. 7 of the Victorian Income Tax Act, 1895, of
Trusts, &c, " not carrying any Trade, or not being engaged in any
Tra<le, for the purposes of Gain," semble, applies only to such Bodies as
are localised in the Colony {England v. Webb, 1898, A. C. 758; 67 L.J.
P.C.120; 79L. T. 131).
As regards Covenants and Agreements in Restraint op Trade, the
cases run a little fine.
An Agreement by A. not to " carry on " a Business " either in his own
name or for his own benefit, or in the name or names, or for the benefit
of any person^" &c, is not broken by A. becoming an Agent for another
CARRY ON 266 CARRY ON
person within the prescribed district {Clarke v. Watkins^ 11 W. R. 319:
Allen V. Taylor, 39 L. J. Ch, 627; 19 W. R. 556; 24 L. T. 249; Cpy
Corhett V. Gen, Steam Nav, Coy sup). If, however, the agreement
relates to a Profession, — e,t/, a Surgeon's, — the rule would be different,
for the word " Profession " is much more emphatic than " Business " :
carrying on a Trade, implies sharing in the profit or loss, but a person
carries on a Profession when only acting as an Assistant to another (per
Cotton, L. J., Palmer v. Mallett, 36 Ch. D. 411; 57 L. J. Ch. 226;
58 L. T. 64; 36 W. R. 460: it is however to be observed that in the, the
words were shall not " directly or indirectly, and either alone or in part-
nership with, or a^ assistant of, any person . . . carry on the profes-
sion," &c: Vf, Rawlinson v. Clarke, 14 L. J. Ex. 364; 14 M. & W.
187).
But if instead of, or in addition to, using the words ".carry on " the
restriction extends to " engage in " {Rolfe v. Rolfe, 15 Sim. 88 : Vf
Engage In), or " concerned or interested in " {Newling v. Dobell^
38 L. J. Ch. Ill), or " concerned in " {Jones v. Harrison, 4 Ch. D. 636),
then, though only relating to a Business, it will be broken by the agree-
ing party acting for another within the prescribed area, either as Assist-
ant or Journeyman, and the same rule would obtain if the words of
prohibition are, shall not " carry on either as master or servant " {Proctor
V. Sargent, 10 L. J. C. P. 34 ; 2 M. & G. 20 : Benwell v. Inns, 26 L. J.
Ch. 663; 24 Bea. 307). FjT Concerned in: Interested in.
Soliciting and supplying customers, or attending to patients, within
the defined district, even without having any place of residence or
business therein, is "carrying on " business there within a prohibiting
agreement {Turner v. Evans, 22 L. J. Q. B. 412; 2 E. & B. 512;
2D. G. M. & G. 740: Brampton v. Beddoes, 13 C. B. N. S. 538; 11
W. R. 268; 7 L. T. 679: Mitchell v. Render, sup: Vf, Palmer v.
Mallett, sup). V, Practise: Solicit: Set up.
" Stuart V. Diplock (cited Ladies' Outfitter) seems to show that to
carry on a Part, is not to carry on the business " (per Channell, J.,
Bailey v. Skinner, 42 S. J. 780; 105 Law Times, 473). Cp Butcher.
Where a Co is in Liquidation and its business is being carried on
thereunder with a view to its sale as a going concern, that is not a " car-
rying on " the business by the Co, within a contract by A., with the Co,
that no similar business should be carried on by A. so long as the Co
carried on such a business {Shorthoi*n Dairy Co v. Hall, 31 S. J.
479). Svthc, Matthews on Restraint of Trade, 239.
For the principles on which Injunction is granted for Breach of Agree-
ment not to carry on business, and which involves personal conduct,
V, Robinson v. Heuer, 1898, 2 Ch. 451 ; 67 L. J. Ch. 644; 79 L. T. 281;
47 W. R. 34.
A Married Woman who ha^ traded, is still "carrying on a Trade,"
8. 1 (5), M. W. P. Act, 1882, so long as any of her Trade Debts remain
CARRY ON 267 CART
undischarged, because till then her trading is not completed (Re Dag^
nail, 1896, 2 Q. B. 407; 65 L. J. Q. B. 666; 75 L. T. 142; 45 W. R. 79;
applying Ex p, Bamford, cited Using, and distinguishing McGeorge
and Exp, Schomberg, cited Being: Re Dagnall followed in Re Worsley,
17 Times Rep. 122 ; W. N. (1900) 269). In Re Dagnall (65 L. J. Q. B.
667), Glenn, arg., said, but without citing authority, — "Under the
P. H. Acts and the Adulteration Acts, it has been held, upon the
words 'carrying on' a Trade occurring in those Acts, that a person
cannot escape liability to the penalties thereby imposed by ceasing
to trade."
" Ceases " to carry on business ; V, Cease.
V. Business: Practise.
CARRY OUT. — The penalty imposed by the Bread Act, 1836, 6 &
7 W. 4, c. 37, s. 7, if any seller of bread shall " carrg out or deliver "
bread without being provided with scales and weights, " refers only to a
carrying out or delivery of bread by a person who is therein acting as a
baker or seller of bread; and not to a carrying out or delivery by a per-
son who, though in fact a baker or seller of bread, is, in carrying out or
delivering the bread, acting merely from friendliness or the like, and
not as such baker or seller of bread " (per Field, J., Daniel v. Whitfield,
^ L. J. M. C. 134 ; 15 Q. B. D. 408 ; 53 L. T. 471 ; 33 W. R. 905 ; 49
J. P. 694; 1 Times Rep. 574).
r. For Sale.
•
CARRY OVER. — To " Carry over " a Stock Exchange transaction
is where the buyer, not wishing to pay for what he has bought on the day
appointed, gets the settlement " carried ovejr," or adjourned, to a subse-
quent settling-day; Vh, Sachs v. Speilman^ W. N. (89) 103; 5 Times
Rep. 487 : Bongiovanni v. La Soeiete Ginerale, cited Continuation, of
which " Carry over " is a synonym (Brodhurst's Law of Stock Exchange,
16, 17).
CARRYING INTO EXECUTION. — An agreement compromis-
ing an action lo which a Local Board is Party, is not " a Contract neces-
sary for carrying the Act into execution,** within s. 173, P. H. Act, 1875
{A'G. V. Gaskill, 52 L. J. Ch. 163; 22 Ch. D. 537).
Cp Pursuance.
CART- — " Waggon, Cart, or other such carriage," s. 7, Highway Act,
1835; — "I think that this is a description of vehicles which carry heavy
good^, and go slowly along the road. It cannot, in my opinion, extend
lo gigs, dog-carts, or gentlemen's carriages " (per Lu^h, J., Danby v.
Hunter, 49 L. J. M. C. 16 ; 5 Q. B. D. 20; 44 J. P. 283). In that case
it was held that a light spring cart used by the maker of agricultural
implements for taking his wares to market, and in which he also drove
CART 268 CASE
out himself and family, and on which he paid tax under s. 18, 32 & 33
V. c. 14, was not a " Cart " within s. 7 of the Highway Act.
Quk Markets and Fairs Clauses Act, 1847, 10 & 11 V. c. 14, and by
8. 3 thereof, ** < Cart,' shall include Waggon, and also any Carriage used
wholly or chiefly for the conveyance of goods."
Other SUt Def. — Dublin Carriage Act, 1853, 16 & 17 V. c. 112,
s. 80.
V. Light Cart : Taxed Cast : Cabriags : YEaiCLE.
CART-BOTE. — V. Bote.
CART ROAD. — A. conveyed the surface of lands reseri'ing a
" Waggon or Cart Road," 18 feet wide, to be at all times kept in repair
at his own cost; held, that this reservation did not authorize A. to lay
down a Railroad or Tramway {Bidder v. JV. Staffordshire Ry, 4 Q. B. D.
412).
CARTRIDGE. — " Cartridge Works" ; V, Non-textile Factories.
CARUCATA. — " Carueata terrce^ a ploughland, may containe houses,
mi lies, pasture, medow, wood, &c " (Co. Litt. 86 b ; Va lb. 5 a). V.
Carve: Plow-land: Hide: Oxgangb: Familia.
CARVE. — A Carve of land is synonymous with Carucata (Cowel,
Carueata : Termes de la Ley, Carve de terre),
CASE. — "Actions upon the Case," s. 3, Limitation Act, 1623, may,
probably, be defined as, those in which a pit sues for damages for any
wrong or cause of complaint to which the old action of Covenant or
Trespass would not apply '(Stephen on Pleading, ch. 1), — e,g. As-
sumpsit, Libel, Slander (specially provided for by the section).
Deceit, &c.
As to when an action for money sought to be recovered under a Statute,
is an Action on the Case within the Limitation Act, 1623, and not one
on a Specialty within s. 3, Civil Procedure Act, 1833; V. Salfoi'dY,
Lancashire Co. Co., 59 L. J. Q. B. 676; 25 Q. B. D. 384.
The action of " Trespass on the Case " (abbreviated to " Case "), " origi-
nated in the power given by the Statute of Westminster 2nd to the Clerks
of the Chancery to frame new writs in consimili casu with writs already
known. Under this power they constructed many writs for different
injuries which were considered as bearing a certain analogy to a Tres-
pass. The new writs, invented for the cases supposed to bear such
analogy, received accordingly the appellation of writs of Trespass on the
Case, as being founded on the particular circumstances of the case thus
requiring a remedy, and to distinguish them from the old writ of Tres-
pass; and the injuries themselves, which are the subject of such writs,
were not called trespasses^ but had the general names of torts, wrongs, or
CASE 269 CASH
grievances. The writs of Trespass on the Case, though invented thus
pro re natA in various forms according to the nature of the different
wrongs which respectively called them forth, began nevertheless to be
viewed as constituting collectively a new, individual, for7n of action ;
and this new genus took its place by the name of ' Trespass on the Case '
among the more ancient actions of Debt, Covenant, Trespass, &c. Such
being the nature of this action, it comprises, of course, manj' different
species. There is one, however, of more frequent use than any other
species of this kind of action, which is Trover " (Stephen on Pleading,
ch. 1). Actual damage was a necessary ingredient in Trespass on the Case.
Note, Forms of Action are now discontinued (s. 3, Com. L. Pro. Act,
1852); but most of their names survive as titles of branches of the law,
and in statutes and legal phraseology still have practical meanings.
Vf Termes de la Ley, Casu Consimili : 3 Bl. Com. 51 : 1 Encyc. 109.
*' In case of the Death " , V. Die.
V, As THE Case requires.
CASE OR CANISTER. — A linen or calico Bag is not '' a Case or
Canister " within s. 23 (2 b)^ Metalliferous Mines Eegn Act, 1872, 35
& 36 V. c. 77 (Foster v. Diphwys Casson Co, 56 L. J M. C. 21; 18
Q. B. D. 428 ; 51 J. P. 470; 3 Times Kep. 301). « We should be vio-
lating the rules of construction if we were not to say that the words
< Case or Canister ' explained one another {Sv Or), and that ' Case '
meant something in the nature of a 'Canister,' — something that is
solid, substantial, covered over, and calculated to prevent the escape of
its contents and to resist their accidental ignition. The whole end and
object of the Act is to preserve human life, and in placing the construc-
tion we do upon the rule in question, and holding that *■ Case ' must be
something in the nature of a * Canister,' we are construing it in accord-
ance with its manifest intention and giving effect to the spirit of the
Act" (per Coleridge, C. J., lb,), "I confess it never occurred to me
that ' Case ' could mean a Bag. I always thought until the quotation of
the definition in Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, that 'Case ' meant something
solid; but according to that definition a Net might be a *Case'" (per
Grove, J., lb,),
CASH. — This is a stricter term than " Money." In Beales v. Cris"
ford (13 L. J. Ch. 26; 13 Sim. 592), it was held that neither a Promis-
sory Note payable to order, nor Long Annuities, nor Columbian Bonds
came within "Cash or monies so called" (1 Jarm. 769, n: F/^Wms.
Exs. 1052, n). Bank of England Notes, and it would seem other Bank
Notes, would pass under a bequest of " Cash " {Miller v. Race, 1 Burr.
452 ; 1 Sm. L. C. 491 : Soj Francis v. Nash^ cited Chose in Action).
V, Money : In Cash.
" Net Cash "; V. Boden v. French, cited Net.
CASH AGAINST BILL 270 CASUAL
CASH AGAINST BILL OF LADING.— T. Ogg y. Shuter,
44 L. J. C. P. 161 ; L. R. 10 C. P. 159.
CASH UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE COURT Tbese
words, occurring in s. 10, Law of Property Amendment Act, 1860, 23 &
24 V. c. 38, mean cash standing in the name of the Accountant-General
in any cause or matter ; and therefore include moneys paid into Court
under the Lands C. G. Act, 1845, or under the Settled Estates Acts
(Exp. St. John Baptist College, 52 L. J. Ch. 268; 22 Ch. D. 93 ; over-
ruling Be Boydy 42 L. J. Ch. 506 ; 21 W. R. 667, and Ex p. Rector of
Kirksmeaton, 51 L. J. Ch. 581 ; 20 Ch. D. 203 : Vf, Re Brown, 59 L. J.
Ch. 530; 38 W. R. 529; 63 L. T. 131); or money paid into Court
under a Private Act and invested in Exchequer Bills (Jackson v. Tt/as,
52 L. J. Ch. 830). Vf, Dan. Ch. Pr. 1514: Re WeddeHmrn, 47 L. J.
Ch. 743; 9 Ch. D. 112 ; whlc not followed in Re Ovey, cited Securities :
R. 17, Ord. 22, R. S. C.
CASH WITH OPTION OF BILI "« Cash less discount at a
fixed rate, with option of Bill,' or vice versa, * Bill, with option of Cash
less discount '; — in the former case, the seller can sue for the price of
goods sold and delivered immediately on the buyer's refusal to accept at
the date fixed. In the latter, the seller cannot sue for the price of the
goods sold and delivered until the due date of the bill drawn by him,
even although the buyer has refused to accept it; but he may bring a
special action against the buyer for non-acceptance of the bill '' (Benj.
697, citing Anderson v. Carlisle Horse Clothing Co, 21 L. T. 760).
CASTA. — Dum casta clause ; V. Dum : Usuai*
CASTAWAY. — Semble, a Vessel " castaway " is one lost and irre-
coverable by ordinary means ( United States v. Johns, 1 Wash. 372).
V, Derelict; Total Loss.
CASTLE. — "By the name of a cattle one or more manors may be
conveyed: et e converso, by the name of a manor, &c, a castle may
passe" (Co. Litt. 6 a). "A Castle contains land, for in the Castle of
Dover, and in some other Castles, there are 4 or 5 acres of land, and land
may be parcel of the castle " (Hill v. Grange, Plowd. 168). " But by a
Castle most commonly is signified no more but the house or building,
and the parcel of ground inclosed wherein it doth stand" (Touch. 92:
Vf, 2 Inst. 31 : Mad. Baron. Anglic. 17). V. Manotis.
Note: — "No subject can build a Castle or house of strength im-
battled " without license from the Crown (Co. Litt. 5 a).
CASTLE-BOTE.— F. Bote.
CASUAI Quk 34 & 35 V. c. 108, and by s. 3 thereof, " * Casual
Fauper/ means, any destitute Wayfaber or Wanderer, applying for, or
CASUAL 271 CATTLE
receiving, Relief"; and " 'Casual Ward,* means, any ward or wards,
building, or premises, set apart or provided for the reception and relief
of destitute wayfarers and wanderers."
" Casual VcLcancy " on the Board, as used in the Articles of a Co, " is
any vacancy in the office of Directors arising otherwise than by retire-
ment in rotation " (per Fry, J., Munster v. Cammell Coj 51 L. J. Ch. 731;
21 Ch. D. 183; 47 L. T. 44 ; 30 W. R. 812: FjT, Dawson v. African, &c
Coy cited Become). Note : — In the marginal note to s. 89, Comp. C. C.
Act, 1845, the phrase is " Occasional Vacancies."
CASUALTY.— r. Fire,
'* Casualties," are payments to be made on certain successions to Realty
in Scotland: Stat. Def., 37 & 38 V. c. 94, s. 3.
CATALOGUE.— r. Inventory.
CATCH. — It is good evidence that a person has been " catching "
fish, s. 11, 41 & 42 V. c. 39, if he is seen fishing and any of that river's
fish is found upon him {Swanwick v. Varnet/, 30 W. R. 79; 45 L. T. 716).
CATHEDRAI " Cathedral "; Stat. Def., 35 & 36 V. c. 35, s. 1.
V. Chapter.
" Cathedral Corporation "; Stat. Def., Irish Church Act, 1869, 32 & 33
V. c. 42,s. 72.
Quk the Pluralities Act, 1838, 1 & 2 V. c. 106, " Cathedral Prefer-
mentf" unless it otherwise appears from the context, comprehends '' every
Deanery, Archdeaconry, Prebend, Canonry, office of Minor Canon, Priest
Vicar, or Vicar choral, having any prebend or endowment belonging
thereto, or belonging to any body corporate consisting of persons holding
any such office ; and also every Precentorship, Treasurership, Sub-dean-
ery, Chancellorship of the church, and other Dignity and Office in any
Cathedral or Collegiate Church, and every Mastership, Wardenship, and
Fellowship in any Collegiate Church " (s. 124) : Fa 32 & 33 V. c. 42,
8. 72.
" Cathedral " or " Collegiate " School, s. 62, 16 & 17 V. c. 137 ; V. Re
St. John Street Chapel, 1893, 2Ch. 631'; 62 L. J. Ch. 932: Re Stock-
port SchooU, 1898, 2 Ch. 687 ; 68 L. J. Ch. 41; 47 W. R. 166.
CATTLE. — Bulls, Cows, Oxen, Steers, Bullocks, Heifers, Calves,
Sheep, and Lambs are "Cattle" (Vh 14 G. 2, c. 1; 15 G. 2, c. 34).
** The Legislature by the last Act says that it was not to be extended
to Horses, Pigs, or Goats, although all these are ' Cattle ' (Fletcher v.
Sondes, 3 Bing. 581). Yet Horses are 'Cattle * within the Black Act,
9 G. 1, c. 22 {R. V. Fatij, 2 Bl. W. 721) ; and Bulls are not * Cattle '
within 3 G. 4, c. 71 (Exp. Hill, 3 C. & P. 225)." Dwar. 636.
''Cattle/' in 8. 1, Dogs Act, 1865, 28 & 29 V. c. 60, includes horses
CATTLE 272 CATTLE INS. SOC.
(Wright V. Pearson, 38 L. J. Q. B. 312 ; L. R. 4 Q. B. 582; 33 J. P.
634), and, semhle, pigs {Child v. Heam^ L. R. 9 Ex. 176; 43 L. J. Ex.
100). The latter case shows that " Cattle," as used in s. 68, 8 V. c. 20,
includes pigs ; and so of " Cattle" in the Black Act (JR. v. Chappie, Russ.
& Ry. 77). Note. — The liability under the Dogs Act, is none the less
because the Cattle or Sheep may be trespassing (Grange v. Silcock, 77
L. T. 340; 61 J. P. 709).
Quk Knackers Act, 1844, 7 & 8 V. c. 87, "Cattle," includes, "Bull,
. Ox, Cow, Steer, Heifer, Calf, Ass, Sheep, Lamb, Goat, Pig, or any other
Domestic Animal " (s. 10).
Qak Markets and Fairs Clauses Act, 1847, 10 & 11 V. c. 14, " Cattle,"
includes, " Horse, Ass, Mule, Ram, Ewe, Wether, Lamb, Goat, Kid, or
Swine " (s. 3).
Qui Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847, 10 & 11 V. c. 34,
" Cattle " includes, " Horses, Asses, Mules, Sheep, Goats, and Swine "
(s. 3), — a def adopted for Town Police Clauses Act, 1847, 10 & 11 V.
c.89(F: 8.3).
Quk Metropolitan Market Act, 1851, 14 & 15 V. c. 61, "Cattle." in-
eludes, " Sheep, Lambs, and Swine " (s. 44), — a def adopted for the
M:etrop Man Acts (s. 112, 25 & 2^ V. c. 102) ; but qui P. H. (London)
Act, 1891, the def is " Sheep, Goats, and Swine " (s. 141).
Quk P. H. (Scotland) Act, 1897, " * Cattle,' means, Bulls, Cows, Oxen,
Heifers, and Calves, and includes Sheep, Goats, and Swine " (s. 3).
Qnk Diseases of Animals Act, 1894, 57 & 58 V. c. 57, " 'Cattle,'
means, Bulls, Cows, Oxen, Heifers, and Calves " (s. 69) : FjT 29 & 30
V. c. 2, s. 3; 32 & 33 V. c. 70, a. 6; 41 ife 42 V. c. 74, s. 5; 55 & 56 V.
c. 47, 8. 3.
Other Stat. Def., 50 & 51 V. c. 27, s. 3; 56 & 57 V. c. 56, s. 8. — Scot.
13 & 14 V. c. 83, 8. 2 ; 2^ & 26 V. c. 101, s. 3; 55 & ^ V. c. 55, s. 4
— Ir. 17 & 18 V. c. 103, s. 1; 33 & 34 V. c. 3G, s. 11.
V. Kx acker: Slaughtubeb.
CATTLE DEALER. — r. Cattle Salesman.
CATTLE GATE. — " * Cattlegate,' also called 'Beastgate.' — Some-
times the soil is vested in the owners as tenants in common in fee ; R,
V. Whixley, 1 T. R. 137: Va, Mellington v. Ooodtitle, And. 106, and on
app. nom. Bennington v. Goodtitle, 2 Stra. 1084 ; a dictum in Barnes v.
Peterson, 2 Stra. 1063 : R. v. Watson, 5 East, 480 ; where the beasta
were turned out by anch burgesses as chose to do so, according to a stint
by a leet jury. Sometimes it is a mere right of pasture, the soil remain-
ing in the lord of the manor; Lonsdale v. Rigg, 11 Ex. 654; 1 H. & N.
923 ; 25 L. J. Ex. 73; 26 lb. 196 : V. Wms., on Rights of Common, 81
et seq: Hall, on Profits k Prendre, 23 et seq " (Elph. 565).
CATTLE INSURANCE SOCIETY.— F. Fbiendlt Society.
CATTLE PLAGUE 278 CAUSE
CATTLE PLAQUE. — Qu^ the Acts relating to Diseases of Ani-
mals, " Cattle Plague," means the Rinderpest (29 & 30 V. c. 2, s. 3; 32
& 33 V. c. 70, 8. 6).
CATTLE SALESMAN. — A Farmer accustomed, for profit, to buy
and sell more sheep than necessary to stock his farm, was held a ** Cattle
or Sheep Salesman" within the late Bankry definition of "Trader"
(Ex p. Newally 3 Deacon, 333). So, in a Bankry Petition a Farmer was
held to be sufficiently described as a " Cattle Dealer " (Ex jp. Kirkwoody
Re Mason, 11 Ch. D, 724; 27 W. R. 806; 40 L. T. 566).
CATTLE SHED. — " Cattle Sheds," " Cowhouses," and " Byres " ;
Stat. Def., 29 & 30 V. c. 17, s. 2.
CAUSA CAUSANS. — Is the ''real effective cause of damage"
(per Esher, M. R., Pandorfv. Hamilton, 55 L. J. Q. B. 548). Vh, Sin-
gleton V. Williamson, 31 L. J. Ex. 139. V, To Cause : Caused by.
V, Causa causans contrasted with a causa sine qua non by Lindley,
L. J., Culleme v. London & Suburban Bg Socy, 59 L. J. Q. B. 525; 25
Q. B, D. 485; 39 W. R. 88; 63 L. T. 511.
CAUSE. — '' Cause," " is not a technical word signifying one kind or
another, it is causa jurisdictionis, any suit, action, matter, or other
similar proceeding competently brought before, and litigated in, a Court "
(per Selborne, C, Be Grreen, 51 L. J. Q. B. 41 ; nom. Green v. Penzance,
6 App. Ca. 657); so, of the phrase " Ordinary Civil Cause," s. 10, 31 &
32 V. c 71 (The Tynwald, cited Action).
For the purposes of the Jud. Acts, " Cause," includes " any Action,
Suit, or other Original Proceeding between a plaintiff and defendant and
any Criminal proceeding by the Crown " (s. 100, Jud. Act, 1873; s. 3,
Jud. Act (Ir), 1877).
Other Stat. Def. — 24 & 25 V. c. 10, s. 2 ; 26 & 27 V. c. 24, s. 2. —
Ir. 30 & 31 V. c. 114, s. 2. — Scot. 19 & 20 V. c. m, s. 47; 38 & 39 V.
c. 62, s. 2.
V. Action: Q>. Dkcree.
A Rule Nisi against a Police Magistrate to hear an application for a
Summons, is " a Cause or Matter for Trial or Hearing " within Sch 52,
Order as to Supreme Court Fees, 1884, and therefore the fee of £2 is pay-
able on entering it at the Crown Office {Ex p, Hasker, 54 L. J. M. C. 94 ;
14 Q. B. D. 82); but an Appeal from Chambers is not such a Cause or
Matter (Exp. Dudley, 33 VV. R. 751).
" Cause or Matter," R. 1, Ord. 31, R. S. C. ; V. Ann. Pr : — R. 15, Ord.
31, V. Re Fenner and Lord, 1897, 1 Q. B. 667 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 498 ; 76
L. T. 376 ; 45 W. R. 486 : — R. 1-4, Ord. 39, K Mathews v. Chwy, 53
L. J. Q. B. 439; 13 Q. B. D. 403 ; 50 L. T. 776: Mason v. Wirral,
4 Q. B. D. 459.
18
CAUSE 274 CAUSE
" Cause or Matter relating to Real Estate,** R. 1, Ord. 61, R. S. C. ;
V. Stames v. Stainex, 30 S. J. 502; W. N. (86) 113: Fy Matter.
A Reference by Consent Order, not only of the subject-matter of an
action but also, of " all Matters in Difference," is not a reference of a
*' Cause or Matter, " within s. 14 or s. 15, Arb Act, 1S89 (Darlington
Wagon Co v. Harding, cited Equivalent).
The " Cause " that under s. 83 (4), Bankry Act, 1869, had to be
"shown" for the Removal of a Trustee, need not necessarily have
amounted to dishonesty ; unfitness, in the opinion of the Court, sufficed
(Exp. Newitt, 54 L. J. Q. B. 245; 14 Q. B. D. 177; 1 Times Rep. 98);
but sexual immorality is not '* Due cause " within s. 93, Comp Act,
1862 (Re Urmston Grange S. S. Co, 17 Times Rep. 553).
" Any Cause whatever " ; F. Any : Alteration.
"Just Cause"; V. Just.
" Lawful! Cawse " to reject from the Communion, 1 Edw. 6, d, s. 8 ;
r. Jenkins v. Cook, 45 L. J. P. C. 1; 1 P. D. 80.
"Cause," "Reasonable Cause," and "Reasonable Excuse," for
Matrimonial Desertion, all mean the same thing (per Barnes, J., Old-
roi/d V. Oldroydj 65 L. J. P. D. & A. 115 ; referring to Yeatman v.
Yeatman, and adopted in St/nge v. Synge, both cited Desertion).
V, Reasonable and Probable Cause: Sufficient Cause.
The " Reasonable or Sufficient Cause," s. 1, 27 & 28 V. c. b6, for re-
quiring a Street Musician to move on, must be stated to him (Shields v.
Howard, 1897, 1 Q. B. 84 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 105 ; 45 W. R. 138, 60 J. P.
727).
" Reasonable Cause " is synonymous with " Just Cause " (per Hatherleyy
C, Osgood V. Nelson, L. R. 5 H. L. 649; 41 L. J Q. B. 337).
" For the Same Cause;' s. 45, 24 & 25 V. c. 100 ; " The word ' Cause '
may undoubtedly mean 'Act,' but it is ambiguous, and it may also, ai.d
perhaps with greater propriety, be held to mean * Cause for the Accusa-
tion ' " (per Byles, J., R. v. Morris, 36 L. J. M.C. 84 ; L. R. 1 C. C. R.
90) ; and, in accordance with that view, it was there held that a previ-
ous summary conviction for an Assault under s. 42, was not for the
" Same Cause " as a subsequent indictment for Manslaughter arising
from the same assault. So, such a conviction would be no answer to a
charge of Rape (per Hawkins, J., JR. v. Miles, 59 L. J. M. C. 56; 24
Q. B. D. 423) ; but it would be an answer to a charge of Unlawfully
and Maliciously Wounding or Inflicting Grievous Bodily Harm (S, C),
An action for damages for an assault is for the "Same Cause," — i.e.
Same Offence, — as a previous conviction for the same assault (Masper
V. Brown, 45 L. J. C. P. 203; 1 C. P. D. 97 : Holden v. King, 46 L. J.
Ex. 75).
Notice of Action, " and of the Cause thereof " ; V» Notice.
F. Cause of Action: Criminal Cause: Good Cause: Lawfux«
Cause : Show Cause.
CAUSE 275 CAUSE OF ACTION
To CAUSE. — " To Cause " a thing to be done is, it is submitted,
the same thing as to be its Causa Causans.
** Suppose the case of a keeper of ready -furnished lodgings let to a
lodger : the keeper of the house has servants whose duty it is to attend
upon the lodger; the lodger gives a dinner party ; the dinner is cooked
by the cook of the lodging-house keeper, his servants attend at the
dinner ; plates and the necessary furniture of the table are provided ; —
but DO one could say that the lodging-house keeper either gave the
dinner, or 'caused' it to be given " (per Blackburn, J. ^ Lyon v. Knoivles^
32 L. J. Q. B. 74).
** Cause " a Wife ** to leave and live separately "; V. Neglect.
V. Inflict: Caused by: Cause or Procure. Cp. Counsel or
Procure.
To cause Sewage Matter to fall or flow into a Stream ; V, Fall.
A mere Shareholder does not *' cause " any of the acts or omissions of
the Co or its Agents {Macnee v. Persian Investment Corp, cited Foreign
Lottery).
" Cause to be imported " ; V. Importer.
CAUSE AND EFFECT. — F. Effect.
CAUSE AND MATTER. — Stating in an Appeal Notice its
" Cause and Matter," 49 G. 3, c. 68, s. 5 ; V. B. v. Oxfordshire Jus.,
1 B. & C. 279. yj Cause.
CAUSE AND PROCURE.— F. Cause OR Procure.
CAUSE OF ACTION.— -A "Cause of Action" is the entire set
of facts that gives rise to an enforceable claim ; the phrase comprisep
every fact which, if traversed, the plaintiff must prove in order to obtain
judgment (per Esher, M. R., Bead v. Browny 5S L. J. Q. B. 120 ; 22
Q. B. D. 128).
Therefore, as used in s. 60 of the Act establishing the modern County
Courts (9 & 10 V. c. 95) and as used in subsequent Go. Co. Acts, this
phrase, according to its natural construction, meant, and means the
Whole cause of action ; e,g, the order or other contract for, as well as
the delivery of, the goods, in a claim for goods sold and delivered ; oi
the doing of the work, in a claim for work done ; or the doing the wrong,
in an action of tort (Borthwick v. Walton, 24 L. J. C. P. 83; 15 C. B.
501 ; 24 L. T. 0. S. 271 : Aris v. Orchard, 30 L. J. Ex. 21; 6 H. & N.
160: Newcombe v. De Boos, 29 L. J. Q. B. 4 ; 2 E. & E. 273). Va, Her-
naman v. Smith, 24 L. J. Ex. 175; 10 Ex.659: (qu4 Bill of Exchange)
WilcU V. Sheridan, 16 Jur. 426 : (qu4 Contract with Carrier) Barnes v.
Marshall, 21 L. J. Q. B. 388.
In an action by Exors or Admors, Probate or Letters of Administra-
tion is an essential part of the " Cause of Action '* (Fuller v. Mackai/, 22
CAUSE OF ACTION 276 CAUSE OF ACTION
L. J. Q. B. 415; 2 £. & B. 573). Vf^ Gary v. Stephenson and cognate
cases inf.
A pit mast not " Divide any Cause of Action for the purpose of bring-
ing two or more actions " in a Go. Co. (s. 81, Co. Co. Act, 1888); that
means, Cause of Oxe Action ; and whilst it applies to separate items of
a continuous and entire demand, e.fjf. an ordinary bill of a tradesman
(Grimbli/r. Ackroydy 17 L. J. Ex. 157; 1 Ex. 479), yet it does not
apply to distinctly separate claims although of a kind which might be
sued for in one action, e.g. a claim for (1) Groods and (2) Money lent
{Brunskill v. Powell^ 19 L. J. Ex. 362; 1 L. M. & P. 550 : Kimpton r.
Willei/, 9 C. B. 719), or (1) Rent and (2) Double Value for holding
over (Wickham v. Lee, 18 L. J. Q. B. 21; 12 Q. B. 521 : Neafe v. Ellis,
12 L. J. Q. B. 329; 1 Dowl. & L. 163). So, of damages to (1) Goods
and (2) the Person, though occasioned by the same occurrence (Bruns-
den V. Humphrei/y inf). Note. Suing for part only of a Cause of Ac-
tion (if unobjected to) does not bar the recovery of its residue ( Vines r.
Arnold, 19 L. J. C. P. 98; 8 C. B. 632; Adkin v. FrUnd, 38 L. T.393:
Jones V. Jones, 22 W. R. 677).
Vf, Ann. Co. Co. Pr. Part 2, ch. 3, s. 4.
Therefore " Part " of a Cause of Action, s. 74, Co. Co. Act, 1888,
means any one of those material things that go to make up the Cause of
Action.
So, " Cause of Action " in Mayor's Court Procedure Act, 1857, 20 &
21 V. c. clvii., means the whole Cause of Action {Cooke v. Gill, L. R.
8 C. P. 107: Gold v. Turner, 10 lb. 149). And when the plaintiff is
an assignee from the original creditor, the Assignment to him is
part of his Cause of Action ; therefore, where a debt was entirely con-
tracted outside the City of London, but an assignment of it to the plain-
tiff had been made in the City, it was held that Part of the Cause of
Action arose in the City, and that (under s. 12) the Mayor's Court had
jurisdiction (Bead v. Brown, sup). It seems a little difficult to recon-
cile that decision with a previous decision under the same section, where
it was held that the whole Cause of Action on a writteu agreement under
the Statute of Frauds arises as soon as the defendant has signed it
{Alderton v. Archer, 54 L. J. Q. B. 12 ; 14 Q. B. D. 1). Vf, Cowan v.
a Connor, 67 L. J. Q. B. 401; 20 Q. B. D. 640 ; 68 L. T. 857; 36 W. R.
895 : B. V. Ld Mayor, 61 L. J. Q. B. 329.
So, of " Cause of Action," s. 7, Salford Hundred Court of Record Act,
1868 {Payne v. Hogg, 1900, 2 Q. B. 43; 69 L. J. Q. B. 579; 82 L. T.
684; 48 W. R.417).
But "Cause of Action" differs materially from "Action"; the
"Cause" of an Action is that which forms or relates to its basis, a*
distinct from matter of procedure prior to Action being brought, — e./;
a Solr cannot sue his client for his Bill of Costs until one month after its
delivery (s. 37, Solrs Act, 1843), but the '* Cause " of such an action is
CAUSE OF ACTION 277 CAUSE OF ACTION
the work done; therefore, the Limitation Act, 1623, s. 3, runs from the
date of the conclusion of the work, and not from the expiration of a
mouth after the delivery of the Bill {Cobum v. Colledge, 1897, 1 Q. B.
702 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 462; 76 L. T. 608 ; 45 W. R. 488). But it requires
some thinking entirely to reconcile that ruling with the ruling stated in
the next par.
*' Cause of Action,'' s. 3, Limitation Act, 1623 (and, semble, s. 3, Civil
Procedure Act, 1833), "means the time at which the deht or money
might have heen recovered by action " (per Lindley, L. J., Reeves v.
Butcher, 1891, 2 Q. B. 609 ; 60 L. J. Q. B. 619 ; 65 L. T. 329 ; 39 W. R.
626; following Hemp v. Garland, 12 L. J. Q. B. 134 ; 4 Q. B. 619);
therefore, the statute begins to run from the first time (where there are
more times than one) at which the action might have been brought.
Thus where a deft, in an action for Conversion, has committed two acts
each of which would sustain the action, the first, and not the second,
act must be regarded ( Wilkinson v. Verity, 40 L. J. C. P. 141 ; L. R.
6 C. P. 206). But where goods or deeds are wrongfully abstracted and
get into innocent hands, the action against the latter does not accrue
until there has been a Conversion by him, — i,e. a demand on and refusal
by him {Spackman v. Foster, 62 L. J. Q. B. 418; 11 Q. B. D. 99:
Miller V, DeUy 1891, 1 Q. B. 468; 60 L. J. Q. B. 404; 63 L. T. 693).
Vf Trover.
And so, the " Cause of Action " for an Arbitrary Fine on a Copyhold
Admittance is complete on the Admittance ; not when the Fine is assessed
{Monckton v. Payne, 1899, 2 Q. B. 603 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 951 ; 81 L. T.
204; 48 W. R. 44).
The Cause of Action under the Directors Liability Act, 1890, arises
when the pit's shares are subscribed for {Thomson v. Clanmorris, cited
Penalty).
A ** Cause of Action " does not arise out of a Tort causing damage, or
out of a tort not actionable without special damage, until damage done ;
and accordingly, the Limitation Act, 1623, does not begin to run for
such a tort until damage happens ; and each recurrence of a distinctly
new damage (as distinguished from a development of an old one. Fetter
V. Beal, 1 Raym. Ld. 339; 1 Salk. 11 : Va, Clarke v. Yorke, 52 L. J. Ch.
32), gives rise to a fresh cause of action (Bonomi v. Backhouse, 28 L. J.
Q. B. 378 ; 34 lb. 181 ; E. B. & E. 622 ; 9 H. L. Ca. 603; 9 W. R. 769 :
Whitehouse v. Fellowes, 30 L. J. C. P. 306 ; 10 C. B. N. S. 765 ; 9 W. R.
666 : Barley Main Colly Co v. Mitchell, 53 L. J. Q. B. 471 ; bb lb.
629 ; 14 Q. B. D. 125 ; 11 App. Ca. 127 ; 32 W. R. 947: from whlc it
would seem that Nicklin v. Williams, 10 Ex. 227, is now of but little
authority, whilst Lamlf v. Walker, 47 L. J. Q. B. 451; 3 Q. B. D. 389,
is over-ruled. Va Add. T. 39, 80); yet it is the actual doer of the
damage-causing Tort who is liable, — e.y. for a Subsidence caused by
working a Mine, the action is against him who did that working, and
CAUSE OF ACTION 278 CAUSE OF ACTION
not against the innocent succeeding owner of the property (Greenwtrll
V. Low Beechhum Co, 1897, 2 Q. B. 165; 66 L. J. Q. B. 643: Hall v.
Norfolk, 1900, 2 Ch. 493; 69 L. J. Ch. 571; 82 L. T. 836; 48 W. R.
565).
Cp. Market/ v. Tolicorth, cited Continuance.
Where the owner of a vehicle was himself injured in a Collision, lie
was held not estopped from bringing an action for his Personal Injuries,
by reason of having recovered judgment from the same defendant for
the damage the collision had caused to the Vehicle (the personal inju-
ries were unknown at the time action was brought for the damage to
the vehicle) ;* for each class of injuries and damage, in such a case,
forms, with its common cause, a " Cause of Action ^ {Brunsden v.
Humphrey, 53 L. J. Q. B. 476; 14 Q. B. D. 141 ; 51 L. T. 529; 32
W. R. 944).
So, following and explaining the Darley Main Case, there is no "ac-
cruing " of a Cause of Action, within s. 264, P. H. Act, 1875, until
damage happens {Crumble v. WalUend, 1891, 1 Q. B.503; 60 L. J. Q. B.
392). r. Accrue.
Semble, to complete a Cause of Action a person capable of suing on it
must be in existence; and if such cause is inchoate at the death of the
person entitled to the action but becomes consummate after such death,
then the Cause of Action is complete only when a Legal Representative
of such person is constituted, e.^, the time under the Limitation Act,
on a Bill of Exchange current at the death of the payee, does not begin
to run until Probate of his Will or Letters of Admon be granted (Cary
V, Stephenson, 2 Salk. 421: Murray v. East India Co, 5 B. & Aid- 21 4:
Ferry v. Jenkins, 1 My. & C. 118: Pratt v. Swaine, 8 B. & C. 285;
2 M. & R. 350 : Fuller v. Mackay, sup : per Hatherley, C, Burdick v.
Garrick, 5 Ch. 241; 39 L. J. Ch. 372). But, observe, that by s. 6,'3 &
4 W. 4, c. 27, time runs against an Admor from the death of the de-
ceased person for the purposes of that Act, and as regards the chattels
he is appointed to administer.
The power of issuing a writ for Service out of the Jurisdiction when
the " Cause of Action " arose within the Jurisdiction (s. 18, Com. L. Pro.
Act, 1852), has been superseded by R. 1 (e), Ord. 11, R. 4, Ord. 2, R. S. C;
but it may be useful, as a matter of construction, to observe that after a
singular conflict of decision between the old Common Law Courts, the
rule laid down by the C. P. in Jackson v. Spittle (39 L. J. C. P. 321;
L. R. 5 C. P. 542 ; 18 W. R. 1162) was ultimately adopted, — viz. that
"Cause of Action," in the section, did not mean the whole cause of
action but meant, " the act on the part of the deft which gave the pit
his cause of complaint" (Vaughan v. Weldon, 44 L. J. C. P. 64; L. R.
10 C. P. 47), or, in other words, the act or omission constituting the
violation of duty complained of (per Fitzgerald, J., Ma^ken v. Ellis, Ir.
Rep. 8 C. L. 151).
CAUSE OF APPEAL 279 CAUSE TO BE TAKEN
CAUSE OF APPEAL. — r. Decision.
CAUSE OF COMPLAINT.— F. «. v. Lancashire, 8 B. & C.
693: R. V. Devon, 1 M. & S. 411 : E. v. Salop, 2 B. & Ad. 149.
CAUSE OR MATTER. — r. Cau^e : Caitse and Matter:
Matter.
CAUSE OR PERMIT. — A proprietor of a music-hall who engages
a singer, but does not control what songs are to be sung, nevertheless
** causes or permits " the singing of what songs are sung, within s. 20,
Copyright Act, 1842 {Monaghan v. Taylor^ 2 Times Rep. 685: Va,
Marsh V. Conquest, 17 C. B. N. S. 418; 33 L. J. C. P. 319). V.
Permit.
" Causes to fall or flow, or knowingly permits to fall or flow or to be
carried, into any Stream," sewage matter, s. 3, Rivers Pollution Preven-
tion Act, 1876, 39 & 40 V. c. 75; V. West Riding v. Holmfirth, 1894,
2 Q. B. 842; 63 L. J. Q. B. 485; 71 L. T. 217. Cp. Wilfully
Suffer.
CAUSE OR PROCURE. — The words in a covenant "do and
execute, or cause or procure to be done or executed," all such acts as
may be necessary for vesting property in trustees, " only mean that the
covenantor would procure persons who were bound to obey his orders, —
e.<7. trustees, — to do such acts as were necessary " (per Kay, J., Re De
Ros, 55 L. J. Ch. 75 ; 31 Ch. D. 81; 53 L. T. 524 ; 34 W. R. 36).
You " cause or procure " a legal consequence, e,g. an Adjudication in
bankry, if that consequence follows from your putting the law in motion,
even though, on the evidence produced, the consequence could not have
been supported {Farley v. Banks, 4 E. & B. 493: 24 L. J. Q. B. 244).
V. Counsel or Procure : Procure.
CAUSE OR SUFFER. — r.SuFFEF
CAUSE SHEWN. — F. Cause.
CAUSE TO BE APPLIED.— s. 7. 6 & 6 V. c. 100; V. Mallet
r. Howitt, W. N. (79) 107.
CAUSE TO BE IMPORTED. — F. Import^.
CAUSE TO BE TAKEN. — A person who supplies a woman with
a drug, which is taken and intended to be taken by her in the absence
of the person supplying it, '' causes it to be taken " within s. 6, 1 V.
c. 85, repld s. 58, 24 & 25 V. c. 100 {R. v. WUson, 26 L. J. M. C. 18;
Dears. & B. 127; followed in R. v. Farrow, Dears. & B. 164).
r. Administer.
CAUSED BY. 280 CAUSEWAY
CAUSED BY. — Injure non remota causa sed proxima spectatztr.
This maxim is paraphrased by Lord Bacon thus, — " It were infinite
for the ]aw^ to judge the causes of causes, and their impulsions one of
another: therefore it contenteth itself with the immediate cause, and
judgeth of acts by that; without looking to any further degree" (Bac.
Max. reg. 1: Vf Broom's Maxima). Accordingly, a Policy against
Accident other than those " Caused by or Arisintj from natural disease
or weakness, or exhaustion consequent upon disease, " will cover death
by drowning, though the insured's fall into the water was the conse-
quence of an epileptic fit ; for the cause of death was drowning, — the
fit was at most merely a causa sine qua non {Winspear v. Accident
Insrce, 50 L. J. Q. B. 292; 6 Q. B. D. 42; followed in Lawrence v.
Accident Insrce, 60 L. J. Q. B. 622; 7 Q. B. D. 216, in whc the words
of exception were " Death arising from fits, or any disease "). So, in
a case on a similar Policy, Huddleston, B., said, ** < Caused by Acci-
dent,'— that is to say, immediately caused by accident" (Re Isitt &
Railway Passengers^ Assrce, 68 L. J. Q. B. 195; 22 Q. B. D. 504). So,
qu^ a Marine Policy, an injury to a Ship causes her loss if, before that
injury can be repaired, she is lost by reason of the existence of that in-
jury (Reischer v. Berwick, 1894, 2 Q. B. 648; 63 L. J. Q. B. 753; 71
L. T. 238).
So, of the words, " Occasioned by," or. " in Consequence of" (Walker
V. London & Provincial Insree, 22 L. R. Ir. 572), or damage ** Beceired
in," e,g. a Collision (Reischer v. Borwicky sup).
A killing or bodily injury '' in Consequence of " want of fence to Ma-
chinery, s. 82, Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, is none the less such a
Consequence because, in great measure, brought about by the negligence
of the injured person (Blenkinsop v. Ogden^ 1898, 1 Q. B. 783; 67 L. J.
Q. B. 537 ; 78 L. T. 554; 46 W. R. 542).
Commission to be paid to A. if sale effected '* in Consequence of Men-
tion or Publication" by him; V. Bayley v. Chadwick, 39 L. T. 429.
r. To Cause: Causa Causans: Causing: Done by: Occasioned:
Arising. Cp. Effect.
CAUSEWAY. — "Causeway" seems synonymous with Footpath
( V. Calcey) ; but in s. 24, Highway Act, 1835, provision is made for
" Borse Causeways and Foot Causeways." That section only applies to
such Causeways as are by the side of Carriage Ways, and imposes no
duty on the Surveyor to fortify the mouth or entrance of a Causeway
from violence by carts or carriages (Ellis v. Woodbridge, 29 L. J. M. C.
183). Probably, it will be correct to say that a Causeway is a Sideway,
connoting the same as a Footpath, except when expressed to be a Horse
causeway.
" Cause way^97iat7"; Stat. Def., Beads and Bridges (Scot) Act, 1878,
41 & 42 Y. c. 51, 8. 3.
CAUSING 281 CEASE
CAUSING. — A Railway Company carrying animals on their road
to a place within a district prohibited under the Contagions Diseases
(Animals) Act, 1878, with knowledge of their destination, are guilty of
" causing the Movement " of the animals, although they do not carry the
animals further than a point butside the district, and do no act within
it {Mid. Ry v. Freeman^ 63 L. J, M. C. 79 j 12 Q. B. D. 629).
V. Caused by.
CAUTION. — Where a testator directed his trustees to use " great
caution " in realizing his estate, it was held that the tenant for life was
entitled to the income until conversion {Scholefield v. Bedfem, 2 Dr. &
Sm. 173: Va, Mackie v. Mackie^ 5 Hare, 70). But where the direction
was " to sail my ships for the benefit of the estate until they can be satis-
factorily sold," the tenant for life was only entitled to 4 per cent on the
estimated value of the ships at the testator's death, the rest of their
profits being carried to residue {Brown v. Gellatly, 2 Ch. 751).
F. Recognizance.
CAUTIONARY OBLIGATION. — F. ss. 6, 7, Mercantile Law
Amendment Act (Scot), 1856, 19 & 20 V. c. 60, on whu Wallace v. Gib-
souj 1895, A. C. 354.
CEASE. — ''To 'cease,' does not, necessarily, import an act of free
will. The East India Go has 'ceased' to employ a military force
because it has no longer any necessity for its employment" (per Ld
Chelmsford, fPaM v. Secretary for India, 10 H. L. Ca. 396; 32 L. J.
Ch. 598).
" Ceased " is a strictly proper word to apply to the case where the
entire thing has " ceased to be " — e.g. as used in the phrase " any road
which has . . • ceased to be a Turnpike Road " in s. 13, 41 & 42 V.
c. 77 (Lancashire Jus. v. Rochdalcy 53 L. J. M. C. 5 ; 8 App. Ca. 494
— and espy jdgmt of Ld Bramwell. Vf, West Riding Jus. v. The
Queefi, 53 L. J. M. C. 41; 8 App. Ca. 781: Newton-in-Makerfield v.
Lancashire Jus., 54 L. J. M. C. 1; 13 Q. B. D. 623; Derby Co. Co. v.
Matlock^ 1896, A. C. 315; 65 L. J. Q. B. 419 ; 74 L. T. 595; 60 J. P.
676). V. Main Boad.
" Cease, determine, and be void to all intents and purposes " ; V. Void.
Forfeiture if Income " cease to be payable " to donee; V. Re Brewer,
cited Would.
A donee ceases " to Carry on " a Business, qjak a gift over, if he con-
verts the business into a Co, even though he be its Managing Director
and practically own all its shares {Re Sax, 68 L. T. 849; 62 L. J. Ch.
688; 41 W.R.584).
" Cease to carry on the business of a Banker," s. 12, Bank Charter
Act, 1844, 7 & 8 V. c. 32 ; V. A-G. v. Birkbeck, 53 L. J. Q. B. 378 ; 12
Q. B. D. 605; 32 W. R. 905; 51 L. T. 199: FrescoU v. Bank of Eng-
CEASE 282 CELL
land, 1894, 1 Q. B. 351; 63 L. J. Q. B. 332; 70 L. T. 7: CapUal &
Counties Bank v. Same, 61 L. T. 516.
Where a Go's Articles provide that a Director shall be disqualified if
he " cease to Hold " a stated number of Shares, that " coutemplates the
case of a Qualification once possessed and subsequently lost ; but not the
case of qualification never possessed" (per Cozens-Hardy, J., Saltan v.
^''ew Beeston Co, 1899, 1 Ch. 775 ; 68 L. J. Cb. 370 ; 80 L. T. 521 ; 47
W. R. 462) ; " if a Director is named in the Articles and never had a
qualification, he cannot be said to * cease' to hold it " (per Selborne, C,
Forbes' Case, 8 Ch. 775).
"Cease to Inhabit," in a Condition; V. Doe d. Shaw v. Steward,
3 L. J. K. B. 141; 1 A. & E. 300 ; 3 N. & M. 372.
Qui a Poor Law Settlement, s. 68, 4 & 5 W. 4, c. 76, a person " ceased
to inhabit " when his inhabitancy was at an end, whether that was
by his own voluntary act or not (/?. v. Whissendine, 11 L. J. M. C. 42;
2 Q. B. 450).
" Charterer's Liability to cease " ; — The Cesser Clause in a Char-
ter-Party (if not absolute) is to be construed so as to avoid leaving the
Shipowner without remedy for a breach of the Charter {Clink v. Jtad'
ford, 1891, 1 Q. B. 625; 60 L. J. Q. B. 388; 64 L. T. 491; 39 W. R.
355 : Hansen v. Harrold, 1894, 1 Q. B. 612 ; 63 L. J. Q. B. 744 ; 70 L. T.
475: Dunlop v. Balfour, cited Demurrage). As to the construction
of the Clause, generally, V, Carver, s. 645 et seq : Abbott, 226 et seq.
A Mtgor " ceases to Occupy, " s. 16, Poor Rate Assessment and Collec-
tion Act, 1869, when a Receiver appointed by the Mtgee enters, even
though the appointment be under s. 24, Conv. & L. P. Act, 1881, and
though the mtge provides that the Receiver shall be deemed the Agent
of the Mtgor for all purposes {Richards v. Kidderminster, 1896, 2 Ch.
212 ; 65 L. J. Ch. 602 ; 74 L. T. 483). But a Co in Liquidation does
not so " cease to occupy " on the appointment of a Receiver and Manager
by an Order which does not direct the Co to give up possession ; and on
non-payment of the rates made on the Co, the Co will be the " Offender "
(s. 4, 43 Eliz. c. 2), whose goods may be distrained notwithstanding that
there may be an equitable charge on them in favour of Debentures {Re
Marriage & Co, 1896, 2 Ch. 663; 65 L. J. Ch. 839; 76 L. T. 169; 45
W. R. 42). Cp, New Occupier.
Putative father '' ceased to Reside in England within the 12 months
next after the birth," s. 3, 35 & 36 V. c. 66; V. R. v. Evans, 1896,
1 Q. B. 228; 65 L. J. M. C. 29; 44 W. R. 271;. 60 J. P. 39.
K Determine.
CELEBRATE. — V, Cope v. Barber, cited Divine Service.
CELL : CELLA. — " A monastery appertaining to a larger; Spelm."
(Elph. 565).
CELL 283 CERTAIN RENT
" Cell Accommodation for a Prisoner " ; Stat. Def., 40 & 41 V. c. 21,
s. 57. — Scot. 40 & 41 V. c. 53, s. 70.
CELLAR. — " Cellar," s. 102, Metrop Man. Act, 1855, means, an un-
derground structure complete in itself, arched over with a roof inde-
pendently of the pavement ; a foot-pavement which also forms the
roof of such a structure is not within the enactment {Hamilton v. St,
George, Hanover Sq., L. R. 9 Q. B. 42 ; 43 L. J. M. C. 41 ; 22 W. R. 86;
29 L. T. 428).
CEMETERY. — " 'Cemetery,' both in its original meaning and as
commonly used, is quite sufficient to comprehend all Christian Burial
grounds " (per Campbell, C. J., E. v. Manchester, 5 £. & B. 707).
Stat. Def. — Cemeteries Clauses Act, 1847, 10 & 11 V. c. 65, s. 3.
CENSURE. — V. Ecclesiastical Censure.
CENTRAL AUTHORITY.— The "Central Authority " qui 44 &
45 V. c. 37, is, in England, the Loc Gov Bd ; in Ireland, the Loc Gov
Bd for Ir. ; in Scotland, the Secretary for Scotland (s. 29) ; — qui 53 &
54 V. c. 60, it is, in England, the Loc Gov Bd; in Ireland, the Lord
Lieutenant; in Scotland, the Secretary for Scotland (s. 6).
CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT. --Established and the "Cen-
tral Criminal Court District " delimitated by Central Criminal Court
Act, 1834, 4 & 5 W. 4, c. 36 : Vf, 39 & 40 V. c. 57, s. 6 ; 44 & 45 V.
c. 64, 8. 3.
CENTRE. — "Centre of the Roadway"; Stat. Def., Metrop Man.
Act, 1878, 8. 4; London Bg Act, 1894, s. 5 (4).
CEREMONIES. — r. Ornament: Rite.
CERTAIN. — "Pre^^on v. Butcher (1 Starkie, 3) shows that 'cer-
tain ' means ' Definite ' " (per Jervis, C. J., Harris v. Phillips, 20 L. J.
C. P. 121).
" Definite and Certain Principal Sum," " Definite and Certain Amount
of Stock " ; V. Settlement.
V. Certain Rent: Certain Time: Sum Certain : Year Certain:
Twelve-month.
CERTAIN RENT. — " « Certaine rent' A tenant holdeth of his
lord certaine lands in socage, to paj yearelj a paire of gilt spurs or five
shillings in money at the feast of Easter. In this case the rent is nn-
certaine, and the tenant may pay which of them he will at the said
feast " (Co. Litt. 90 b).
A Kent, the amount of which may fluctuate according to the happen-
ing of certain events, is not " uncertain," but is distrainable as Bent,
CERTAIN RENT 284 CERTIFICATE
even in case of bankruptcy {Ex p. Voisey, Re Knight, 21 Ch. D. 442;
52 L. J. Ch. 121).
CERTAIN SUM. — K. Certaik: Definite: Sum Certain.
CERTAIN TIME. — The "Certain Time" from which interest on
a Sum Certain may (without Demand) be given under s. 28, Civil
Procedure Act, 1833, 8 & 4 W. 4, c. 42, must be fixed by, or definitely
ascertainable from, the written instrument itself, — without reference to
any future contingent event the time of which the instrument does not fix
{Juggomohun Gkose v. Manickchund, 7 Moore, Ind. App. 263: Merchant
Shipping Co v. Armitage, L. R. 9 Q. B. 99 ; 43 L. J. Q. B. 24 ; 22 W. R.
11: Harper v. Williams, 4 Q. B. 219; 12 L. J. Q. B. 227: L. C. & D.
Eg V. S. E, Ry, 1893, A. C. 429 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 93; 69 L. T. 637; 58
J. P. 36 ; in whlc Lindley, L. J., — 1892, 1 Ch. 141, 142 ; 61 L. J. Ch.
300, — said that Buncombe v. Brighton Club Co, 44 L. J. Q. B. 216 ;
L. R- 10 Q. B. 371, was incorrectly decided: Svth jdgmts in H. L., sup).
A sum payable within a definite time after a person's death, is payable
at a " Certain Time," because death is not a contingency but a certainty
{Re Homer, 65 L. J. Ch. 694 ; 44 W. R. 556 : Knapp v. Bumaby,
9 W. R. 765).
A Petitioning Cr's Debt in bankry, " is a liquidated sum payable
either Immediately, or at some Certain Future Time," s. 6 (1 b), Bankry
Act, 1883 ; Vth, Re Barr, 1896, 1 Q. B. 616 ; 65 L. J. Q. B. 504; 74 L. T.
555; 44 W. R. 586.
Vf, Mackintosh v. G. W, Ry, 4 Gifif. 698: Re Blackburn Bg Socy,
30 S. J. 254 : Instrument.
CERTAINTY. — "Certainty is the Mother of Repose, and Incer-
tainty is the Mother of Contention " (per Pollard, arg., Colthirst v.
Bejushin, Plowd. 25).
CERTIFICATE. — "A 'Certificate,* ex vi termini, imports that the
party certifying knows the fact that he certifies " (per Kenyon, C. J.,
Farmer v. Legg, 7 T. R. 191). Cp. Certification.
Architect's " Certificate " ; V. Certify. Note: If the Certificate be
wrongfully obtained it discharges neither the Contractor nor his Surety
{Kingston v. Harding, 1892, 2 Q. B. 494; 62 L. J. Q. B. 55; 67 L. T.
539; 41 W. R. 19): FA, Add. C, 8 ed., 394: Hudson, 276-333:
Progress Certificate.
A sufficient " Certificate " by a Burial Bd or Churchwarden, s. 18, 18
& 19 V. c. 128, is given by a letter, or requisition in writing, containing
a detailed account of the expenses to be paid {R. v. St Mary, Islington,
cited Repair).
Certificate of Dismissal; F. Hear: Merits.
Stat. Def. — 61 & 62 V. c. 67, s. 11. — Scot. 16 & 17 V. c. 67, s. 17;
CERTIFICATE 285 CERTIORARI
25 & 26 V. c. 35. s. C7; 60 & 51 V. c. 38, s. 2: V. New Certificate. —
If. 28 & 29 V. c. 88, s. 2, c. 101, s. 3.
CERTIFICATED.— "Certificated Child"-, Stat. Def., 36 & 37 V.
c. 67, 8. 4.
" Certificated Teacher "; Stat. Def., 45 & 46 V. c. 18, 8. 2; 61 & 62
V. c. 57, 8. 11.
CERTIFICATION.— -Certification of Shares in a Co; V. Shaw v.
T^ort Philip Co, 53 L. J. Q. B. 369; 13 Q. B. D. 103; 50 L. T. ^o ;
32 W. R. 771 : British Mutual Banking Co v. Chamwood Forest Ry, 56
L. J. Q. B. 449; 18 Q. B. D. 714: Bishop v. Balkis Co, 59 L. J. Q. B.
5^^\ 25 Q. B. D. 512: Re Concessions Trust, 1896, 2 Ch, 757; 65
L. J. Ch. 909; 75 L. T. 298.
" A * Certification ' and a * Certificate ' are totally different things.
A *• Certification ' amounts to a representation that the transferor
has produced, to the person certifying, such documents as on the face
of them show a prima facie title in the Transferor to transfer the
shares mentioned in the transfer. He does not warrant the title of
the transferor, nor the validity in point of law of the various documents
which together establish his title " (per Lindley, L. J., Bishop v. Balkis
Co, sup); but the Co is not estopped by its Secretary's Certification if
given qu^ Certificates of shares which have not been lodged with him
{Whitechurch Lim. v. Cavanagh, 71 L. J.K. B. 400; 1902, A. C. 117).
Vh, Buckl. 107: Hamilton, 209: Palmer, Co. Prec. 403.
CERTIFIED. — Certified Copy, 14 & 15 V. c. 99 ; V. R. v. Weaver,
43 L. J. M. C. 13 ; L. R. 2 C. C. R. 85 : Reed v. Lamb, 29 L. J. Ex.
452 ; 6 H. & N. 75 ; Vh, and generally as to Certified Copies, Rose. N. P.
99-102.
"Certified Efficient School"; Stat. Def., 39 & 40 V. c. 79, s. 48;
41 & 42 V. c. 16, ss. 95, 105, 106; 1 Edw. 7, c. 22, s. 159 (1), 160 (1).
" Certified Industrial School," s. 7, 29 & 30 V. c. 118 ; V. R, v. West
Derby, L. R. 10 Q. B. 283; 44 L. J. M. C. 98.
" Certified Prison", Stat. Def., 37 & 38 V. c. 21, s. 3.
" Certified under the Regulations," s. 503 (2 a), Mer Shipping Act,
1894 ; V. The Cathay, 82 L. T. 823 ; 69 L. J. P. D. & A. 89.
CERTIFY. — " Power to Certify '* amount of Costs ; V, Incurred.
" The usual meaning of ' Certify ' does not require anything written :
• otherwise why should parties ever expressly stipulate as to certifying in
writing? " (per Byles, J., Roberts v. Watkins, 32 L. J. C. P. 291 ; 14
C. B. N. S. 592 ; 11 W. R. 783 ; 8 L. T. 460) ; it was there held that an
Architect's Certificate need not be in writing unless so stipulated.
CERTIORARI. — Certiorate is a Writ out of the High Court " to an
Inferior Court to call up the records of a Cause therein depending, that
CERTIORARI 286 CHAIR
cousciouable justice may be therein administered " (Cowel : Termes de
la Ley). FA, Short & Mellor's Crown Office Practice: 2 Encyc.
421.
CESSER. — Cesser of Life Interest on Alienation, &c; V. Aliena-
tion: Bankruptcy: Death: Shall.
Benefit by Cesser of Interest, s. 2 (1 b), s. 7 (7), Finance Act, 1894 ;
F. Be Cowley, 1898, 1 Q. B. 355 ; 67 L. J. Q. B. 256 ; revd in H. L. , 1899,
A. C. 198 ; 68 L. J. Q. B. 435 ; 80 L. T. 361 ; 47 W. K 525 ; 63 J. P.
436.
Cesser Clause in Charter-Party ; F. Cease : Demurrage : Loading :
Carver, 739-750.
CESSION. — ''Is when an Ecclesiastical Person is created Bishop,
or when a Parson taketh another Benefice without Dispensation or
otherwise not qualified, &c ; in both cases their first benefices are be-
come void, and be said to become void, by Cession " (Termes de la Ley).
Cessio Bonorum, is a giving up of his property by a Debtor to his Cred-
itors: F. 2B1. Com. 472: Story's Conflict of Laws, 8 ed., 483: Scheme.
CESTU I. — Cestui que Trust ; F. Beneficiary. The phrase, " prima
facie^ includes an implied trust just as much as an express trust," and, as
used in the proviso to s. 7, Real Property Limitation Act, 1833, it includes
an Implied Trust, because it is not restricted to an Exphess Trust as in
8. 25 (per Kay, L. J., Warren v. Murray, 1894, 2 Q. B. 648; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 42; 71 L. T. 458; 43 W. R. 3). Therefore, though a person be, at
Law, merely a Tenant at Will, yet if, in Equity, he holds for his Lessor,
or by an agreement under which he can claim a Lease for years from his
Lessor, he is a " Cestui que Trust " to his Lessor, within the proviso, and
(during the continuance of that relationship) the Statute of Limitation
does not run (Drummond v. Sant, 41 L. J. Q. B. 21; L. R. 6 Q. B. 763:
Warren v. Murray, sup : Vf, Lister v. Pickford, 13 W. R. 827). Nor
does the statute run as against the true owner (claiming against one who
has received rents in an assumed Fiduciary capacity), if, within a rea-
sonable time, having regard to the circumstances, he ratifies the acts of
such a receiver as being the acts of his trustee or agent {Lyell v. Kenned y^
cited Wrongfully claiming). Cp^ Ratification. F. Creditor.
Cestui que Use, is he to whose Use land is held (Jacob). F. Use, at
end: Pernor.
Cestui que Vie, is he for whose life land is granted (Jacob).
CHAIN. — A Chain in length is 22 Imperial Standard Yards (s. 11,
41 & 42 V. c. 49). F. Yard.
" Chain Cable "; F Anchor.
CHAIR. — "Chair of Theology"; Stat. Del, Universities (Scot)
Act, 1853, 16 & 17 V. c. 89, s. 6.
CHAIRMAN 287 CHAMPERTY
CHAIRMAN. — "Chairman"; Stat. Def., 33 & 34 V. c. 61, s. 2 ;
61 & 62 V. c. 29, 8. 17.
Signature of Minutes by Chairman of Directors; V, Southampton
X>ock Co V. Richardsy 1 M. & G. 448 : West London Ry v. Bernard, 13
L,. J. Q. B. 68; 3 Q. B. 873.
" Chairman of Quarter Sessions," in the application of an Act to Scot-
land, is thereby generally defined to mean " the Sheripk of the County,"
e.g. 35 & 36 V. c. 76, s. 73, c. 77, s. 42 ; 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 109 ; 50
& 51 V. c. 58, 8. 76.
'' Chairman," and " Chairman of Quarter Sessions," in Acts relating
to Ireland; Stat. Def., 13 & 14 V. c. 18, s. 51 ; 23 & 24 V. c. 153, s. 5,
c. 154, 8. 1 ; 27 & 28 V. c. 99, s. 3 ; 35 & 36 V. c. 33, s. 18; 40 t& 41
V. c. 56, 8. 7 ; 41 & 42 V. c. 52, s. 2 ; 50 & 51 V. c. 58, s. 77.
CHALDRON. — Is 36 Bushels (s. 15, 41 & 42 V. c. 49), i.e. 288
Gallons. Vfy Cowel.
CHALLENGE. — " Challenge is a word common as well to the Eng-
lish as to the French, and sometimes signifieth to claime, and the Latiue
word is vendicare ; sometime in respect of revenge to challenge into the
field, and then it is called in Latine vindicare or provocare ; sometime
in respect of partiality or insufficiency, to challenge in court persons re-
turned on a jury. And seeing there is no proper Latin word to signify
this particular kind of challenge, they have framed a word anciently
written, chalumniare^ and columpniare, and calumpniare, and now
written calumniare ; and hath no affinity with the verbe calumnior^ or
calumnia, which is derived of that, for that is of a quite other sense,
signifying a false accuser, and in that sense Bracton useth calumniator
to be a false accuser: but it is derived of the old word caloir or chaloir,
which in one signification is to care for or foresee. And for that to chal-
lenge jurors is the meane to care for or foresee, that an indifferent triall
be had, it is called calumniare^ to challenge, that is, to except against
them that are returned to be jurors ; and this is his proper significa-
tion " (Co. Litt. 165 b). Vf, Termes de la Ley: Arch. Cr. 178: Rose.
Or. 184 : 7 Encyc. 149, 150.
CHAMPERTY. — "Champerty is Maintenance in which the mo-
tive of the maintainor is an agreement that if the proceeding in which
the maintenance takes place succeeds, the subject matter of the suit shall
be divided between the plaintiff and the maintainor " (Steph. Cr. 97 ;
Vf, lb. 355, 356 : Co. Litt. 368 b : Termes de la Ley : Cowel, Champarty :
Guy V. Churchill, 58 L. J. Ch. 345; 40 Ch. D. 481: James v. Kerr, 58
L. J. Ch. 355; 40 Ch. D. 449).
A contract may be void for Champerty, though not strictly within the
criminal offence so called {Rees v. De Bemardy^ 1896, 2 Ch. 437; 65
L. J. Ch. 656; 74 L. T. b^o).
CHANCE 288 CHAPEL
CHANCE. — It has been said that, — "Chance, is but the psen-
donjnie of God, for those particular cases which He does not choose to
subscribe openly with His own Sign Manual." F. Act of God: Lot-
tery : Game of Change : Bet.
CHANCELLOR. — Quk Clergy Discipline Act, 1892, 55 & 56 V.
c. 32, "'Chancellor,' means the Judge of the Consistory Court, by
whatever name known " (s. 12).
" Lord Chancellor "; Stat. Def., s. 12 (1), Interp Act, 1889; 5&6Y.
c. 84, s. 17; 11 & 12 V. c. 94, s. 46; 12 & 13 V. c. 109, s. 50; 16 &
17 V. c. 70, s. 2; 54 & 55 V. c. 66, s. 95; 61 & 62 V. c. 17, s. 4.
CHANCE-MEDLEY. — "Chance-medley, or per infortunium, is
when one is slaine casually, and by misadventure, without the will of
him that doth the act, whereupon death ensueth " (Co. Litt. 287 b). Va
Termes de la Ley. Cowel says, " * Chance-medley,' signifies the casual
killing of a Man, not altogether without the killer's fault, though with-
out an evil intent." Vf, 2 Encyc. 435: Misadventure: Homicide.
CHANCERY.— V. Court of Chancery.
CHANDOS. ^The Chandos Clause of the Reform Act; V. Knight
of the Shire.
CHANGE. — "A Change of Voyage," in a Marine Insrce, "takes
place when, either before or after the commencement of the risk, the
assured abandons all thought of proceeding to the Port of Destination
originally prescribed " (Arn. 456) ; but, in a clause covering the as-
sured at an extra premium.
" Change of Voyage " only applies where the Policy, having attached
by the starting of the goods on the insured voyage, a change of voyage
is subsequently made (Simon v. Sedgwick, 1893, 1 Q. B. 303; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 163). Cp. Deviation.
" Change or Transmission of Interest " ; F. Transmission.
CHANNEL ISLANDS.— Qu4 the Customs, "Channel Islands."
means, " the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and their
respective dependencies " (s. 284, 39 & 40 V. c. 36, enlarging, by the
addition of the last four words, the def in s. 357, 16 & 17 V. c. 107).
V, United Kingdom : £ngland.
CHAPEL. — " The legal meaning of the word * Chapel ' is a chapel of
the Church of England " (per Grove, J., Caiger v. St Mary, Islington,
50 L. J. M. C. 64; th^ also cited House : Va 32 & 33 V. c. 94, s. 14).
Vf, Parochial Church : Proprietary: ffornset/ y. Brewis, cited Is-
cumbent: Cowel: Jacob. Q?. Church.
CHAPEL 289 CHARGE
As to diverting funds for purposes of, and trusts for maintaining, a
Chapel ; V. Lewin, 603, 607.
CHAPELRY. — " "Chapelry,* Capellania, is the same thing to a
Chapel as a Parish is to a Church; 14 Car. 2, c. 9" (Cowel). A
Parochial Chapelry must have been co-eval with the Parish, i,e, im-
memorial; but, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, its exist-
ence may be inferred from modern usage; "Chapelry," s. 14, Church
Building Act, 1831, 1 & 2 W. 4, c. 38, means, a Parochial Chapelry
strictly so called, not merely a District recently treated as a Parochial
Chapelry (Carr v. Mostt/n, 5 Ex. 69; 19 L. J. Ex. 249).
CHAPTER. — " 'Chapter,' in Latine, is defined to be, an Assembly
of Clerkes in a Church Cathedral, — conventual, regular, or collegiat ;
and in another signification, a place wherein common tracts of men col-
legiat are made. . . . And it may be said that this collegiat companie is
termed 'Chapter' metaphorically, the word originally implying, a little
head, for this company or corporation is as a head, not onely to rule and
govern the Diocesse in the Vacation of the Bishopricke but also, in many
things to advise the Bishop when the See is full " (Termes de la Ley).
Vh, Phil. Ecc. Law, Part 2, ch. 4: Dean.
" Chapter " of Chichester, Exeter, Hereford, Salisbury, and Wells, s. 25,
3 & 4 V. c. 113; V. E. v. Hereford Bean & Chapter, 39 L. J. Q. B.
97; L. R. 5 Q. B. 196; 10 B. & S. 996: Re Stockport Schools, cited
Cathedral.
CHARACTER. — Fees and expenses voted to a Director of a Co, is a
sum due to him " in his Character of a Member " within s. 38 (7), Comp
Act, 1862 (Re Leicester Racecourse Co, 65 L. J. Ch. 206; 30 Ch. D. 629:
Cp Capacity); sectis, of a fixed remuneration definitely prescribed by
the Articles {Re New British Iron Co, 1898, 1 Ch. 324; 67 L. J. Ch. 164 ;
78 L. T. 155; 46 W. R. 376). A Managing Director's salary would not
be within the phrase, nor the Costs of a Solicitor who was also a Direc-
tor (Re Dale & Plant, 59 L. J..Ch. 180; 43 Ch. D. 266).
A Word " having no reference to the Character or Quality " of Goods,
qu4 Trade-Mark, semhle, does not include "John Buir* {Re Paine,
61 L. J. Ch. 365; 66 L. T. 642 ; 9 Pat. Ca. 130) : Vh, Re Magnolia
Metal Co^ cited Fancy Word. The phrase includes "Typograph," as
applied to Metals (Re Linotype Co, 42 S. J. 13).
V, Good Character.
CHARGE. — "The word 'Charge' has a wider meaning than the
words 'Mortqagk' or 'Likn'": e.g.^ in the definition of a Secured
Creditor in the Bankry Act, 1869 (per Cur. Emanuel v. Bridger, 43
L. J. Q. B. 99; L. R. 9 Q. B. 286; 22 W. R. 404; 30 L. T. 195: Cp,
corresponding phrase in s. 168, Bankry Act, 1883). To '' charge " prop-
19
CHARGE 290 CHARGE
erty you must Bind it; therefore, a mere Receivership (at the instance
of a Jdgmt Gr) of Goods or a Chose in Action, does not create a
"Charge," within that definition {Re Dickensoriy Ez p. Charrinartan,
and Re Potts, cited Secubed Cbeditor). Cp. Pledge. But " « Incum-
brance' is wide enough to include 'Charge and Lien,' " e.g. as used in
8. 1, Fines and Recoveries Act, 1833 (per Lindley, L. J., Miller y. Col-
lins, cited Incumbbakce). Vf, Mobtgage ob Ghabgb.
Qui Record of Title Act (Ir), 1865, 28 & 29 V. c 88, " the word
'Charge' or * Incumber,' shall include any legacy, portion, lien, or other
charge, whereby a sum of money is secured to be paid; and also any
annual or periodical charge; and also any charge hereafter to be imposed
on land under any Public Act for promoting Drainage or Land Im-
provement; and also every other charge upon land which is deemed an
Incumbrance in a Court of Equity " (s. 2). F. Ghabge or Incumbeb.
In Emanuel v. Bridger, sup, it was held that a Garnishee Order
absolute was a " Charge " within s. 16 (5), Bankry Act, 1869, repld,
s. 168, Bankry Act, 1883; and that was so even if the Order were
only nisi {Lowe v. Blackmore, 44 L. J. Q. B. 155; L. R. 10 Q. B.
485; 23 W. R. 856: Vf, Ex p. Jocelrjn, 47 L. J. Bank. 91; 8 Ch. D.
327; 26 W. R. 645; 38 L. T. 661: Hall v. Pritchett, 47 L. J. Q. B. 15;
3 Q. B. D. 215; 26 W. R. 95: Re Stanhope CoUieries Co, 48 L. J. Ch.
409; 11 Ch. D. 160; 27 W. R. 561; 40 L. T. 204). But to be now avail-
able in bankruptcy, an attachment of a debt must be completed by
Receipt of the money (s. 45, Bankry Act, 1883). Vf, Lien: Mobt-
gage OB Charge.
Money paid into Court to Abide the event, creates such a '' Charge " in
favour of the other litigant; V. cases cited Secubity.
" Agreed to charge " ; V. Agbeed.
" Memorandum of Charge " ; V. Conveyance,
" Priority of Charge "; V. Priobity.
"Charge on Premises," s. 257, P. H. Act, 1875; V. Sunderland v.
Alcock, 51 L. J. Ch. 546: Pbemises : Owneb. This is "a present ex-
isting Charge as from the time of the completion of the Works " (per
Lindley, L. J., Homsey v. Monarch Bg Socy, 59 L. J. Q. B. 107; 24
Q. B. D. 1; citing Tottenham y. Rowell, 50 L.J. Ch. 99; 15 Ch. D. 378,
and Re BetteswoHh and Richer, 57 L. J. Ch. 749; 37 Ch. D. 535) ; a
rule which applies to a similar " Charge " under s. 13, Private Street
Works Act, 1892 {Stock v. Meakin, cited Outgoing). This is not a
" Land Chabge " requiring registration under 51 & 52 V. c. 51, Part IV
{R. V. Holt, 59 L. J. Q. B. 113; 24 Q. B. D. 178; 62 L. T. 117; 38
W. R. 236; 6 Times Rep. 104). Vf, Chabged upon.
V. Absolute Assignment: Charges: Toll: In Chabge: Cabe.
" Other Charges "; V. Willis v. Thorp, cited Otheb.
" To Charge "; V. Bind. Va Accuse.
A criminal " Charge " is made when the accused answers an accusation
CHARGE 291 CH. OR INCUMBER
against him before a competeDt Court, even though he be informally
brought before it (R. v. Hughes, 48 L. J. M. C. 151 ; 4 Q. B. D. 614:
JRe Maltby, 50 L. J. Q. B. 420; 7 Q. B. D. 18).
A Coroner's Inquisition is a " Charge " of Murder {R, v. Maynard,
Russ. & By. 240).
CHARGE OF DEBTS. —As to what words will create a Charge
of Debts an Real Estate ; V, 2 Jarra. 582-601 ; and as to Legacies, lb.,
602-609. Fa, All: Direct: In the first place.
Charge of Debts, or Legacy, or Specific Sum of money on Realty,
for testator's " whole Estate or Interest therein," s. 14, Law of Property
Amendment Act, 1859, 22 & 23 V. c. 35; F. Greville v. Browne^ 7 H. L.
Ca. 689: Re Adams and Perry, 1899, 1 Ch. 554; 68 L. J. Ch. 259 ; 80
Ii.T.149; 47W.R. 326.
CHARGE OF FRAUD. — A clause in a Building Contract that
the Architect's decisions shall not be set aside " for any Pretence, Sug-
gestion, Charge, or Insinuation, of Fraud, Collusion, or Confederacy,"
is yalid, and not against Public Policy (Tullis v. Jaeson, 1892, 3 Ch.
441; 61 L. J. Ch. 655; 67 L. T. 340; 41 W. R. 11).
CHARGE OR CONDUCT Of a Vessel, 6 G. 4, c. 125, s. 70;
V. Beilby v. Scott, 7 M. & W. 93; 10 L. J. Ex. 149.
CHARGE OR CONTROL. — Person having "the charge or con-
trol " of " Points " upon a Ry, s. 1 (5), Employers' Liability Act, 1880,
43 &44 V. c. 42; F Chihbs v. G. W. Ry, 53 L. J. Q. B. 543; 12 Q. B. D.
208 : — of " Train "; F. McCord v. Cammell, 1896, A. C. 57; 65 L. J.
Q. B. 202; 73 L. T. 634; 60 J. P. 180.
F. Person in Charge: Control.
CHARGE OR INCUMBER. — A covenant or condition not to
** Charge or Incumber," prohibits a direct Charge or Incumbrance, and
does not embrace something, — e.g. a Warrant of Attorney, — which
may obliquely so operate (Croft v. Lumley, 25 L. J. Q. B. 73, 223; 27
lb. 321; 6 H.L. Ca. 672); unless, indeed, that something be a mere con-
trivance to charge the property, and then it will be within the covenant
or condition (2>od d. Mitchinson v. Carter, 8 T. R. 57, 300: Croft v.
Lumley, sup). Croft v. Lumley was a case on a Lease, and the prohibi-
tive words of the covenant there were, " nor charge or incumber the said
theatre ... by mortgaging the same, or granting any rent-charges or
any other incumbrance or incumbrances whatsoever " ; and it was held
that a bond fide Warrant of Attorney, on which judgment had been en-
tered up (1 & 2 V. c. 110, 88. 13, 19), was not a breach.
" Charge or Incumber " may sometimes be read " attempt to charge,"
&c (Blake v. Bamett, 31 L. J. Ch. 898; uom. Bamett v. Blake, 2 Dr. &
CH. OR INCUMBER 292 CHARGED UPON
Sm. 117; cited for this proposition by Fry, J., Hurst v. Hurst, 61 L. J.
Ch. 421, on app, but not on this point, lb. 729; 21 Ch. D. 278).
F. Charge: Mortgage or Charge: Restraint ox Alien atiok.
CHARGE OR LIABILITY. — A Legacy " free from any Charge or
Liability in respect thereof/' is duty free ( Warhrick v, Varley, 30 Bea.
241).
CHARGEABLE. — This word has, qui Kates and Taxes, substan-
tially the same meaning as '* payable " (per Hawkins, J., Direct Spanish
Telegraph Co v. Shepherd, 53 L. J. Q. B. 420; 13 Q. B. D. 202).
In a CoTenant relating to Rates, " chargeable " has a future meaning
(Seovell V. Gardiner, 16 Ir. C. L. Rep, 318).
A Pauper is " chargeable " to his parish, s. 56i 7 & 8 V. c. 101, as soon
as he is entitled to relief therefrom, but not ** actually chargeable " till he
gets such relief (B. r. St. Clement Danes, 32 L. J. M. C. 25 ; 3 B. & S.
143). Cpy Be Marten, cited Able.
Rogue leaving wife *' chargeable/' s. 4, 5 6. 4, c. 83 ; V. Heath v.
Heape, 26 L. J. M. C. 49.
CHARGED. — The power, given by s 29, 2 & 3 V. c. 71, to order
restitution of ** goods or money charged to be stolen or fraudulently
obtained,'' relates only to goods or money respecting which such a charge
has been specifically made (B. v. D^Eyneourty 4 Times Rep. 455).
A Charge by a Local Authority for Structural Work, is "taxed,
charged, rated, assessed, or imposed," within a covenant in a Lease
( V, Taxes), as soon as the Authority has formally charged and appor-
tioned the amount in respect of the premises {Wix y. Butson, cited
Taxes). Va Charges. I^ote. If the covenant only extends to pay-
ments taxed &c " on " the premises, then the liability will depend on
the terms of the particular statute and what has been done thereunder.
r. Charged upon: Charging Okder.
CHARGED UPON. — Sums " charged upon " land, s. 1, Real Prop-
erty Limitation Act, 1833, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27 ; V. Payne v. Eadaih,
58 L. J. Ch. 299; 13 App. Ca. 613; 37 W. R 273; 59 L. T. 568:
Ptircell V. Furcell, 2 Dr. & War. 217.
Q\xk same phrase, ss. 42, 40, lb. (the latter section, repld s. 8, Real
Property Limitation Act, 1874) ; V. Boddam v. Morley, 1 D. 6. & J. 1 ;
26 L. J. Ch. 438: Morley v. Morley, 5 D. G. M. & G. 610: Momsey v.
Monarch Bg Socy, cited Present right to receive: Sutton v. Sutton,
52 L. J. Ch. 333 ; 22 Ch. D. 511 r Feamsider. Flint, 62 L. J. Ch. 479 ;
22 Ch. D. 579; 31 W. R. 318; 48 L. T. 154: McDonnell v. Fitzgerald,
1897, 1 I. R. 556: Lindaell v. Phillips, 30 Ch. D. 291 : Bowyer v. Wood-
man, L. R. 3 Eq. 313 : Be Stead, 2 Ch. D. 713; 45 L. J. Ch. 634 : Be
Slater, 11 Ch. D. 227; 48 L. J. Ch. 473 : Edmunds v. Waugh, L. R.
CHARGED UPON 293 CHARGES
1 Eq. 418; 35 L. J. Ch. 234: Re Marskfield, 34 Ch. D. 721 ; 56 L. J.
Ch. 599 : Syn^ith v. Hill, 47 L. J. Ch. 788 ; 9 Ch. D. 143: Re Nugent, 19
li. R. Ir. 140: Carroll v. Hargrave, I. R. 5 Eq. 123: Baldwin v. Bald-
win, 4 Ir. Ch. Rep. 501: McCarthy v. Daunt, 11 Ir. Eq. Rep. 29:
Carhery v. Preston, 13 Ir. Eq. Rep, 455. Vfy Acknowledqmeut: By:
Payment.
"Sum charged on such property," s. 14 (1), Finance Act, 1894; V.
Be Orford, 1896, 1 Ch. 257 , 65 L. J. Ch. 253 ; 73 L. T. 681; 44 W. R.
383.
^ Charge on Premises " ; F. Chasge : Ghasged.
CHARGED WITH.— F. Subject to: Charge.
** Charged with the execution of the writ " ; F. Sheriff.
CHARGES. — An exceptional hurden for Structural Works imposed
by a Local Authority and ordinarily borne by the landlord pursuant to
the P. H. Act, was held to be comprised in a covenant by a tenant to pay
** all rates, taxes, charges, and assessments whatsoever, which now are or
may be charged or assessed upon the said premises or any part thereof
or upon any person or persons in respect thereof, land tax and property
tax excepted " {HaHley ▼. Hudson, 48 L. J. Q. B. 751 ; 4 C. P. D. 367 :
Smith V. Robinson^ cited Taxes : But Cp, Rawlings v. Biggs, 47 L. J.
Q. B. 487 ; 3 C. P. D. 368). Where, however, the words of the cove-
nant by the lessee were to pay " the sewer and main drainage rates . . .
and other district rates and assessments whatsoever whether parliamen-
tary, parochial, or otherwise, which now are or which at any time during
the said term shall be taxed, rated. Charged, assessed, or imposed upon
the said demised premises, or any part thereof, or upon or payable by the
occupier or tenant in respect thereof " ; — held, that such an exceptional
burden made under the Metrop Man. Act was not comprised (Allum
V. Dickinson, 52 L. J. Q. B. 190 ; 9 Q. B. D. 632). HaHley v. Hudson
was cited in Allum v. Dickinson, yet in the latter case the same judg^
(Lindley, L. J.) who decided Hartley v. Hudson said, that such an
exceptional burden was " not a Rate, Charge, or Assessment imposed on
the premises or on the occupier or tenatit." Vf, Taxes : Outgoings.
" Charges or Costs," R. 2 (a), Ord. 57, R. S. C. ; F. Attenborough v.
St. Katharine' i Docks, and De Rothschild v. Morrison, cited Matter.
A Freehold of 40^. per annum *' above all Charges," 8 H. 6, c. 7 (giving
the County Franchise), connotes that a Mtge is a " Charge " ( F. 28 G. 3,
c. 36), and monthly payments to a Building Socy in respect of a mtge
to it are " Charges " (Copland v. Bartlett, 18 L. J. C. P. 60 ; 6 C. B. 26).
Vf. Lee V. Hutchinson, 20 L. J. C. P. 4 ; 8 C. B. 16.
F. Costs and Charges : Professional Charges : Toll.
CHARGES AND ALLOWANCES F. 1 Maude & P. 121, n (o).
CHARGING ORDER 294 CHAR'BLE PURPOSE
CHARGING ORDER F. ss. 14-16, Jdgmts .Act, 1838; b. 1,
3 & 4 V. c. 82: Brown v. Bamford, 9 M. & W. 42 ; 11 L. J. Ex. 53;
Fowler v. Churchill, 11 M. & W. 57 ; 12 L. J. Ex. 230, 233 : Dispojing
FowEB : Agbeed : Eecovebed ob Pbesebvso.
CHARIOT. — F. Coach.
CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTION. — F. R. v. Manchester, cited
Hospital, towards end.
CHARITABLE PURPOSE.— A bequest for "Charitable" pur-
poses, or for " Charities and other Public Purposes," is good {Re Sutton^
54 L. J. Ch. 613; 28 Ch. D. 464 ; 33 W. R. 519: Dolan v. Macdermot,
3 Ch. 676) ; but a bequest for " Charitable or BeneVolent Purposes," or
where " Charitable " is disjunctively associated with anj other purpose
not good as a Chabitt, the gift is bad, because the money may be
applied to purposes not legally Charitable {Re Ma>cduff, cited Philan-
THBOPic : — Vfj And : Ob). A bequest " to be given in Private Charity "
is not good {Ommaney v. Butcher, 1 T. & R. 260). Vf Tudor, Char.
Trusts.
A bequest to an Anti-Vivisection Socy is a good exercise of a Power to
appoint " for some Charitable Purpose " {Re Foveaux, 1895, 2 Ch. 501 ;
64 L. J. Ch. 856 ; 73 L. T. 202 ; 43 W. R. 661).
F. Chabity: Dbsbbving: Humane: Pubpose.
In all English statutes, where there is no controlling context, "a
technical meaning is. attached to the word 'Chabity,'" and synony-
mous therewith is " the word ' Charitable, ' in such expressions as
*ChabitableUses,' 'Chabitable Tbusts,' or • Charitable Purposes * "
(per Ld Macnaghten, Income Tax Commrs v. Pemsel, 1891, A. C. 580 ;
61 L. J. Q. B. 289). In accordance with that view, it was there held by
the majority of the H. L. (Halsbury, C, and Ld Bramwell, diss.) that
the Exemption from Income Tax of property devoted to " Charitable Pur-
poses,"— Income Tax Act, 1842, s. 61, Sch A, vi, — does not require
the ingredient of Poverty in the objects of those Purposes, and that the
exemption extends to the income of the property devoted to Moravian
Missions (1891, A. C. 531; 61 L. J. Q. B. 265; 55 J. P. 805; 65 L. T.
621).
That the Scotch meaning of "Charitable," in such a connection, con-
notes the same, or very nearly the same, technical meaning as in Eng-
land was, in the case just cited, stoutly contended for by Ld Watson
and urged by Ld Macnaghten ; but whether that be so or not, sembUy
that PemseVs Ca^e over-rules the Scotch decision in Baird's Trustees v.
Lord Advocate (15 Sess. Ca., 4th Ser., 682).
As to whether Poverty is a necessary ingredient in a " Charitable Pur-
pose," even in its popular meaning, Cp jdgmts of Lds Watson, Her-
schell, and Macnaghten with those of Halsbury, C, and Ld Bramwell,
CHAR'BLE PURPOSE 295 CHARITY
in FemseVs Case ; Va the jdgmts in S. C, when in the Court of Appeal
(58 L. J. Q. B. 200; 22 Q. B. D. 296).
"Charitable Purpose," s. 16, Sucn Dy Act, 1853, is used in the
technical sense of Chabity (per Lds Watson and Macnaghten, PeviseVs
Case, sup).
For an example of "Charitable Purpose" receiving a less extended
meaning than its technical one; V. InL Rev, v. Scott, 1892, 2 Q. B. 152;
61 L. J. Q. B. 432; 67 L. T. 173; 40 W. R. 632. That was a decision
on " Charitable Purpose," as used in s. 11 (3), Customs and Inl. Rev.
Act, 1885, on whvf, Re Linen & Woollen Drapers Institution, 58 L. T.
949 : Glasgow Tailors v. InL Rev,, 24 Scotch L. R. 616 ; 14 Sess. Ca.,
4th Ser., 729.
" Public or Charitable Purpose " ; F. Public Purpose : Public
Charity.
V. Godly.
CHARITABLE TRUST. —F. AG. v. Webster, 44 L. J. Ch. 766;
L. R. 20 Eq. 483 : Fell v. Official Trustee of Charity Lands, cited
Mortgage or Charge.
" Charitable Trusts Acts, 1853 to 1894"; F. Sch 2, Short Titles Act,
1896. Vtk Tudor, Char. Trusts.
CHARITABLE USE. —As to what is a " Charitable Use " within
the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888, 51 & 52 V. c. 42; F.
Wms. Exs. 916 et seq ; Tudor, Char. Trusts, ch. vi. Cp Superstitious.
Land demised for a long term of years for the erection of a parish
Workhouse, is demised for a " Charitable Use " ( Webster v. Southey, 36
Ch. D. 9; 56 L. J. Ch. 785; 56 L. T. 879; 35 W. R. 622; 3 Times Rep.
628) ; so, of a Conveyance of land in aid of the Poor Rate {Doe d. Freece
V. Howells, cited Valuable).
CHARITY. — This ''word, in its widest sense, denotes all the good
affections men ought to bear towards each other; in its most restricted
and common sense. Relief of the Poor. In neither of these senses is it
employed in this (Chancery) Court. Here its signification is derived
chiefly from the Statute of Elizabeth (43 Eliz. c. 4). Those purposes
are considered charitable which that statute enumerates, or which by
analogies are deemed within its spirit and intendment" (per Grant,
M. R., Morice v. Durham Bp., 9 Ves. 405), e,y. a bequest for keeping
Chimes in repair (Turner v. Ogden, 1 Cox, Ch. 316), or for the use of a
Vegetarian Socy {Webb v. Oldfield, 1898, 1 I. R. 431), or of a Socy for
the protection of animals liable to vivisection {Re DougUis, 35 Ch. D.
472; 56 L. J. Ch. 913). The purposes enumerated by the Statute of
Eliz. are '' reliefe of aged Impotent and Poore people, some for main-
tenance of sicke and maymed souldiers and marriners, schooles of learn-
inge, free schooles and schollers in universities, some for repaire of bridges,
CHARITY 296 CHARITY
portes, havens, causwaies, churches, seabankes and highewaies, some for
educacOn and pfermente of orphans, some for or towards reliefe stocke or
maintenance for howses of correccon, some for mariages of poore maides,
some for supportacon ajde and helpe of younge tradesmen, handiecraftes-
men and psons decayed, and others for reliefe or redemption of prisoners
or captives, and for aide or ease of any poore inhabitant concninge pay-
mente of fifteenes, settinge out of sottldters ( V, Set out) and other taxes."
Though the Act is repealed, this enumeration is continued by the Mort-
main Act of 1888 (s. 13 (2), 61 & 62 V. c. 42). It comprises four prin-
cipal divisions; — (1) Relief of Poverty; (2) Advancement of Education ;
(3) Promotion of Religion; (4) Other purposes beneficial to the com-
munity (per Ld Macnaghten, Income Tax Commrs v. Pemsel, 1891,
A. C. 642; 61 L. J. Q. B. 290: Ee Foveaiix, 1895, 2 Ch. 601; 64 L. J.
Ch. 856; 78 L. T. 202 ; 43 W. R. 661). Vh, Tudor, Char. Trusts, 371 :
1 Jarm. 206-250 : Wms. Exs. 897 et seq, for collection of cases hereon :
Fa, Beaumont v. Oliveiroy 38 L. J. Ch. 62, 239; 4 Ch. 309; 20 L. T.
63; 17 W. R. 269: Service of God.
A legacy for mere Sport or Game, is not a good Charity (Re Nottage^
1895, 2 Ch. 649 ; 64 L. J. Ch. 695; 73 L. T. 269 ; 44 W. R. 22).
It has been said that the Inns of Chancery were all Charities {A-G. v.
Bowyer^ 3 Ves. 714) ; and though " some have been dealt with as private
property," yet the conveyance (dated 29th March, 1618) from Ld Clif-
ford of the property called Clifford's Inn, shows that that property is a
Charity {SmUh v. Kerry 1900, 2 Ch. 511; 69 L. J. Ch. 755; 82 L. T.
796).
It has been held that Poverty in the recipient is not necessary to
enable him to receive the benefits of a Charity {Pease v. Pattinson, 55
L. J. Ch. 617; 32 Ch. D. 154; 64 L. T. 209; 34 W. R. 361: PemsePs
Case, cited Charitable Purpose). Sv, Cunnack v. Edwards and Ee
Buck, cited Public Charity.
Property purchased by a City Ward out of its own moneys and for its own
purposes, is not a " Charity " within s. 66, Charitable Trusts Act, 1853
(Finnis to Forbes, 63 L. J. Ch. 140, 141 ; 24 Ch. D. 687 ; 48 L, T. 813;
32 W. R. 65). But where there w a " Charity," it is within this section
if its foundation and institution be in England or Wales, although its
revenues are applied abroad {Re Duncan^ 2 Ch. 356; 36 L. J. Ch. 513).
Other Stat. Def . — 18 & 19 V. c. 124, s. 48 ; 23 & 24 V. c. 134, s. 8.
As to mode of construing a gift for Charitable Purposes; V. Mog-
gridge v. Thackwell^ 7 Ves. 36: Mills v. Farmer, 19 Ves. 482: Biscoe
V. Jackson, 36 Ch. D. 460; 56 L. J. Ch. 640: Re WhUe, 1893, 2 Ch. 41;
62 L. J. Ch. 342: Re Macduff^ cited Philanthropic: — And as to
such a gift being void for Uncertainty, F. Or.
V. Alms: Charitable Purpose: Benevolence: Endowment:
Evangelical: General Utility: Gospel: Great Britain: Re-
ligious: Ecclesiastical Charity: Parochial Charity: Prison:
Public Charity.
CHARITY 297 CHARITY SCHOOL
One who from " Charity " helps another in an action, is not guilty of
Maintenance, even though his "charity " be indiscreet; wisdom is not
an ingredient of the word (Harris v. Brisco^ 55 L. J. Q. B. 423; 17
Q. B. D. 504; 55 L. T. 14; 34 W. R. 729).
" Charity," in a United States Sunday Act, includes everything which
proceeds from a sense of moral duty, or kindness, or humanity, for the
relief or comfort of another, and without any regard to one's own benefit
or pleasure {Do^le v. L. & B. R. JS., 118 Mass. 197).
Shaving is not a '' Work of Charity," within the English Sunday Ob-
servance Acts (Phillips V. Innes, cited. Holiday) ; like Mercy, there is
no Work of " Charity " when the worker's object is gain (lb.),
CHARITY COMMISSIONERS.— Stat. Def., s. 12 (14), Interp
Act, 1889.
CHARITY ESTATE. — As to meaning of this phrase in s. 29,
Charitable Trusts Amendment Act, 1855, 18 & 19 V. c. 124; V. Corpora-
tion of Sons of Clergy v. Sutton, 29 L. J. Ch. 393, nom. Corporation
for Belief of Widows and Children of Clergy v. Sutton, 27 Bea. 651 : Re
Royal Soey and Thompson, 17 Ch. D. 407; 50 L. J. Ch. 344, 44 L. T.
274; 29 W. E, 838: Finnis to Forbes, cited Chakity.
CHARITY PROPERTY. —The purposes to which, not the source
from which, property is derived will determine Whether or not it is
*' Charity Property," either generally, or within ss. 5, 10, 11, City of
London Parochial Charities Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V. c. 36 (Re St Botolph
Without, 56 L. J. Ch. 691 ; 35 Ch. D. 142 ; 56 L. T. 884; 36 W. R. 688;
3 Times Rep. 622, 653: A-O. v. Eastlake, 11 Hare, 205). An Advow-
son, or other property not producing income, may be " Charity Property "
within those sections (Re St. Stephen's, 57 L. J. Ch. 917 ; 39 Ch. D.
492; 59 L. T. 393; 36 W. R. 837). Vf, Re St. Nicholas Aeons, 60
L. T. 532.
CHARITY SCHOOI A "Charity School," is "a School pri-
marily intended for the supply of gratuitous education " (per Charles, J.,
Southwell V. Holloway College, 1895, 2 Q. B. 487; 64 L. J. Q. B. 791;
73 L. T. 183; 69 J. P. 603): it may, probably, be in some measure self-
supportingy but primarily and practically it must be eleemosynary ; and,
when partly self-supporting, each case — like a Public School — will
depend on its own facts. Charterhouse is not a " Charity School," within
the Exemption from Inhabited House Duty of " any Hospital, Charity
School, or House provided for the reception or relief of Poor Persons,"
Case 4, Sch B.*, 48 G. 3, c. 55; s. 2, 14 & 15 V. c. 36 (Charterhouse
School V. Lamarque, 59 L. J. Q. B. 495 ; 25 Q. B. D. 121 ; 62 L. T. 907;
38 W. R. 776; 54 J. P. 790), nor is the Royal Holloway College at Eg-
ham (Southwell v. Holloway College, sup).
CHARMS 298 CHASE
CHARMS.— V. CONJUBATION.
CHART. — A special Design for cutting-out the sleeves of ladies'
dresses is not a " Map, Chart, or Plan," within the stat. def. of "Book,"
s. 2, Copyright Act, 1842 (ffollinrake v. Truswell, 1894, 3 Ch. 420; 63
L. J. Ch. 719 ; 71 L. T. 419). In that case, Davey, L. J., said, —
" There may, no douht, be an anatomical or physiological Plan showing
the structure and distribution of the muscles and bones of the human
arm, or any other part of the human frame, which would be protected
by the Copyright Act."
CHARTER. — Stat. Def., Scot. 10 & 11 V. c. 48, s. 22; 31 & 32
V. c. 101, s. 3.
CHARTERED. — " Freight chartered, or as if chartered"; K
Brankelow S, S. Co v. Canton Insrce, 4 Com. Ca. 239 ; 68 L. J. Q. B.
811; 1899, 2 Q. B. 178; 81 L. T. 6; 47 W. R. 611.
CHARTER-LAND.— " *Charter.Land,' is such as a man holdeth
by Charter, that is to say, by eviderce in writing, which otherwise is
called Freehold. Copyhold Lands, before the Conquest, were, by the
Saxons, called Folkelaud, and the Charter-lands Bockland " (Termes de
la Ley). F/*, Cowel: Bocland: Folk-land.
CHARTER-PARTY " ' Charter-Partie,' is an Indenture of Cove-
nants and Agreements made betweene Merchants and Mariners concern-
ing their Sea affaires ; and of this you may read in the statute now out
of use that was made in 32 H. 8, c. 14 " (Termes de la Ley). Vf Bill
OF Lading.
Vhf Abbott, Part 3, ch. 1 : Carver, Part 1, ch. 4: Scrutton, on Char-
ter Parties : 2 Encyc. 475 et seq.
Qui Stamp Act, 1891; V. s. 49.
V, Conditions as per Charter-Pabty.
CHASE. — "A Chase differs from a Forest, chiefly in that it is not
subject to the forest laws (Chitty, Prerog. 137).
"If the King, seised of a Forest, grants it to another in fee; the
grantee has no Forest, because he has not power to create judges
or officers to hold forest courts; but he has a Chase (4th Inst.
314).
" By the grant, by a subject, of a Chase in his own land, not only the
privilege but the laud itself passes (Co. Litt. 5 b: V, Wms. on Rights
of Commons, 236 et seq : Hall on Profits k Prendre, 325 : 3 Cruise, Dig.
tit. 27, s. 10 et seqy Elph. mb, 566.
A Chase " is of a middle nature betweene a Forest and a Park, —
being, commonly, lesse than a Forest and not endued with so many Lib-
CHASE 299 CHATTELS
erties, and yet of a larger compasse, and having greater diyersitj of keep-
ers and game, than a Park " (Termes de la Ley).
Beasts of Chase; V. Beasts.
CHATTELS. — " 'Chattels ' is a French word and signifies Goods,
which by a Word of Art we call catalla. Now Goods^ or Chattels, are
either personal! or reall. Personally as horse and other beasts, household
stuffe, bowes, weapons, and such like ; called personal!, because for the
most part they belong to the person of a man, or else for that they are to
be recovered by personal! actions. Reall, because they concerne the re-
ality, as tearmes fur yeares of lands or tenements, wardships, the interest
of tenant by statute staple, by statute merchant, by elegit and such
like " (Co. Litt. 118 b).
Chattels Eeal, as to what are; V. Wms. Exs. 592 et seq^ Pt. 2, Bk. 2,
ch. 1: Estate.
Chattels Personal are (1) Chattels Animate, (2) Chattels Vegetable,
(3) Chattels Inanimate (Wms. Exs. 617); and Vth at length Wms. Exs.
632 et seq, Pt. 2, Bk. 2, ch. 2. V. Pehsonal Chattels.
" If one devise to J. S. all his * Goods,' or all his * Chattels,' by either
of these is devised as much as by both of them " (Touch. 447 : Vf Wms.
Exs. 1040).
"Chattels," in a Bequest* includes Debts (Ford's Case^ 12 Rep. 1:
Hi/all v. Rowlesj 1 Ves. sen. 362, 363, 367, 369) ; secus, in an Indict-
ment (Calye^s Case, 8 Rep. 33 a: Chanel v. Bobotham, Yelv. 68: E, v.
Powell, 2 Den. 403; 21 L. J. M. C. 78; 16 Jur. 177). Kitchen (tit.
Chattels) says, " Money, is not Groods and Chattels," and he is cited for
that proposition in Termes de la Ley, Calais, and by Cowel, Catalls ;
but, semble^ the proposition must be accepted, if at all, with much quali-
fication; V. Goods and Chattels,
A bequest of " All other Chattels " may pass the residue (Ee Sharman^
38 L. J. P. & M. 47; L. R. 1 P. & D. 661). Vf, M'Cormick v. PaUen,
It. Rep. 6 Eq. 295 : Other.
V, Estate: Cp, Chose in Action.
A Bill of Exchange, is a " Chattel," quk a Fraudulent Transfer by a
bankrupt {Cummiiig v. Baily, 6 Bing. 363).
A Dog is not a " Chattel," within s. 88, Larceny Act, 1861, because, at
Common Law, it is not the subject of Larceny {E, v. Eobinson, 28 L. J.
M. C. 58; Bell, C. C. 34: Vh, Ireland v. Higgins, Cro. Eliz. 125) ; but a
dog is " Goods," within s. 40, 2 & 3 V. c. 71 {E. v. Slade, 21 Q. B. D.
433). Vfy s. 18, Larceny Act, 1861.
"Chattel or Valuable Security," s. 75, Larceny Act, 1861; V.
Valuable.
Waste of Metal Ore, piled on the land with the intention that it
should again form part of the land, remains part of the land, and is
not a Chattel {Boileau v. Heath, cited Iron).
CHATTELS 300 CHEMIN DE FER
On the other hand, Machinery, e.g. a Switchback Ry erected ou land
and removable without causing injury to the soil, is a *' Chattel/' and is
within a covenant prohibiting the erection of any ** Hut, Tent, Shed,
Caravan, House on Wheels, or Othee Chattel" {Chaniberlayne v. Col-
lins, 70 L. T. 217). Cp Fixtures.
CHAUNTRY : CANTARIA. —"A foundation for the maintenance
of priests to say mass for the souls of the founder and his relations; also
a chapel or altar endowed for that purpose (Adams & Lamberts Case,
4 Rep. i04 b: Ducange: Spelm.). In a grant by Henry 8th to the Earl
of Arundel, the words ecclesia collegiata, collegium, and cantaria are used
as synonyms; V. Norfolk v. Arbuthnot, 4 C. P. D. 302; 48 L. J. C. P.
743" (Elpb. 666).
CHEAP TRAIN.— "Cheap Train," ss. 6-10, 7 & 8 V. c. 85; K
North London Ry y.A-G., 45 L. J. Ex. 315; 1 App. Ca. 148: A-G. v.
Metrop. Ry, 50 L. J. Q. B. 573.
CHEAT- — A Cheat, is a deceitful device for defrauding another of
his known right, contrary to the plain rules of common honesty (1 Hawk.
P. C. ch. 71, 8 ed., ch. 23: Jacob); e,g, passing off a spurious copy as
the original painting {R, v. Closs, 27 L. J. M. C. 54; 6 W. R. 109;
7 Cox, C. C. 494; Dears. & B. 460). Cp Qeceit. Vf2 Encyc. 495.
To call a man a "Cheat," "Rascal," " Scoundrel," " Swindler," or
" Villain," is not actionable, per se (per Pollock, C. B., Bamett v. Allen,
27 L. J. Ex. 412; 8 H. & K 376 ; 31 L. T. 0. S. 217: Vf, Savile v. Jar-
dine, 2 Bl. H. 531, 532: Stanhope v. Blith, 4 Rep. 15) ; but to print of a
man that he is a " Swindler " &c, is actionable (J^ Anson v. Stuart, 1 T. R.
748). Va, Black: Professed Gambler.
CHEATING. — "Everyone commits the misdemeanor called Cheat-
ing, who fraudulently obtains the property of another by any deceitful
practice not amounting to felony, which practice is of such a nature that
it directly affects, or may directly affect, the public at large. But it is
not Cheating, within the meaning of this Article, to deceive any person
in any contract or private dealing by lies, unaccompanied by such prac-
tices as aforesaid " (Steph. Cr. 272). Vf, Arch. Cr. 562-586: Rose. Cr.
340-^2.
CHEESE. — Quk Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, " * Cheese ' means, the
substance usually known as Cheese, containing no Fat derived otherwise
than from Milk '" (s. 25, 62 & 63 V. c. 51). V. Margarine.
Lord CHELMSFORD'S ACTS. — Agricultural Gangs Act, 1867,
30&31 V. c. 130:
Promissory Oaths Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 72.
CHEMIN DE FER. — r. Baccarat.
CHEMIST SOI CHIEF
CHEMIST. — As distinguished from Apothecary, "a Chemist is
one who sells medicines which are asked for"; he does not select the
medicines (per Cresswell, J., Apothecaries Co v. Lotinga, 2 Moo. & R.
500) ; " a Chjmist may prepare and vend, but not prescribe or administer,
medicine " (per Best, C. J., Allison v. Haydon^ 4 Bing. 621).
Qu4 the Pharmacy Acts, a " Chemist and Druggist, " is one who keeps
** Open shop for the compounding of the prescriptions of duly qualified
Medical Practitioners," and who, since the Act of 1868, is duly regis-
tered ; including registered Assistants and Associates (31 & 32 V. c. 121,
8. 3; 61 & 62 V. c. 25, s. 1). V. Keep Open.
CHEQUE. — "A Cheque is a Bill of Exchange drawn on a Banker,
payable on demand " (s. 73, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882) ; so, prior to and indei
pendently of that def {Eyre v. Waller, 29 L. J. Ex. 246; 6 H. & N. 460;
Lynn v. Bell, It. Rep. 10 C. L. 487).
The statement that a payment has been made, or an agreement that it
is to be made, '' by cheque," imports that the cheque was or is to be pay-
able on its Date, " for every cheque properly purports to be drawn on the
day of its date " (Doe d. Church v. Pontifex, 9 C. B. 248).
V. Payment.
A post-dated cheque taken before its date is valid (s. 13 (2), Bills of
Ex. Act, 1882 : Royal Bank of Scotland v. Tottenham, 1894, 2 Q. B.
716; 64 L. J. Q B. 99).
" Cheques," s. 12, 1 & 2 V. c. 110; V. Watts v. Jefferyes, 3 Mac. & G.
373; 20 L. J. Ch. 659: Courtoy v. Vi^icent, 21 L. J. Ch. 291; 15 Bea.
486.
Quk Crossed Cheques Act, 1876, 39 & 40 V. c. 81, " * Cheque,' means
a Draft or Order on a Banker, payable to bearer or to order on demand ;
and includes a Warrant for payment of dividend on stock, sent by post
by the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, or of Ireland,
under the authority of any Act of Parliament for the time being in
force " (s. 3).
Lord CHESTERFIELD'S ACT. — The Calendar (New Style) Act,
1760, 24 G. 2, c. 23: V. Almanac.
CHEVISANCE. — *' Dealing by < Chevisance ' was the same thing as
the business of a Scrivener, so far as a dealing in money was the object
of the trade of the Scrivener " {Re Warren, 2 Sch. & Lef. 423).
CHICHORY.— V. Dried Chicory.
CHIDING.— r. Brawling.
CHIEF. — « Chief Clerk "; V. Clerk.
" Chief Constable "; Stat. Def., 50 & 51 V. c. 9, s. 2. — /r. 17 & 18 V.
c. 89, 8. 12. V. Constable.
CHIEF S02 CHILD
" Chief Magistrate "; Stat. Def., Scot. 60 & 61 V. c. 42, s. 2 ; 65 & m
V. c. bb, 8. 4.
"Chief Medical Officer'* :, Stat. Def., Contagious Diseases Act, 1866,
29&30V. c. 35, s. 2.
" Chief Offi^r of Customs^*' quk Mer Shipping Act, 1894, " includes
the Collector, Superintendent, Principal Coast Officer, or other Chief
Officer of Customs at each Port " (s. 742).
" Chief Officer of Police'' -y Stet. Def., 3? & 33 V. c. 99, s. 2; 33 &
34 V. c. 72, s. 3 ; 34 & 35 V. c. 87, s. 2, c. 96, s. 22, c. 112, s. 20; 38 &39
V. c. 17, s. 107 ; 47 & 48 V. c. 68, s. 4; 53 & 64 V. c. 46, s. 33, c. 59,
s. 61; 67 & 58 V. c. 27, s. 19, c. 41, s. 25 ; 60 & 61 V. c. 52, s. 2. —
Scot. 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 109; 53 & 64 V. c. 67, s. 30 ; 67 & 68 V. c. 41,
8.26.— /r.33&34 V.c.9,s.3; 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 120; 67&58V.
c. 41, s. 27.
" Chief Remembrancer "; Stat. Def., 6 & 7 V. c. 66, s. 38.
'•'Chief Rent" — "The phrase 'Chief Rent' is now often, but erro-
neously, used to denote, not a species of Bent Service but, a Rent-
Charge, especially in the North of England, where it is customary to
grant land in Fee for building purposes subject to the payment of an
annual rent in perpetuity " (Copinger & Munro, on Rents, 18). FA,
Harrison, on Chief Rents and other Rent-Charges. Cp, Fee Farm :
Quit Rent. Stat. Def., 7r. 6 & 6 V. c. 89, s. 169; 10 & 11 V. c. 32,
8.66.
"Chief Secretary"', Stat. Def., s. 12 (10), Interp Act, 1889.
CHIEFEST AND DISCREETEST. — " Where the election (for
a Charity) was given to the inhabitants and parishioners, or the major
part of the ' chief est and discreetest of them,' it was held that, by ' chief-
est ' was to be understood those who paid the church and poor rates ; and
by * discreetest ' those who had attained the age of 21 " (Lewin, 89,
citing Fearon v. Webb, 14 Ves. 13). Vf Parishioner.
CHILD, CHILDREN. — A "Child" is ordinarily a synonym for
Infant, a person under the age of 21 years, e.g. " Poor Child," 56 G. 3,
c. 139 {R, V. St. John, Bedwardine, 6 B. & Ad. 169). So, " Children "
in the Matrimonial Causes Acts (s. 35, 20 & 21 V. c. 86 ; s. 4, 22 & 23
V, c. 61) means, children until they attain 21 ; though an Order for
Custody (as distinguished from one for Maintenance or Education) would
only in very special circumstances be made against the wishes of a child
who has attained years of discretion (Thomasset v. Thomasset, 1894,
P. 296; 63 L. J. P. D. & A. 140, cited also Maintenance).
But though the idea that a " Child " is one who has not reached Full
Age runs through all the statutory definitions, yet, generally, the period
of Childhood is made to terminate before the age of 21; e.g. qnk Factory
and Workshop Act, 1901, " ' Child ' means a person who is under the age
CHILD 808 CHILD
of 14 years, and who has not (being of the age of 13 years) obtained the
Certificate of Proficiency or Attendance at School mentioned in Part 3
of this Act" (s. 166).
Other Stat. Def. —20 & 21 V. c. 48, s. 2; 30 & 31 V. c. 130, s. 3;
36 & 36 V. c. 76, s. 72; 36 & 37 V. c. 67, s. 4; 42 & 43 V. c. 49,
B. 49. —Ir. 47 & 48 V. c. 19, s. 9; b6&,b^ V. c. 42, g. 18 (6).
r. Boy : GiBL : Cebtipicated : Young Pebson.
" The word ^ Child ' in an Act of Parliament always applies exclusiyely
to a Legitimate child " (per Pollock, C. B., Dickinson v. N, E, By, 12
W. R. 62; 33 L. J. Ex. 91; 2 H. & C. 735: Vf, R. v. Maude, 6 Jur.
646; 2 Dowl. N. S. 68: R. v. Totley, 7 Q. B. 698: Sv, R. v. Hodnett,
1 T. R. 96: jdgmt of Cotton, L. J., Northwich v. St. Pancras, 68 L. J.
M. C. 73; 22 Q. B. D. 164).
So in a Will, or Deed (or other document, R. y. Birmingham, 8 Q. B.
410), Illegitimate children are not included in the word "Children";
unless, when the surrounding facts are ascertained and applied, some re-
pugnancy or inconsistenc}', and not merely some violation of a moral
obligation or of a probable intention, would result from their exclusion
iDonn V. Darin, L. R. 7 H. L. 668; 46 L. J. Ch. 662; 23 W. R, 670 :
V. the rule stated in other, but similar, terms, 2 Jarm. 234, and Vh,
Cartwright v. Vawdry, 6 Ves. 630: Godfrey v. Davis, 6 Ves. 43: Re
Ayle, 1 Ch. D. 282; 46 L. J. Ch. 223: EUis v. Houston, 10 Ch.D.236:
Vthlc as to the inadmissibility of extrinsic evidence in such cases, which
however was admitted in GUI v. Shelley, 2 Russ. & My. 336; 9 L. J.
O. S. Ch. 68 : Re Haseldine, 31 Ch. D. 611 ; 34 W. R. 327 : in Swaine v.
Kennerley^ 1 V. & B. 469, EldoD, C, said, — " the Will must prove that
Illegitimate children are intended; and extrinsic evidence can be received
only for the purpose of collecting who had acquired the reputation of
being children of the person named in the Will " : Vf, Woodhouselee v.
Dalrymple, 2 Mer. 419).
Speaking generally, an Illegitimate child will only be comprised in
" Children " when there is a designatio personce (Beachcrofi v. Beach-
croft, 1 Mad. 430, stated 2 Jarm. 234 : Wilkinson v. Adam, 1 V. & B.
422; 12 Price, 470 : Re Herbert^ 29 L. J. Ch. 870; IJ. & H. 121 : Re
Humphries, 24 Ch. D. 691 : Milne v. Wood, 42 L. J. Ch. 646 : Hill v.
Crook, lb. 702; L. R. 6 H. L. 266; 22 W. R. 137 : Re Brown, 43 L. J.
Ch. 84; L. R, 16 Eq. 239: Megson v. Hindle, 16 Ch. D. 198: ReBryon,
66 L. J. Ch. 30; 30 Ch. D. 110: Bagleyy. Mollard, 1 Russ. & My. 681:
Re Hall, 86 Ch. D. 661 : Re Parker, 1897, 2 Ch. 208 : Re Brown, 68
L. J. Ch. 420). Thus, in the Will of a Bachelor, " children " means his
illegitimate children, for he can have no other (Clifton r, Goodbun, L. R.
6 Eq. 278; Vth 2 Jarm. 237: Vf, Woodhouselee v. Dalrymple, sup);
80, of Step-children when testator has no child of his own (Re Jeans,
72 L. T. 836; W. N. (96) 98) ; so, if the document furnishes a Dictionary
from which an extended meaning of " Child " or " Children " may be
CHILD 804 CHILD
gathered (per Ld Cairns, Hill v. Crook, sup : Re Lowe, 61 L. J. Cb.
415: Re Walker, 1897, 2 Ch. 238; 66 L. J. Ch. 622 ; 77 L. T. 94 ; 45
W. R. 647 : Re Plant, A7 W. R. 183 : Re Birks, cited Issue : :Re
De Wilton, cited Marriage). Vf, Relations : Nephew.
As to after4>om Illegitimate children the rule was thus stated by
Ld Chelmsford in Hill v. Crook (sup) ; — "No gift, however express, to
unborn illegitimate children is allowed bj law ; nor under a gift, good
as to illegitimate children as a class, will after-born illegitimate children
be permitted to take." But in applying that rule there is " the essential
distinction between a Deed and a Will for this purpose, in that a Deed
operates from its execution and a Will from the death of the testator "
(per Mellish, L. J., Occleston v. Fullalove, 43 L. J. Ch. 310 ; 9 Ch. 147;
22 W. R. 305) ; and (dissenting from Howarth v. MUU, cited Legiti-
mate) it was accordingly held by the majority of the Court in Occleston
V. Fullalove (Selborne, C, diss.), that illegitimate children, sufficiently
designated, born between the date of the Will and the death of the tes-
tator, could take ( Va, Re Homer, Eagleton v. Horner^ 57 L. J. Ch. 211 ;
37 Ch. D. 695; 36 W. R. 348; 58 L. T. 103 : Re Harrison, 1894, 1 Cb.
561; 63 L. J. Ch. 385: Re Hastie, 35 Ch. D. 728; 56 L. J. Ch. 792;
57 L. T. 168 ; 35 W. R. 692 : Su, Re Lowe, sup, in whc North, J., held,
that an illegitimate child born after the date of the Will, could not take
as a member of a Class). The statement of the e£fect of Occleston y.
Fullalove, by Jessel, M. R., in Re Goodwin (43 L. J. Ch. 258; L. R.
17 Eq. 345), is not correct (Re Bolton, 55 L. J. Ch. 398 ; 31 Ch. D. 542;
34 W. R. 325), for " the law is clear that, however a man may wish to
provide for illegitimate children he cannot do so by any means which
involves an enquiry into the paternity, of which the law accepts no evi-
dence except the fact of marriage " (per Bowen, L. J., Re Bolton);
and, therefore, it was held in that case that the child of a reputed wife,
en ventre at the testator's death, could not take under a bequest to his
'' child or children." So, of a limitation in & Deed containing no better
designation than "Child or Children " {Re Shaw, 1894, 2 Ch. 573; 63
L. J. Ch. 770 ; 71 L. T. 79; 43 W. R. 43); but a child en ventre has a
legal existence, and, though illegitimate, the Will may be so framed as
to designate such child as a person to be benefitted (Crook v. Hill^ 46
L. J. Ch. 119 ; 3 Ch. D. 773 ; commented on Re Bolton, sup). Vf, as
to testamentary gifts to Illegitimate Children, 2 Jarm. ch. 31: Wms.
Exs. 953 et seq.
What constitutes legitimacy is, however, rather a question of status
than of construction. And it would seem to be now " settled that any
person legitimate according to the law of the domicil of his father at
his birth, is legitimate everywhere within the range of international law
for the purpose of succeeding to Personal property " (per Kay, J., Re
Andros, 52 L. J. Ch. 794; 24 Ch. D. 637; 32 W. R. 30; whev for dis-
cussion of the previous authorities and especially Boyes^ v. Bedale, 33
CHILD 805 CHILD
li. J. Ch. 283 ; 1 H. & M. 798, and Re Goodman, 50 L. J. Ch. 425 ; 17
Ch. D. 266; 29 W. R. 586: Vfy Re Grey, 1892, 3 Ch. 88; 61 L. J. Ch.
622; 41 W. B. 60). So also persons who have the legal status of chil-
dren by virtue of a foreign law applicable to their case, are '* children "
for the purpose of assessment to Legacy Duty ( K. Strangers ix
13lood). But a foreign status will not aid a person claiming to inherit
liAND in England {Doe d. Birtwhistle v. Vardill, 4 L. J. 0. S. K. B. 190 ;
5B.&C.438; 2C1.&F.571; 7Ib.895; 6 Bligh, N. S. 479 ; 9Ib.32;
6 Biug. N. C. 385: V. Heir); on the other band, a child, legitimated
by the law of the domicil of bis father, is entitled to participate in a
devise to ** children " of land in England or its proceeds {Re Grey, sup).
** The words ' Child or Children ' primarily mean, issue in the first
generation only — Sons and Daughters — to the exclusion of grandchil-
dren or other remoter descendants " (per Ld Blackburn, Bo wen v. Lewis,
54 L. J. Q. B. 68 ; 9 App. Ca. 890 : Vf, Martin v. Lee, 14 Moore, P. C.
142: Galliers v. Rycroft, inf : Radcliffe v. Buckley, 10 Ves. 195: Old-
ham Case, 1 CM. & H. 160: Brudenell v. Elwes, 1 East, 442; 7 Ves.
382 : Maund v. Mason, L. E. 9 Q. B. 264 ; 43 L. J. M. C. 62 ; 38 J. P. 84,
trA<?r/inf: Moor v. Raisbeck, 12 Sim. 123: Pride v. Fooks, 28 L. J.
Ch. 81 ; 3 D. G. & J. 252: Mathews v. Gardiner, 17 Bea. 254: Loring
V. Thomas, 30 L. J. Ch. 789; 1 Dr. & Sm. 497 : Nicholson v. Kirk, 29
S. J. 205 : Wms. Exs. 952). But the context may show that these words
have been used, by mistake, for *^ Descendants," or something else, and
80 they would sometimes receive another construction than their ordi-
nary one {Morgan v. Thomas, 51 L. J. Q. B. 556: Harley v. Mitford,
21 Bea. 280: Re Smith, 56 L. J. Ch. 771; 36 Ch. D. 558 ; 56 L.T. 878;
35 W. B. 663). So, if there be no child, grand-children may take under
a bequest to " Children " {Crooke v. Brookeing, 2 Vern. 108). But the
mere fact that the word would be otherwise inoperative is not sufficient
to widen its interpretation {Nicholson v. Kirk, sup); Vf, as to testa-
mentary gifts to Children, 2 Jarm. ch. 30: Wms. Exs. 952 et seq.
The rule of Roman Law (in force in Natal) is that, — Where a parent
has appointed Children (or remoter Descendants) as Heirs, and has di-
rected that, upon their death, their share shall go over to another, such
substitution is subject to the tacit condition that a deceased child has
left no Issue, the words " si sine liberis '' being read into the substitu-
tionary clause as a Condition of it ; but that rule is only applicable to
cases where the Instituted Heirs are burthened with a Fidei-commissum
to restore the property to a third person, and does not apply to cases
where they take absolutely, if at all. Therefore, a gift in a Natal Will,
to a testator^s Widow for life, and after her death '' to be equally divided
among my Children, or such of them as may be then alive,'' confers
no benefit on the wife or issue of a Child who has pre-deceased the
Widow {Galliers v. Rycroft, 69 L. J. P. C. 124; 83 L. T. 179; 16
Times Eep. 482).
20
CHILD 306 CHILD
" Cbildren," s. 14, M. W. P. Act, 1870, did not include Grand-chil-
dren (Coleman v. Birmingham^ cited Mother: Cp Maund v. Mason^
inf) ; but that section is replaced by s. 21, M. W. P. Act, 1882, which,
in terms, extends tbe liability of a married woman to ''Children and
Grand-children."
Qu4 Fatal Accidents Act, 1846, 9 & 10 V. c. 93, " ' Child,' shall in-
elude Son and Daughter, and Grand-son and Grand-daughter, and Step-
son and Step-daughter " (s. 5).
" Child," or" Children," generally includes a child en ventre sa niere :
F. Born: Lawfully Begotten: Nephew.
Though .the word " child " or " children," in its primary sense, is to he
read as a word of Purchase — as a designation of a person or persons
(per Ld Cairns, Bowen v. LewiSy 54 L. J. Q. B. 63) — and to be confined
to issue in the first degree, yet, as regards Beal Estate, the context
may convert it into a word of Limitation and render it equivalent to
" heirs of the body " and so create an Entail {Byng v. Byng^ 31 L. J. Ch.
470; 10 H. L. Ca. 171: Clifford v. Koe, 6 App. Ca. 447: Broadhurst
V. Morris, 2 B. & Ad. 1 : Doe d. Jones v. Davies, 4 B. & Ad. 43 : VoUer
v. Carter, 4 E. & B. 173; 24 L. J. Q. B. 56: Doe d. Blesard v. Simp-
son, 3 M. & G. 929; 7 L. J. C. P. 156; whlc was cited by North, J., in
Femherton v. Barnes, 1899, 1 Ch. 548; 68 L. J. Ch. 195) ; and if the
devise be to " A. and his children, " he having none at the time of the
devise, the word *' children " must be taken as a word of limitation, and
A. would take an Entail ( Wildes Ca^e, 6 Rep. 17; reported also as Anon.
in Gouldsborough, 139, pi. 47, and as Richardson v. Yardley in Moore,
397, pi. 519. For collection of cases on and discussion of tlie Rule in
Wildes Case-, V.2 Jarm. ch. 38: Wms. Exs. 946 etseq: Hawk. 198:
Va, Bowen v. Lewis, 54 L. J. Q. B. 55 ; 9 App. Ca. 890; 52 L. T. 189).
The principle of Wildes Case applies even where there is a child of A.
en ventre sa mere at the death of the testator {Roper v. Roper, 36 L. J.
C. P. 270: 37 lb. 7: Sv, GHeve v. Grieve, 36 L. J. Ch. 932; L. R*
4 £q. 180).
Note. The Rule in Wildes Case has no application to Personal
Estate {Audsley v. Horn, 1 D. G. F. & J. 226; 29 L. J. Ch. 201).
In Doe d. Smith v. Webber (1 B. & Aid. 713) " Child or Children,"
was held as synonymous with '* Issue "; not as creating an Entail but,
as giving an Estate in Fee with an Executory Devise over.
" Children," means one child, if there be only one {Crooke v. Brooke-
ing, 2 Vern, 108); so, if the phrase is "Surviving Children" {Re
Brown, W. N. (96) 164). Ff Survivor.
"Their children"; F. Their.
" Under a gift of Personalty to * A., and his Children/ the Parent and
Children take, prima facie, concurrently as Joint Tenants; but slight
circumstances have been laid bold of bj' the Courts as enabling them to
come to the conclusion that a gift for Life to A., with Remainder to his
CHILD 807 CHILD
Children, was intended, V. Newill t. Neinill, 7 Ch. 253; 41 L. J. Ch.
432" (per Stirling, J., Re WUmot, 76 L. T. 417; 45 W. R. 493). Cp
ISSUB.
As to when gifts for Children create a Joint Tenancy ; F. Benefit,
towards end.
If property be given to A., if B. (a woman) have no children (so that
B.'s possible child is the only person who can prevent A. having the prop-
erty) the Court will order funds under its control to be paid to A. when
satisfied that B. (ov/ing to her age) can have no child; but if the gift be
to A., if B. have children, A. has an interest in the property during the
life of B., though the latter be past child-bearing (Be Hocking ^ 1898,
2 Ch. 567; 67 L. J. Ch. 662). V. Presumption.
A gift to the " Widows and Children " of a Class of persons, is a good
Charity {Powell v. A-G.j 3 Mer. 48).
V. Issue: Offspeino: Born: Posthumous Child: Natural
Children: Parent.
Note : — Property given to Illegitimate children will be comprised in
a gift over of property given to " Children " {Smith v. Jobson, 32 S. J.
662; 59 L. T. 397).
In the Acts relating to Maintenance of Poor Relations (43 Eliz.
c. 2, s. 7; 59 G. 3, c. 12, s. 26), "Children" does not include Grand-
children, who, accordingly, are not liable thereunder to maintain their
Orand-parents {Maund v. MasoUf sup. Cp, Coleman v. Birmingliam,
sup), py Father.
" Child under the age of 16," s. 35, 39 & 40 V. c. 61, means a child
under that age at the time his parochial Settlement is being enquired
into (R. V. St. Mary, Islington, 54 L. J. M. C. 110, 146; 15 Q. B. D.
95, 339; following Madeley v. BridgnoHh, 52 L. J. M. C. 71 ; 11 Q. B. D.
314 : Va, Reigate v. Croydon, 14 App. Ca. 465 ; 59 L. J. M. C. 29; 53
J. P. 580; 5 Times Rep. 716: Bath v. Berwick-on- Tweed, 1892, 1 Q. B.
731 ; 61 L. J. M. C. 137 : West Derby v. Atcham, 59 L. J. M. C. 17; 24
Q. B. D. 117: Mitford v. Wayland, 59 L. J. M. C. 86 ; 25 Q. B. D. 164:
NorthwichY. St. Pancras, 58 L. J. M. C. 73; 22 Q. B. D. 164: St.
Pancras v. Norwich, 56 L. J. M. C. 37; 18 Q. B. D. 521; 56 L. T. 311;
35 W. R. 547; 51 J. P. 343: V. Wife). As to the concluding words
" and shall retain the Settlement," &c ; V, Dorchester v. Poplar, bl L. J.
M. C. 78 ; 21 Q. B. D. 88; 59 L. T. 689; 36 W. R. 706 ; 52 J. P. 435; fol-
lowing Highworth v. Westbury-on- Severn, 57 L. J. M. C. 33; 20 Q. B. D.
597, and on these words, over-ruling R. v. St. Mary^ Islington^ sup: But
Highworth v. Westbury-on- Severn was afterwards reversed by H. L., 59
L. J. M. C. 29 ; 14 App. Ca. 465 ; 53 J. P. 580; 5 Times Rep. 716. Aff to
an Illegitimate Pauper, under this section ; V. Plymouth v. Axruinster,
1898, A. C. 586; 67 L. J. Q. B. 871; 47 W. R. 33; 62 J. P.
612.
« Child," in s. 60, Offences against the Person Act, 1861, 24 & 25 V.
CHILD 308 CHOSE IN ACTION
c. 100, does not include a foetus not matured enough to be bom alive
{B. V. Beiriman, 6 Cox, C. C. 388).
** Children," qui Fbiexdlt Society; V. Widow: Wife.
Vh Chitty, Eq. Ind. 7675-7678, 7710.
CHILDREN'S CHILDREN. — <a read the words < Children's
Children ' (in Statute of Distribution) as meaning ' Issue of Children ' "
(per North, J., Ee Natty Walker v. Gammage, 67 L. J. Ch. 798; 37
Ch. D. 617; 68 L. T. 722 ; 36 W. R. 648).
In a limitation of Realty ; V. Hampton v. Holmatiy 5 Ch. D. 183.
CHILDREN OF A. AND B.— F. 2 Jarm. 194: Hawk. 113:
Re Featherstonsy 22 Ch. D. Ill; 62 L. J. Ch. 76.
"Children of A. and B. respectively"; V. Fletcher v. Fletcher,
9 L. R. Ir. 301.
CHILDREN OF THE WIFE This phrase in a Marriage Set-
tlement of a husband's property, means children of the wife by that
husband {Daffome v. Goodman, 2 Vern. 362).
CHILD'S SHARE.— r. Equal.
CHILDWIT. — " 'Childwit,' that is, that you may take a fine of
your bond woman, defiled and begotten with childe without your license *'
(Termes de la Ley : Vf Cowel). V. Wite.
CHIMIN. — Chimin, Chiminage; F. Wat.
CHIMNEY SWEEPER.— Quk the Chimney Sweepers and Chim-
neys Regn Acts, 1840, and 1864, " * Chimney Sweeper,' means a person
using the Trade or Business of a Chimney Sweeper '' (s. 3, 27 & 28 V.
c. 37). Vf, 38 & 39 V. c. 70; 67 & 68 V. c. 61.
CHINA F.Plate.
" Laws of China " ; F. Crime.
" Chinese Passenger Ship "; Stat. Def., 18 & 19 V. c. 104, s. 1.
CHIROGRAPH. — F. Co. Litt. 143 b, and Hargrave's note thereto.
CHIVALRY. — Chivalry was a Tenure of Land by Kniqht Service
(Termes de la Ley). Fjf Cowel.
CHOLERA. — Qu4 Diseases Prevention (Metropolis) Act, 1883, 46
& 47 V. c. 35, " 'Cholera' includes Choleraic Diarrhoea" (s. 12).
CHOSE IN ACTION. — Chose in Action is the antithesis of Chose
in Possession,
" 'Things in Action,' is when a man hath cause, or may bring an
action, for some duty due to him; . . . and because that they are thibga
CHOSE IN ACTION 309 CHOSE IN ACTION
virhereof a man is not possessed but for recovery of them is driven to
his Action, they are called 'Things in Action'" (Termes de la Ley).
" According to my view, all personal things are either in Possession
or in Action. The law knows no tertium quid between the two. * No
chattel,' says Lord Coke in Fulwood*s Case (4 Rep. 65 a), * either in
action or possession shall go in succession,' as if the two alternatives
were the only possible ones. * Property in chattels personal,' says
filackstone, 'may be either in possession, which is when a man hath
not only the right to enjoy, but hath the actual enjoyment of the thing;
or else it is in action, where a man hath only a bare right without any
occupation or enjoyment ' (2 Com. 396) ; and so Lord Hardwicke in the
great case of Bt/dll v. Rowles (1 Atk. 384; 1 Yes. sen. 362), speaks of
personal property, whether in possession or action, only as equivalent to
all kinds of personal property. The expression Choses in Suspense is
found in Brockets Ahr. in conjunction with Choses in Action; but,
80 far as I can understand, the two expressions are synonymous. It
has been suggested that the expression Choses in Action was originally
only applicable to Debts ; and that by a lax usage it has acquired a
secondary and wider significance. I am not able to adopt this view.
The article * Choses in Action and Choses in Suspense ' in Brooke's
Abr.y fo. 140, seems to show that as early as 5 Edw. 4 the expression
was held to include the king's right to the marriage of his ward; in
9 Hen. 6, the property in deeds in the hands of a third person was
considered as a Chose in Action; and in the 33 Hen. 8, the classifica-
tion of Choses in Action into Real, Personal, and Mixed was recog-
nised" (per Fry, L. J., Colonial Bank v. Whinney^ 55 L. J. Ch. 593;
30 Ch. D. 261, a def adopted by the H. L.). Accordingly, it was held
in that case that Shares in a Co are " Things in Action " within s. 44
(iii), Bankry Act, 1883 {^Q L. J. Ch. 43; 11 App. Ca. 426; m L. T.
362; 34 W. R. 705; over-ruling Ex p. Union Bank of Manchester^ Re
Jackson, ¥i L. J. Bank. 57; L. R. 12 Eq. 354; 19 W. R. 872; and
jdgmt of Lindley, L. J., in Sociiti Generate de Paris v. Tramways Coy
54 L. J. Q. B. 185; 14 Q. B. D. 424). A fortioH property in the Funds
(Zhindas v. Dutens, 1 Ves. 196: R, v. Capper, 5 Price, 217, 263), a Life
Policy (Ex p. Ibbetson, 8 Ch. D. 519), and a Debenture in a Co (Exp,
Ransbergy Re Pryee, 4 Ch. D. 685), are Choses in Action; so also is a
Hire-Purchase agreement (Re Isaacson, 1895, 1 Q. B. 333; 64 L. J. Q. B.
191; 43 W. R. 278); secus, of a Hiring of Goods which, on his bankr}',
ceases to be the property of the lender ( Wilmot v. Alton, 1897, 1 Q. B. 17 ;
66 L. J. Q. B. 42 ; 45 W. R. 12, 113). An undivided Share in a Partnership
is a Chose in Action (Ex p. Fletcher, Re Bainbridye, 47 L. J. Bank. 70;
8 Ch. D. 218) ; so, of a Sweep-Stakes Ticket (Jones v. Carter, 15 L. J. Q. B.
96; 8 Q. B. 134); and so, in some measure, is a Bank Note (Francis v.
N^ash^ Cunningham, 86).
" Things in Action," s. 95, Comp Act, 1862, includes Claims by the
CHOSE IN ACTION 310 CHRISTIAN MAR'GE
Liquidator against Directors for malpractices in reference to the property
of a Co {Re Park Gate Waggon Coj 17 Ch. D. 254).
An Assignment of ''all moneys now or hereafter standing to the
credit of " A. at bis banking account, is an assignment of a " debt or
other LEGAL Chose in Action " within s. 25 (6), Jud. Act, 1873 ( Walker
V. Bradford Bank, 53 L. J. Q. B. 280; 12 Q. B. D 611). So of a sum
payable so many days after demand {Mercantile Bank of London v. Evansy
43 S. J. 97 ; Vthe revd on another point, 1899, 2 Q. B. 613; 68 L. J. Q. B.
921). But " legal chose in action," being* there used in association with
" debt/' does not include an agreement to lend money, or a right to
damages for breach of contract or for a tort {May ▼. Lane, 64 L. J. Q. B.
236; 71 L. T. 869; 43 W. R 193). Vh, King v. Victoria Insrce, 1896,
A. C. 250 ; 65 L. J. P. C. 38; 74 L. T. 206; 44 W. R. 692: Manchester
Brewery Co v. Coombs, cited Assigns.
r. Assignment: Absolute Asstgnmkvt: Notice: 1 Encyc. 352-362.
It is submitted that the definition established in Colonial Bank v,
Whinney (sup) may, in some cases and when not otherwise affected by
a context, be wide enough to embrace a claim to Damages for a Tort.
Such a claim is surely property, — conceivably it may be a very valuable
property, e,g. an Infringement of a Patent. It is not in possession; and
therefore, accepting the postulate in the definition of Fry, L. J., in Colo-
nial Bank v. Whinney, it must be a Chose in Action. Yet, on the other
hand, Blackstone says, " All property in action depends entirely upon
contracts express or implied; which are the only regular means of acquir-
ing a Chose in Action " (2 Com. 397).
Vf, as to the various meanings of "Chose in Action," Elphinstone's
Intro. Conv. 2 ed. 200 et seq, and V. the subject of Choses in Action
considered at large, Wms. Exs. 693 et seq, Pt. 2, Bk. 3: Warren, on
Choses in Action: 10 Law Quarterly, 303: Fa, Possession: Cp
Chattels.
CHOSE IN SUSPENSE.— F. Chose in Action.
CHRISTIAN BROTHERS. — Gift for, is a good Charity {Ilogan
V. Byrne, 13 It. Com. Law Rep. 166: Be Brown, 1898, 1 1. R. 423: Sv,
Murphy v. Cheevers, 17 L. B. Ir. 205, and Beron v. Donellan therein
cited). Vh 3 Encyc. 8.
CHRISTIAN BURIAI " There appears to be no clear authority
as to what is meant by • Christian Burial ' ; and as Bowen, J. held there
was no evidence to go to the jury, the point was left undecided (Stafford
Winter Assizes, 1879-80; 24 S. J. 245)." Stone, 180. Vh, per Stephen,
J., R. V. Price, 53 L. J. M. C. 51; 12 Q. B. D. 247, deciding that cre-
mation is lawful : Sv, Williams v. Williams, cited Cadaver.
CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE.- F.Mabriagb.
CHRISTIAN NAME 311 CHURCH
CHRISTIAN NAME. — Where a document has to be authenticated
l>j the Christian Kamb of its signatory, a well known abbreviation, —
e,g. Wm. for William, — will suffice {R. v. Bradley, 30 L. J. Q. B. 180;
3 E. & E. 634 : Henry v. Armitage, 53 L. J. Q. B. Ill; 12 Q. B. D. 257).
In B, V. Bradley, Hill, J., whilst holding with the rest of the Court
that a well-known contraction suffices for a Christian Name, also said, —
*' I think that an Initial cannot be regarded as a Christian Name "; but
in B. V. Plenty (L. R. 4 Q. B. 346; 38 L. J. Q. B. 205; 9 B. & S. 386)
it was pointed out that that dictum was not necessary to the decision ;
still it, probably, remains valid, unless where there is a provision saving
such an imperfect form of a Christian Name as being a Misnomer. Vf,
I^indsay v. Wells, 3 Bing. N. C. 777; 4 Sc. 471.
CHRISTIAN RELIGION. — " Christianity is parcel of the Laws of
England " (per Hale, C. J., Taylor^ a Case, Vent. 293, a case in which the
words as regards our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ were very gross and
shameful, and for which the punishment was, — the Pillory in three several
places, a Fine of 1000 Marks, and to find Sureties for Good Behaviour
during life). Vf, B. v. Woolston, 2 Stra. 834 : per Kelly, C. B., Cowan
▼. Milboum, L. R. 2 Ex. 234; 36 L. J. Ex. 124. In thlc it was held
that, lectures showing that the character of Christ was defective. His
teaching erroneous, and that the Bible is no more inspired than any other
book, is "to deny the Christian Religion to be true," and contrary to
8. 1, 9 & 10 W. 3, c. 32 : Sv, per Coleridge, C. J., B. v. Bamsay, 48
L. T. 733. V. Blasphemy.
CHRISTIAN SERVICE. — For (and by) s. 6, Burial Laws Amend-
ment Act, 1880, 43 & 44 V. c. 41, " 'Christian Service,' shall include
every religious service used by any Church, Denomination, or Person,
professing to be Christian." Cp, Divine Service.
CHRISTMAS DAY.— F. Michaelmas.
CH URCH. — Semble, the test as to whether a building is a " Church,"
is. Is it of Right that the Sacraments are administered there ? (Cowel,
Ecelesia).
" Church," 8. 1, 5 G. 4, c. 36, includes the Chancel (Bippinr, Boutin,
L. R. 2 A. & E. 386; 38 L. J. Ecc. 33) ; and quk s. 50, 24 & 25 V. c. 96,
the Vestry " is as much a part of the Church as the Altar or the Nave "
(per Coleridge, J., B. v. Evans, C. & M. 298).
Stat. Def. — 8 & 9 V. c. 118, s. 167 ; 14 & 15 V. c. 97, s. 29; 32 &
33 V. 0. 94, s. 14; 35 & 36 V. c. 35, s. 1; 37 & 38 V. c.77, s.l4, c.85,
B. 6. — Ir. 32 & 33 V. c. 42, s. 72. — Scot. 31 & 32 V. c. 96, s. 1.
V. Chapel.
" Whatever legal difSculty there may be in giving a strict legal defini-
tion of what constitutes legal Membership of the Church of England, —
CHURCH 812 CHURCHWARDEN
I think that a person who has been baptized, has been confirmed (or is
ready and desirous so to be), and is an actual communicant, does hold
the status of a Member of that Church, and would be ordinarily regarded
and spoken of as such " (per Stirling, J., Re Ferry Almshouses^ 67 L. J.
Ch. 210). An Eleemosynary Charity for persons who are, (1) Regular
attendants at the Parish Church, (2) Partakers of the Holy Commanion,
and (3) have lived ** a godly, righteous, and sober, life to the glory of Grod's
Holy Name " (the latter words being taken from the Book of Common
Prayer), is an Ecclksiastical Charity, within s. 76 (2), Loc Gov Act,
1894; for the recipients are (espy having regard to the 2nd qualification)
exclusively Members of a "Particular Church," "as such," — i.«. the
Church of England (S. C. 1898, 1 Ch. 391; 67 L. J. Ch. 206; affd
1899, 1 Ch. 21; 68 L. J. Ch. 0%-, 79 L. T. 366; 47 W. R. 197; 63
J. P. 52).
" Church, " in the phrase " any Particular Church, or Denomination, "
in the section just cited, " does not mean Building; it means a Religions
Society of some sort " (per Smith, L. J., S. C). Vf^ Phil. Ecc. Law, 1 ;
lb. Part 6, ch. 2.
So, quk 27 & 28 V. c. 64, " The Church " denotes " the United Church
of England and Ireland " (s. 4) ; and qu^ Clerical Disabilities Act, 1870,
" * Church of England ' means the Church of England as by law estab-
lished"
" Affairs of the Church," quk Loc Gov Act, 1894, includes " the Dis-
tribution of Offertories or other Collections made in any Church " (s. 75).
Rob a Church; Y, Rob. " Service of the Church "; F. Sebvtce.
F. CoLLBOiATB Church : District: Parochial Church: Incum-
bent.
CHURCH BUILDING. — "The Church Building Acts, 1818 to
1884"; r. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
CHURCH OFFICES. — Quk 28 & 29 V. c. 82, " ' Church Offices,'
shall mean Marriages, Burials, and Churchings " (s. 2).
CHURCH LEASE. — *• Church or College Lease"; Stat. Def., 12
& 13 V. c. 77, 8. 54.
CHURCH RATE.— F. Compulsory Church Rate Abolition Act,
1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 109: Phil. Ecc. Law, 1445.
CHURCHWARDEN.— ' 'Churchwardens, 'are officers yearly chosen
by the consent of the Minister and the Parishioners, according to the
custome of every several! place, to see to the Church, Churchyard, and
such things as belong to both; and to marke the behaviour of the parish-
ioners for such faults as appertain to the jurisdiction or censure of the
Ecclesiasticall Court. These are a kinde of Corporation, and are enabled
CHURCHWARDEN 813 CIRCULATION
bj law to sue for any thing belonging to their Church or the Poor of the
parish " (Termes de la Ley : Vf Jacob).
Afl to the transfer of the powers, duties, and liabilities, of Churchwar-
dens in matters other than Ecclesiastical; V, s. 6 (1), Loc Gov Act,
1894: Ecclesiastical Charity.
The word " Churchwardens," in modern Acts, is generally defined to
include " Chapelwardens, or other persons discharging the duties of
Churchwardens," e.g, — 9 & 10 V. c. 74, s. 2 ; 10 & 11 V. c. 38, s. 20;
13 & 14 V. c. 67, 8. 10; 14 & 15 V. c. 34, s. 3, c. 97, s. 29; 15 &
16 V. c. 85, 8. 52.
Vhy Phil. Ecc. Law, Part 6, ch. 4 : Prideaux's Churchwarden's Guide :
Shaw's Parish Law : Steer's Parish Law : Grant; on Corporations, 600 :
3 Encyc. 1&-21.
CHURCHYARD. — Tombs in a churchyard are not within the word
" Churchyard " as used in the Church Building Act, 1809, 49 G. 3, c. 108,
8. 1 ; and a bequest for their repair is not saved by that Act (R^ Rigley^
36 L. J. Ch. 147). Vh, Re Vaughan, 33 Ch. D. 187; 55 L. T.547; 39
W. R. 104 : Phil. Ecc. Law, Part 6, ch. 2.
CIDER. — If so understood at the place where. the Contract is made,
" Cider," probably, means the juice of apples as soon as expressed {Studdy
V. Sanders, 5 B. & C. 628).
Qui Beerhouse Acts, and Inl. Rev. License, " Cider " includes Perry
(s. 32, Beerhouse Act, 1830; s. 2, 32 & 33 V. c. 27; s. 40, Inl. Rev.
Act, 1880).
V, Beer.
CINDERS.— F. Coal.
CINQUE PORTS.— The Cinque Ports, are Hastings, Sandwich,
Dover, Hythe, and Rye (18 & 19 V. c. 48). " The District of Romney
Marsh " is treated as distinct therefrom (s. 2, 27 & 28 V. c. 80).
" The Cinque Ports Acts, 1811 to 1872 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act,
1896.
Qui 16 & 17 V. c. 129, " • Cinque Port Pilots ' shall mean, the Pilots of
the Society or Fellowship of the Trinity House of Dover, Deal, and the
Isle of Thanet " (s. 26).
CIRCULARS. — "Circulars, Advertisements, or otherwise," s. 32,
Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V. c. 57, include
a letter {Driffield Co v. Waterloo Mills Co, 55 L. J. Ch. 391; 31 Ch. D.
638; 54 L. T. 210; 34 W. R. 360: BarreU v. Day, 59 L. J. Ch. 464;
43 Ch. D. 435; Skinner v. Shew, 1893, 1 Ch. 413; 62 L. J. Ch. 196; 67
L. T. 696; 41 W. R. 217). F. Threat.
CIRCULATION. — A Bank-note " In Circulation," means, a Note
which is passing from hand to hand as a Negotiable instrument; and
CIRCULATION 814 CITY
when returned to the Bank (or any of its branches), it ceases to be '* In
Circulation " or " Outstanding " (Bank of Africa v. Colonial Govern-
ment, 61 L. J. P. C. 66; 13 App. Ca. 215; 68 L. T. 427).
CIRCUMSPECTE AQATIS.— ""Is the title of a statute made
(13 Edw. 1, A. D. 1268), prescribing some cases to the Judges wherein
the King's Prohibition lies not " (Termes de la Ley).
CIRCUMSTANCES,— r. Same: Special: Insolvent Circum-
stances: Like.
" As Circumstances may require " ; F. Require.
In taxing Costs, the " Other Circumstances " referred to by R. 20,
Ord. 50 a, Co. Co. R. 1889, include the insolvency of the estate (Pain
V. Bowden, 1896, 2 Q. B. 301; 66 L. J. Q. B. 530; 75 L. T. 102; 45
W. R. 48).
" When the. statute s. 9, Public Worship Regn Act, 1874, prescribes
that the Bishop's Opinion is to be formed * after considering the Whole
Circumstances of the case,' I think it must mean that the Bishop is to
consider all the circumstances which appear to him, honestly exercising
his judgment, to bear upon the particular case, and upon the question
whether he ought in that case to prevent proceedings being taken.
I dissent entirely from the view that it is for the Court, or your Lord-
ships, to determine what are the considerations which ought to govern
the Bishop's Opinion " (per Ld Herschell, Alleroft v. London Bp, cited
Opinion). ** The enquiry into all the circumstances of the case is one
which may justly include considerations of the good to be done by, or
the mischief involved in, proceedings which, unless they obtain the
Bishop's sanction, cannot proceed" (per Halsbury, C, lb.), Sv, per
Ld Bramwell, S. C.
A similar rule obtains where Justices, or others, have to exercise a
general discretion, after enquiring into all the Circumstances of a case
(R. V. Mills, ;^ B. & Ad. 578: R. v. Treasury, 10 A. & E. 179; 8 L. J.
Q. B. 249).
CIRCUMSTANTIBUS- — " Is a Word of Art," indicating a supply
of Jurors when a Tales is prayed (Termes de la Ley).
CISTERN. — Qud, P. H. London Act, 1891, "* Cistern,' includes
a Water-butt " (s. 141).
CITY. — " Every borough incorporate, that had a bishop within time
of memory, is a citie, albeit the bishopricke be dissolved " (Co. Litt.
109 b). Vf Termes de la Ley.
Stat. Def. — /r. 13 & 14 V. c. 68, s. 24, c. 69, s. 117; 31 & 32 V.
c. 49, s. 25.
•' City or Borough " ; Stat. Def., 6 & 7 V. c. 18, s. 101; 17 & 18 V.
c. 102, 8. 38.
CITY 315 CIVIL PRISONER
" City or Place "; Stat. Def., 26 & 27 V. c. 97, 8. 2.
" City of Dublin"; Stat. Def., 12 & 13 V. c. 91, s. 89, c. 97, s. 133.
" City of London "; V. London.
" City of London Police Rate "; Stat. Def., 49 & 60 V. c. 11, s. 7.
CIVIL AFFAIRS V. Managebjent.
CIVIL CAPACITY. — Stat. Def., 39 & 40 V. c. 43, a. 1.
CIVIL CAUSE,— F. Cause: Civil Proceeding: Criminal
Cause.
CIVIL CODE OF LOWER CANADA.— F. Bill op Ex-
CHANGE, n.
CIVIL COMMOTION. — A "Civil Commotion," within an Ex-
ception to a Fire Policy, means "an Insurrection of the people for
general purposes, though it may not amount to a Rebellion, where there
is an Usurped Power " (per Mansfield, C. J., Langdale v. Mason, Park,
968) ; agreeably to his lordship's directions, the jury found that the Ld
George Gordon Riots of June, 1780, were a " Civil Commotion. " But there
must be something more than a mere general civil disturbance of a tran-
sient character; and, therefore, an Exception of "Civil Commotion,"
in a Charter-Party, is not established by a general and vague proof of a
disturbed state of the Place of Loading which may have interrupted or
impeded, but did not actually prevent, the loading of the ship (The
VUlage Belle, 2 Asp. 228; 30 L. T. 232).
Q?, Civil War: Riot: Usurped Power: Rebellion: LEvr War.
CIVIL CUSTODY. - Stat. Def., 42 i& 43 V. c. 33, s. 69; 44 & 46
V. c. 58, 8. 60 (6).
CIVIL DEATH.— F. Bullock v. Dodds, 2 B. & Aid. 275: Coombes
T. Queen^s Proctor, 16 Jur. 820.
CIVIL DEBT. — A "Civil Debt" within s. 6, Sum Jur Act, 1879,
is " a sum of money claimed to be due " before the commencement of the
proceedings to recover it, and does not include a fine or penalty not due
to anybody until the magistrate has adjudged its amount (E, v. Paget,
61 L. J. M. C. 9; 8 Q. B. D. 151. Vf, Mellor v. Denham, 49 L. J.
M. C. 89; 6 Q. B. D. 467: B. v. Stewart, cited Ship). F. Claimed.
CjP Judgment Debt.
CIVIL ENGINEER.— F. jdgmt of Halsbury, C, Inl. Bev, v.
Forrest, 15 App. Ca. 342; 63 L. T. 36; 39 W. R. 33.
CIVIL PRISONER. — Qn^ 2 & 3 V. c. 42 (to improve prisons in
Scotland), "* Civil Prisoner,' shall include all persons imprisoned for
Civil Debt, or ad factum prcestandum, or generally, at the instance of
CIVIL PRISONER 816 CIVIL RIGHTS
a Creditor for performance of Civil Obligation '* (8.03), — a def expanded
bj 23 & 24 V. c. 105, s. 4; 40 & 41 V. c. 63, s. 71. Cp Criminal
Prisoner.
CIVIL P ROC E E D I N Q . — Is a process for tbe recovery of indi vidual
right or redress of individual wroiig; inclusive, in its proper legal sense,
of suits by the Crown (Bradlaugh v. Clarkey 52 L. J. Q. B. 505; 8 App.
Ca. 354).
" Civil Proceeding," s. 1, Bankry Act, 1890, includes everything
which can fairly be so called, e.g, a Summons for leave to enforce an
Award {Re J?, Ex p. Caucasian Trading Corp, 1896, 1 Q. B. 368;
65 L. J. Q. B. 346; 74 L. T. 47; 44 W. R. 439).
" Civil Proceeding," R. 2, Ord. 68, R. S. C; V. Ann. Pr.
A Quo Warranto is now a ** Civil Proceeding " (s. 15, Jud. Act, 1884).
r. Action: Cause: Criminal Cause: Criminal Suit.
CIVIL RIGHTS. — The "Property and Civil Rights," which by
s. 92, British North America Act, 1867, 30 V. c. 3, are to be regulated
by the Provincial Legislature, include rights arising from contract, e.g.
Fire Insurance Policies; and such a contract is not a matter relating to
** Trade or Commerce " within s. 91, and therefore to be regulated by the
Dominion Legislature (Citizens* Insrce v. Parsons, 51 L. J. P. C. 11;
7 App. Ca. 96: F/*, as to " Trade or Commerce," Severn v. The Queen,
2 Sup. Ct. Can. Ca. 90) . But an Act for the regulation of the sale of
intoxicants relates to public order, and is not within the phrase " Prop-
erty and Civil Rights," and is, therefore, within the competency of the
Dominion Legislature. Such an Act " has in its legal aspect an obvious
and close similarity to laws which place restrictions on the sale or
custody of poisonous drugs or of dangerously explosive substances.
These things, as well as intoxicating liquors, can, of course, be held as
property ; but a law placing restrictions on their sale, custody, or removal,
on the ground that the free sale or use of them is dangerous to public
safety, and making it a criminal offence punishable by fine or imprison*
ment to violate these restrictions, cannot properly be deemed a law in
relation to property in the sense in which those words are used in tbe
92nd section. . . . Laws which make it a criminal offence for a man wil-
fully to set fire to his own house on the ground that such an act endan-
gers the public safety, or to over-work his horse on the ground of cruelty
to the animal, though affecting in some sense property and the right of
a man to do as he pleases with his own, cannot properly be regarded as
legislation in relation to Property or to Civil Rights. Nor could a law
which prohibited or restricted the sale or exposure of cattle having a
contagious disease be so regarded. Laws of this nature designed for the
promotion of public order, safety, or morals, and which subject those
who contravene them to criminal procedure and punishment, belong to
CIVIL RIGHTS 317 CLAIM
the subject of Public Wrongs rather than to that of Civil Rights"
(^JtusseU V. The Queen, 51 L. J. P. C. 81; 7 App. Ca. 829). V, Pkack.
V, Bankbuptcy and Insolvency: Direct Taxation: Rights.
CIVIL SERVANT. —Qui Superannuation Acts, " * Civil Servant/
means, a person who has served in an established capacity in the Perma-
nent Civil Service of the State, within the meaning of s. 17 of the
Superannuation Act, 1859 " (60 & 51 V. c. 67, s. 12).
CIVIL WAR. — Civil War is when a Party arises in a State which
no longer obeys the Sovereign, and is sufficiently strong to make head
against him; or when, in a Republic, the nation is divided into two
opposite Factions and both sides take up arms {Brown v. Hiattj 1 Dillon,
379). Cp Civil Commotion.
CLAIM. — V. Debt, Claim, or Demand: Demand: Incum-
brance.
" •Clairae,' is a Challenge by any man of the propertie or ownership
of a thing which hee hath not in possession, but is withholden from him
wrongfully " (Termes de la Ley, which adopts def of Dyer, C. J.,
Stowell V. Zouchj Plowd. 359). F/Cowel.
" ' Claim against the Crown for damages or compensation ' (Crown
Suits, Ordinance, 1876, s. 18, ii), is an apt expression to include Claims
arising out of Torts " {A-G. Straits Settlements v. Wemyss^ 57 L. J.
P. C. 64; 13 App. Ca. 192; 58 L. T. 358).
R. 5, Ord. 57, R. S. C, does not mean that there should be a vague
statement, but the " Claim '' therein referred to should be precise and
definite {Hockey v. Evans, 18 Q. B. D. 390; 56 L. J. Q. B. 253).
"Claim for Compensation," s. 2 (1), Workmen's Comp Act, 1897,
includes a Kotice of Claim, as well as the initiation of proceedings
{Po^oell V. Main Colliery Co, 1900, A. C. 366; 69 L. J. Q. B. 758; 83
L. T. 85; 49 W. R. 50).
Note. V. Wright v. Bagnall, 1900, 2 Q. B. 240; 69 L. J. Q. B.
551; 82 L. T. 346; 48 W. R. 533; 64 J. P. 420, as to Waiver of Notice
by Conduct : who Cp with Randall v. HUVs Dry Dock Co, 1900, 2 Q. B.
245; 69 L. J. Q. B. 554; 82 L. T. 521; 48 W. R. 530; 64 J. P.
451.
The Declaration is a part of the statutory " Claim " to the Lodger
Franchise {Ainsley v. Nicholson, 24 Q. B. D. 144; 59 L. J. Q. B. 102).
" Claims of which Exor has Notice," s. 29, Ld St. Leonards* Act, 22
& 23 Y. c. 35, include those which a Cr has a right to make and which
are known to the Exor, as well as those actually sent in; for '* Notice "
there, means knowledge {MarkwelVs Case, 21 W. R. 135 : Scottish Eq,
Assrcev. Beatty, 29 L. R. Ir. 290).
"Claims and Contingent Liabilities," against which, under their
articles, Directors of a Co have to retain a Reserve Fuud^ mean, such
CLAIM 818 CLAIMING UNDER
things as outstanding debts and possible adverse verdicts, but not pos-
sible depreciation of the Co's securities {Lever v. Land Securities Co,
8 Times Rep. 94).
Claim or Demand in respect of Illness ; F. Illness.
A Power to recover " Claims or Demands," includes the power to sue
for a Libel (Williams v. Beaumont^ 10 Biug. 260).
" Claim indorsed " ; V. Indobsbd.
V, Claimed: Sum Claimed.
CLAIMANT "Creditor or Claimant," s. 22, 14 & 15 V. c. cv.,
means, only a person having a debt or liquidated demand against the
Copper Miners' Co; the phrase does not include a person having a right
of action for breach of covenant ( Wood v. Copper Miners' Co, 14 C. B.
428; 23 L. J. C. P. 209).
CLAIMED.— V. Admitted Set-Off.
"Claimed or Recoverable," s. 67, Co. Co. Act, 1888; F. Lovejoy r.
Coley 64 L. J. Q. B. 122; 1894, 2 Q. B. 861; 71 L. T. 374; 43 W. R.
48.
A Cab Fare is " a sum of money claimed to he due, " and " is recover-
able on Complaint to a Court of Summary Jurisdiction," within s. 6, 42
& 43 V. c. 49, and can (apart from fraud, 59 & 60 V. c. 27) only be en-
forced as a " Civil Debt " under s. 35 (B. v. Kerswill, 1895, 1 Q. B. 1;
64 L. J. M. C. 70; 71 L. T. 574; 43 W. R. 59; 59 J. P. 342); so,
of a weekly sum claimed by Guardians for Maintenance of a pauper
father {Re Gamble, 1899, 1 Q. B. 305; 68 L. J. Q. B. 195; 79 L. T.
642; 63 J. P. 101); so, of a General District Rate {Southwark &
Vauxhall W. W. Co v. Hampton, 1899, 1 Q. B. 273; 68 L. J. Q. B.
207; 79 L. T. 512; 63 J. P. 100): Secus, of a Poor Rate {Seaman y.
Burley, cited Criminal Cause), or Costs on an Order to vaccinate {E,
V. Burrotvs, 77 L. T. 338; 46 W. R. 29; 61 J. P. 724).
CLAIMING RIGHT. — F. Right: Bona fide.
CLAIMING UNDER. — As to who are persons " claiming hy, from,
Through, or under," a Covenantor; F. Quiet Enjoyment: Elph. 491,
492 : Redman, ch. 6, s. 1 : Dart, 884 : Woodf . 728 : Touch. 170-172 :
Stanley v. Hayes, 3 Q. B. 105, approved and applied in Kelly y. Rogers^
1892, 1 Q. B. 910; 61 L. J. Q. B. 604; 40 W. R. 516: whlc distd
Cohen v. Tannar, 1900, 2 Q. B. 609; 69 L. J. Q. B. 904; 83 L. T.
64; 48 W. R. 642.
V. Pretending to claim : Under.
SemJ)le, that a Trustee in Bankruptcy is not a person "Claiming
through or under " the Bankrupt, within s. 11, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854
{Pennell v. Walker, 2Q L. J. C. P. 9; 18 C. B. 651 : Piercey v. Young,
14 Ch. D. 200).
CLAIMING UNDER 819 CLASS
Where a person is '' Claiming under any Mortgage of land," 1 Y.
c. 2S, ** the mtge must be a continuing or subsisting mtge " {Thoimton
▼. France^ 66 L. J. Q. B. 711, stating one of the rulings in Heath v.
I^ugh^ cited First Accrued) ; and Doe d. Baddeley v. Massey (20 L. J.
Q. B. 434; 17 Q. B. 373) is, "open to some question as being incon-
sistent with that jdgmt " {Ih.). An owner of an Equity of Redemption
whose Equity is barred by s. 24, Real Property Limitation Act, 1833,
does not, by paying off the mtge and taking a Conveyance from the
mtgee, " claim under the mtge " within the section {Thornton v. France,
1897, 2 Q. B. 143; 66 L. J. Q. B. 705; 77 L. T. 38; 46 W. R. 56). Vfy
Doe d. Palmer v. Eyre, 20 L. J. Q. B. 431; 17 Q. B. 366.
"Parties claiming under the Settlement," s. 47 (1), Bankry Act,
1883, does not include a Purchaser for Value acquiring title under the
Settlement {Ex p. Brown, Be Vansittart, Be Brail, Exp. Norton, Be
Carter and Kenderdine ; Sv, Be Briggs atid Spicer, all cited Void).
CLAM. — V. Vi, Clam, Precario.
CLASS. — "A gift is said to be to a * Class ' of persons when it is to
all those who shall come within a certain category or description defined
by a general or collective formula, and who, if they take at all, are to
take one divisible subject in certain proportionate shares " (per Sel-
borne, C, Pearks v. Moseley, 6 App. Ca. 723; 50 L. J. Ch. 61).
" A number of persons are popularly said to form a ' Class ' when they
can be designated by some general name as * Children,' < Grand-children,'
'Nephews'; but in legal language the question whether a gift is one to
a Class depends not upon these considerations, but upon the mode of gift
itself, namely, — that it is a gift of an aggregate sum to a body of per-
sons uncertain in number at the time of the gift, to be ascertained at a
future time, and who are all to take in equal, or in some other definite,
proportions, the share of each being dependent for its amount upon the
ultimate number of persons " (1 Jarm. 268, 269).
If only one person answers the designation, still that one takes as a
Class {Be Harvey, 1893, 1 Ch. 567; 62 L. J. Ch. 328; 68 L. T. 562;
41 W. R. 293) ; and, again, a Class may be formed by a named individual
together with a body of persons uncertain in number {Be Moss, 1899,
2 Ch. 314; 68 L. J. Ch. 598; 81 L. T. 139; 47 W. R. 642).
As to time for a>scertaining a Class, F. Andrews v. Partington, 3 Bro.
C. C. 403: Be Knapp, 1895, 1 Ch. 91; 64 L. J. Ch. 112; 71 L. T.
625; 43 W. R. 279: Be Marvin, cited Perpetuity: 2 Jarm. 159,
160, ch. 49 : Hawk. 61, ch. 7. The latter learned writer was cited
and approved by Kekewich, J., Be Powell (1898, 1 Ch. 227; 67
L. J. CK. 148; 77 L. T. 649; 46 W. R. 231; distinguishing Be Wen-
moth, 57 L. J. Ch. 649; 37 Ch. D. 266). The general rule is, —The
period indicated for the distribution of a fund, is the period when the
CLASS 320 CLEAN BILL
Class to take such fund is to be ascertained; when no such period is
indicated, then the Class should be ascertained as early as possible : —
Therefore, (1) An unconditioned gift, whether of Corpus or Income, to
a defined Class, — e.g. Children, Grand-Children, Issue, Brothers, Sis-
ters, Nephews, or Cousins, of the testator, or any other person, — com-
prises only such persons as answer the description and as are in existence
at the testator^s deaths if any such are then living; but (2), If the gift
is to each member of the Class on attaining a stated age, or marriage,
the time for ascertaining the Class is the time when the first member of
it becomes entitled to receive his share. This second rule, however, is
not applicable to gifts of Income; and any person answering the class
description who at any time complies with the condition of the gift ** is
entitled to come in and share in the Income " (Re Wenmoth^ sup)^ &nd
whether the limitations be legal or equitable {Re Averilly 1898, 1 Ch.
523; 67 L. J. Ch. 233; 78 L. T. 320; 46 W. R. 460).
"Class of Creditors," s. 2, 33 & 34 V. c. 104; V. Sovereign Life
Assrce v. Dodd, 1892, 2 Q. B. 673; 62 L. J. Q. B. 19; 67 L. T. 396;
41 W. R. 4.
" Class " of Persons having rights in Administrations, and Execution
of Trusts, R. 32, Ord. 16, R. S. C. ; V. Ann. Pr.
" Classes of Prisoners for which a Prison is legal " ; Stat. Def ., 23 &
24 V. c. 105, s. 4.
CLASSED. — Qu4 National School Teachers (Ir) Act, 1879, 42 &
43 V. c. 74, " ' Classed Teachers^* means, such principal and assistant
teachers of model or ordinary National Schools as receive salaries from,
and are classed according to the regulations of, the Commrs of Educa-
tion " (s. 2).
CLAUSE. — A testator (obit 1836), devised realty to " E. Eley, her
heirs and assigns for ever " ; subsequently he obliterated " Eley, her heirs
and assigns for ever," and re-wrote " Eley " : held, a revocation of a
" Clause " in the Will within s. 6, Statute of Frauds {Swinton v. Baili/f
48 L. J. Ex. 57; 4 App. Ca. 70).
CLAW A. — " A close, or small measure of land " (Jacob).
CLAY F. Mine.
CLAY'S ACT. — The Compound Householders Act, 1851, 14 & 15
V. c. 14.
CLEAN BILL OF LADltiG. — '' In Restitution S. S. Co v. Firie
(6 Asp. N. S. 428; 61 L. T. 330; 6 Times Rep. 50) Cave, J. (adopting
a statement in Pollock & Bruce's Law of Mer Shipping, p. 341, 4 ed.),
held, that an agreement to give a 'Clean Bill of Lading,' meant, a Bill
OF Lading which contained nothing in the Margin qualifying the words
CLEAN BILL 821 CLEAR
in the Bill of Lading itself. His lordship added, < But where, for in-
stance, you insert in the Margin the Weight, or Quality, or Quantity
UNKNOWN, that is not a Clean Bill of Lading; because that contains a
qualification. Where, on the other hand, there is no such qualification
inserted in the Margin, there the Bill of Lading is a Clean one ' " (Ab-
bott, 368), Vf Contents unknown.
VKy Stephens v. Australasian Insrce, L. R. 8 C. P. 18; 42 L. J.
C. P. 12: Lishman v. Christie, 56 L. J. Q. B. 638; 19 Q. B. D. 333:
(for various Scotch readings) Arrospe v. Barr, 8 Sess. Ca., 4th Ser., 602;
1 Maude & P. 341.
CLEANSE. — Is a Structural Improvement, a '' Cleansing, Altera-
tion, or Amendment," within s. 41 (2), P. H. London Act, 1891? F.
per Kennedy, J., Fulham v. Solomon, 1896, 1 Q. B. 198; 65 L. J.
M. C. 33.
"The cleansing of Earth-closets, Privies, Ash-pits, and Cess-pools,''
8. 42, P. H. Act, 1875, '' has a wide meaning, and includes removal of
all matter which causes a Nuisance " (per Bussell, C. J., Bamett v. La^s-
key, 68 L. J. Q. B. 57) ; and if a Local Authority undertakes a " Cleans-
ing " which does not remove, but which, if properly done, would have
removed, the cause of a nuisance, they cannot, under s. 94, get the
Structural convenience abolished and another substituted (S.^. 68
L. J. Q. B. ^\ 79 L. T. 408; 63 J. P. 5).
CLEAR. — The gift of a " Clear " annuity or legacy exonerates it from
Legacy Duty {Louch v. Peters, 1 My. & K. 489; 3 L. J. Ch. 167: Gude
V. Mumford, 2 Y. & C. 448: Baily v. Boult, 14 Bea. 595: Lethbridge v.
Thurlow, 21 L. J. Ch. 538; 15 Bea. 334: Haynes v. Bai/nes, 3 D. G.
M. & G. 590: Banks v. Braithwaite, 32 L. J. Ch. 35; 10 W. R. 612;
7 L. T. 149: Be Coles, 22 L. T. 221: Vf, 1 Jarm. 187, n : Seton, 1636:
Watson, Eq. 1345) ; so, if the words are '* Clear of Property Tax, and
all Expenses attending the same" {Courtoy v. Vincent, T. & R. 433).
And this construction is not altered by a special direction that one an-
nuity is to be " free of legacy duty," which direction is omitted as regards
another annuity in the same Will (Be Bohins, W. N. (88) 41; 32 S. J.
273). And even where an appointment of a residue of a fund would be
regarded as a gift of a definite sum, a preceding appointment of part of
such fund " of the Clear Value " of so much, will exempt that amount
from liability to contribute to probate and legacy duty and testamentary
expenses (Be Currie, 57 L. J. Ch. 743; 59 L. T. 200; 36 W. R. 752).
But in Banks v. Braithwaite (sup), the di recti du was to retain so
much consols " as should be sufficient to realize the Clear Yearly Income
of £150 "; and the V. C. decided that this income was not free of Legacy
duty; for he said, " the amount (to be retained) having been arrived at,
the dividends are then directed to be paid to the petitioner. The word
21
CLEAR 322 CLEAR
'clear' does not apply to that direction." Va, Satiders v. Kiddell,
6 L. J. Ch. 29; 7 Sim. 636: Fridie v. Field, 19 Bea. 497: — It has,
however, been said that ** this distinction does not seem to be tenable on
principle" (1 Jarm. 187, citing Wilks v. Groom, 2 Jur. N. S. 798:
Harper v. Morletf, 2 Jur. 653. Fa, Ee CoU, L. R. 8 Eq. 271).
Qui Succession Duty, Banks v. Braithwaiie was followed by Stirling,
J., on similar words, but in which a " Net " sum was to be realized {Jie
Saunders, 1897, 1 Ch. 888; 66 L. J. Ch. 603), that decision, however, was
reversed on appeal, and it was held that a direction that so much of the
trust property " as should be sufficient to raise the Net sum of £2,000 "
for A., entitled A. to have the Succn Duty on that sum paid out of the
unappointed part of the trust property ; Banks v. Braithwaite, was ques-
tioned by Lindley, M. R., and Chitty, L. J. (1898, 1 Ch. 17; 67 L. J.
Ch. b6, 77 L. T. 460; 46 W. R. 180).
The word "clear," alone, will scarcely exempt even a testamentary
annuity from Income Tax {Lethbrid</e v. Thurlow, sup); but coupled
with other apt words (in a Will, but not in a Deed) it would do so. V,
Deductions.
" Clear Annual Income,'' R. 126, Lunacy Rules, 1892; F. Re Grehan,
1895, 2 Ch. 12; 64 L. J. Ch. 606; 72 L. T. 383; 43 W. R. 433; 59
J. P. 326.
Ay. & p. contract which stipulates that the price for the land shall
be paid " Clear of all Expenses," means, that the Purchaser is to bear
the expense of making out the Vendor's Title, as well as paying for the
Conveyance which is an expense the law imposes on him {Stratford v.
Bosworth, 2 V. & B. 241).
F. Free.
" Clear Frofits'' of a Company; F. Re Alexandra Falace, Goodsons
Case, 61 L. J. Ch. 665; 21 Ch. D. 149.
" Clear Sum''-, F. Re Currie, W. N. (88) 164; 67 L. J. Ch. 743; 59
L. T. 200; 36 W. R. 762.
" By * Clear Yearly Rent * is understood, a Rent clear of all outgoings,
&c usually borne by the tenant; but subject to such {e,g. Land Tax) as
are borne by the landlord " (Dart, 137, citing Tyrconnell v. Ancaster^
2 Ves. sen. 600: Vf, R, v. Tomlinson, cited Net). F. Yearly.
"Fair Clear Annual Rent,'' in lieu of "Net Value" of Tithes, does
not exonerate from Highway Rate on such Rent (R. v. Lacy, 6 B. & C.
702). Cp, R, V. Shaw, and Chatfield v. Ruston, cited Outgoing.
The " Clear Yearly Value " of a tenement within s. 27, Rep. People
Act, 1832 (repld s. 6, Rep. People Act, 1884), mea^s the annual amount
which the tenement would ordinarily let at, deducting such rates, taxes,
and charges, as may be payable by the landlord, but which generally are
payable by a tenant; but without deducting landlord's insurance or re-
pairs {Cooyanv. Luckett, 16 L. J. C. P. 169; 2 C. B. 182; 1 Lutw. 447:
Colvill v. Wood, 16 L. J. C. P. 160; 2 C. B. 210; 1 Lutw. 487). But for
CLEAR 328 CLEARANCE
the purpose of a County Vote the value of a freehold would be lessened
by what the landlord would have to pay to keep it in repair under the let-
ting, or in order to obtain a tenant at the amount of the agreed rent
{HamUton v. Bass, 22 L. J. C. P. 29; 12 C. B. 631). Indeed, in Dobbs
V. GraTul June. W. W. Co (53 L. J. Q. B. 60), Colvill v. JVood was
treated as an exceptional decision on the particular statute to which it
related ; and Ld Blackburn there said that as Colvill v. Wood had been
acted upon so long it was too late to cast any doubt upon it. As to the
meaning of "Olear Yearly Value" in Scotland and Ireland, qua elec-
toral qualification; V, 48 V. c. 3, s. 11. Vf, Net: Annual Value.
Freehold County Qualification of the Clear Yearly Value of 40^.,
•* above all Charges " ; V, Charges.
The phrase " Clear Days," means that the time is to be reckoned ex-
clusive of both the first and last days {R, v. Herefordshire Jus,, 3 B. &
Aid. 581 : Liffin v. Pitcher, 1 Dowl. N. S. 767 : R. 12, Ord. 64, R. S. C).
V. At Least : Between : Interval.
Refreshers to Counsel may be allowed " for every clear day " subse-
quent to the first or other day or days of the trial of 5 hours each (R. 27
(48), Ord. 65, R. S. C), — that means every clear substantial portion of
a day beyond a completed day or days of 5 hours each (per Grantham, J.,
at Chambers, in Gibbs v. Barrow, 30 S. J. 538; Collins v. Worley, 60
L. T. 748: Wicksteed v. Biggs, 52 L. T. 428; 54 L. J. Ch. 967: Bos-
well V. Coaks, 36 Ch. D. 444; 58 L. T. 97 ; 36 W. R. 209: The Courier,
1891, P. 355; 61 L. J. P. D. & A. 11; 66 L. T. 386; 40 W. R. 336:
(yBara v. EUiott, 1893, 1 Q. B. 362; 62 L. J. Q. B. 317; 68 L. T. 166;
41 W. R. 248: Sv, Walker v. Crystal Palace Gas Co, 1891, 2 Q. B.
300; 60 L. J. Q. B. 781; 65 L. T. 86; 39 W. R. 716).
Vessel to be placed by Shipowner ** with Clear Holds, at the disposal
of the Charterers, they having the whole Reach or Burthen of the
vessel "; such a clause in a Charter-Party does not relieve the owner of
his ordinary liability to provide Ballast {Weir v. Union S. S, Co, 1900;
1 Q. B. 28; 69 L. J. Q. B. 193, 809; 83 L. T. 91).
" Clear and Positive Proo/," means such evidence as leaves no reasonable
doubt as to the matter required to be proved ( Gopeekishen Goshamee v.
Brindabunchunder Sircar Chowdhry, 19 Sutherland's Weekly Rep. 41).
For (and by) s. 436, Mer Shipping Act, 1894, " Clear Side " of a Sea-
going Ship, means, " the height from the water to the upper side of the
plank of the deck from which the depth of hold as stated in the Register
is measured; and the measurement of the Clear Side is to be taken at
the lowest part of the Side."
CLEARANCE. — " Clearance *' of a Vessel, e,g. in a contract for the
consignment of goods, " has a well-known and definite meaning. It is a
Certificate issued by the Customs showing that the Vessel named in it
has complied with the Customs' requirements aud is authorised to proceed
CLEARANCE 824 CLERGYMAN
to Sea; and the acts which have to be done at the Customs to procure such
a Certificate constitute the process of * Clearing' the Vessel. ... It is
customary to obtain the Clearance before the loading is actually com-
plete, so that there need be no delay in putting out to sea, ** and the
Captain obtains it *' as soon as his Cargo is in such a position as to enable
him to make out his Manifest for use of the Customs " (per Bigham, J.,
Thalmann v. Texas Star Fhur Mills, 4 Com. Ca. 265). That meaning
is not varied in the United States by the statutory proyision there that
the Manifest is to be of the Cargo '' on Board, " for, quk that provision,
" the authority treats Cargo * on Board,' if in fact it is already Along-
side the ship in such circumstances that it must, in the ordinary course
of business, find its way on board '' (lb, : Thalmann^ s Case, a£fd 82
L. T. 833; 5 Com. Ca. 321; 16 Times Rep. 460).
CLEARLY. — Where a statute requires that Notice of Action shall
" clearly and explicitly " state the Cause of action, both time and place of
the occurrence must be stated (Martins v. Upcher, cited Notice).
CLERGY.— Quk 33 & 34 V. c. 110, "Clergy and Laity" of the
Irish Church, includes '* Clergy and Laity in communion with Bishops
of the said Church " (s. 4).
Benefit of Clergy; V. Benefit.
CLERGYMAN. — A clergyman of the Church of England would
undoubtedly come within the meaning of the word " Clergyman " ; but
" there are various authorities to show that a Roman Catholic Priest is,
also, a Clergyman in Holy Orders " (per Stephen, J., B, v. Horslehurst,
53 L. J. M. C. 129; 13 Q. B. D. 253).
" Rector, Vicar, or Curate, going to, or returning from, visiting any
sick parishioner, or on other his parochial duty, within his Parish,** qua
exemption from Toll, s. 32, Turnpike Roads Act, 1822, 3 G. 4, c. 126,
includes a Ciirate temporarily acting, with the permission of the Bishop,
though without his license (Temple v. Dickinson, 28 L. J. M. C. 10;
1 E. & E. 34) ; secus, if without the Bishop's permission (Brunskill v.
Watson, L. R. 3 Q. B. 418; 37 L. J. M. C. 103; 32 J. P. 324, 692).
" Within his Parish,*' defines the ambit of the clergyman's duties, not
that of his exemption (Temple v. Dickinson, sup). The exemption is
not lost by the clergyman being accompanied by his wife and daughters
(Layard v. Ovey, 37 L. J. M. C. 148; L. R. 3 Q. B. 415; 32 J. P.
293).
Notwithstanding Disestablishment, a Clergyman of the present Church
of Ireland is a " Rector, Vicar, or Curate " who, under s. 65, Marriages
(Ir) Act, 1844, 7 & .8 V. c. 81, has to make quarterly Returns of Marriages
(E. V. Magee, 32 L. R. Ir. 87) ; he is the " Successor " to the Minister
of the Church prior to its disestablishment (R. v. Bundman^ 28 L. B.
Ir. 527).
CLERGYMAN 825 CLERK
Quk Clergy Discipline Act, 1892, 55 & 56 V. c. 32, " « Clergyman,'
means, a Clergyman, not being a Bishop of a Diocbse, who is in Holy
Orders in the Church of England, or who, though ordained by a Bishop
of another Church, is permitted to officiate as a Priest or Deacon of the
Church of England " (s. 12).
V. Fabson : Paid Officeb.
CLERK. — "* Clarke (clerke).* Clericiis is twofold: ecclesiastiata
(which Littleton here, s. 180, intendeth), and he is either secular or
regular, so called because he is servtts et hcereditas domini ( F. Clergy-
man): and laicus, and in this sense is signified a pen-man, who getteth
his living in some Court or otherwise by the use of his pen " (Co. Litt.
120 a). Va Termes de la Ley.
The priority given in Bankruptcy and Winding-up for payment of
salary to a "Clerk or Servant" (s. 40 (^), Bankry Act, 1883; s. 1 (6),
61 & 52 V. c. 62: Vf 60 & 61 V. c. 19), is not confined to trade clerks;
it includes, e.g. an Architect's clerk (Ex p. Gough, Mont. & B. 417;
3 Dea. & C. 189), but not a Managing Director of a Co {Be Newspaper
Syndicatey 1900, 2 Ch. 349; 69 L. J. Ch. 578).
A Banker's Clerk is properly described as "Clerk," for the purposes
of the Bills of Sale Acts {Lamb v. Bruce^ 45 L. J. Q. B. 538). F.
GOVBBMMENT ClEKK.
The London Agent of a foreign Company is not its " Clerk " within
R. 8, Ord. 9, K. S. C. ; the expression there, " the Clerk or Secretary, ''
points to some definite individual whose knowledge may be taken to be
the knowledge of the Corporation {Nutter v. Messageries Maritimea^ 54
L. J. Q. B. 627: The FHneess Clementine, 1897, P. 18; 66 L. J.
P. D. & A. 23; 75 L. T. 695). Vh, La Bourgogne, 79 L. T. 310, 331,
also cited Carry On.
'* A ' Clerk or Servant * (qu^ Embezzlement), is a person bound either
by express contract of service, or by conduct implying such a contract,
to obey the orders and submit to the control of his master in the trans-
action of the business which it is his duty as such clerk or servant to
transact '' (Steph. Cr. 237, F. lb. to p. 240 for cases in illustration).
Hereon a Director of a Co, may be its ** Clerk or Servant " {B. v. Stuart,
1894, 1 Q. B. 310; 63 L. J. M. C. 63; 70 L. T. 44; 42 W. R. 303; 58
J. P. 299). An Assistant Overseer appointed by a Parish Council is
the " Servant " of the inhabitants of the parish {B. v. Smallman, 1897,
1 Q. B. 4; 66 L. J. Q. B. 82; 75 L T. 394; 61 J. P. 312; 45 W. R.
249). F. Employed.
Whatever called, a Clerk at the head of his department in a Bank, is
a « CAiV/ Clerk," s. 7, Bank Notes Act, 1828, 9 G. 4, c. 23 {B. v. Green-
land, 36 L. J. M. C. 37; L. R. 1 C. C. R. 65).
An Election Agent's permanent clerk who, without extra emolument,
helps such Agent at an Election, e.g. by addressing envelopes, is not a
CLERK 826 CLIENT
" Clerk " engaged in the election, within Sch 1, Part 1, 46 & 47 V.
c. 51 (Buckrose Case, 4 O'M. & H. 110).
V, Parish Clerk : Partner.
Sometimes " Clerk, ** by an Interp Clause, includes Secretary, e.g.
10 & 11 V. c. 16, s. 3; 12 & 13 V. c. 93, s. 15; 25 & 26 V. c. 102,
s. 112.
Other Stat. Def. — 53 & 54 V. c. 5, s. 341. — /n 9 & 10 V. c. 87,
8.2; 18<fcl9 V. c. 40, s. 3; 21 & 22 V. c. 100, s. 3. — iSco^ 24 & 25
V. c. 69, s. 2 ; 25 & 26 V. c. 97, s. 2, c 101, s. 3; 39 & 40 V. c. 49,
S.3; 41&42V.c51,s.3; 55 & 56 V. c. 55, s. 4; 60 & 61 V. c. 38,
s. 3.
" Clerk of Assize" 'y F. 32 & 33 V. c. 89, s. 8.
For (and by) s. 78, Loc Gov Act, 1888, " 'Clerk of an Authority'
includes, in relation to any Quarter Sessions or Justices, the Clerk of
the Peace or the Clerk to a Justice, as the case requires."
« Clerk of Court "; F. 27 & 28 V. c. 53, s. 2; 38 & 39 V. c. 62, s. 2 ;
58 & 59 V. c. 19, 8. 17.
"Clerk of the Crown** \ F. 35 & 36 V. c. 33, s. 17, and Sch; 64
6 55 V. c. 66, s. 95.
"Clerk of the Guardians**, F. 8 & 9 V. c. 126, 8. 84; 16 & 17 V.
c. 97, s. 132. — /r. 9 & 10 V. c. 110, s. 8; 15 & 16 V. c. 63, s. 45.
" Clerk of Justiciary "; F. 50 & 51 V. c. 35, s. 1.
" Clerk of the Licensing Justices "; F. 35 & 36 V. c. 94, ss. 74, 77;
37 & 38 V. c. 69, s. 37; 53 & 54 V. c. 59, ss. 12 (9), 51 (13).
" Clerk of Local Authority "; F. 29 & 30 V. c. 2, s. 4; 31 & 32 V.
C.130, S.2; 37t&38V. c. 67, s. 12; 38 & 39 V. c. 36, s. 31 ; 41 & 42
V. c. 63, s. 5; 42 & 43 V. c. 64, s. 2. — /r. 52 & 53 V. c. 72, 8. 18;
59 & 60 V. c. 54, s. 23.
" Clerk of the Peace " ; F. 4 & 5 V. c. 30, s. 16 ; 6 & 7 V. c. 18, 8. 101 ;
7 & 8 V. c. 101, s. 74; 8 & 9 V. c. 18, s. 3, c. 20, s. 3, c. 100, s. 114,
c.126,8.84; 16 & 17 V. c. 97, s. 132 ; 27& 28 V. c. 65, s. 4; 28 & 29
V. c. 126, 8. 4; 51 & 52 V. c. 10, s. 14. — Jr. 6 & 7 W. 4, c. 75, a. 63
6&7V. 0.74,8.62; 13 t& 14 V. c. 69, s. 117 ; 14 & 16 V. c. 67, s. 162
23 & 24 V. c. 153, s. 4, c. 154, s. 1; 27 & 28 V. c. 22, s. 20, c. 99, s. 3
33 & 34 V. c. 109, 8. 7; 40 & 41 V. c. 56, s. 7; 52 & 53 V. c. 48,
8. 19. — Scot. 41 & 42 V. c. 16, s. 105.
" Clerk of Session ** ; F. 13 & 14 V. c. 36, s. 53; 2 & 3 V. c. 41, a. 3;
19 tfe 20 V. c. 79, 8. 4.
Clerk of the Signet) V. 27 H. 8, c. 11, repealed by 47 &48 V. c.30.
" Clerk of Supply**-, V. 20 & 21 V. c. 72, s. 78.
Management of Taxes Clerk ; F. 43 & 44 V. c. 19, s. 5.
" War Office Clerk "; F. 41 & 42 V. c. 53, s. 10.
CLIENT. — Qu^ Solrs Act, 1870, "'Client' includes any person
who, as a Principal or on behalf of another person, retains or employs, or
CLIENT 327 CLOSE
is about to retain or employ, a Solicitor; and any person who is or may
be liable to pay the Bill of a Soir, for any services, fees, costs, charges,
or disbursements " (s. 3). This does not, qu4 s. 17, comprise the rela-
tionship between Country Solrs and their London Agents ( Ward v. Ej/re,
49 L. J. Ch. 657; 15 Ch. D. 130). Generally speaking, however, the
Country Solr is the Client of, and liable to, his London Agent, e,g. the
latter*8 bill is taxable {Ostlev^ ChristiaUyT. &R. 324: Jones y. Roberts,
7 L. J. Ch. 156; 8 Sim. 397: SmUh v. Dimes, 19 L. J. Ex. 60; 4 Ex.
32: Starer v. Johnson, 60 L. J. Ch. 31; 15 App. Ca. 203; 62 L. T. 710;
38 W. K. 756), and he has no claim at all against the lay client (per
Cotton, L. J., Ward v. Lawson, 59 L. J. Ch. 325, 326: Vf Rose. N. P.
605), and the Country Solr is within a covenant not to transact business
with the London Agent's " Clients " {Reid v. Burrows, 1892,2 Ch. 413;
61 L. J. Ch. 448; 67 L. J. 183 ; 40 W. R. 620). Note. The English
custom recognized in Ward v. Lawson (sup), does not obtain between
English and Irish Solrs, and the one instructed by the other may hold
the lay client responsible as the principal in the matter (JSyndham v.
Ward, 43 S. J. 246). F. Obiginal Clients.
Qu4 Solrs Rem Act, 1881, '' * Client ' includes any person who, as
a principal or on behalf of another, or as trustee or exor or in any other
capa4:ity has power express or implied to retain or employ and, retains
or employs, or is about to retain or employ, a Solr; and any person for
the time being liable to pay to a Solr, for his services, any costs, remu-
neration, charges, expenses, or disbursements " (s. 1). Save as regards
the words italicized the def (sup) in the Act of 1870 is substantially fol-
lowed in this latter def, on whv Re Palmer, 59 L. J. Ch. 575; 45 Ch. D.
291; 62 L. T. 778; 38 W. R. 673.
As to Agreements respecting Costs between Solrs and Clients; F. In
Writing: Fair and Reasonable.
Doing business for " Clients," means, acting for them a^ a Solr (Hayne
v. Burchell, 7 Times Rep. 116; 35 S. J. 88). Vthc as to interpretation
of a Contract " not to take away or do business for * Clients ' " : — as to
remedy for a Breach, V. Howard v. Woodward, 34 L. J. Ch. 47.
In R. 6, Solrs Rem Ord, '' Client '' means, all the clients (if more than
one) for whom the solicitor is undertaking business (per Stirling, J.,
obiter, Re Metcalfe, 32 S. J. 60; 36 W. R. 137).
In a V. & P. contract, " my Client," or " your Client," does not
sufficiently indicate the Vendor: V, Proprietor.
CLOCK. — r. Of the Clock.
CLOG. — « Clogging the Equity " ; V. Mortgage.
CLOSE. — " Close," in its ordinary sense, denotes an inclosure (Rich-
ardson V. Watson, 4 B. & Ad. 787 ; 2 L. J. K. B. 134). " Close " is am-
biguous, and may mean the quality or description of land, as well as
CLOSE 828 CLOTHES
the land itself {Heath v. MUwardy 4 L. J. C. P. 292; 2 Bing. N. C.
98; 2 Sc. 160). Vh F. N. B. 128, n.
'' Close or Curtilage " of a Factory; V. Taylor v. Hiekesy 31 L. J.
M. C.242; 12 C. B. N. S. 152.
" Close," in a Declaration in Trespass, included the subsoil as well as
the surface (Cox v. Glue, 17 L. J. C. P. 162; 5 C. B. 633).
"Close of the Pleadings"; R. 6, Ord. 23, R. 13, Ord. 27, R. S. C;
V. Robinson v. Caldwell, 1893, 1 Q. B. 519; 62 L. J. Q. B. 252:
Ann. Pr.
To close Licensed Premises; F. R. v. Felly j cited Found: Keep open.
" The Local Authority may close any Communication between a Drain
and a Sewer," &c, s. 21, P. H. Act, 1876 ; F. Ainley y. Kirkheaton,
cited Filthy Water.
CLOSE-HAULED. —'' « Clos^hauled ' (in the Regns for Preventing
Collisions at Sea, 1879) is not confined to a yessel sailing as close as pos-
sible to the wind; it may be applied to a vessel on a wind, although she
may be able to luff a point or more without losing steerage-way " (1 Maude
& P. 599, 600, citing Chadwick v. Dublin Steam Packet Co, 6 K & B.
771). Vf, The Earl Wemyss, 61 L. T. 289 ; 6 Asp. 407 : The Privateer,
9 L. R. Ir. 105 : Abbott, 847.
CLOSE SEASON. — The ''Close Season," or, in other words,
** Close Time,'' of Fishing or Sporting, is the time during which, for
the time being, it is prohibited to fish for, take, or destroy, the particular
thing intended to be protected ; FA, 8 & 9 V. c. 108, s. 26; 13 & 14 V.
c. 88, s. 1; 36 & 37 V. c. 71, s. 4: Annual Close Season.
CLOSED VESSEL. — '' Closed Vessel used for generating steam,"
s. 3, 45 & 46 V. c. 22, does not mean a vessel hermetically sealed but
means, one so closed that steam explosion might happen (R. v. Boiler
Explosions Act Commrs, 1891, 1 Q. B. 703; 60 L. J. Q. B. 544; 64 L. T.
674; 39 W. R. 440).
CLOSELY ENTAILED. — A devise followed by a direction that
the property should be " closely entailed," was cut down to a tenancy for
life, remainder to the issue; but the tenant for life was made unimpeach-
able for waste {Woolmore v. Burrows, 1 Sim. 512).
V. Stbict Settlement.
CLOSING ORDER. — Qu^ Part 2, Housing of the Working
Classes Act, 1890, 53 & 54 V. c. 70, " * Closing Order,* means, an Order,
prohibiting the use of premises for human habitation, made under the
enactments set out in the 3rd Sch " of the Act (s. 29).
CLOTHES.— r. LiNEK.
CLOUCH 829 COAL
CLOUQH. — A Valley (Co. Litt. 4 b).
CLUB. — Artiste shall "not perform at any Club"; F. Kelly v.
XiOndon Pavilion^ cited Perform.
A Members' Club, which needs no License for the sale of Intoxicating
Xiiquors, is one composed exclusively of Members, who alone can be sup-
plied and who among themselves have for their common advantage what-
ever profit is thence derived : it may be just possible that an Incorporated
Co may be such a Club (Newell v. Hemingioayy 60 L. T. 544), but the
accidents of death &c will, in most cases, soon create a state of things
in which the Members of the Co will not be identically the same as the
Members of the Club, and then the Co will be no longer a Members'
Club but will be a Proprietary Club {National Sporting Club Co v.
Copey 82 L. T. 352), which must be licensed like an individual (Bowyer
V. Percy Supper Club, 1893, 2 Q. B. 154; 69 L. T. 447; 42 W. R. 29;
57 J. P. 470).
" A stipulation that premises are to be used as a ' Private Club/ is
broken by using them for Boxing Contests to which strangers are ad-
mitted on payment " (Redman, 268, citing Seaward v. Faterson^ 12 Times
Rep. 525; whc also cited Aid or Abet).
F. Public-house.
COACH. —Is a Cab a " Coach," or " Chariot," within s. 65, Michael
Angelo Taylor's Act ? V. Frost v. WiUiams, 7 A. & E. 773.
A Tram-car is a " Coach," qu^ a Bridge Toll under a Local Act of
7 G. 3 (Flymouth Tramways Co v. General Tolls Co, IS Times Rep.
74; 14 lb. 531; 75 L. T. 467); and a Bicycle is a " Carriage^" within
the same Act (Cannan y. Abington, 1900, 2 Q. B. 66; 69 L. J. Q. B.
517; 82 L. T. 382; 48 W. R. 470).
<< Hackney Coach " ; F. Hacknet Carriage. %
COAL. — Fuel for fire composed of coal dust mixed with pitch
and lime, is not "Coal," qui an Import Duty, although its only
or chief use is as a substitute for Coal {London y. Farkinson, 10 C. B.
228).
** Coal is Coal, whether it be large or small, — whether it be round or
slack " (per Ld Macnaghten, Netherseal Co v. Bourne, cited Mineral
Gotten).
" Coal," s. 15, 30 & 31 V. c. 134, (or, semble, generally) does not in-
clude Cinders or Coke {Fletcher v. Fields, 1891, 1 Q. B. 790; 60 L. J.
M. C. 102; 64 L. T. 472; 39 W. R. 655; 55 J. P. 502); but by its
interp clause (s. 48) "Coals" includes Cinders and Culm, qu^ Coal-
whippers' (Port of London) Act, 1851, 14 & 15 V. c. 78.
Coal Mines; V. Mine: Property other than land: 23 & 24 V.
c. 161, 8. 7.
^ Coal SeamS| workable as Coal Seams "; F. Workable.
COAL 330 COASTWISE
" Coals and Coal Mines " ; V. Subsoil.
"Coals and Produce of any other Mines," includes Coke {Bowes v.
Eavensworthf cited Produce of Mines).
" Coals exported " ; V, Expobted.
Coals, &c to be '' sold by Weight, and not by Measure," s. 9, 5 & 6
W..4 c. 63; F. By Weight.
COAST. — F. Sea Coast.
Qui Herring Fisheries (Scot) Act, 1867, 30 & 31 V. c. 62, " « the
Coasts of Scotland,' shall mean and include, all Bays, Estuaries, Arms
of the Sea, and all Tidal Waters within the distance of 3 miles from the
mainland or adjacent islands " (s. 11).
" Coast-Guard " ; F. 19 & 20 V. c. 83, s. 2.
COASTING SHIP "Coasting Ship," s. 142, 39 & 40 V. c 36,
s. 9, 42 & 43 y. c. 21, has the same meaning as " Ship employed in the
Coasting Trade," s. 379 (1), Mer Shipping Act, 1854 (per Bruce, J.,
The Winesteady 1895, P. 170; 64 L. J. P. D. & A. 63; 72 L. T. 91;
11 Times Rep. 220).
COASTING TRADE.— "Ships employed in the Coasting Trade
of the United Kingdom" (s. 379, Mer Shipping Act, 1854, repld,
s. 625, Mer Shipping Act, 1894), means, ships continually or ordinarily
so employed {The Agricola^ 2 Rob. W. 10: The Lloyds, otherwise The Sea
Queen, 32 L. J. P. M. t& A. 197; Brown. & Lush. 369: Vf, 1 Maude &
P. 277), and which, for the time being, are only so employed and are not
partly employed in Foreign Trade (TAeJFme^^eoc?, cited Coasting Ship:
The Glanystwyth, 1899, P. 118 ; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 37; 80 L.T. 204 ;
8 Asp. 513). Cp, Coasting Vessel : Trading : Europe.
^s used in the United States; F. Steamboat Co v. Livingstone,
3 Cowen, 713, 747: United States v. The James Morrison, 1 Newb. 241:
United States v. The William Pope, lb. 259.
COASTI NG VESSEI " A « Coasting Vessel ' would seem to mean
a vessel that goes along the coast " (per Alderson, B., Shepherd v. HUls,
25 L. J. Ex. 9). But an Irish vessel trading between Belfast and
London is not a Coasting Vessel, within 52 G. 3, c. 39, s. 2 {Davison
V. Mekibben, 6 Moody, 387); nor are vessels trading between England,
and Guernsey and Jersey, " Coasting Vessels " within the meaning of the
Customs Acts, or of a Harbour Act {Shepherd v. Hills, 26 L. J. Ex. 6;
11 Ex. 65). Cp Coasting Trade.
COASTWISE. — Goods brought from an Irish port to Bristol,
are not brought "Coastwise" {Battersby v. Kirk, 5 L. J. C. P. 166;
2 Bing. N. C. 584). Vf, San Francisco v. Steam Nav. Co, 10 CaL
507.
COBBLER 381 COFFEE-HOUSE
COBBLER. — " I remember a Shoemaker brought an action against
a man for saying that he was a 'Gobler': and though a Cobler be a
trade of itself yet, held, that the action lay " (per Twisden, J., Redman
V. Ftpie, cited Bungler).
COBLE r.NET.
COCK OF HAY. — An Indictment for setting fire to a " Cock " of
Hay, held, not sustainable under an Act making it an offence to set fire
to a " Stack " of hay. " We know that, popularly, a Cock of Hay, differs
from a Bick or Stack. The small conical heap into which hay is formed
temporarily in the field, to protect it from rain before it is completely
saved, is commonly called a Cock of Hay; and in some districts it is
called a lap cock, in others a field cock ; while in other places it receives
a different name. A Cock of hay may, therefore, be any small heap of
hay in the field, saved, or not completely saved; and may differ essen-
tially from a stack or rick. A Stack of hay, on the contrary, meatis a
large heap of hay saved and made up, and protected from the weather,
and the term is generally applied to that which has been drawn home
from the field. Webster defines a Cock of Hay to be, ' a small conical
pile, so shaped for shedding the rain, and called in England a Cop;
whilst a Stack is a large conical pile, sometimes covered with thatch ' "
(per Fitzgerald, J., K v. M'Keever, Ir. Rep. 5 C. L. 90, 91).
COCKADE. — A party Card worn and intended to be worn on the
hat, is a " Cockade," within s. 16 (1), Corrupt and Illegal Practices Pre-
vention Act, 1883 (Walsall, 4 O'M. & H. 123). K Mabk.
COCKBURN'S ACT. — The Betting Act, 1853, 16 & 17 V.
c. 119.
CODE. — As to construing Codifying Statutes; F. Bill of Ex-
CHANQE, Note towards end.
CODICIL. — A Codicil is "an addition or supplement added unto a
Will or Testament after the finishing of it, for the supply of something
which the testator had forgotten, or to helpe some defect in the Will "
(Termes de la Ley). Vf, Cowel : 3 Encyc. 63 : Re Ulconiy cited
Testament : Will : Herein.
COERCION r. per Ld Watson, Allen v. Flood, 1898, A. C. 98-
105; 67 L. J. Q. B. 171-174 : per Cran worth, C, Boyse v. Rossborough,
cited Undue Influence.
COFFEE-HOUSE. — A covenant not to use premises as a " Coffee-
house," is broken by carrying on a "Tee-to-tum " of the second class in
which cups of tea and coffee and light eatables are supplied, although
COFFEE-HOUSE 332 COLLATERAL
such refreshments hear only a small proportion to the sale of dry goods
across the counter, and are only auxiliary to the counter trade {Fitz
V. lies, 1893, 1 Ch. 77; 62 L. J. Ch. 258; 68 L. T. 108: on whcv Ashhy
V. WiUon, 1900, 1 Ch. 66; 69 L. J. Ch. 47; 48 W. R. 105; 81 L. T.
480. Cpy Buckle v. Fredericks^ cited Retail).
COHABITATION. — Cohahitation of Hushand and Wife is, their
living conjugally; which is usually evidenced by their living under the
same roof, but that is not essential to Cohabitation, e.g, " married Do-
mestic Servants who cannot live day and night under the same roof, may
yet cohabit together in the wider sense of the term''; and a wrongful
abandonment by the Husband of such a cohabitation, is "Desertion,"
within s. 4, 58 & 59 V. c. 39 (Bradshaw v. Bradshaw, 66 L. J. P. D. & A.
31; 76 L. T. 391; 45 W. R. 142; explaining and distinguishing Fitz-
gerald V. Fitzgerald and R. v. Leresche, cited Desertion : Vf, Huxtahle
v. Huxtahle, 68 L. J. P. D. & A, 83). py Sepabatk.
Cp Associate.
COIF.— V. Nightcap.
COI N. — Qu^ Bankers (Ir) Act, 1845, 8 & 9 V. c. 37, " Coin," means,
"Coin of the Realm" (s. 32); so, quk Bank Notes (Scot) Act, 1845,
8 & 9 V. c. 38 (s. 22). V. British Coin: Current: False Coin.
Qui Weights and Measures Act, 1878, 41 & 42 V. c. 49, " * Coin Weight/
means, a Weight used or intended to be used for weighing Coin " (s. 70).
V. Illegally : Money.
COKE V. Coal.
COLEBERTI. — ^ Coleberti^ often named in Domesday, signifieth
tenants in free socage by free rent; and so it is expounded of record.
Madmans and radchemistres (rad, or rede signifieth firme and stable)
there also often named, these are liberi tenentes qui arahant et herciebant
ad curiam domini, seu falcahant, aut metehant, because their estates are
firme and stable; and they are many times called sochemans and soke-
manniy because of their plough service " (Co. Litt. 5 b). Vf Sochemans.
COLLABORATEUR.— V. Common Employment.
COLLATERAL.—" « Collateral!,' is that which cometh in or adhereth
to the side of anything; as Collaterall Assurance, is that which is made
over and beside the Deed itselfe " (Termes de la Ley).
The word "Collateral," e.g. Collateral Security, means, side by side,
"parallel," and, taken by itself, has no such meaning as "secondary,"
" auxiliary," " subsidiary," or " only to be made use of in aid " {Early v.
Early, 49 L. J. Ch. 826, n; 16 Ch. D. 214, n: AthUl v. Athill, 49 L. J.
Ch. 821; 50 lb. 123; 16Ch.D. 211; 43L.T.581; 29W.R.309: Bute
COLLATERAL 838 COLLECTOR
V. Cunt/nghame, 2 Rusb. 275: Leonino v. Leonino^ AS L. J. Ch. 217;
10 Ch. D. 460. Vh Dart, 921, 922).
Mtge of Land as "Collateral Security," or held "for the purpose of
Re^imbursement and not for Profit,'' in New South Wales Bank Act,
1864; V. Bank ofN. S. Wales v. Campbell, 55 L. J. P. C. 31; 11 App.
Ca. 192.
"Collateral, or Auxiliary, or Additional, or Substituted, Security," in
Stamp Act; V. Substituted.
Collateral Pubpose; V, jdgmt of Alderson, B., A-G. v. Walker, cited
Necessary.
For instances of Collateral Agreements between Landlord and Tenant,
r. Woodf . 93, 170.
COLLATION. — "'Collation,' is, properly, the bestowing of a
Benefice by the Bishop that hath it in his owne gift or patronage; and
differeth from Institution in this, for that Institution into a Benefice
is performed by the Bishop at the motion and Present ation of another
who is Patron of the same church, or hath the Patron's right for that
time : yet, Collation, is used for Presentation in 25 Edw. 3, stat. 6 "
(Termes de la Ley). Vf, Phil. Ecc. Law, 277: Admission : Advowson.
Collative Advowson, is one of Collation (2 Bl. Com. 22.)
" * Collatio bonorum^* is where a Portion, or money advanced by a
father to a son or daughter, is brought into Hotchpot," under 22 &
23 Car. 2, c. 10, s. 6 (Jacob).
COLLECT. — A direction in a Will to "collect and get in" the
property given, is not suflScient to limit the gift to Personalty^ {IP At-
maine v. Moseley^ 1 Drew. 629; 22 L. J. Ch. 971: Hamilton v. Buck-
master, Jj. -R. S -Eq. S2S -, 36L.J.Ch.68; 15W.R.149; 15L.T.177).
COLLECTED. —" Levied or Collected "; V. Levy.
COLLECTOR. — A Cashier who deducts and forwards the contribu-
tions of members of a Friendly Society from their wages he has to pay,
is a "Collector " of the Contributions within ss. 30, 4, Friendly Soc.
Act, 1875 {Joyce v. Northumherland Miners^ Socy, 4 Times Rep. 525).
Stat. Def., quk Collecting Societies &c Act, 59 & 60 V. c. 26; V.
8. 17: — Excise; 23 & 24 V. c. 114, s. 1: — Inland Revenue; 43 & 44
V. c. 19, s. 5, 53 & 54 V. c. 21, s. 39: — Markets and Fairs Clauses
Act, 1847; F. s. 3:— Tithe Act, 1891; V. s. 6 (4).
"Collector and Comptroller" of Customs; 8 t& 9 V. c. 86, s. 127; 16
& 17 V. c. 107, s. 357.
Other Stat. Def. —10 & 11 V. c. 27, s. 3; 38 & 39 V. c. 60, s. 4 ;
43 & 44 V. c. 20, s. 2, c. 24, s. S, — Scot. 13 & 14 V. c. 33, s. 2; 25 &
26 V. c. 101, 8. 3; 39 & 40 V. c. 49, s. 3; 41 & 42 V. c. 51, s. 3; 49
& 50 V. c. 63, 8. 17; 55 & 56 V. c. 55, s. 4. — /r. 9 & 10 V. c. 107,
8. 19.
COLLEGE . 884 COLLIERY DAY
COLLEGE. — A College, ''always supposeth a Corporation " (per
Holt, C. J., Philips V, Bury, cited Hospital, whv).
"A 'College,' to be such in more than vulgar reputation, must have
the 'countenance of a legal commencement *\ a lawful erection and foun-
dation. And it should seem that no one can found or incorporate a
College within this realm, or assign, or license others to assign, temporal
livings to it, but only the King himself. And reputative Colleges which
had no lawful foundation, were held not to be given to the King by the
Stat. 1 Edw. 6, unless they had the countenance of the King's Letters
Patent, or might have had a legal commencement but for some error or
imperfection in the penning or proceedings " (Dwar. 683, 684, citing
Adams and Lambert's Case, 4 Rep. 108). FA, 3 Encyc. 83 : University.
Stat. Def ., qwk Universities Tests Act, 1871, 34 & 35 V. c. 26 ; V.
8. 2:— Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877, 40 & 41 V.
c. 48 ; F. s. 2 : — Universities (Scot) Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V. c. 55 ; K s. 3.
COLLEGIATE CHURCH.— A "Collegiate Church," "is that
which consists of a Dean and Secular Canons; or, more largely, it is a
Church built and endowed for a Society or Body Corporate of a Dean, or
other President, and Secular Priests, as Canons or Prebendaries in the
said Church " (Jacob). Vf, Phil. Ecc. Law, 125: 3 Encyc. 84.
COLLEGIATE SCHOOI V. Cathedral.
COLLIER'S ACTS. — The Debtor's Act, 1869, 32 & 33 V. c. 62:
The Bankry Act, 1869, 32 & 33 V. c. 71.
COLLIERY. — Besides its obvious meaning of a place where Coals
are dug, " Colliery " " is a word sufficiently wide to include all contigu-
ous and connected veins and seams of coal which are worked as one con-
cern, without regard to the closes and pieces of ground under which they
are carried (V, Hodgson v. Field, 7 East, 620). Tndeed, it is appar-
ently wide enough to include the engines and machinery in the con-
tiguous and connected veins, as well as those veins themselves " (MacS.
25).
COLLIERY GUARANTEE Cargo of coal to be loaded as Cus-
tomary, " but subject in all respects to the Colliery Guarantee " ; V. Do-
bell V. Green, cited As ordered. Vf Usual Colliery Guarantee.
COLLIERY WORKING DAY Demurrage to be payable "per
Colliery Working Day," prima facie, does not mean a day upon which
the particular Colliery is working but, means^ ''the ordinary working
days in normal times and under normal conditions " (per Russell, C. J.,
Saxon S. S. Co v. Union S. S. Co, 68 L. J. Q. B. 58); but, contextu-
ally, it may exclude ordinary working days on which work is stopped by
a strike {S. C. 68 L. J. Q. B. 914; 81 L. T. 246: Vf, Clink v. Hickie,
COLLIERY DAY 885 COLLUSION
4 Com. Ca. 292) ; but in the Saxon S. S. Co Case, the H. L. revd the
C. A. on the question as to whether, in that case, there was any such
context (69 L. J. Q. B. 907; 83 L. T. 106; 5 Com. Ca. 382).
COLLISION. — In a Marine Policy "Collision," or " Risk of Col-
lision, as per clause attached," without more, refers to collision with
other Ships (per Lindley and Lopes, L.J J., Reischer v. Borwick, 1894,
2 Q. B. 648; 63 L. J. Q. B. 763; 71 L. T. 238), or things capable of
being navigated (Chandler v. Blogf/, 1898, 1 Q. B. 32; 67 L. J. Q. B.
336; 3 Cora. Ca. 18: per Grove, J., Hough v. Head, 64 L. J, Q. B.
298). But, of course, " Collision with any Object" is not so confined;
and so, where a Bill of Lading exonerated the ship-owners from damage
arising from " Collision and accidents, loss or damage from any act,
neglect, or default, whatsoever of the pilots, master or mariners or other
servants of the company, in navigating the ship " ; it was held that " Col-
lision " meant every collision however caused {Chartered Bank of India v.
Neth&rlands Steam Nav. Co, 62 L. J. Q. B. 220; 10 Q. B. D. 621).
So, where a Policy insures against " Collision with any other Ship or
Vessel, or Ice, or sunken or floating Wreck, or any other floating Sub-
stances, or Harbours, or Wharves, or Piers, or Stages, or similar struc-
tures," it covers a striking of the upper parts of the ship; " but it would
be equally Collision if some portion of the hull below the water-line, or
even the keel itself, were to strike something under water " (per Ma-
thew, J., Union Mar Insrce v. Boi-wick, 1896, 2 Q. B. 279; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 679; 73 L. T. 166). Vf Caused by.
r. Damage by Collision: Eisk of Collision: Answerable:
3 Encyc. 85-107.
COLLUSION. — "'Collusion' only signifies, agreeing together"
(per Bramwell, B., Gill v. Continental Gas Co, L. Tt. 7 Ex. 337). So,
of s. 1, c. 61, Consolidated Statutes of British Columbia, which nullifies
jdgmts, &c of Insolvents obtained " by Collusion, " which means, " by
agreement, or acting in concert " (Edison Co v. Westminster, &o Tram-
way Co, 1897, A. C. 193; 66 L. J. P. C. 36; 76 L. T. 438; approving
Martin v. Mc Alpine, 8 Ontario App. 676). So, as regards Interpleader,
R. 2 h, Ord. 67, R. S. C. " Collusion " does not connote anything morally
wrong; the Applicant must not be "playing the same game" as either
of the Claimants; that is the literal meaning of " colluding " (per Wills,
J., Murietta v. South American Co, 62 L. J. Q. B. 396: FjT Ann. Pr.).
But not infrequently " Collusion " is, " a deceitful agreement, or com-
pact, between two or more, for the one Party to bring an action against
the other for some evil purpose " (Cowel). Va, Termes de la Ley: Jacob.
Cp Confederacy.
"Collusion," 8. 30, Matrimonial Causes Act, 1857, 20 & 21 V.c. 86,
and 8. 7, 23 & 24 V. c, 144^ is either, — (1) Positive, or (2) Negative.
COLLUSION S36 COLONIAL
Positive CollusioD, is an agreement between the litigants *' to put forward
true facts in support of a false case, or false facts in support of a true
case " (per Jeune, P., Churchward v. Churchwardj 1895, P. 16; 64
L. J. P. D. & A. 23), e»g. " for one to commit, or appear to commit, an
act of adultery, in order that the other may obtain a remedy at law as for a
real injury " (per Ld Stowell, Crewe v. Crewe, 3 Hagg. Ecc. 123). Nega-
tive Collusion means, in its more obvious sense, an agreement between
the parties wrongfully to withhold relevant facts from the Court {Hunt
V. Hunt, 47 L. J. P. D. & A. 22; 39 L. T. 45: Barnes y. Barnes,
L. R. 1 P. & D. 507; 37 L. J. P. & M. 4: Bacon v. Baeoi^ 25 W. R.
560: Alexandre v. Alexandre, L. R. 2 P. & D. 164; 39 L. J. P. & M.
84: Butler v. Butler, 59 L. J. P. D. & A. 25; 15 P. D. 66; 62 L. T.
344 ; 38 W. R. 390) ; but it also includes an agreement whereby the
initiation of a suit is procured, or its conduct (espy if abstention from
defence be a term) is provided for (Churchward v. Churchward, 1895,
P. 7; 64 L. J. P. D. & A. 18; 71 L. T. 782; 43 W. R. 380: Vf, Rogers
Y. Rogers, 1894, P. 161; 63 L. J. P. D. & A 97; 70 L. T. 699). F.
Connivance.
So, a statement that an Architect neglects to give his Certificate to a
Building Contractor " in Collusion, and with the Procurement " of the
Building Owner, imports an allegation of fraud {Batterbury v. Vyse, 32
L. J. Ex. 177; 2 H. & C. 44).
COLONIAL. — Colonial CouH of Admiralty, F. 53 & 64 V. c. 27;
Mer Shipping Act, 1894, s. 742.
" Colonial " Goods, even in a Colonial Statute or Regulation, e,g,
" Colonial Wine " in a New South Wales tariff of Railway Rate^,
means the goods of any Colony {Commrs of Railways v. HylarM, 56
L. J. P. C. 76; 56L. T.896).
Quk 53 & 54 V. c. 27, " * Colonial Law,* means, any Act, Ordinance,
or other Law, having the force of legislative enactment in a Britiso
Possession, and made by any authority (other than the Imperial Parlia-
ment or Her Majesty in Council) competent to make laws for such Posses-
sion " (s. 15). Other Stat. Def., 28 & 29 V. c. 63, s. 1.
In all Acts of Parliament passed after the 31st Dec 1889, " the ex-
pression 'Colonial Legislature,* and the expression 'Legislature,' when
used with reference to a British Possession, shall respectively mean
the authority (other than the Imperial Parliament of Her Majesty the
Queen in Council) competent to make laws for a British Possession "
(s. 18 (7), Interp Act, 1889). Former Stat. Del, 26 & 27 V. c. 84, s. 1 ;
28 & 29 V. c. 63, s. 1; 31 & 32 V. c. 29, s. 2.
" Colonial Letter " ; T. 7 W. 4 & 1 V. c. 36, s. 47 ; 7 & 8 V. c. 49, s. 8.
« Colonial Lights "; V. 61 & 62 V. c. 44, s. 7.
" Colonial Newspapers "; T. 7 W. 4 & 1 V. c. 36, s. 47.
" Colonial Postage "; T. 7 & 8 V. c. 49, s. 10.
COLONIAL 837 COLT
" Colonial Secretary''] T. 47 & 48 V. c. 31, s. 18.
" Colonial Stock " j F. 40 & 41 V. c. 59, 8. 26.
Qui Part 3, Mer Shipping Act, 1894, " *a Colonial Voyage^' means,
a voyage from any Port in a British Possession (other than British
India and Hong Kong) to any Port whatever, where the distance he*
tween such Ports exceeds 400 miles, or the duration of the voyage, as
determined under this Part of this Act, exceeds 3 days " (s. 270). This
def is adapted from 18 & 19 V. c. 119, s. 95.
COLONY. — " The word ' Colonies ' in the statute — 5 & 6 V. c. 49,
8. 2 — must extend to all Colonies, in the ahsence of a context to control
it ; and I can find here no such context " (per Turner, L. J., Low y.
Routledge, 35 L. J. Ch. 116; 1 Ch. 42).
In all Acts of Parliament passed after the 31st Dec 1889, " ' Colony '
shall mean any part of Her Majesty's Dominions, exclusive of the Brit-
ish Islands, and of Bbitish India; and where parts of such Dominions
are under hoth a central and a local legislature, all parts under the cen-
tral legislature shall, for the purposes of this definition, he deemed to he
one Colony *' (s. 18 (3), Interp Act, 1889).
This def condenses, and makes more precise, those in 40 & 41 V. c. 59,
8. 26; 42 & 43 V. c. 33, s. 181; 44 & 45 V. c. 58, s. 190 (23).
Other Stat. Def. — 23 & 24 V. c. 88, s. 1 ; 31 & 32 V. c. 29, s. 2; 32
&33V. clO, S.2; 37 & 38 V. c. 27, s. 2; 46 & 47 V. c. 30, s. 2.
" Colonies," qu^ Federal Council of Australasia Act, 1885, 48 & 49 V.
c. 60; V. s. 1.
V, Bbitish Colony: Crown: Islb of Man: Majesty: Self.
Lord COLONSAY'S ACT. — The Writs Registration (Scot) Act,
1868, 31 & 32 V. c. 34.
COLOUR. — "'Colour of Office,' is always taken in the worst
part, and signifies an act evill doue hy the countenance of an Office, and
it hears a dissembling face of the right of the Office, whereas the Office is
but a veil to the falshood, and the thing is grounded upon Vice, and the
Office is as a shadow to it. But ^ by Reason of the Office ' and ' by
ViBTUE of the Office ' are taken always in the best part " (Termes de la
Ley).
Colour in Pleading; FA Stephen on Pleading, 4 ed. 228: "Express
Colour no longer necessary in any pleading " (s. 64, Com. L. Pro. Act,
1862).
COLOURABLE. — Is the reverse of Box! Fide; V. jdgmt of
James, L. J., Etherington v. Wilson, 45 L. J. Ch. 166; 1 Ch. D. 160.
COLOURABLY IMITATE F. Copy.
COLT V. Horse.
22
COMBE 388 COMFORTABLE
COMBE. — " Combey hope, dene, glyn^ hawgh^whowgh, signi^eih 2k
valley" (Co. Litt. 6b): F. Deke: Hopcombk.
COMBINATION. — " 'Combination of Machinery,' which has be-
come a fayoarite form of words with Patentees, is nothing but an ex-
tended expression of the word ' Machine.' It is ' machine ' writ large "
(per Westbury, C, Foxwell v. Bostock, 4 D. G. J. & S. 311).
Trade Combination to prevent competition not actionable (Mogul Co.
V. McGregor^ cited Malice). V. Tbade Union : Conspibacy.
COMBUSTIBLE. — F. iNCOMsasTiBLE.
'' Gunpowder or other Combustible Matter^" in a Patent Specification;
F. Bkkford v. Skewes^ 1 Q. B. 938.
COME TO. — An instrument, fact, or thing, does not ''Come to
the Knowledge" of counsel, &c, within s. 3 (ii), Conv. Act, 1882,
simply because he knew it on a former occasion {Re Cousins, 55 L. J. Ch.
662; 31 Ch. D. 671; 54 L. T. 376; 34 W. R. 393).
"Come to," as used in a Covenant to Settle after-acquired property,
includes property of which the possession is future although the right
thereafter to possess it is then vested (per Komilly, M. B., Exp, Blake,
16 Bea. 470) ; and it was there held that the phrase included proceeds of
realty taken by a Public Co which realty was vested in remainder at the
time of the Settlement. Vf, Blythe v. Granville^ 13 Sim 190, on whcv
Vaizey, 242, ni Entitled: Vest.
A legacy to a married woman, unpaid before her Desertion, " comes
to " her after her desertion within s. 25, 20 & 21 V. c. 85 {Re Coward
and Adams, 44 L. J. Ch. 384; L. R. 20 Eq. 179). F. Acquire.
" In case A. should come to the Possession of the said estate " ; held as
not creating a Condition {Edgeworth v. Edgeworth, L. B. 4 H. L. 35) :
come to an estate " in Possession," F. HiU v. Broughton, 3 Bro. C. C.
180. fy Possession.
COMFORT. — In a direction to apply Income for a person's "Com-
fort," that is a "very large word" (per Wood, V. C, Re Sanderson,
cited Whole). In America it has been held that the word embraces
whatever is requisite to give security from want, or furnish reasonable
physical, mental, or spiritual, enjoyment (^Forman v. Whitney, 2 Keyes,
168). Cp Maintenance.
COMFORTABLE MAINTENANCE. — These words, in a provi-
sion by deed for the widows of officers in the East India Company coupled
with a restriction on alienation, were held to vest the provision for the
Separate Use of the beneficiaries {Re Peacock, 48 L. J. Ch. 265; 10
Ch. D. 490). Vf, Maintenance: Separate Maintenance.
COMING 339 COMMENCE
COMING.— "Coming to settle," 13 & 14 Car. 2, c. 12; V. R. v.
Bawness, 4 M. & S. 210 : E. v. Kenardington^ 6 B. & C. 70 : R. y.
Hacton, 3 B. & Ad. 643: R. v. Woolpit, 5 L. J. M. C. 14; 4 A. & E.
205; 5 N. & M. 526: R. v. St. Giles, 11 L. J. M. C. 18; 2 Q. B.
446.
Moneys '' coming to the hands of the Commrs," s. 60, Commrs Clauses
Act, 1847, are not confined to moneys actually received, but also include
moneys receivable for Toll or Bents {BcUten v. Dartmouth Harbour
Commrs, cited Commissioners).
COMMAND. — A Steamship, though partially disabled yet, able to
proceed at 4 or 5 knots an hour, is not within the phrase " not under
Command," Art. 5 (a), Begns of 1884 for Preventing Collisions at Sea
(P. Caland Owners v. Glamorgan S. S. Co, 1893, A. C. 207; 62 L. J.
P. D. & A. 41 ; 68 L. T. 469).
When that case was in the Court of Appeal, Esher, M. B., said (1892,
P. 196), — "Now, looking at the words of the statute, the first part of
the clause which speaks of her not being under Command, and the secbnd
of her not being under Command so that she can keep out of the way, —
taking these two together, it seems to me that the real construction of
the rule is, that she must, through some accident, be in such a position
that she is not * under Command ' in this sense that she cannot keep out
of the way of another vessel coming near her." But " if she can be steered,
and if she can be stopped, and can go ahead which is necessary in order
that she may be steered, then she is ' under Command ' ; and the appre-
hension, however well founded, of her being likely in a few moments to
be out of Command, does not show that she is out of Command at the
moment spoken of." Quoting that passage, Herschell, C, in the H. L.,
said, — "I cannot but think that this construction is somewhat too nar-
row " ; but the decision of the Court of Appeal was aftd.
A Vessel hard-and-fast aground, is not a Vessel " not under Command, "
within Art. 4 (a), Begns of 1897 for Preventing Collisions at Sea (The
Carlotta, 1899, P. 223; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 87; 80 L. T. 664; 47 W. B.
702).
" Under Command, " B. 18, Thames Bules, 1880, as amended by Order
in Council 29th Dec 1887; V. The Wega, 1895, P. 156; 64 L. J. P. D.
& A. 68; 72 L. T. 332.
Cpf Control: Under- way.
COMMANDER IN CHIEF. — Stat. Def, 33 & 34 V. c. 7, s. 103,
42 & 43 V. c. 33, s. 181 ; 44 & 45 V. c. 58, s. 190.
COMMANDING OFFICER. — Stat. Def., 38 & 39 V. c. 69, s. 2;
(of a Corps) 36 & 37 V. c. 77, s. 43.
COMMENCE. — F. Commencement.
COMMENCED 340 COMMENCEMENT
COMMENCED. -—An action is "commenced" by Writ or Origi-
nating Summons, and as soon as the same is sealed (Galland v. Burttm,
30 Ch. D. 231 ; 54 L. J. Ch. 1131 : Clarke v. Bradlaugh, 51 L. J. Q. B. 1 ,
8 Q. B. D. 63).
" Any Action commenced, " &c, s. 5, Co. Co. Act, 1867, meant " Any
action commenced in the High Court, and which could have been com-
menced in the County Court" {Parsons v. Tinting, 46 L. J. C. P. 230;
2 C. P. D. 119).
" Any Court in which the action might have been commenced, " s. 65,
Co. Co. Act, 1888, includes a County Court in which the action might be
brought by leave {Bur kill v. Thomas, 1892, 1 Q. B. 99, 312; 61 L. J.
Q. B. 322; 66 L. T. 160; 40 W. R. 250).
A clause in a Separation Deed, that ** no Proceedings shall be com-
menced, or prosecuted " for any prior cause of complaint, is not broken
by one of the parties using such prior cause as a Defence to a matrimo-
nial suit brought by the other party {Gooch v. Gooch, 1893, P. 99; 62
L. J. P. D. & A. 73; 68 L. T. 462; 41 W. R. 655). Note. A covenant
nof to sue for a Divorce grounded on future misconduct, is, probably,
invalid {Bishop v. Bishop, 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 76). V. Condonation.
F. Set up.
COMMENCEMENT The "Commencement" of every Act of
Parliament, means ** the time at which the Act comes into operation "
(s. 36 (1), Interp Act, 1889). Cp Passing. F. Day.
" Commencement of the Bankry," s. 42 (1), Bankry Act, 1883, means,
the Act of Bankby on which the bankry is founded {Be Griffith, 66
L. J. Q. B. 763).
"Commence to form or lay out a Street," qui Part 2, London Bg
Act, 1894; V. s. 8. Vth, London Co, Co. v. Dixon, 1899, 1 Q. B. 496;
68 L. J. Q. B. 526; 80 L. T. 232; 47 W. R. 521; 63 J. P. 390: Arm-
strong ^r, London Co. Co., 1900, 1 Q. B. 416; 69 L. J. Q. B. 267; 81 L. T.
638; 48 W. R. 367; 64 J. P. 197. Cp New Street.
" Commence to execute a Work '* ; V. s. 10 (3), London Bg Act, 1894.
As to the common clause in Railway Acts giving compensation to
land-owners out of deposits (when the line is not opened in a certain time)
for damages occasioned " by the Commencement, Construction, or Aban-
donment," of the railway ; V. Re Potteries, Shrewsbury & N. Wales Ry,
53 L. J. Ch. 556; 25 Ch. D. 251. That case lays it down that this
phrase is to be read disjunctively, and that the damages are to be
ascertained by comparing the value of the land immediately before
such commencement or construction or abandonment, with its value
immediately after the happening of any of those three events. Vf
Abaxdonmext: Begin.
An application to tax costs of an Appeal to Quarter Sessions, is not a
" Commencement " of Proceedings, within s. 4^ 22 & 23 V. c. 49 {Mid.
COMMENCEMENT 841 COMMERCIAL
Ry V. Edmonton, 1895, A. C. 485 j 64 L. J. Q. B. 710 j 72 L. T. 811;
60 J. P. 68).
" Commencement " of Prosecution, under s. 6, 48 & 49 V. c. 69; F. R,
T. West, 1898, 1 Q. B. 174; 67 L. J. Q. B. 62; 77 L. T. 536; 46 W. R.
316.
" Commencement of Proof in Writing," Art. 1233 (7), Civil Code of
Quebec, so as to let in Proof " by Testimony'* ; F. Forget v. Baxter ,
cited Testimony.
** At the Commencement, " s. 2, 23 H. 8, c. 15 ; V. Doe d. EllU t. Owens,
11 L. J. Ex. 120; 9 M. & W. 465.
Cp Instituted.
COMMENDAM. — '' Is a Benefice that being voyde is commended
to the care of some sufficient Clerke, to bee supplied untill it may bee
conveniently provided of a Pastor " (Termes de la Ley). A Rector by
merely accepting another Benefice does not vacate the Rectory ; and, con-
tinuing to hold it, be does not hold it " In Commendam " {King v. Alston,
12 Q. B. 971; 18 L. J. Q. B. 69). Bishops may not now hold Commen-
dams (6 & 7 W. 4, c. 77, s. 18).
Vhy CoU & Glover v. Coventry & Lichfield Bp, Hob. 140: Godolphin's
Abr. £cc. Law, ch. 21: 4 Bl. Com. 107: Phil. £cc. Law, 380, 603.
COMMENT.— V. Fair Comment.
A person charged not becoming a Witness, " shall not be made the
subject of any Comment by the Froaecution" s. 1 6, Criminal Evidence
Act, 1898; that does not prevent the presiding Judge or Chairman
from making such comment {R, v. Rhodes, cited Stage).
COMMERCE. — Commerce is "Traffick, Trade, or Merchandize, in
buying and selling of goods. There is a distinction between Commerce
and Trade; the former relates to our dealings with Foreign Nations or
our Colonies, &c abroad, — the other to our mutual traffick and dealings
among ourselves at Home " (Jacob : Feople v. Fisher, 14 Wend. 15 : Va
Merchant). But this distinction may be questioned.
" Trade or Comroei'ce "; V, Civil Bights.
COMMERCIAL. —"Commercial Causes,'' within the Order for
piompt trial, includes causes arising out of the ordinary transactions of
Merchants and Traders; amongst others, those relating to the Construc-
tion of Mercantile Documents, Export or Import of Merchandize, Af-
freightment, Insurance, Banking, and Mercantile Agency and Usages
(par 1, Notice 25th June 1896). A question of International Law as to
whether a seizure of goods was justified under a Proclamation by a
Foreign Sovereign, is not such a " Commercial Cause " {Sea Insree v. Carr,
69 L. J. Q. B. 954; 83 L. T. 617; 49 W. R, 55, 1901, 1 Q. B. 7).
** Wherever Capital is to be laid out on any work and a risk run of
COMMERCIAL S42 COMMISSIONERS
profit or loss, it is a Commercial Venture " (per Campbell, C, McKay v.
Rittherfurdj 6 Moore P. C. 425; 13 Jur. 23); accordingly, it was there
held that a contract with the Government Commissioner in Canada to
supply stone for making a canal, was not a mere Building Contract but,
was a "Commercial Matter,*^ within the Canadian Act, 25 G. 3, c. 2.
Buying and selling Shares by Stock-brokers for a client who is not him-
self a Dealer, are " Commercial Matters " provable by Testimony, under
the Quebec Civil Code {Forget v. Baxter^ cited Testimony).
An Incorporated Canal Co, whose profits arose from Tolls, was held
a " Commercial Co,*' or a Co associated for " Commercial Purposes," and^
as such, liable to become bankrupt under s. 1, 7 & 8 V. c. Ill {Re War-
wick & Napton Canal Co, 7 D. 6. M. & G. 199, n).
Commercial Traveller; K Traveller.
COMMISSARY. — "Commissary," or "Commissary Clerk/' is fre-
quently made to include Commissary Clerk Depute, e,g. 16 & 17 V-
c. 27, s. 1 ; 21 & 22 V. c. 66, s. 20; 38 & 39 V. c 41, s. 6.
COMMISSION. — "* Commission,' is taken for the Warrant or
Letters Patents which all men using Jurisdiction, either ordinarie or
extraordinarie, have for their power to heare or determine any matter
or action " (Termes de la Ley). ^
" Land Commission " ; Stat. Def. (Ir), 48 & 49 V. c. 73, s. 26; 64 & 55
V. c. 66, s. 96.
" The word * Commission * is one of equivocal meaning. It is used to
denote a Trust or Authority exercised, or the Instrument by which the
Authority is exercised, or the Persons by whom the Trust or Authority
is exercised " (per Abbott, C. J., E. v. Dudman, 4 B. & C. 864).
" Office, Commission, Place, or Employment " ; V. OFFicEr
" In Trust, or on Commission "j T. In Trust.
V. Accbuing: Bribery: Conducting: Free op Commission: In-
tervention: Introduce: Saleable Commission,
COMMISSIONER Quk Inl. Kev. Eegn Act, 1890, 63 & 64 Y.
c. 21, " ' Commissioner,' means Commr of Inl. Rev. " (s- 39).
" Debt Commr " ; F. 41 & 42 V. c. 51 , s. 3.
" Commr for Oaths," qui Mer Shipping Act, 1894; F. s. 742.
" Commr of Police " ; F. 30 & 31 V. c. 134, s. 3.
" Commr of Valuation "; F. Loc Gov (Ir) Act, 1898, s. 109.
" Lord Commr of Justiciary," in Scotland ; F. 60 & 61 V. c. 35, s. 1.
" Lord High Commr ", F. 23 & 24 V. c. 86, s. 12; 27 & 28 V. c. 77,
s. 17.
COMMISSIONERS. — In a modem Act the meaning of ''The
Commissioners " will generally be ascertained by referring to its Interp
Clause, which usually defines the phrase according to the subject-matter
COMMISSIONERS 343 COMMISSIONERS
of the Act; 6,g, quk Finance Act, 1894, " Hhe Commrs,' means, the
Commre of Inl. Kev." (s. 22).
" Commrs of Assessed Taxes "; F. 9 & 10 V. c. 56, s. 3.
" CharUy Commre "; V. s. 12 (14), Interp Act, 1889.
"Commre of Customs'' \ V. 16 & 17 V. c. 107, 8.357; 19 & 20 V.
c. 83, 8. 2.
V, Ecclesiastical Commissioners.
"Commre of Education/* in Ireland; T. 38 & 39 V. c. 96, s. 2;.
42 & 43 V. c. 74, s. 2.
" Election Commre " ; F. Election.
" Endowed Schools Commre "; V. 37 & 38 V. c. 87, 8, 9.
" Commre of Excise " ; F. 53 & 54 V. c. 21, s. 37.
' Exhibition Commre "; F. 26 & 27 V. c. 119, s. 3.
«* Galway Harbour Commre"; F. 30 & 31 V. c. Xj s. 3.
" Gas Commre," in Scotland; F 53 & 54 V. c. 13, b. 4.
" Genial Commre," of Taxes; F. 43 & 44 V. c. 19, s. 5.
*' Improvement Commre"; F. 35 & 36 V. c. 79, s. 60; P. H. Act,
1875, 8. 4,
" Commre of Inland Revenue " ; F. 53 & 64 V. c. 21, s. 1.
*' Ipswich Dock Commre "; F. 26 & 27 V. c. 71, a. 2.
" Irish Fishery Commre " ; F. 31 & 32 V. c. 45, 8. 5.
" Commre of Irish Lights " ; F Mer Shipping Act, 1894, s. 742.
" Land Commre "; F. Settled Land Act, 1882, s. 2; 51 & 52 V. c. 20,
8.12.
" Land Tax Commre "*; F. 43 & 44 V. c. 19, s. 5.
" National Debt Commre '* ; F. National Debt.
" Commre of Ntyrthem Lighthouses " ; F. 16 & 17 V. c. 131, s. 1.
" Commre for Oaths " ; F. Commre for Oaths Act, 1889, 52 & 53 V.
clO.
" Commre for Offices*'; F. 9 & 10 V. c. 56, s. 3.
" Police Commrs,'- in Scotland; F. 53 & 54 V. c. 13, s. 4, c. 60, s. 6:
— « Commre of Police, '* in Ireland; F. 5 & 6 V. c. 24, s. 79; 6 & 7 V.
c. 56, 8. 38; 16 & 17 V. c. 112, s. 80; 22 & 23 V. c. 52, s. 1.
" Commre of the Police of the Metropolis, '' when applied to Ireland,
means the Dublin Commrs of Police; F. 8 & 9 V. c. 109, s. 24; 16 &
17 V. c. 119, 8. 18.
" Poor Law Commre ^' ; F. Poor Relief (Ir) Act, 1838, 1 & 2 V. c. 56,
8. 118.
" Commre of Ptt^Ztc Works," in Ireland; F. 2 & 3 V. c. 50, s. 10;
6&7V. c, 44, 8. 18; 29 & 30 V. c. 44, s. 2; 30 & 31 V. c. 53, s. 3,
c. m, 8. 3; 42 & 43 V. c. 25, s. 2.
"Commrs of the Property and Income Tax**\ F. 9 & 10 V. c. 56,
8. 3 : — " Additional Commrs " and " Special Commrs, " of same ; F. 9 &
10 V. c. 56, 8. 3; 43 & 44 V. c. 19, s. 5.
" Metropolitan Commre of Sewers "; F. 11 & 12 V. c. 112, s. 3.
COMMISSIONERS 344 COMMITTED
" Cornmrs of Stamps and Taxes " ; 53 & 54 V. c. 21, a. 37.
" Commrs of Supply,'' in Scotland;. V, 20 & 21 V. c. 72, s. 78.
" Town Commrs "; V. 10 & 11 V. c. 17, s. 3. — /r. 9 & 10 V. c. 87,
8. 2; 18 & 19 V. c. 40, 8. 3; 29 & 30 V. c. 44, s. 2; 46 & 47 V.
c. 33, 8. 8.
" Commrs of Woods and Forests "; V. s. 12 (12), Interp Act, 1889.
" Commrs of Works "; V. 12 (13), Interp Act, 1889.
"Commrs, Trustees, or otber Authorities," s. 112, Metrop Man. Act,
1862, does not include Turnpike Road Trustees but, means Author-
ities who have the general control of highways within their district
{Davis V. Greenwich, 1895, 2 Q. B. 219; 64 L. J. M. C. 267; 72 L. T.
674; 59 J. P. 517).
"Commrs," entitled to indemnity under s. 60, Commrs Clauses Act,
1847, includes an Incorporated Body as well as individuals {Batten v.
Dartmouth Harbour Commrs, 59 L. J. Ch. 700; 45 Ch. D. 612).
COMMIT. — In dealing with the phrase *• commit Suicide," Pollock,
C. B., in Clift v. Schwabe (17 L. J. C. P. 14; 3 C. B. 437), said, "The
meaning of < commit ' in Johnson (with reference to this use of the
word) is * to perpetrate ' — to do a fault — to be guilty of a crime " ; and
" ' perpetrate ' is to commit, to act, — always in an ill sense. '* In the
same case (p. 9, L. J.), Patteson, J., said, — **The word ^commit* is
said always to be used in a bad sense — be it so "; but he proceeded to
show that it is not always used in a criminal sense, and that view
accords with the judgment of the majority of the Ex. Cham, in the case
cited: indeed, the state of a person's mind is immaterial, and, therefore,
an Insane Person can commit suicide {Dufaur v. Professional Life
Assrce, cited Suicidb).
Commit Injury ; V, Injury.
COMMITS. — This word in the Bankry Act, 1883, is used. in the
present tense, not in relation to time, but as the present tense of logic,
and means " shall have committed " an Act of Bankruptcy {Ex p. Pratt,
53 L. J. Ch. 613; 12 Q. B. D. 334; V. espy jdgmts by Bowen and Fry,
L. JJ.).
COMMITTED : COMMITMENT : COMMITTAL. - The
words " commitment, " "committed," or "committal to prison," do not
mean, as was held by Lush, J., " received into prison " ; but mean •* when
the order is made under which the person is to be kept in prison ** (per
Ld Blackburn, Mullins v. Surrey, 51 L. J. Q. B. 149; and per Ld
Penzance, lb. 152) ; and the words '* Period of Committal, ' s. 57, Prison
Act, 1877, 40 & 41 V. c. 21, mean that the expenses which (by the joint
operation of that section and s. 4) are to be defrayed out of moneys to be
provided by Parliament, are to be so paid from the time of the making
out of the Order of Committal {Mullins v. Surrey, 51 L. J, Q. B. 145;
COMMITTED 845 COMMITTEE
7 App. Ca. 1: Mews v. The Queen, 52 L. J. M. C. 57; 8 App. Ca. 339).
V, Imprisonment : Maintenance.
" Committed " will sometimes include an act of Omission, e,g, as
regards Notice of Action within a certain time " next after the fact com-
mitted," 8. 109, Highway Act, 1835 (^Holland v. Narthwich, 40 J. P.
617; 34 L. T. 137). Sv Done.
COMMITTED FOR TRIAL. —In all Acts of Parliament passed
after the 31st Dec 1889, " ' Committed for Trial,' used in relation to any
person shall, unless the contrary intention appears, mean, as respects
England and Wales, committed to prison with the view of being tried
before a judge and jury, whether the person is committed in pursuance of
8. 22 or of s. 25, Indictable Offences Act, 1848, or is committed by a Court,
Judge, Coroner, or other authority having power to commit a person to
any prison with a view to his trial ; and shall include a person who is
admitted to bail upon a recognizance to appear and take his trial before
a judge and jury ** (s. 27, Interp Act, 1889).
Other Stat. Def. — 52 & 53 V. c. 44, s. 17. — /r. 46 & 46 V. c. 25, s. 35;
67 & 58 V. c. 27, s. 19, c. 41, s. 27.
" Committed for trial at the Assizes"; V, E, v. Johnson, 10 A. & £.
740; 8 L. J. M. C. 99; 2 P. & D. 610.
COMMITTED TO PRISON. — F. Committed.
COMMITTEE. — " •Committee,' is hee to whom the consideration
or ordering of any matter is referred either by some Court, or Consent of
the Parties to whom it appertains '^ (Termes de la Ley).
^ The term ' Committee ' means an individual, or body to which others
have committed or delegated a particular duty, or who have taken on
themselves to perform it, in the expectation of their act being confirmed
by the body they profess to represent or act for " (per Pollock, C. B.,
Reynell v. Leiois, 16 L. J. Ex. 30 ; 15 M. & W. 526).
" I observed in the argument that, according to one's ordinary idea of
the meaning of the word, a ' Committee ' consists of more persons than
one. But I was not right in saying that ; because that is not ex vi ter-
mini the necessary meaning of the word 'Committee,* which simply
means a person or persons to whom anything is committed '* (per Kay,
J., Be Scottish Petroleum Co., 51 L. J. Ch. 845). Vf, Re Taurine Co,
26 Ch. D. 118; 63 L. J. Ch. 271.
F. Provisional Committee.
Qui Friendly Soc. Act, 1896, ' Committee " means, '' the Committee
of Management or other Directing Body of a Society or Branch "
(s. 106); omitting ''or Branch," a like def is provided for Industrial
Societies (66 & 67 V. c. 39, s. 79).
" Committee of Council " ; F. 46 & 47 V. c. 18, s. 27.
" Committee of Cooncil on Education "; F. 32 & 83 V. o. 56, 8. 7.
COMMITTEE 346 COMMON
" Committee " of a Public Library in Scotland; T. 60 & 51 V. c. 42,
8.2.
" Union Assessment Committee "; F, 25 & 26 V. c 103.
" Committee " of an Idiot or Lunatic ; F. 9 & 10 V. c. 75, s. 3.
" Committee Boom " ; Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Aet,
1883, 8. 64.
COMMITTING. — " Found committing "; V. Found.
COMMODITIES. — F. Adtantaoes : Goods ob Comuodities.
COMMON. — " * Common and Usual * Covenants, must mean, Cov-
enants incidental to," e.g. a Lease (per Thurlow, C, Henderson v. May,
3 Bro. C. C. 632) ; but, probably, there is no distinction between " Com-
mon " and " Usual " covenants, nor does " Incidental " furnish an
explanation or carry the meaning further (Church v. Brown^ 12 Yes.
260, 264).
" 'Common of Pasture* — Communia^ it cometh of the English word
common, because it is common to many; and thereupon and accordingly
is here (s. 184) called by Littleton Common of Pasture, for that the feeding
of beasts in the land wherein the common is to be had belongs to many "
(Co. Litt. 122 a).
" ' Common in Orosse, ' is where I, by my Deed, grant to another that
he shall have Common in my land.
'' ' Common Appendant, ' is where a man is seized of certaine land to
the which he hath Common in another's ground, and all they that shall
bee seized of the land have the said Common onely for those Beasts which
compast the land to which it is appendant, excepting Greese, Groats, and
Hogges.
" * Common Appurtenanty* is in the same manner as Common Append-
ant. But it is with all manner of Beasts, as well Hogs, Groats, and
such like as Horses, Kine, Oxen, Sheepe, and such as compast the
ground.
" * Common pur Cause de Vicinage, * is where the Tenants of two Lords
which be seized of two Townes where one lyeth nigh another, and every
of them have used, from the time whereof no minde runneth, to have
Common in the other Towne with all manner of Beasts commonable "
(Termes de la Ley).
A Grant, by general words in a Conveyance of Demesne land from a
Lord of a Manor, of " Commons " " belongiug to " or " held, used, and en-
joyed with," the tenement conveyed, will not create a Bight of Common
(Baring v. Abingdon, 1892, 2 Ch. 374; 62 L. J. Ch. 105; 67 L. T. 6;
41 W. R. 22: Hall v. Byron, 46 L. J. Ch. 297; 4 Ch. D. 667), unless
the grantee, from his existing position, e,g, as lessee of the grantor, is
already in the enjoyment of such a Bight (Doidge v. Carpenter, 6 M.
& S. 17). Note, Where Common, whether Appendant or Appurtenant,
COMMON 847 COMMON
exists at the time of the grant, then, on the grant of a part of the tene-
ment, there will be a due apportionment of the Right of Common
{Sacheverell v. PoHer, Jo. W. 396: Wyat Wild's Caae^ 8 Rep. 78 b).
Vf Belonging.
Vh^ Elph. 607-615: Levant and Couchant: Pastures: Pas-
turage.
Quk Part 1, Commons Act, 1899, 62 & 63 V. c. 30, " Common " includes,
" any land subject to be inclosed under the Inclosure Acts, 1845 to 1882 ;
and any town or village Green" (s. 15; extending def in 39 & 40 V.
c. 56, s. 37). This def is adopted for Light Railways Act, 1896 (s. 21).
Qua Metropolitan Commons; T. 29 & 30 V. c. 122, s. 3, extended by
32 & 33 V. c. 107, s. 2.
" There be also divers other commons, as of Estovers, of Turbary, of
Pischary, of digging for coles, minerals and the like " (Co. Litt. 122 a).
V, Fishery.
" Common of Faldage " ; V. Foldcourse.
The Statute of Merton, authorising Approvement of Commons when
Sufficient Pasture is left to satisfy " Common of Pasture, " does not
give power to enclose against other kinds of Common, e,g. Turbary,
Estovers (2 Inst. 87: Fatocetty. Strickland^ Willes, 57: Grant y. Gun-
ner^ 1 Taunt. 435), nor as against rights to dig gravel (Duberleyy, Page,
2 T. R. 391) ; though a Custom to approve against such rights may be
valid (Arlett v. Ellis, 7 B. & C. 346).
Generally as to Commons; V. Wms. on Rights of Common: Elton on
Commons: 3 Cru. Dig. 65: Add. T. 284-289: Jacob: 3 Encyc. 135-140.
" The word * Commons ' means as often lands where rights of common
are exercised, as common unenclosed open land where there are no
commonable rights " (per Watson, B., A-G. v. Hanmer, 27 L. J. Ch.
841).
" Common " land, espy when the word is used in a modern document,
may mean simply, land for Public Enjoyment : V, Permanent.
r. Right of Common. .
COMMON AND NOTORIOUS.— A person is not a ''Common
and Notorious " Depraver of the Common Prayer (Canons, 1603, No. 27),
who, at solicitation, sends a friendly and private letter wherein the Com-
mon Prayer is depraved (Jenkins v. Cook, 45 L. J. P. C. 1; 1 P. D. 80).
V. Dbpravk: Evil Liver.
COMMON BAWDY HOUSE. — F. Brothel.
FA, Arch. Or. 1139: Rose. Cr. 704.
COMMON BETTING HOUSE F. 16 & 17 V. c. 119, s. 1, on
who Camindda v. Hulton, cited Bet. Every Common Betting House
is a Common Oaminq House (Ih. s. 2). Vf^ Arch. Cr. 1136: 2 Encyc.
67-70.
COMMON 848 COMMON
COMMON CARRIER. —"Any one who andertakes to carry the
Goods of all persons indifferently, for Hirb, is a Common Carrier "
(Oisboume v. Hurst, 1 Salk. 249), a de6nition which may include Hoy-
men, Bargemen, Lightermen, and Masters of Ships or Vessels (Morse v.
Slue, Ventr. 190, 238: Ingate v. Christie, 3 C. & K. 61: Maving v.
Todd, 1 Stark. 72: Bich v. Kneeland, Cro. Jac. 330: Liver Alkali Co
V. Johnson, L. R. 7 Ex. 267; 41 L. J. Ex. 110^ 20 W. R. 633; 26 L. T.
805; Laveroni v. Drury, 8 Ex. 166; 22 L. J. Ex. 2).
" The criterion is, whether he carries for particular persons only, or
whether he carries for every one " (per Alderson, B., Ingate v. Christ ie^
sup) hetween stated places. Therefore, a Town Carman {Brind v.
Dale, 8 C. & P. 207; 2 Moo. & R. 80), a jobbing Furniture Remover
(Scaife v. Farrant, L. R. 10 Ex. 358; 44 L. J. Ex. 234), a Cab Driver
(Boss V. HUl, 15 L. J. C. P. 182; 2 C. B. 877) are not Common Car-
riers; as to Lightermen, V. Chattock v. Bellamy, 64 L. J. Q. B. 250:
Thomas v. Brown, 4 Com. Ca. 186.
A Carrier of Passengers is not, as such, a Common Carrier (Sharp v.
Grey, 9 Bing. 457: Bedhead v. Mid By, L. R. 4 Q. B. 379; 38 L. J.
Q. B. 169: Daniel v. Metrop By, L. R. 5 H. L 45: Pounder v. A'. E.
By, 1892, 1 Q. B. 385; 61 L. J. Q. B. 136; 65 L. T. 679; 40 W. R.
189; 56 J. P. 247: Cobb v. G. W. By, 1894, A. C. 419; 63 L. J. Q. B.
629; 71 L. T. 161; 58 J. P. 636). Where, however, a Carrier of Pas-
sengers also holds himself out as a Carrier of Goods (even though he
take no specific payment for the latter service) he is a Common Carrier
qod. the Goods; e.g. Hackney Coachmen (Boss v. HUL, sup: Case v.
Storey, L. R. 4 Ex. 319), Ferrymen ( Willoughby v. Horridge, 12 C. B.
742; 22 L. J. C. P. 90), Railway Companies (8 & 9 V. c. 20, ss. 86, 89:
Johnson v. Mid By, 4 Ex. 367; 18 L. J. Ex. 366: Dickson v. G. N.
By, 18 Q. B. D. 184).
As to Canal Companies; F. 8 & 9 V. c. 42, ss. 5, 6.
Vf, Macnamara on Carriers, ch. 3 : Elosc. N. P. 622 Add. C. 931 et
seq. Carver, 4-8: 2 Encyc. 385-395: Jacob.
V. Not as Common Carriers.
COMMON COUNCIL.— Qu^ Public Libraries Act^ 1892, 55 &
56 V. c. 53 (and, probably, generally) " 'Common Council,' means, in
relation to the City of London, the Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens,
acting by the Mayor, Aldermen^ and Commons, in Common Council
assembled " (s. 27).
COMMON EMPLOYMENT. — As to when employees are en-
gaged in a •' Common Employment "; F. Priestly v. Fowler, 3 M. & W.
1; 7 L. J. Ex. 42 : Farwell v. Boston Bailroad, 4 Metcalf, 49; 3 Macq.
H. L. 316: Bartonshill Coal Co. v. McGuire, 3 Macq. H. L. 300:
Johnson v- Lindsay, 1891, A. C. 371; 61 L. J. Q. B. 90; 65 L. T. 97;
COMMON 849 COMMON
40 W. R. 405; 55 J. P. 644: Cameron v. Nt/strom, 1893, A. C. 308;
62 L. J. P. C. 85; 68 L. T. 772; 57 J. P. 550: The Petrel, 1893,
P. 320; 62 L. J P D. & A. 92; whlcv for review of previous authori-
ties. Vfy Rose'. N. P. 790; Beven, Bk. 4, cti. 6. The common em-
ployees need not both labour with their hands aa Collaborateurs {Johnson
V. Lindsat/, sup).
COMMON FIELDS.— F. Elph. 666, 567.
COMMON FISHERY.— r. Fishery.
COMMON FORM BUSINESS. — Qud Court of Probate Act,
1857, 20 & 21 V. c. 77, *' Common Form Business," means " the business
of obtaining Probate and Administration where there is no contention
as to the right thereto; — including the passing of Probates and Adminis-
trations through the Court of Probate in contentious cases when the
contest is terminated, and all business of a non-contentious nature to be
taken in the Court in matters of testacy and intestacy not being pro*
ceedings in any suit, and also the business of lodging Caveats against
the grant of probate or administration " (s. 2). V. Teste.
COMMON FUND.— Stat. Def.,36&37 V. c 86, 8. 27; 37 & 38
V. c. 88, s. 48; 43 & 44 V. c. 7, s. 2.
" Common Fund of the District " ; V. 32 & 33 V. c 63, s. 23.
•• Common Fund of the Union " ; F. 59 & 60 V. c. 50, s. 19.
COMMON GAMING HOUSE. >-'* Is a house in which a large
number of persons are invited (whether publicly or privately) habitually
to congregate for the purpose of gaming" (per Hawkins, J., Jenks v.
Turp'm, 53 L. J. M. C. 166; 13 Q. B. D 505 r Vthc for a collection of
the authorities on this word. As to what is sufficient proof of a Common
Gaming House, T. s. 2, 8 & 9 V. c. 109). A Betting House ^ shall be
taken and deemed to be a Common Graming House," within 8 & 9 V.
c. 109 (s. 2, 16 & 17 V c. 119). Vf, Common Betting House: Use.
" A Common Gaming House is a house kept or used for playing therein
at any game of chance, or any mixed game of chance and skill, in which
(a) a bank is kept by one or more of the players, exclusively of the
others; or (b) in which any game is played the chances of which are not
alike favourable to all the players, including among the players the banker
or other person by whom the game is managed, or against whom the
other players stake, play, or bet " (Steph. Cr. 122, 123). Vh 6 Encyc.
52-55.
COMMON GAS. — Qui Metropolis Gas Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V.
c. 125, " Common Gas," means, Gas of an Illuminating Power as defined
by s. 25, " of not less than 12 Candles " (s. 4). Cp Cannel Gas.
COMMON 850 COMMON
COMMON INFORMER. —F. Infobmeb.
COMMON INTEREST. — As to what is a "Common Interest "
in the subject-matter of an Action justifying its Maintenance, V, Ala,-
hosier v. Harness^ cited MAiNTBifANCE: and what will justify the
Joinder of Defts, V, Temperton v. JRussell, cited Same, sub " Same
Interest."
COM MON LAN D. — The natural meaning of " Common, or Waste,
Land" is. Land belonging to the Lord of the Manor but over which
other persons have incorporeal rights; the phrase does not, of itself, in-
elude Open Fields, e.g. Lammas Lands, over which divers persons have
rights in severalty (Grand Union Canal Co. v. Ashby, 6 H. & N. 394;
30 L. J. Ex. 203).
COMMON LAW. — The Common Law of England is, that Body
of Law which has been judicially evolved from the general Custom of
the Realm. Vhj Termes de la Ley, Common Ley: Cowel: Jacob:
3 Encyc. 140-142.
COMMON LODGING HOUSE The phrase '' Common Lodg-
ing House," ss. 76-89, P. H. Act, 1875, held to include a house in
which hawkers and other persons of an itinerant character were received
at 6c2. a night, and eating their meals at a common table in the kitchen
{Langdon v. Broadbenty 42 J. P. 66, 67; 37 L. T. 434; 47 L. J. Q. B.
275, n 11).
But it has been said that a " Common " Lodging House is one kept for
Gain and which all classes of persons may use, — "Common Lodging
House," 'Mn its ordinary sense, means, a Lodging House kept for pur-
poses of Profit and open to all comers, whether of a certain class or not "
(per Mathew, J., Booth v. Ferrett, 26 Q B- D. 89; 69 L. J. M. C.
137) ; and, accordingly, it was held, that a house kept only for the recep-
tion of men, and of such men only, as the Manager might think eligible
and some of whom were allowed in at a less rate than the ordinary charge
of 4e£. a night and some of whom were admitted free, and the house ^as
carried on partly with a charitable and religious object, was not a " Com-
mon Lodging House," within s. 3, Common Lodging Houses Act, 1853,
16 & 17 V. c. 41 (S. C. 25 Q. B. D. 87; 59 L. J. M. C. 136); but that
conclusion was over-ruled by Logsdon v. Booths 1900, 1 Q. B. 401 ; 69
L. J. Q. B. 131; 81 L. T. 602; 48 W. R. 266; 64 J. P. 165: wide was
followed in Logadon v. Trotter, 1900, 1 Q. B. 617; 69 L. J. Q. B. 312;
82 L. T. 151; 48 W. R. 365; 64 J. P. 421.
Qui P. H. Scotland Act, 1897, " * Common Lodging House,' means, a
house or part thereof where Lodgers are housed at an amount not ex-
ceeding ^d, per night, or such other sum as shall be fixed under the
provisions of this Act; for each person, whether the same be payable
COMMON 851 COMMONLY
nightly or weekly or for any period not longer than a fortnight ; and
shall include any place where Emigrants are lodged, and all boarding'
houses for Seamen, irrespective of the rate charged for lodging or
boarding" (s. 3). Cp, the previous def 19 & 20 V. c. 103, s. 3j 30 &
31 V. c. 101, s. 3.
Qu^ P. H. Ireland Act, 1878, " * Common Lodging House,' means, a
house in which, or in any part of which, persons are harboured or lodged,
for Hire, for a single night, or for less than a week at a time " (s. 2).
F. Lodging House.
COMMON NUISANCE. — "A Common Nuisance is an act not
warranted by law, or an omission to discharge a legal duty, which act or
omission obstructs or causes inconvenience or damage to the Public in
the exercise of rights common to all Her Majesty's subjects. It is im-
material whether the act complained of is convenient to a larger number
of the public than it inconveniences; but the fact that the act complained
of facilitates the lawful exercise of their rights by part of the public, may
show that it is not a nuisance to any of the public " (Steph. Cr. ch. 19,
whv for instances of Common Nuisances). Vf^ Arch. Cr. 1121-1173:
Bosc. Cr. 697.
V. Public Nuisance : Nuisance.
COMMON OF SHACK r. Shack.
COMMON PRAYER — F. Book of Common Prayer: Common
AND Notorious.
COMMON RECOVERY. — A Common Recovery was a fictitious
suit for barring an Entail. It received its first judicial sanction by Tal-
tartim^s Case (Y. B. 12 Ed. 4, 19), and was only abolished by the Fines
and Recoveries Act, 1833. Vh^ 2 Bl. Com. 357 et seq ; Wms. R. P.
ch. 2: Jacob, Recovery.
COMMON SEWER.— r. Sewer.
COMMON^ Tenancy in. — V, Tenancy in Common.
COMMON TO THE TRADE. — This phrase in s. 74 (1 6), Pat-
ents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883, means, ** Open to the Trade "
{Re Wragg, 29 Ch. D. 651 5 54 L. J. Ch. 391 •. Burland v. Broxburn
Co J 58 L. J. Ch. 816; 42 Ch. D. 274; 61 L. T. 618; 6 Pat. Ca. 482:
Re Apollinaris Co, cited Aggrieved). " In Common Use "; V. lb
V. Trade-Mark.
COMMON WAY F. Highway: Calcet.
COMMONLY UNDERSTOOD "Commonly understood," s.
241, 45 & 46 V. c. 50, means, " Commonly understood by any person
COMMONLY 352 COMMUTATION
comparing the Nomination Paper and the Burgeas Boll " (Moorhouse v.
Lifiney, 15 Q. B. D. 273: Vf, B. v. Gregory^ 22 L. J. Q. B. 120; 1 E. &
B. GOO).
COMMONS. — V, Common: House op Commons.
In such a phrase as that in Scales v. Pickering ( V. Footpath), " Com-
mons " " evidently refers to those small patches of Waste land sometimes
lying by the side of a road, the property of which belongs to the Lord of
the Manor " (per Best, C. J., lb,).
COMMONWEALTH.—" The Commonwealth of Australia," as a
phrase, sprang into the Republic of Letters, and itself, as a fact, came
into existence, by the Act of 1900, The Commonwealth of Australia Con-
stitution Act, 63 & 64 V. c. 12, whv hereon.
COMMOTE or CONMOTE. — " A Commote is a great seigniory,
and may include one or divers mannors " (Co. Litt. 5a: Vf, Touch. 92:
Elph. 667, 668).
COMMOTION V. Civil Commotion.
COM M U N ICANT A " Communicant " of the Church of England
is, in its proper and primary meaning, one who actually communes; in
its secondary sense, it may mean, every person whom the Church in an-
cient times regarded as under an obligation to commune (B. v. Ball^ 35
L. J. M. C. 261 ; L. R. 1 Q. B. 632 ; 7 B. & S. 642).
COMMUNICATION T. Message: Omit.
"Communication" of State Documents, &c; V. Official Secrets Act,
1889, 62 & 63 V. c. 52, s. 8.
COMMUNION. — Holy Communion ; V, Church: Kneeling.
"Communion Table*' in the Church of England, — Can it "mean
anything but that 'table' at which meals are usually eaten?" (per Sir
H. J. Fust, Faulkner v. Litchfield j 1 Rob. Ecc. 220) ; an immovable
structure is not a Communion Table (iS'. C), such a " Table " must be
one in the ordinary sense of the word, i.e. movable, made of wood, fiat,
and capable of being covered with a cloth, and having no Cross attached
(Liddell V. WesteHony 6 W. R. 470). Vfj LiddeU v. Beal, 14 Moore
P. C. 7; 8 W. R. 669; 3 L. T. 218: Nobth Side.
COMMUNITY F. Convent.
COMMUTATION. — A " Commutation," e.g. of Tithes, s. 42, 6 &
7 W. 4, c. 71, is to substitute one liability for another; therefore, lands
which were waste at the time of a Tithe Commutation Award but which
were afterwards enclosed and so would have become titheable but for the
Award, became liable to the per-acreage Tithe Commutation Rent Charge
COMMUTATION 853 COMPANY
fixed by the award {Trimmer v. Walsh, 32 L. J. Q. B. 364 ; 4 B. & S.
40). In that case Cockburn, C. J., pointed out that " Commutation *'
was not to be confounded with ** Apportionment,"* and Blackburn, J.,
distinguished it from '* Compensation." Cp Composition.
COMPANY. — An Obligation given to Trustees for an Unincorpo-
rated "Company" is valid; "Company," m that connection, means the
fluctuating or successive body of persons who, from time to time, form
the Co (Metcalf v. Bruin, 12 East, 400).
Referring to the phrase " Company, Association, or Partnership," s. 4,
Comp Act, 1862, James, L. J., said, " I believe the difference which was
meant, as the difference according to the vernacular we use in these things
between a Company or Association and an ordinary Partnership, is this :
An ordinary Partnership, is a partnership composed of definite individ-
uals bound together by contract between themselves to continue for some
joint object either during pleasure or during a limited time; but the part-
nership is essentially composed of the persons originally entering into
the contract with one another. A Company or Association — and I take
the terms to be really synonymous — is an arrangeibent by which parties
intend to have a partnership which will be constantly changing, that is
to say, to have a succession of partnerships, a partnership to-day consist-
ing of certain members, and to-morrow of some of those members only
and some others who have come in; so that there will be a constant shift-
ing of the partnership, a determination of the old and a creation of a new
partnership, and always formed with the intention that, so far as they
could by agreement between themselves, the new partnership should
take upon itself the assets and liabilities of the old partnership — an
object which as regards liability could not be effected in point of law by
any arrangement between the persons themselves, unless the persons con-
tracting with them bj' a novatio authorised the change, or unless by
special provisions in the Acts of Parliament, sanction was given to such
an arrangement. That is the sole distinction between Association and
Partnership " {Smith v. Anderson, 60 L. J. Ch. 49; 15 Ch. D. 273; Sv,
per Brett and Cotton, L.J J., who suggested distinctions between " Com-
pany " and " Association "). Fa, R, v. Registrar of Joint Stock Com-
panies, 1891, 2 Q. B. 598; 61 L. J. Q. B. 3; 65 L. T. 392; 39 W. R.
708; whlc was on " Company," s. 180, Comp Act, 1862.
The other "Co " to which a Co's property may be transferred under
8. 161, Comp Act, 1862, may be a Foreign Co {Exp. Fox, 40 L. J. Ch.
433; 6Ch. 176).
"Company" may include a Municipal Corporation {Wolverhampton
V. Bilston, cited Water Company).
In a Modern Act the meaning of " Company," or " the Company," will
generally be ascertained by referring to its Interp Clause, which usu-
ally defines the phrase according to the subject-matter of the Act, e.g.
23
COMPANY 854 COMPENSATION
quk Forged Transfers Act, 1891, 54 & 65 V. c. 43, " 'Company,' shall
mean, any Company incorporated by, or in pursuance of, any Act of
Parliament, or by Royal Charter " (s. 2).
" Co incorporated 6y Act of Parliament," within a Trustee's Invest-
ment Clause, does not include a Co formed under the Comp Act, 1862,
or 1 V. c. 73 ; but the phrase does include a Co created by a Charter
specially authorised by Parliament, and which Charter the Crown could
not grant without statutory power (Mve v. Boyton, 1891, 1 Ch. 501 ;
60 L. J. Ch. 383: Vf, Re Smith, cited By). FjTIncoepoeated.
Debentures of a " Mortgage, Loan, or other Incorporated Co, " s. 17,
Bills of Sale Act, 1882; in this phrase *^ other Incorporated Co" is not
to be read as ejusdem generis with the preceding words {Re Standard
Manufacturing Co, 1891, 1 Ch. 627; 60 L. J. Ch. 292; 39 W. R. 369;
over-ruling Jenkinson v. Brandley Co, 19 Q. B. D. 568; 35 W. R. 834) ;
but even if the rule were applied, any Incorporated Co authorised to
raise money on loan or mtge, ue, having Borrowing Powers, is within
the section {lb, : Sv now s. 14, Comp Act, 1900). But a Debenture by an
Industrial and Provident Socy is not within the section, because such a
Socy is not a Co at all {G, N, Ry v. Coal Co-operative Socy, 1896, 1 Ch.
187; 65 L. J. Ch. 214; 73 L. T. 443 ; 44 W. R. 252). Vf Debenture :
Bill of Sale.
" The Companies Acts, 1862 to 1893 " ; F. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
" The Companies Clauses Acts, 1845 to 1889 "; V. lb.
V, Business: Insurance Company: Joint Stock Company:
Railway Company: Trading and other Public Companies.
" Company's Funds "; V. Ry and Canal Traffic Act, 1888, s. 42 (3).
Proceedings of a Co ; V. Proceeding.
COMPASSIONATE ALLOWANCE. — A " Compassionate Allow-
ance " is a voluntary bounty, and not Income {Re Webber, V. Income).
COMPELLABLE. — An enactment that an ac<;used person shall be
" competent, but not compellable " to give evidence on the charge against
him, does not, even under the latter branch of the phrase, import that the
Judge is not to make comments to the Jury on the absence from the wit-
ness-box of the accused {Kops v. The Queen, 1894, A. C. 660; 64 L. J.
P. C. 34 ; 70 L. T. 890 ; 68 J. P. 668). Vf, R. v. Rhodes, cited Comment.
COMPENSATION.— "Compensation" in Conditions of Sale; F.
Cordingley v. Cheesebrough, 31 L. J. Ch. 617; 3 Giff. 496.
"Claim for Compensation," s. 9, V. & P. Act, 1874, includes claim
for non-delivery of Possession, or for removal of loose chattels {Re Lait^
wood, 36 S. J. 255). Cp Question.
"Fair and Reasonable Compensation," "Reasonable Compensation";
V. Reasonable.
V. Full Compensation.
I
COMPENSATION 855 COMPETENT
" Making Compensation " ; V, Satisfaction.
Compensation under Lands C. C. Act, 1845; V. House: Heredita-
msnt: Tenement: Injuriously affected: Ee Bailey and Isle of
Thanet Ry, 1900, 1 Q. B. 722; 69 L. J. Q. B. 442; 82 L. T. 713; 48
W. R. 589: Browne and Allan on Compensation: Cripps, lb.
"Compensation Allowances**] V. Courts of Justice Building Act,
1865, 28 & 29 V. c. 48, s. 2.
" Compensation for Loss or Damage/* Mer Shipping Act, 1876, s. 10,
is not the equivalent of Damages therefor (Dixon v. Calcraft, 1892,
1 Q. B, 468} 61 L. J. Q. B. 529; 66 L. T. 554; 40 W. R. 598; 56
J. P. 388).
r. Commutation.
COMPETE. — An agreement " not directly or indirectly to enter
into Competition " in a business, is not confined to a/itive competition;
and a physician, having entered into such contract on the sale of his
practice, is guilty of a breach if he attend a patient within the prohibited
district, even though he was called in without any solicitation on his
part, and though he recommended that some one else should be called
in, and though it be proved that his vendee would not have been called
in {Rogers v. Drury, 36 W. R. 496; 57 L. J. Ch. 504; 4 Times
Rep. 98). V. Restraint of Trade.
COMPETENT. — "Competent to dispose by Will of a Continuing
Interest," s. 21, Sucn Dy Act, 1853, means the quantity of the suc-
cessor's interest in the property subject to duty, and does not refer to
his mental capacity {A-G. v. Hallett, 27 L. J. Ex. 89; 2 H. & N. 368);
and the phrase includes the power (if executed) of a Tenant in Tail in
possession to enlarge his estate to a Fee Simple (Lilford v. A-G., 36
L. J. Ex. 116; L. R. 2 H. L. 63).
" Competent to dispose " of property, quk Finance Act, 1894 ; V, s. 22
(2 a): "A Child or other Issue " (of a testator) whose estate becomes
entitled to property under s. 33, Wills Act, 1837, is " at the time of his
death Competent to dispose " of such property, within s. 2 (1 a). Finance
Act, and, accordingly, it is " property Passing on the death " of the
Child or Issue and liable to Estate Duty (^e ScoU, 1900, 1 Q. B. 372;
69 L. J. Q. B. 121; affd 70 L. J. Q. B. 66) : As used at end of s. 5 (2),
Finance Act, V. A-G. v. Hay, 1899, 2 Q. B. 245; 68 L. J. Q. B. 557;
80 L. T. 712.
Parties " Competent " to make admissions^ s. 7, 21 & 22 V. c. 27,
include Assignees in Bankruptcy, and Married Women {Churchill v.
CoUery 1 N. R. 82) ; but not Infants ( Wilkinson v. Beat, 4 Mad. 408).
" Competent but not compellable " ; V, Compellable.
" Competent Court," s. 5 (2), Debtors Act, 1869 ; V. Washer v.
Elliott, 1 C. P. D. 173. 174.
COMPETENT 856 COMPLAINT
" Competent Magistrate " in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel
Islands, qnk Indictable Offences Act Amendment Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V-
c. 107; V. 8. 6.
Competent Surveyor; V, Sukveyor.
Culprit a Competent Witness] V. Stage: Commekt.
COMPETITION V. Compete.
COMPETITIVE.— "Competitive Place"; V. Distingtan Iron Co
V. Lond. & N. W, Ryy 6 Ry & Can Traffic Ca. 110.
" Competitive Station " ; V. Mid Ry v. G. W. Ry, 2 Ry & Can
Traffic Ca. 88.
COMPLAINANT.— Qui Petty Sessions (Ir) Act, 1851, 14 & 15 V.
c. 93, " Complainant " includes " Informant, or Prosecutor " (s. 44).
F. in Scotland, 38 & 39 V. c. 90, s. 14.
COMPLAINT. — Qui Magistrates, " where proceedings are taken by
way of 'Information,' or * Complaint,' which end, or may end, in a Cox-
viCTiON or Order, there are always two parties, — the person initiat-
ing the proceedings, and the person against whom the proceedings are
taken " (per Ld Herschell, Boulter v. Kent Jus,, cited Court op Sum-
mary Jurisdiction). " * Information ' is the initiatory step in pro-
ceedings of a Criminal nature which are to be disposed of summarily, —
while, I apprehend, the term ' Complaint ' designates the initiatory step
in summary proceedings of a Civil nature; but equally in both cases
there is contemplated the existence of a matter in controvers}'^ between
two parties " (per Hayes, J., Re Ditlon, 11 Ir. Com. Law Rep. 238).
An application to justices to settle Compensation under s. 22, Lands
C. C. Act, 1845, is not a " Complaint " within Jervis' Act, 11 & 12 V.
c. 43 {R. V. Hannay, 44 L. J. M. C. 27: /?. v. Edwards, 53 L. J. M. C.
149; 13 Q. B. D. ^Qi whlc over-rules Ee Edmundson, 21 L. J. M. C.
193; 17 Q. B. 67); nor are proceedings for enforcing a Public Rate a
"Complaint" (Sweetman v. Guest, 37 L. J. M. C. 59; L. R. 3 Q. B.
262; 32 J. P. 212 : R. v. Price, 5 Q. B. D. 300; 49 L. J. M. C. 49; 28
W. R. 615; 42 L. T. 539 ; 44 J. P. 248) ; but a Justice's Summons for
a Water Rate under, s. 74, 10 & 11 V. c. 17, is a " Complaint " (East
London W. W. Co v. Charles, 1894, 2 Q. B. 730; 63 L. J. M. C. 209;
71 L. T. 200; 42 W. R. 702 ; 58 J. P. 764).
Qu4 Petty Sessions (Ir) Act, 1851, " Complaint " includes " Informa-
tion " (s. 44).
V, Information: Arise.
The filing an affidavit in support of a notice of motion to set aside an
Award is a " Complaint," within 9 & 10 W. 3, c. 15, s. 2 {Re Rudders-
field and Jacomh, 44 L. J. Ch. 96; 10 Ch. 92: Smith v. Farkside Co,
50 L. J. Ex. 144; 6 Q. B. D. 67).
" Matter of Complaint "; V. Deface.
COMPLETE 357 COMPLETION
COMPLETE.— r. Perfect.
Complete Discharge) V, Re Moli/neux, cited Sole.
Complete Cargo \ V. Cargo.
Couiplete Contract 'j V. Subject to.
Complete Iiepair\ V. Joliffe v. Twyford^ cited Keep: Repair.
COMPLETED. — Execution completed; V, Execution.
Sales, &c " completed," Ord. 2 (a), Solrs Rem Ord, and Sch 1, Part 1,
lb.; V. Mortgage.
Scale Fee, for Completing Conveyance; V. Grey y. Curtice, cited Con-
veyance, at end.
COMPLETION. — Where a contract for sale stipulates that interest
on the unpaid purchase money shall be paid until "Completion," that
means, that interest shall be payable until the purchase money is paid
{LewU V. S. W. Ry, 22 L. J. Ch. 209; 10 Hare, 113). In delivering
judgment in that case, Turner, V. C, said: — " The question is, what is
the meaning of the words * until the Completion of the Purchase ' ?
Those words may no doubt import, and generally perhaps would be con-
strued to refer to, the complete conveyance of the estate and final settle-
ment of the business. But I do not think that is the only or necessary
meaning of the words. They may mean, until the completion of the
purchase by the purchaser, on whose part the purchase is completed, on
the payment of the purchase money by him. ... Is it reasonable to
construe the words as importing that interest is to be paid on the pur-
chase money until the final completion of the purchase, although the
purchase money itself might be paid long before ? I think it would be
unreasonable to put such a construction on the words, the more so when
it is considered that interest is the compensation for the delay in the pay-
ment of the principal. That an agreement might be so expressed as to
make interest on the purchase money payable up to the final completion
of the purchase by the conveyance of the estate, although the purchase
money itself was sooner paid, need not be denied; but I think very
strong words would be required for the purpose, and that the terms of
this agreement do not warrant such a construction. "
Commission "on Completion of the Purchase," means, completion of
the purchase of the whole subject-matter of the contract; failing which
the commission will not be payable unless that full completion be hin-
dered by the default of him by whom it is to be paid {Lott v. Outhwaite,
10 Times Rep. 76).
Where a builder is to be paid on the " Completion " of a Building,
such completion is, generally, a question of fact, independont of the
Architect's Certificate, unless such certificate is clearly made a Condition
Precedent to the payment {Lewis v, Hoare^A:\ L. T. C6: Vh, Scott v.
Liverpool, 28 L. J. Ch. 230; 3 D. G. & J. 334: 1 Hudson, 140, 287).
COMPLETION 368 COMPOSITION
But, generally, in Bg Contracts, when an Architect or Surveyor is em-
ployed, it will be found that "Completion," means "Certified Comple-
tion " {Cunliffe V. Hampton Wick^ cited Several).
Where the contract price for a Chattel is to be paid within a stated
time from its " Completion," that means, its substantial completion; and
the time will not be extended by mere alterations and improvements to
the chattel made in the hope of satisfying the purchaser (per Erie, J.,
Parsons v. Saxter, 2 C. & K. 266).
Salary of Manager " to commence from Completion " of the contract,
by his employer, for the property or business to be managed; V. Brown-
ing V. Great Central Mining Co, 6 H. & N. 856; 29 L. J. Ex. 399.
Commission " on the Completion of the Loading, or should the Vessel
be lost"; V. Ward y. Weir, 4 Com. Ca. 216; distinguishing Sibson v.
Barcraig Co, 24 Sess. Ca. 4th Ser. 91.
Completion of Works; V. Works.
COMPOSE.— To "Compose" a Book, Copyright Act, 1842, does
not mean to " copy or write from dictation, it obviously means, Compose
in the sense of being the Author " ( Waiter v. Lane, cited Authob).
COMPOSER. — r. Author.
COMPOSITEURS.— F. Amiables Compositeurs.
COMPOSITION. — A "Composition with Creditors'' is an Ab-
RANOEMENT between a Debtor and his Creditors (or some of them, Sharp
V. Cosserat, 20 Bea. 470; 3 W. R. 473), whereby the latter agree with
the Debtor (and mutually amongst themselves) to receive, and the
Debtor agrees to pay, an agreed proportion less than 20^. in the B, in
satisfaction of the debts due or accruing due from the Debtor to the
Creditors. Cp Compound.
A cessio bonorum is not a " Composition with Creditors " disqualifying
a member of a Local Board under R. 5, Sch 2, P. H. Act, 1876 (-B. v.
Cooban, 56 L. J. M. C. 33). In that case Denman, J. (obiter), was of
opinion that the " Composition " struck at by the Rule was one effected
under the Bankry Act, 1869; whilst Hawkins, J., was " inclined to think
that this disqualifying Rule would include not only Compositions under
the Bankry Act, 1869, but also Private Compositions with Creditors by
deed."
A " Composition " of a Poor Rate (proviso (1), s. 7, Rep People Act,
1867), includes not only the case of an Owner paying less than the full
amount by agreement, but also where he pays a less amount by Vestry
Order under the Small Tenements Act {Trotter v. Trevor^ 38 L. J. C. P.
51; L. R. 4 C. P. 502). Vf, Mason v. Bennett, 38 L. J. C. P. 48; L. R.
4 C. P. 502.
Composition for Tithes, is an agreement to pay money in lieu of
COMPOSITION 859 COMPTABLE
Tithes: Fl Jacob, Composition, "Compositions for Tithes, "" Persons
entitled to Compositions for Tithes"; V. Tithe Kent Charge (Ir) Act,
1838, 1 & 2 V. c. 109, s. 54. Cp Commutation.
" Compositions," in exception to definition of " Bentf" s. 1, 3 & 4 W. 4,
c. 27 ; V, Irish Land Commission v. Ghranty cited Rent.
COMPOUND. — To "Compound" a Debt, is to abate a part on
receiving the residue {Haskins v. Newcomb, 2 Johns. 408). " If there
is a binding arrangement for discharge of the debt from which neither
party can recede and with which the creditor is satisfied, it is a com-
pounding, though something still remains to be done " (per Patteson, J.,
Fennell v. RJwdes, 9 Q. B. 129; 16 L. J. Q. B. 356). C>, Composition:
COMPROMISB.
" 'Compounding Felony, or Theft-Bote,' is where the party robbed,
not only knows the Felon but also, takes his goods again, or other
amends, upon agreement not to prosecute " (Jacob). But it can hardly
be correct to say that this Offence is the same as Theft-Bote, for that
ancient Offence was not committed where a man took back his own goods
(F. Bote, "Theft-Bote").
Compounded Drug; V, Beardsl&y y. Walton, 1900, 2 Q. B. 1; 69
L. J. Q. B. 344; 82 L. T. 119; 64 J. P. 436.
Compound Settlement; V. Settlement.
COMPREHENSIVENESS.— V. Generality.
COMPRISE.— V. Include.
Other Claim " Comprised in the same Account," s. 9, 19 & 20 V. c. 97,
means, " *that would have been comprehended' in it; t.c. that would
have been an item in the account demanded" (perLd Westbury, KnoxY.
Gye, L. R. 5 H. L. 673; 42 L. J. Ch. 238).
COMPRISING. — "Comprising" imports interpretation, like
Namely, or That is to say, e.g. "All my farming stock. Com-
prising," so many horses &c {Jones t. Roberts, 34 S. J. 254).
COMPROMISE. — " 'Compromise,' is a mutual promise of two or
more parties that are at controversie " (Termes de la Ley).
" A Compromise takes place when there is a question of doubt, and the
parties agree not to try it out but to settle it between themselves by a
give-and-take arrangement " (per Kay, L. J., Huddersjield Bank v.
Lister, 1895, 2 Ch. 285).
"Modification or Compromise " of rights; V, Modification: Com-
pound.
" Compromise or Akbangement," s. 2, 33 & 34 V. c. 104; Vh Buckl.
630.
COMPTABLE. — V. Exchange Bank of Canada v. The Queen,
55 L. J. P. C. 5; 11 App. Ca. 157; 54 L. T. 802.
COMPTROLLER 860 CONCEALED FRAUD
COMPTROLLER. — Stat. Def., Patents, &c Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V.
c. 57, 8. 117.
" Comptroller and Auditor General "; T. 40 & 41 V. c. 2, s. 2, c. 45,
8. 6; 42 & 43 V. c. 45, s. 5.
COMPULSORY POWERS. — "Injury or Loss in consequence of
any Compulsory Powers of taking property," s. 1 (1), 55 & 56 V. c. 27,
means, in consequence of the Exercise of such powers, which a mere
Notice to Treat (though followed by a Contract) is not (Guest v. Poole,
&c Ryj 39 L. J. C. P. 329; L. R. 5 C. P. 553: Re Uxbridge, &c Ry,
59 L. J. Ch. 409; 43 Cb. D. 536; 62 L. T. 347; 38 W. R. 644); nor
are the charges of a landowner's Solr or Surveyor (incurred in conse-
quence of such Notice) " Injury or Loss " within the phrase {Re UxhridgCj
&c Rt/f sup). Cp " Reasonable Compensation," sub Reasonable.
Where a Ry or Canal Co have power, on notice, to take the Mines
under the Ry or Canal, but failing the exercise of such power the Owner
may work the Mines, provided that in such working " No Injury " be
done to the Ry or Canal, — the words " No Injury " are " to be construed
with some qualification, and as meaning (1) That the party working the
mines is to do no unnecessary damage or injury, or (2) No extraordinary
damage or injury by working them out of the ordinary and usual mode "
(Dudley Canal Co v. Grazebrook, 1 B. & Ad. 59 ; approved in G^ W. Ry
V. Bennett, 36 L. J. Q. B. 133 ; L. R. 2 H. L. 27, and distd in Knowles
v. Lane. & Y. Ry, 59 L. J. Q. B. 39 ; 14 App. Ca. 248: on whlcv, Cham-
ber Colliery Co v. Rockdale Canal Co, 1895, A. C. 564; 64 L. J. Q. B.
645, and New Moss Colliery Co v. Manchester S. & L. Ry, 1897, 1 Ch.
726; 66 L. J. Ch. 381; 76 L. T. 231; 45 W. R. 493). F/* Damage.
COMPULSORY REFERENCE.— A reference for Trial to an
Official Referee, under R. 7 (a), Ord. 36, R. S. C, is not a " Compulsory
Reference to Arbitration," within s. 8, Jud. Act, 1884 (Munday v.
Norton, cited Arbitration).
CONCEAL. — Qui the Contract of Insurance, " < Concealment,'
properly so called, means. Non-disclosure of a fact which it is a man's
duty to disclose " (per Jessel, M. R., London Assrce v. Mansel, 11 Ch.
D. 370; 48 L. J. Ch. 334).
CONCEALED FRAUD. — "Concealed Fraud," s. 26, Real Prop-
erty Limitation Act, 1833, " does not mean the case of a party entering
wrongfully into Possession; it means, a case of designed fraud by which
a party, knowing to whom the Right belongs, conceals the circumstances
giving that right, and, by means of such concealment, enables himself to
enter and hold" (per Kiudersley, V. C, Petre v. Petre, 1 Drew. 397:
Vf, Vane v. Vane, 8 Ch. 383; 21 W. R. 66; 27 L. T. 534: Re McCal-
lum, 49 W. R. 129) : — As to what particular acts amount to such
CONCEALED FRAUD 361 CONCERNED IN
« Concealed Fraud," V. Sturgis v. Morse, 24 Bea. 541; 3 D. G. & J. 1:
Vane v. Vane, sup: Trevelyan v. Charter, 11 CI. & F. 714; 4 L. J. Ch.
209: Metropolitan Bank v. Heiron, 5 Ex. D. 319; 29 W. R. 370;
43 L. T. 676: Price v. Berrington, 3 M. & G. 486: Molton v. Camroux^
2 Ex. 487; 4 lb. 17: Lewis v. Thomas, 3 Hare, 26: 3fan5y v. Bewick,
3 K. & J. 343 : Dartmouth v. iS/n«/<i, 19 W. R. 444; 24 L. T. 67: Bean
V. Thwaite, 21 Bea. 621 (on whlcv Ecclesiustical Commrs v. iST. ^. jRy,
4 Ch. D. 845; 36 L. T. 174, Ashton v. Stock, 25 W. R. 862, and
Williams v. Raggett, 46 L. J. Ch. 849) : Trotter v. Maclean, 13 Ch. D.
674; 49 L. J. Ch. 256; 28 W. R. 244; 42 L. T. 118: ChethamY.
Hoare, L. R. 9 Eq. 671; 39 L. J. Ch. 376; 22 L. T. 57: Willis v,
Howe, 1893, 2 Ch. 545; 62 L. J. Ch. 690; 69 L. T. 358; 41 W. R. 433:
Thorne v. Heard, 1895, A. C. 495; 63 L. J. Ch. 356; 64 lb. 652;
73 L. T. 291; 44 W. R. 156: Be Lands Allotment Co, 1894, 1 Ch.
616; 63 L. J. Ch. 291; 70 L. T. 286; 42 W. R. 404: ^e Lacy, cited
A : Be Astley & Tyldesley Co, 68 L. J. Q. B. 262, in whU Ecclesiastical
Commrs v. N. E, By, sup, was not followed.
V. Reasonable Diligence: Fraud.
CONCEALMENT. — A Policy of Marine Insrce " is always said to
be uberrimcB fidei " (per Cleasby, B., Harrower v. Hutchinson, L. R.
6 Q. B. 695). '' Concealment, " in such a contract, " is the suppression
of, or neglect to communicate, a Material Fact within the knowledge
of one of the parties which the other has not the means of knowing, or
is not presumed to know. A ' Material Fact, ' is one which is calculated,
if communicated to the other of the parties, to induce him either to
refrain altogether from the contract, or not to enter into it except on
more favourable terms " (Am. 658, citing per Tindal, C. J., Elton v.
Larkins, 5 C. & P. 392: Vf, Carter v. Boehm, 3 Burr. 1909: Har-
rower v. Hutchinson, L. R. 5 Q. B. 584; 39 L. J. Q. B. 229; 10 B. &
S. 469; 22 L. T. 684). T. Conceal.
" Suppression or Concealment " ; V. Suppress.
CONCERN. — "Trade, Manufacture, Adventure, or Concern," In-
come Tax Act; F. Trade.
CONCERNED. — "Concerned as Officer to prosecute," s. 3, 6 & 6
W. & M. c 11, does not mean Bound to prosecute; those are" concerned
to prosecute " " whose duty it is to do so, though the duty be only one of
imperfect obligation " (per Campbell, C. J., B, v. , 15 Q. B. 1066),
e.g. that of Guardians to prosecute for ill-usage of a Child received
into their Workhouse. Vf, B. v. Waldegrave, 2 Q. B. 341-
F. Party Concerned.
CONCERNED IN.— A Shareholder in a Co, which Co has a con-
tract with a Local Authority, would seem not to be " concerned in *' that
CONCERNED IN 862 CONCLUSIVE
contract within 8. 193, P. H. Act, 1875 (per Brett, M. R., Todd v.
Robinson, 54 L. J. Q. B. 47; 14 Q. B. D. 739; 52 L. T. 120; 49 J. P.
278). But to do part of a work, or to supply part of the materials for a
work, for another, knowin<; that that other has contracted with a Local
Authority to do the work, is to be " concerned in " the bargain or con-
tract for the work within R. 64, Sch 2, of the Act just cited, or s. 34,
33 & 34 V. c. 75 {Nutton v. WlUon, 58 L. J. Q. B. 443; 22 Q. B. D.
744; 37 W. R. 522; 53 J. P. 644: Bamade v. dark, 1900, 1 Q. B.
279; 69 L. J. Q. B. 15; 81 L. T. 484; 64 J. P. 87). So, of a Retiring
Partner who, notwithstanding his retirement, remains liable on a con-
tract that his firm had entered into with the Local Authority {Cox v.
Ambrose, 60 L. J. Q. B. 114; 65 J. P. 23; 7 Times Rep. 59). Cp,
Interested in: Engage in.
F. Bargain or Contract.
Acting as a salaried servant, is being ** concerned in " a business within
a Covenant not to be concerned in such a business (Hill v. HUlf 55 L. T.
769; 35 W. R. 137; 51 J. P. 246; 3 Times Rep. 144: Jones v.
Heavens, 4 Ch. D. 636). V. Restraint op Trade.
The owner of a vessel who knowingly lets it to be employed in
Smuggling, is "concerned in" the illegally unshipping of the goods,
within s. 46, 8 & 9 V. c. 87 (A-G. v. Bobson, 20 L. J. Ex. 188; 5 Ex.
790). V. Unshipfing.
" Concerned in " sale of Steerage Passages ; F. Morriss v. Howdeiij
cited Passage Broker.
F. Carry on.
CONCERNING.— F. Of and Concerning.
CONCLUSIVE.— F. Final and Conclusive.
" Binding and Conclusive " ; F. Inconsistent.
CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE. — Anything which is duly prescribed
as ^* Conclusive Evidence " of a fact, is absolute evidence of such fact, as
well criminally as civilly, for all purposes for which it is so made evi-
dence {R, V. Levi, 34 L. J. M. C. 174: R. v. Robinson, L. R.1 C. C.R.
80).
The phrase is also used in its large sense in s. b\, Comp Act, 1862,
qua the declaration by a Chairman of the result of a voting at a meeting
(BrynmawT Coal Co, W. N. (77) 45, cited Buckl. 212); and such a
declaration cannot be challenged by contradictory evidence (per James,
L. J., Re Gold Co, 48 L. J. Ch. 286 : per Cozens-Hardy, J., Re Bad-
leigh Castle Co, 1900, 2 Ch. 419; 69 L. J. Ch. 631; not following
Young v. S, African Co, 1896, 2 Ch. 268; 65 L. J. Ch. 638; 44 W. R.
509, whlc is, semble, over-ruled by Arnot v. United Afjncan Lands, 1901,
1 Ch. 518. Vf, Re Horburij Bridge Co, 48 L. J. Ch. 341; 11 Ch. D.
109). Cp, Barraclough v. Greenhough, cited Sufficient Evidence.
CONCLUSIVE 863 CONDITION
By the last sentence of s. 18, Comp Act, 1862, the Certificate of Incor-
poration of a Co was " Conchisive Evidence " of its due Eegistration, i.e,
" that the only evidence of the Incorporation which the Court can receive
is the Certificate," a ruling which seems also applicable to the Notice
from the Board of Trade of the Abandonment of a Tramway under s.*18,
33 & 34 V. c. 78 (per Kekewich, J., Ee Dudley Trams Co, 69 L. T. 711 ;
42 W. R. 126; 63 L. J. Ch. 108). But, semble, a Certificate of Incor-
poration might be challenged {Re National Debenture Corp, 1891, 2 Ch.
505 ; 60 L. J. Ch. 533: Ladies Dress Assn v. Fulbrook, 68 L. J. Q. B.
871: Sv, Feel's Case, 2 Ch. 674; 36 L. J. Ch. 757: Ee Salomon, cited
Bona fide) ; secus, of a Certificate of the Registration of a resolution
for Reduction of Capital, under s. 15, Comp Act, 1867 {Ladies Dress
Assn V. Fulbrook, 1900, 2 Q. B. 376 ; 69 L. J. Q. B. 705; 49 W. R. 6)
Note. The last sentence of a. 18, Comp Act, 1862, is repealed by Comp
Act, 1890, and is replaced by s. 1 (1) of that latter Act.
Conclusive Evidence of right to Vote at a Co'a Meeting ; V. Wall v.
London & NoHhem Assets Corp^ 1899, 1 Ch. 550 ; 68 L. J. Ch. 248 ;
80 L. T. 70.
A Bill op Lading is not, under s. 3, 18 & 19 V. c. Ill, " Conclusive
Evidence " " as to the statement of Marks upon the goods shipped, where
those Marks do not affect, or denote, Substance, Quality, or Commercial
Value " (per Kennedy', J., Farsons v. New Zealand Co, 69 L. J. Q. B.
422; 1900, 1 Q. B. 714; 82 L. T. 327).
Cp, Prima facie Evidence: Sufficient Evidence: Final and
Conclusive.
CONCLUSIVE PROOF, —r. Proof: " Clear and Positive Proof,"
8ub Clear.
CONCORD. — Semble, a Concord is synonymous with an Accord ( V.
Termes de la Ley, Concord). It also specially indicated the agreement
on levying a Fine, " as to how and in what manner the lands should be
passed "(lb.).
CONDEMNATION. — "A Ship warranted * free from American
Condemnation,' was driven on the American shore, and there seized and
condemned; held, the Underwriters were discharged " (Park, 137, citing
Livie V. Janson, 12 East, 648). Cp, Capture : Consequences.
CONDITION. — " * Condition,' is a restraint or bridle annexed and
joyned to a thing, so that by the not performance or not doing thereof
the partie to the condition shall receive prejudice and losse, and, by the
performance and doing of the same, commoditie and advantage " (Termes
de la Ley). All Conditions are, (1) Conditions in Deed, i.e, actual and
expressed; or (2) Conditions in Law, i. e. implied: and, again, all Con-
ditions are (a) Conditions Frecedent^ i.e. the sine qua non to getting the
CONDITION 864 CONDITION
thing; or (b) Conditions Subsequent, which keep and continue the thing
(lb., whv). Vf, Jacob, Condition: 2 Cru. Dig. Title 14: 3 Encyc. 250.
As to when Conditions are Precedent or Subsequent, V. 30 Law Jour.
686: Porter v. Shephard^ 6 T. E. 665: MoHon v. Lamb, 7 lb. 12o:
Lofidon Guarantie Co v. Feamley, 5 App. Ca. 911; 43 L. T. 390; 28
W. R. 893; 45 J. P. 4: Cooper v. L. B, & S. Ry, 48 L. J. Ex. 434;
4 Ex. D. 88: Barnard v. Fader, cited Warranty: If.
** A Condition is a clause of restraint in a deed, or a bridle annexed and
joined to an estate," — or transaction, — "staying and suspending the
same, and making it uncertain whether it shall take effect or no " (Touch.
81, 117: CoUhirst v. Bejuahin, Plowd. 32 a, 33 a), and it may be bj
parol. Thus an antecedent, — or, as it would seem, a contemporaneous,
— parol agreement to repay by instalments a loan secured by a Bill of
Sale, and thereby made otherwise payable, is a " Condition " within the
words " Defeasance, Condition, or Declaration of Trust " in the Bills of
S. Acts (s. 2, Act 1854, s. 10 (3), Act 1878), and as such must be written
on the same paper or parchment as the Bill of Sale and registered with
it {Exp. Southam, 43 L. J. Bank. 39; L. R. 17 Eq. 578). So, of a col-
lateral document which shows that the true and entire bargain (with its
rights, liabilities, and consequences) is not expressed by the Bill of S.
(Coufisdl Y. London & Westminster Loan Co, 56 L. J. Q. B. 622; 19
Q. B. D. 512: Edwards v. Marcus, 1894, 1 Q. B. 587; 63 L. J. Q. B.
363; 70 L. T. 182; 1 Manson, 70 ; disapproving Exp, Collins, 44 L. J.
Bank. 78; 10 Ch. 367. Vf,Linfoot v. PockeU, 1895, 2 Ch. 835; 64
L. J. Ch. 752; 73 L. T. 197; 44 W. R. 66).
But an agreement not to register, is not such a " Condition " {Ex p.
Popplewell, 52 L. J. Ch. 39; 21 Ch. D. 73); nor, semble, a contempo-
rary agreement letting on hire the goods to the grantor {Ex p. McShane,
29 S. J. 70); nor an understanding that the grantor is to pay off forth-
with a Bill of S. which the grantee already holds {Tlwmas v. Searles^
cited True Owner).
A Condition Repugnant, can hardly be called a Condition at all, be-
cause it is void. Vh, Bradley v. Peixoto, 3 Ves. 324 : Be Dugdale, 57
L. J. Ch. 634; 38 Ch. D. 176.
F. Defeasance: Reservation: Provided always.
Condition ina Charter-Party; V. Warranty: "Now in the Port
of A.," sub Now: Carver, 160-172.
As to Devises and Bequests, on Condition; F. 2 Jarm. ch. 27: Wms.
Exs. 1122 et seq.
Sometimes a Devise upon an " Express Condition " may connote no
more than a Trust enforceable against the devisee, and not a Condition
the breach of which the heir may take advantage of by way of Forfei-
ture ( Wright V. Wilkin, 31 L. J. Q. B. 196; 2 B. & S. 259).
As to Estates upon Condition; F. Co. Litt. 1. 3, ch. 5: Touch, ch. 6:
If. Apt words may create both a Condition and a Covenant {Doe d.
CONDITION 865 CONDITIONS
Henntkerv. Watt, 8 B. & C. 308, and authorities there cited). Vf, Pro-
tided always: Stipulated.
As to Conditions in Deeds; V. Elph. eh. 29.
In a gift for a Charity, little use can he made of " Condition " ; it
may raean, " Intent and Purpose," and as creating a Trust and nothing
more (A-G. ▼. Wax Chandlers Co^ L. R. 6 H. L. 1; 42 L. J. Ch. 425;
28L. T. 681; 21 W. R, 361).
A Lease ''upon Condition that" the lessee shall do certain things,
amounts to a covenant by the lessee to do them (Elph. 411). " Condi-
tions are most properly created by using the word 'Condition,' or the
words * On Condition ' ; but the word commonly and as effectoally made
use of, is, that of 'provided' (Touch. 122: Co. Litt. 146 b: V. Pro-
viso). The words ' Covenant * and ' Condition,' when used in an agree-
ment, do not necessarily mean a Covenant under seal, or a Condition in
the strict legal sense of the word, but may, in order to effectuate the rn-
tention of the parties, be construed to mean, ' Contract or Stipulation ' "
(Woodf. 192, citing ffayne v. Cummingsj 16 C. B. N. S. 421). Cp
Covenant.
Condition excusing non -performance of Contract; V. Demurrage, at
end.
"Condition," of House as reasonably fit for Habitation, Housing of
the Working Classes Act, 1885, 48 & 49 V. c. 72, s. 12; V. Walker v.
Hohhs, 69 L. J. Q. B. 93; 23 Q. B. I). 458; 38 W. R. 63; 61 L. T, 688;
64 J. P. 199. Cpy Good Coxditiox.
" Condition " of Machinery; V, Defect.
CONDITIONAL. — Conditional Acceptance, is one " which makes
payment by the Acceptor dependent on the fulfilment of a Condition
therein stated " (s. 19 (2 a), Bills of Exchange Act, 1882) : e,g. Smith v.
Vertue, 30 L. J, C. P. m.
Conditional Will] V. Testament.
CONDITIONS. — " Privileges and Conditions "; V. Privilege.
Reasonable Conditions; V. Keasonable.
Conditions of Sale ; for examples of. Stringent ones, V. Corrall v.
Cattellj 8 L. J. Ex. 225; 4 M. & W. 734: ScoU v. Alvarez, cited In-
vestigating:—Misleading ones, r. Rhodes v. Ibhetson, 23 L. J. Ch.
469; 4 D. G. M. & G. 787: Cruse v. Nowell, 25 L. J. Ch. 709: Bey-
wood V. MaUalieu, 63 L. J. Ch. 492; 25 Ch. D. 357: Re Marsh and
Granville^ 63 L. J. Ch. 81; 24 Ch. D. 11: Nottingham Brick Co. v.
Butler, &5 L. J. Q. B. 280; 16 Q. B. D. 778: Re Sandbach and Ed-
mondsony 1891, 1 Ch. 99; 60 L. J. Ch. 60. F/t, Webster, on Conditions
of Sale : 3 Encyc. 266-263.
CONDITIONS AS PER CHARTER-PARTY.— "Other Condi-
tions as per Charter-Party ": This phrase in a Bill of Lading does not
CONDITIONS 866 CONDONATION
bring in those clauses of the Charter-Party which are inconsistent with
the Bill of Lading {Gardner v. Trechmann, 15 Q. B. D. 154; 54 L. J.
Q. B. 515). The effect of the phrase, " Freight and other Conditions, as
per Charter-Party " " has been considered more than once : it has been
considered in Serraino v. Campbell (1891, 1 Q. B. 283; 60 L. J. Q. B.
303), and also in Fry v. Chartered Mercantile Bank of India (35 L. J.
C. P. 306; L. B. 1 C. P. 689); and the effect of the reference is to in-
corporate so much of the Charter-Party as relates to the payment of
freight and other conditions to be performed on the delivery of the cargo.
But there is no authority whatever for incorporating more than that "
(per Lindley, L. J., Manchester Trust v. Fwnessj 1895, 2 Q. B. 545;
64 L. J. Q. B. 769, 770, cited and adopted by Smith, L. J., Diederich-
sen V, Farquharson, 1898, 1 Q. B. 150; 2 Com. Ca. 87; 67 L. J. Q. B.
103; 77 L. T. 543; 46 W. B. 162), e.g. the phrase does not throw on
the Consignee a liability for Demurrage at the Port of Loading over
which he had no control ( County of Lancaster S. S. v. SharpCy 59 L. J.
Q. B. 22; 24 Q. B. D. 158: Smith v. Sieveking, 5 E. & B. 589); secus^
" for Demurrage accruing from his own delay in the Port of Discharge "
(per Jervis, C. J., Smith v. Sievekiny, referring to Jesson v. Solly,
4 Taunt. 52, and Wegener v. Smith, 24 L. J. C. P. 25; 15 C. B. 285).
Vf "Paying Freight," sub Paying: Other: Abbott, 347-349.
CONDONATION. — "Condonation," b a conclusion of fact, not of
law; and means the complete forgiveness and blotting out (even to the
extent of surrendering all claim for damages against the adulterer, Bern-
stein V. B,j inf) of a conjugal offence, followed by Cohabitation, — the
whole being done with the full knowledge of all the circumstances of the
particular offence forgiven {Peacock v. Peacock^ 27 L. J. P. & M. 71 ;
1 Sw. & Tr. 184: Keats v. Keats, 28 L. J. P. & M. 57: Seller v. Seller,
lb. 99) ; — an unknown conjugal offence, neither affects nor is affected by
such a Condonation {Bernstein v. Bernstein, 1893, P. 292 ; 63 L. J.
P. D. & A. 3; 69 L. T. 513). Once accomplished, it has been said that
Condonation is final {Gandy v. Gandy, 51 L. J. P. D. & A. 41 ; 7 P. D.
168: Rose v. Rose, 52 L. J. P. D. & A. 25; 8 P. D. 98; Vthlc, Dowl-
ing V. Dowling, 1898, P. 228; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 8). In Rose v.
Rose, Jessel, M. B., said, — "I think that the notion of bygones being
bygones is as important between husband and wife as between any other
persons "; and he scouted what he called " the old monkish doctrine " of
Condonation being conditional on future fidelity; but, almost simultane-
ously, the President of the P. D. & A. Div. laid it down that " the legal
definition of Condonation is Forgiveness upon Condition that no matri-
monial offence shall be committed in the future " {Blandford v. Bland-
ford, 52 L. J. P. D. & A. 17; 8 P. D. 19: Vf Curtis v. Curtis, 28 L. J.
P. & M. 55; 1 Sw. & Tr. 192; 31 L. T. O. S.272: Norrisy. Norris,
30 L. J. P. & M. Ill: Dent v. Dent, 34 L, J. P. & M. 118 ; 4 Sw. &
CONDONATION 867 CONDUCT
Tr. 105: Moore v. Moore, 1892, P. 382 ; 62 L. J. P. D. & A. 10 : Holers
V. Rogers J 63 L. J. P. D. & A. 103: Armstrong v. Armstrong , 32 lilias.
289).
Husband and Wife sleeping together in the same bed is strong evi-
dence of, but of itself does not constitute, Condonation ; the real fact to
be got at is, Forgiveness, — which may be absent although the parties
sleep together {Hall v. Hall, 1891, P. 302; 60 L. J. P. D. & A. 73).
For clause in Separation Deed giving Condonation, V. Rose v. Rose,
sup: Cp^ Gooch v. Gooch^ cited Commenced.
However precise the Condonation, it does not prevent the forgiven act
from being set up as a Defence to the Court granting a claimed relief; for
though the parties '' may contract themselves out of their rights, they
cannot contract the Court out of its duty" (per Jeune, P., Gooch v.
Gooch^ sup) ; therefore, Condonation is no answer to the King's Proc-
tor's intervention {Goode v. Goode, 30 L. J. P. M. & A. 105; 2 Sw. &
Tr. 253: McCord v. McCord, 44 L. J. P. & M. 38; L. R. 3 P. & D.
237: Boucher v. Boucher, 9 Times Rep. 70).
CONDUCE. — ''According to the received meaning of the word
'conduce,' I think that what has conduced an effect must in some sense
have caused it, or contributed to it; and the conducing cause must be
such as, if not directly at least indirectly, might at the time be contem-
plated as likely somehow to contribute to " that effect (per Campbell,
C. J., Cummington v. Cummington, 28 L, J. P. & M. 102 ; 1 Sw. & Tr.
476) ; and, accordingly, it was held in that case that " Wilful Neglect
or Misconduct " conducing to adultery, s. 31, Matrimonial Causes Act,
1857, means, marital neglect or misconduct, and not such compulsory ab-
sence as is occasioned by a term of imprisonment. It means also such
neglect or misconduct as has led up to the respondent's fall from virtue,
— le. the. first lapse (St. Paul v. St. Paul, 38 J. L. P. & M. 57; L. R.
1 P. & D. 739: Millard v. Millard, 78 L. T. 471).
Vfj on the phrase cited, Allen v. Allen, 28 L. J. P. & M. 81: Bad-
cock V. Badcock, 31 L* T. O. S. 268 : Proctor v. Proctor, 34 L. J. P. & M.
99: DeHng v. Dering, L. R 1 P. & D. 531: Davies v. Dairies, 32 L. J.
P. & M. Ill: Hawkins v. Hawkins, 54 L. J. P. D. & A. 94; 10 P. D.
177: Sr/nge v. Synge, cited Desertion: Burdon v. Burdon, 69 L. J.
P. D. & A. 118. As to the exercise by the Court of the discretion given
by the section, V. Starhuck v. Starbuck, 59 L. J. P. D. & A. 20:
Parry v. Parry, 1896, P. 87; 65 L. J. P. D. & A. 35; 73 L. T. 759:
Symons v. Syjnons, 1897, P. 167; 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 81; 77 L. T. 142.
CONDUCIVE. — V. Incidental: Incidental or Conducive.
CONDUCT. — Tlie "Conduct" of a Bankrupt which, under s. 28,
Bankry Act, 1883, repld s. 8, Bankry Act, 1890, has to be considered on
his application for an Order of Discharge, is such as has had something
CONDUCT 868 CONDUCT
to do with producing his baiikry; therefore, his refusal to be medically
examined, in order that a policy might be effected on his life so as to
add value to a reversionary contingent interest dependent on his life, is
not " Conduct " which can be so considered (Re Betts, 56 L. J. Q. B.
370; 19 Q. B. D. 39; 35 W. R. 530), for the Court has no power to
order him to submit to such an examination (Re Gamett, 55 L. J. Q. 6.
77), and " the word ' Conduct * in s. 28 does not include general mis-
conduct, not, for example, immoral conduct such as a breach of promise
of marriage " (per Lopes, L. J., Re Betts^ sup), unless such conduct, e.g.
damages in an action for Breach of Promise of Marriage, has caused the
baukry (Re Betts, nom. Board of Trade v. Block, affd in H. L., 58
L. J. Q. B. 113; 13 App. Ca. 570; 4 Times Rep. 770: Re Barker, 59
L. J. Q. B. 331; 26 Q. B. D. 285; 38 W. R. 609). fj Affairs.
But s. 32, Bankry Act, 1883, which provides for the removal of a
Bankrupt's Disqualifications, is not affected by ss. 24, 28; and in order
to obtain a certificate that his bankruptcy " was caused by misfortune,
without any misame^MC^ on his part," the Bankrupt must show that it
was caused by "misfortune," — i.e. something unforeseen which could
not ordinarily be guarded against; and was not attributable to "miscon-
duct,"— i.e. conduct either legally or morally blameworthy (Re Bur-
gess, 35 W. R. 702; 57 L. T. 200). In tliat case the bankruptcy had
arisen through the bankrupt having been convicted of Libel, and
sentenced to 3 months' imprisonment and to pay the costs of the
prosecution.
"Conduct," s. 17 (1), Bankry Act, 1883, relates to matters referred
to in s. 28 (per Russell, C. J., R. v. Erdheim, 1896, 2 Q. B. 260; 65
L. J. M. C. 179; 74 L. T. 734; 44 W. R. 607). The phrase in that
section is, " Conduct, Dealings, and Property," and, " unless * Con-
duct ' and * Dealings ' mean exactly the same thing, * Dealings ' are mat-
ters connected with the debtor's bankry and * Conduct' is the man's
general conduct; and there seems to be nothing at all improper or unfair
in saying, that a man of good character who becomes a bankrupt may be
dealt with by the Court in one way, and that a man of bad character,
guilty of long antecedent fraud and so forth, may be treated very differ-
ently. The word * Conduct ' seems to me to be used with great accuracy
to enlarge the scope of the enquiry and to make the General Conduct of
a bankrupt a part of the materials which are before the Court when the
Court has to consider what, upon the whole, is the just way of dealing
with the bankrupt after the adjudication proceedinirs " (per Coleridge,
C. J., Re Sankey, 69 L. J. Q. B. 243; 25 Q. B. D. 25).
" Conduct " complained of, s. 88 (2), 45 & 46 V. c. 50, means. Mis-
conduct ; an honest decision of a Returnino Officer, though erroneous,
is not " Conduct " justifying the joining him as a Respondent in an Elec-
tion Petition (Harmon v. Park, 50 L. J. Q. B. 227; 6 Q. B. D. 323).
" Conduct conducing " ; V, Conduce.
CONDUCT 869 CONDUCTING
" Conduct or Management " of an Election, bs. 8, 28, Corrupt and
Illegal Practices Prevention Act, 1883, does not include payment for
mere Kegistration purposes, nor the cost of founding and carrying on a
newspaper to advocate party views (Kennington, 4 O'M. & H. 93).
V. Immoral : Improper: Infamous Conduct : Misconduct: Shame-
ful Conduct: Wilful Misconduct : Conducting: In the Conduct
of a Suit : Charge ob Conduct.
CONDUCTED V. Peaceable.
" By whose order conducted " ; V. Extraordinary Traffic.
CON DUCT I NO. — The Scale Fee to a Solr for " Conducting " a sale
by Public Auction, Sch 1, Part 1, Solrs Bern Ord, is only payable
where he does, or provides for doing, all the work {Re Wilson^ 65 L. J.
Ch. 627; 29 Ch. D. 790; Be Sykes, 56 L. J. Ch. 238: Re Faulkner,
66 L. J. Ch. 1011 : Newhoidd v. Bailward, Parker v. Blenkhom, 14
App. Ca. 1; 68 L. J. Q. B. 209; 37 W. R. 401; 69 L. T. 906: Mawds-
ley y. Beesley, 36 S. J. 63). A lump sum, or fixed fee, paid to an Auc-
tioneer for actually selling, is as much a '' Commission " to him, under
R. 11, of that Sch as a pro ratft payment (Newbould v. BaUward, sup:
Burd V. Burd, 68 L. J. Ch. 170; 40 Ch. D. 628; 37 W. R. 428; 60
L. T. 228: Drielsma v. Manifold, 1894, 3 Ch. 100; 63 L. J. Ch. 663;
71 L. T. 62; 42 W. R. 678), though, under the Conditions of Sale, such
fixed fee be paid by the purchaser; for, indirectly, the burden of such a
payment is on the vendor (CholdUch v. Jones, 1896, 1 Ch. 42; 66 L. J.
Ch. 83; 73 L. T. 628; 44 W. R. 124. Vf By). So, a Commission to
an Agent in a Negotiation for a Private Contract, is not less a Commis-
sion under the Rule by being partly a remuneration for other services
(Re WUhall, 1891, 3 Ch. 8; 61 L, J. Ch. 14; 64 L. T. 704; 39 W. R.
529) ; but a mere Valuation Fee is not such a Commission {Re MacGotvan,
1891, 1 Ch. 105; 60 L. J. Ch. 118; 39 W. R. 227; 63 L. T. 793), F.
Keootiatb, Note: Where the Auction comprises more lots than one
and they are all sold, the Fee is to be calculated on the aggregate of the
purchase moneys {Re Onward Bg Soey, 1893, 1 Q. B. 16; 62 L. J. Q. B.
80; 68 L. T. 443; 41 W. R. 107).
Extra Costs beyond Salary to a Town Clerk for ** 6onducting Actions
or Suits, &c," are payable for services for warding off threatened litiga-
tion, whether litigation in fact results or not {R. v. Brest, 20 L. J. Q. B.
17; 16 Q. B. 44).
Conveying calves in a van, is not "Conducting or Driving*' them,
within the prohibition against doing so on the Lord's Day contained in
the Islington Parish Act {Triggs v. Lester, L. R. 1 Q. B. 259: F.
Driving).
" Managing or Conducting" an Entrbtainmrnt; V, Keeper.
Conducting a Public House; V, Peaceable.
24
CONDUCTOR 870 CONFIRM
CONDUCTOR.— Quji, London Hackney Carriages, "Conductor"
included " every director, cad, or other person (except the driver) who
shall be attendant upon or with any metropolitan Stage Carriage " (1 &
2 V. c. 79, 8. 1), — a def replaced by that in s. 2, London Hackney Car-
riages Act, 1843, 6 & 7 V. c. 86, which is substantially the same, except
that " cad " is dropped out.
CONFECTIONER V. Bakkr.
CONFEDERACY. — " * Confederacies is when two or more men con-
federate themselves to doe any hurt or damage to another, or to doe any
unlawfuU thing" (Termes de la Ley), e.g. to Boycott. Vff Cowel:
Jacob. Cp, Collusion: Conjuration: Conspiracy.
CONFERENCE. — " Conference" of the Primitive Wesleyan Metho-
dists of Ireland; F. 34 & 35 V. c. 40, s. 1.
CONFESSION. — A Judge's Order by consent, held to be a judg^
ment by " Confession" within the proviso to 6 G. 4, c. 16, s. 108 (An-
dreivs v. Deeks, 20 L. J, Ex. 127).
Plea of Confession and Avoidance; V, Avoidance.
Free and Voluntary Confession, Admissible in Evidence; V. B. v.
Thompson, 62 L. J. M. C. 93; 1893, 2 Q. B. 12; 69 L. T. 22; 41 W.R.
625; 67 J. P. 312.
" The sorrow for the consequences of sin which divines call Attrition,
is distinct from the sorrow for the sin itself which they call Contrition.
This latter penitence naturally leads to Confession, and thence or thereby
to Keconciliation with God, which Keconciliation the Church pronounces
by the sentence called Absolution " (Phil. Ecc. Law, 638). Vh 3 Encyc
266.
CONFIDE: CONFIDENCE.— V. Precatory Trust.
" Trust or Confidence "; V. Trust.
CONFIGURATION. — V. Shape : Design.
CONFINE.— r. Impound.
CONFIRM. — To" confirm " a Will is an apt word for its revival,
" and expresses the meaning, and has the operation of, the word * re-
vive,' " as used in the Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, 5th Series, c. 89,
which provision is copied from s. 22, Wills Act, 1837 (McLeod v. McNab,
1891, A. C. 471; 60 L. J. P. C. 70). For an example of the vigour of
•• confirm " to revive a revoked Will, F. Re Van Cutsem, 63 L. T. 252.
So, semble, to " confirm " a Document will frequently mean, to give it
life which previously it never had, e,ff. if the document is invalid, either
intrinsically or extrinsically, and is subsequently " confirmed " by an-
other document which would have validly accomplished the objects of the
CONFIRM 871 CONFLICT
prior document, such prior document will be vivified and its professed
objects will be made effectual {Carver y. Iticliards, 29 L. J. Ch. 357;
1 D. G. F. & J. 548: Morgan v. Gronow, 42 L. J. Ch. 410; L. R. 16
Eq. 1).
But, generally, " a * Confirmation * is the conveyance of an estate or
right that one hath in or unto lands or tenements to another that hath
the possession thereof, or some estate therein ; whereby a Voidable estate
is made sure and unavoidable, or whereby a Particular estate is increased
and inlarged '' (Touch. 311, citing Termes de la Ley, and Co. Litt. 295 b,
in which latter place it is said, " a Confirmation doth not strengthen a
void estate "). Vf Jacob.
Sometimes, "confirm" "means merely 'verify*: it is commonly used
in that sense at the meetings of public bodies who 'confirm ' the Minutes
of their last meeting, not meaning thereby that they give them force,
but merely that they declare them accurate " (per Campbell, C. J., B, v.
Yorl:, 1 E, & 8. 594).
Sometimes "confirm" means " approve, " and involves a discretional
act and not one merely ministerial, e.g. in s. 38, 7 W. 4 & 1 V. c. 78
is,a). ^
Fjf Ratify.
CONFIRMATION.— F. Confirm: Letteb.
* 'Confirmation' is the Rite of the Church whereby the faith of the
baptized person is confirmed, and grace given to him to remain steadfast
in that faith" (Phil. Ecc. Law, 515).
Confirmation is one of the tests of Membership in the Church of Eng-
land {Be Ferry Almshouses, cited Church).
CONFIRMED.— r. Obligatory: Required.
CONFIRMING.-^'* Confirming Act," "Confirming Authority";
Stat. Del, 59 & 60 V. c, 53, s. 3 (2), c. 54, s. 8 (2); "Confirming
Authority," 47 & 48 V. c. 12, s. 2.
CONFISCATION. — "Confiscation must be an act done in some
way on the part of the government of the country where it takes place,
and in some way beneficial to that government; though the proceeds may
not, strictly epeaking, be brought into its treasury " (per Ellenborough,
C. J., Levin v. Allnutt, 15 East, 269). Vfj Termes de la Ley, Con-
Jiscatei Cowel: 3 Encyc. 266.
CONFLICT. — It seems that a difference between the provisions of
a Settlement and those of the Settled Land Act, 1882, with respect to
the person who is to exercise a particular power, is not a " Conflict "
between the provisions of the Settlement and those of the Act, within
8- m (2) of the Act (Ee Newcastle, 52 L. J. Ch. 645; 24 Ch. D. 138).
CONFLICT 872 CONJOINTLY
Nottj this subs, relates to the exercise of Powers, and not to the results
of sach exercise {Lonsdale v. Crawfurdj cited In Exescisb).
" Conflicting Claims " j V. Opposing.
CONFORM. — Person "to whose orders . . . Workman was bound
to Conform," s. 1 (3), Employers' Liability Act, 1880, " means, that the
relative position of the parties was such that the one owed obedience to
the other, and that the order was such that it could not be declined with-
out contumacy " (per Ld Young, McManus v. Hay^ 9 Bettie, 429) , in
other words, the orderer must be a person who had authority, within the
area of his employment, to give the order; he must have received the
mandate of his employer for that purpose; and the workman ordered
must have been, by reason of his employment contract, bound to obey
(per Mathew, J., Hooper v. Holme, 40 S. J. 742, 743; 12 Times Bep.
537; affd 13 Times Kep. 6). It is immaterial whether the person au-
thorised to give the order occupied a high or a humble position in the
Works (per Ld Craighill, Dolan v. Anderson, 12 Eettie, 808). Vf,
Bunker v. Mid Ry, 31 W. R. 231; 47 L. T. 476: Snowden v. Baynes,
69 L. J. Q. B. 325 ; 25 Q. B. D. 193; 38 W. B. 744 : Wild v. Waygood,
1892, 1 Q. B. 783; 61 L. J. Q. «. 391; 66 L. T. 309; 40 W. B. 601 ;
66 J. P. 389 : Beven, 863. Cp Superintend bnce.
CONFORMITY. — Scheme " in Conformity with " Endowed Schools
Acts, 8. 39 (3), 32 & 33 V. c. 66; V. Re Chrises Hospital (Appeals B aud
D), cited Educational Endowment.
CONGESTED. — ''Congested District," qnk Congested Districts
(Scot) Act, 1897, 60 & 61 V. c. 63; F. s. 10.
" The Congested Districts Board (Ir) Acts " ; V. Sch 2, Short Titles
Act, 1896.
CONQREQATION.— F. Public Beading. •
Qok Church Patronage (Scot) Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V. c. 82; F. s. 9.
CONJOINTLY. — By a Canadian Will there was a devise to A. for
life, remainder to B., C, and D. " conjointly and in eqtial shares, to he
enjo3'ed hy them during their natural life, and after their decease to their
children"; — "the word 'conjointly' is not inapplicahle to a gift uf
property in equal shares, so long as the property remains undivided. It
might, perhaps, he inferred, from the use of the word in the gift to the
three, and its ahsence in the gift to their children, that the testator de-
sired to indicate that there was to he no partition before the property
reached its final destination. However that may be, the word * con-
jointly ' cannot neutralize or control the plain meaning of the words * in
equal shares ' by which it is immediately followed " (per Ld Macnagh-
ten, in delivering jdgmt of P. C, De Hertel v. Goddard, 66 L. J. P. C.
90; 77 L. T. 113). Vf, Equally: Jointly.
CONJUNCTION 373 CONNECTED WITH
CONJUNCTION.— r. Bun.
CONJURATION. — " 'Conjuration,* ia a compact or plot made by
men combining themselves together by oath or promise to doe any publike
harme. But it is more commonly used for such as have persouall con-
ference with the Devill or Evill Spirit to know any secret or to effect any
purpose, 5 Eliz. c. 16. And the difference betweene Conjuration and
Witchcraft may be said to be this, because that the one seemeth, by
prayers and invocation upon the powerful name of God, to compel the
Devill to say or doe what hee commandeth, and the other doth rather,
by a friendly and voluntarie conference or agreement betweene him or
her and the Devill or Familiar, to have his or her desires and purposes
effected, in stead of bloud or other gift offered unto him, especially of his
or her soule : And both these differ from Enchantments or Sorceries, be-
cause that they are personall conferences with the Devill, as is said; but
these are but medicines and ceremonial formes of words, commonly called
charmes, without apparition " (Termes de la Ley). Cp Exorcist.
" 'Conjurors,' are those, who, by force of certain magic words endea-
vour to raise the Devil and oblige him to execute their commands;
• Witches * are such who, by way of conference, bargain with an Evil
Spirit to do what they desire of him; and * Sorcerers ' are those who, by
the use of certain superstitious words, or by the means of images, &c,
are said to produce strange effects above the ordinary course of nature "
(Jacob, Conjuration, citing Hawk. P. C. lib. 1, ch. 3). Vf Sorcery.
Note. All these offenders might formerly be condemned to the Pil-
lory, or be otherwise dealt with by the Church. The statutes (33 H. 8,
c. 8; 1 Jac. 1, c. 12), against Witchcraft, &c, were repealed by 9 G. 2, c. 6.
The successor to the legal Conjuror and Witch is a Booue and Yaoa-
.bond: V. Fortunes: Witch.
Cpy Confederacy : Conspiracy.
CONMOTE. — r. Commote.
CONNECTED WITH. — F. Business connected with.
" Connected with " " the business of the employer," s. 1 (1), Employers'
Liability Act, 1880; V. Bradley v. Gas Light & Coke Co, 36 S. J. 626.
"In connection with"; F. Lawson v, Wallasey ^ 52 L. J. Q. B. 302;
11 Q. B. D. 229; affd 48 L. T. 607- Cp Used.
Misdemeanour or Felony " connected with " a debtor's Bankry, s. 8 (2),
Bankry Act, 1890, must be such as " brought about, or resulted in,
or committed in view of, bankry " (per Williams, J., Re Hedley, 1895,
1 Q. B. 923; 64 L. J. Q. B. 460; 72 L. T. 470; 43 W. R. 464).
Chargeable Services rendered by a By Co, " at, or in connection with.
Sidings not belonging to the Co," may be such as are involved in the
delivery of goods, and which the trader could not himself perform (Jlfan-
chester 8. & L, Ry v. Fidcock, cited Conveyance).
CONNECTED WITH 874 CONSENT
In a Railway Arrangement Act, " any Ry connected with " those
therein mentioned; held, to mean, connected for the purposes of manage-
ment or working, and not merely physically connected (G. W, Ry v.
Central Wales Ry, 6 Ry & Can Traffic Ca. 1).
Tramways " worked in connection therewith " ; V, Edinburgh Tram^
ways Co. v. Torhain, 3 App. Ca. 58; 37 L. T. 288.
Works " contracted for, and connected with " contract works; V. Gaod-
year v. Weymouth, 35 L. J. C. P. 12; H. & R. 67: Connor v. Belfast
Water Commrs, Ir. Rep. 5 C. L. 55. Q?, Immediately coxnected.
CONNIVANCE. —"Connivance," s. 30, 20 & 21 V. c. 85, is the
willing consent to a conjugal offence (in the sense of heing an Accessort
before the fact), or a culpable Acquiescexce in a course of conduct rea-
sonably likely to lead to the offence being committed {Phillips v. Phil-
lips, 1 Rob. Ecc. 157-164 : Allen v. Allen, 30 L. J. P. M. & A. 2: Glen-
nie V. Glennie, 32 L. J. P. M. & A. 17: Boulting v. Boulting, 3 Sw. &
Tr. 329; 12 W. E. 389 : Gipps v. Gipps, 33 L. J. P. M. & A. 161 ; 11
H. L. Ca. 1). Vh, Brown on Divorce, 3 ed., 88: Dixon on Divorce, 181.
V, Accessory: Collusion: Conduce.
CONQUEST. — "Conquest," when used as a verb active and not
as a noun, has a wide and flexible signification. Where a lady, by ante-
nuptial Settlement, had conveyed to trustees whatever she might " con-
quest or acquire " daring her marriage ; held, that those words passed
property of every kind which came to her during the marriage by succes-
sion {Diggens v. Gordon, L. R. 1 H. L, Sc. 136). V. Acquire.
CONSANGUINITY. — This word imports the same as Kindred
{Leigh v. Leigh, 15 Ves. 107).
CONSCIENCE K Equity.
CONSECRATION. — "This term is employed in relation to both
persons and things, and means, the setting apart for sacred purposes "
(3 Encyc. 275).
CONSENT. — "'Consent,' is an act of reason, accompanied with
deliberation, the mind weighing, as in a balance, the good and evil on
each side " (Story, s. 222).
Where an act is to be done by A. with the " Consent " of B., the act
is A.'s which B. may prevent by withholding Consent, but which he can-
not compel A. to do, e,g, when a Co's Articles provide that the Chairman
with "consent" of a Meeting may adjourn, the Meeting cannot compel
its own adjournment {Salisbury Co v. Hathom, 1897, A. C. 268; 66
L. J. P. C. 62 ; 76 L. T. 212; 45 W. R. 691).
"Every 'Consent' to an act, involves a Submission; but it by no
means follows that a mere Submission involves Consent, " e.g. the mere
CONSENT 375 CONSENT
submission of a girl to a carnal assault, she being in tbe power of a strong
man, is not Consent (per Coleridge, J., E. v. Dai/, 9 C. & P. 724).
Vf Rape.
" Consent or Agreement by Deed or Writing," ss. 2 and 3, 2 & 3
W. 4, c. 71, " Consent in Writing"; V. In Writing: Own Consent.
A Reference under the Lands C. C. Act, 1845, is, sembley not a refer-
ence by " Consent " within s. 5, or s. 17, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854 (Ex p.
Harper, L. R. 18 Eq. 639: Be Dare Valley Ry, 4 Ch. 654: Rhodes v.
Airedale Drainage Co, 43 L. J. C. P. 323 ; 45 lb. 861; L. R. 9 C. P.
608 ; 1 C. P. D. 402: Re Harper and G. E. Ry, L. R. 20 Eq. 39: Bex-
ley V. W, Kent Sewerage Bd, 61 L. J. Q. B. 456 ; 9 Q. B. D. 518).
Vf, as to whslt is a Reference by " Consent," Galatti v. Wakefield,
48 L, J. Q. B. 70; 4 Ex. D. 249: Street y. Street, cited Reference:
Arbitration.
A Reference by Consent Order not only of a " Cause or Matter " but
also of ''all Matters in Difference," is not a Reference within either
s. 14, or 8. 16, Arb Act, 1889 {Darlington Wagon Co v. Harding, cited
Equivalent).
" It seems to be clear, that approbation subsequent to a marriage is
not, in general, a sufficient compliance with a Condition requiring < Con-
sent'; but Ld Hardwicke, in Burleton v. Humfrey (Amb. 256), took a
distinction between the words * Consent ' and 'Approbation,' holding
the latter to admit subsequent approval, where coupled with the former
disjunctively; but he decided the case principally on another ground; —
and in regard to the admission of subsequent consent the authority of the
case has been questioned. V. Clarke v. Barker, 19 Ves. 21 " (2 Jarm.
55', Vf Watson Eq. 1239). "Consent of Parents" means, parents
if a^y (lb. : So, where Consent of Guardian to an Infant's Marriage is
required, Re Brown, 60 L. J. Ch. 607). In this connection, however,
" where a Consent is given substantially, the Court docs not look very
minutely into the form in which it is given " (per Stirling, J., Re Smith,
69 L. J. Ch. 284 ; 44 Ch. D. 654) ; and, where no formalities are pre-
scribed. Consent will be implied if the persons whose consent is required
express no disapproval of, and by their conduct induce, the marriage
(Daley v. Desbouverie, 2 Atk. 261 : Berkley v. Ryder, 2 Ves. sen. 633 :
Clarke v. Barker, sup, last par of jdgmt: Re Smith, sup). Note: As
to when such a Condition as to Consent is operative, F. Re Nourse, 79
L. T. 376; 47 W. R. 116, and cases there cited.
Where there is a direction or agreement for the Conversion of Money
into Land, and the Uses are exclusively applicable to realty, " the direc-
tion or agreement will be regarded as imperative though the Settlement
require the purchase to be made at the Request of a person; for the inser-
tion of such a clause has been taken to mean, not that a conversion may
not be effected before, but that it sliall certainly be effected after, request.
And the construction is the same, though the purchase be directed to be
CONSENT 876 CONSENT
made with a person's Consent and Approbation " (Lewin, 1159, 1160, and
cases there cited).
F. Instigation.
" Consent " of a Tbuk Owner to the possession of goods by a Reputed
Owner, is none the less " Consent " by reason of the retention of the
goods by such latter owner being consistent with a Bill of Sale given
by him (Spackman v. Miller, 31 L. J. C. P. 309; 12 C. B. N. S. 659:
Ee Ginger, 1897, 2 Q. B. 461; 66 L. J. Q. B. 777; 76 L. T. 808; 46
W. R. 144). Such " Consent " is given as regards a Chose in Action
so long as no Notice is given to the payer (Bartlett v. Bartlett, 26 L. J.
Ch. 677; 1 D. G. & J. 127: Butter v. EvereU, 1895, 2 Ch. 872; 64
L. J. Ch. 845: Re Goetz, 1898, 1 Q. B. 787; 67 L. J. Q. B. 677; 78
L. T. 399; 46 W. R. 469); but, semble, the mere posting of Notice is
enough to put an end to such Consent (Be Hickey, Ir. Rep. 10 Eq. 117).
Consent cannot be given if the True Owner be under disability, e.g. by
Infancy (Be Mills, 1896, 2 Ch. 664; 64 L. J. Ch. 708). Vf Posses-
sion Order or Disposition.
Possession of Groods or Documents of Title to Goods, " with the Consent
of the Seller," s. 26 (2), Sale of Goods Act, 1893; V. Cahn v. Pocketts
Co, 68 L. J. Q. B. 616; 1899, 1 Q. B. 643; 80 L. T. 269; 47 W. R,
422.
As to the like phrase in s. 9, Factors Act, 1889; V. RMnson v.
Bestell, 12 Times Rep. 174.
The " Free and Voluntary Consent " (32 G. 2, c. 28, s. 1), necessary
to authorise a Sheriff, &c, to carry a debtor to a tavern, &c, must have
been an active consent, as distinguished from that consent which is
said to be implied by silence (Dewhurst v. Pearson, 2 L. J. Ex.
143; 1 C. & M. 365; 3 Tyr. 242; 1 Dowl. 664); and where the officer
was illegally carrying a debtor to gaol, and the debtor, to avoid being
taken to gaol, consented to go to a tavern and there drew up a dis-
charge agreement, the "Consent" so obtained was not "free and vol-
untary" (Barsham v. Bullock, 10 A. & E. 23; 2 P. & D. 241). F.
Voluntarily.
Covenant by Lessor not to " consent " to a certain trade on his other
property; V. StuaH v. Diplock, 43 Ch. D. 343; 69 L. J. Ch. 142; 38
W. R. 223.
Mere silent acquiescence by a Lessor respecting a trade forbidden by
the Lease, raises no inference that he has given " Consent " to the Les-
see's carrying on any other forbidden trade {Macher v. Foundling Hosp,
1 V. &B. 188).
" Consent " to Assigning or Underletting not to be " unreasonably " or
**vexatiously " withheld; V. Unreasonably.
Auction on demised premises not \p be " without Consent "; V. Tole-
man v. Portbury, cited Auction.
An adult who "consents to be dealt with summarily, " s. 12, Sum
CONSENT 877 CONSERVATOR
Jur Act, 1879, thereby deprives himself of power to appeal (-R. v. Lon-
don Ju8,, cited Past).
Stat. Def. — 37 & 38 V. c. 89, s. 67; 48 & 49 V. c. 76, s. 29.
V, Written Consent: In Writing: Own Consent: Sanction.
CONSEQUENCE. — " In consequence of "; V. Caused by.
"In consequence of whose order"; V. Extraordinary Traffic,
towards end.
CONSEQUENCES. —The phrase in a Marine Insurance "War-
ranted free from all Consequences " of, e.g. Hostilities or Warlike Opera-
tions, extends only to the direct consequences of the excepted causes
(lonidesv. Universal Marine Insrce, 32 L. J. C. P. 170; 14 C. B. N. S.
259: Nickels v. London & Frov. Mar Insrce, 17 Times Eep. 54; 70
L. J. Q. B. 29). Cp Capture.
CONSEQUENT. — "Consequent,'' means, traceable to, directly or
indirectly: "Damage consequent upon Collision," in a Marine Policy,
means, damage immediately consequent upon collision, or leakage caused
by collision; therefore, the damage to lemons and oranges occasioned by
delay in transit and by an unloading and re-lo«iding necessitated by a
collision, is not " consequent " upon the collision, because the collision
is not the proximate cause of the damage (Pink v. Fleming, 59 L. J.
Q. B. 659; 25 Q. B. D. 396; 63 L. T. 413). Sv, The City of Lincoln,
59 L. J. P. D. & A. 1; 15 P. D. 15; 62 L. T. 49; 38 W. R. 345. Vf
Damage by Collision.
Claim " Consequent on Loss of Time " ; V, Loss.
Costs " Consequent " ; V. Costs.
CONSERVANCY AUTHORITY Qui Mer Shipping Act, 1894,
"* Conservancy Authority,' includes all persons or bodies of persons,
corporate or un incorporate, intrusted with the duty, or invested with the
power, of conserving, maintaining, or improving, the navigation of a
Tidal Water" (s. 742).
For other but similar def, V. 40 & 41 V. c. 16, s. 3; 51 & 52 V. c. 25,
8.55; 54&55V. c. 43, S.4.
Thatnes Conservancy ; F. Conservator.
CONSERVATIVE. — A gift for the furtherance of "Conservative
Principles and Beligious and Mental Improvement " is a good Charity
{Re Scowcroft, cited And).
CONSERVATOR.— "Conservators of the River Thames"; as to
their name, establishment, and powers, V, Thames Conservancy Acts of
1857, 1864, 1878, and 1894, Thames Navigation Acts, 1866 and 1870,
Thames Act, 1883, and Thames Preservation Act, 1885, 48 & 49 V. c. 76.
" Salmon Conservators "; Stat. Def., 51 & 52 V. c. 54, s. 14.
CONSIDERATION 378 CONSIGN
CONSIDERATION. — " 'Consideration' is the materiall cause of
a Contract, without the which no contract can binde the partie. This
Consideration is either Expressed, as when a man bargaineth to give
2O5. for a horse, — or, is Implyed, as when the Law it selfe enforceth a
Consideration, as if a man comes into a Common Inne and, there staying
some time, takes meat or lodging or either for himself e or for his horse,
the Law presumeth that he iutendeth to pay for both, notwithstanding
that nothing bee further covenanted betweene him and his host ^
(Termes de la Ley).
"The definition of * Consideration * given in Selwyn, N. P., 8 ed.,
47, which is cited and adopted by Tindal, C. J., in Laythoarp v. Bryant
(3 Sc. 250; 2 Bing. N. C. 735; 5 L. J. C. P. 220), is, — 'Any act of
the pit from which the deft derives a benefit or advantage, or any labour,
detriment, or inconvenience, sustained by the pit, provided such act is
performed, or such inconvenience suffered, by the pit with the Consent,
either express or implied, of the deft ' " (per Bowen, L. J., Carlill v.
Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, 1893, 1 Q. B. 271; 62 L. J. Q. B. 264). In
the 12 ed. of Selwyn, p. 43, the def is, — " Any act of the pit from
which the deft derives (or expects to derive, Haigh v. Brooks, 10 A. & E.
309) a benefit or advantage, or any labour, detriment, or inconvenience,
sustained by the pit, however small the benefit or inconvenience may be^
is a sufficient Consideration, if such act is performed, or such incon-
venience suffered, by the pit at the request, or with the consent, either
express or implied, of the deft."
" A Valuable Consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist
either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit, accruing to the one party,
or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or
undertaken by the other. — Com. Dig. Action on the Case, Assumpsit,
B. 1-15" (per Lush, J., Currie v. Misa, 44 L. J. Ex. 99; L. E. 10 Ex.
153; affd 45 L. J. Ex. 852; 1 App. Ca. 554: cited and adopted, Fleming
V. New Zealand Bank, 1900, A. C. 577; 69 L. J. P.C. 120; 83 L. T. 1).
Vf, Thomas v. Thomas, 2 Q. B. 851; 11 L. J. Q. B. 104.
" In Consideration " ; V. Precatory Trust : Premises.
" In Consideration," s. 8 (1), Settled Land Act, 1882, has the techni-
cal legal meaning of a present inducement for a present transaction, and
will not permit of a past voluntary expenditure being considered in
granting a Bg Lease under the section {Re Chawner, 1892, 2 Ch. 192;
61 L. J. Ch. 331).
" Contract made," or " Consideration given "; V, Contract.
V, Good: Valuable: Full Consideration: Truly set forth.
CONSIGN.— r. Phillipps V. Briard, 25 L. J. Ex. 235, 236.
To " consign, " ordinarily means, to send or transmit goods to a
Merchant, or Factor, for sale (Oillespie v. Winberg, 4 Daly, Com. PL
320).
CONSIGNATION 379 CONSPIRACY
CONSIGNATION. — Stat Def., 66 & 57 V. c. 44,8. 2; 68 & 69
V. c. 19, 8. 2.
CONSIGNEE. — A Consignee of Cargo, " is a person residing at the
Port of Delivery to whom the goods are to be delivered when they arrive
there" (per Duller, J,, Wolff y. Horncastle, 1 B. & P. 322).
CONSIGNEE PAYS CARRIAGE. — These words in a Consign-
ment Note, do not relieve the consignor from his liability to the Carrier
which the circumstances show he had contracted (Cr. W, Ry v. Bagge^
64 L. J. Q. B. 599; 15 Q. B. D. 625).
CONSIGNMENT. — "A 'Consignment,' is a species of Mercantile
Conveyance operating upon the particular effects consigned, which,
though it may be defeasible, may operate in the meantime and enable
the Consignee by his acts to bind the Consignor" (per Chambre, J.,
Lucena v. Cravfurd, 2 B. & P. N. S. 299).
CONSIMILI CASU. — r. Case.
CONSISTING. — This word in s. 4, Comp Act, 1862, means, " for
the time being consisting " (Re Thomas^ Ex p. Foppleton, 54 L. J. Q. B.
336; 14 Q. B. D. 379).
** Consisting of more than 7 Members,'' s. 199, lb., means, consisting
of, &c, " at the time when the Court is asked to make the Winding-up
Order" (per Lindley, L. J., Re Bowling and Wilby, 1895, 1 Ch. 663;
64 L. J. Ch. 430).
" Consisting of "; V, That is to say.
CONSISTORIAL ACTION. — Stat. Def., 24 & 25 V. c. 86, s. 19.
CONSOLIDATE. — Actions "may be consolidated," K. 8, Ord.
48, R. S. C; Vh Ann. Pr.
" Consolidated Annuities "; Stat, Def., 54 «& 55 V. c. 48, s. 42.
"Consolidated Fund," usually means, the Consolidated Fund of the
United Kingdom, F. 33 & 34 V. c 71, s. 3; 38 & 39 V. c. 45, s. 9;
61 & 62 V. c. 32, s. 11 ; 52 & 53 V. c. 8, s. 8; 54 & 66 V c. 48, s. 42.
Consolidation of Mortgages; V* s. 17, Conv & L. P. Act, 1881 : Fisher,
1210-1225: Coote, ch. 68.
CONSOLS. — A Bequest of " Consols " will pass Three per Cents,
if testator had no Consols {Burbey v. Bvrbey, 15 W. K. 479: V, Row-
latt V. Easton, 11 W. R. 767). V. Funds.
CONSPICUOUS PLACE.— r. Public Place: Public Situa-
TION.
CONSPIRACY. — " When two or more persons agree to commit any
Crime, they are guilty of the misdemeanour called Conspiracy whether
CONSPIRACY 880 CONSTABULARY
the crime is committed or Dot" (Steph. Cr.'37: Vf^ Termes de la Ley:
Jacob: Arch. Cr. 1208-1223 : Rose. Cr. 367-385 : Wright on Conspiracy :
3 Encyc. 289-301: R, v. WhUechurch^ cited Administer. That def,
accurate as far as it goes, is hardly wide enough, for " It is sufficient to
constitute a Conspiracy if two or more persons combine by fraud and false
pretences to Injure another. It is not necessary, in order to constitute
a Conspiracy, that the acts agreed to be done should be acts which, if
done, would be criminal. It is enough if the acts agreed to be done,
although not criminal, are wrongful, i,e, amount to a Civil Wrong " (per
Cockburn, C. J., R. v. Warhurton, L. R. 1 C. C. R. 276; 40 L. J. M. C.
24: Vf, Kearney v. Lloyd^ 26 L. R. Ir. 268: HuUley v. Simmons^
1898, 1 Q. B. 181; 67 L. J. Q. B. 213: Allen v. Flood, cited Malice).
In view of these late decisions, some of the older cases could hardly be
supported now, e,g, that a combination " to steal the person of a lady for
the sake of her fortune " (per Eldon, C, Wade v. Broughton, 3 V. & B.
173: Va, R. v. Thorp, 5 Mod. 221), or to get a woman to become a man's
kept mistress (R. v. Delaval, 3 Burr. 1438, 1439; 1 Bl. W. 439), is an
indictable Conspiracy.
Q?, Combination: Confederacy: Trade Union.
CONSTABLE.— "A constable is often taken in the law for a
warder or keeper, as Const abular ius castri de Dover et 5 portuum" (Co.
Litt. 234 a, b). VfS Encyc. 301-^03.
In modern times and modern Acts, " Constable " has some such mean-
ing as that given in s. 29, Cruelty to Animals Act, 1849, 12 & 13 V.
c. 92, viz. — " Headborough, Parish Beadle, Peace Officer, Special Con-
stable, or any person belonging to the City of London Police Forces or
any Constabulary Force in any part of the United Kingdom ": F. 5 & 6
V. c. 12, S.56; 7 & 8 V. c. 87, s. 10; 14 & 16 V. c. 38, s. 4; 31 & 32
V. c. 107, s. 6 ; 35 & 36 V. c. 92, s. 14, c. 93, s. 6; 42 & 43 V. c. 33,
8. 181 ; 44 & 45 V. c. 58, s. 190 (38), c. 69, s. 39 ; 50 & 51 V. c. 9,
8. 2. — Scot. 13 & 14 V. c. 92, s. 11 ; 20 & 21 V. c. 72, s. 78; 25 & 26
V. c. 35, s. 37 ; 53 & 54 V. c. 67, s. 30. — //•. 10 & 11 V. c. 84, s. 8 ;
12 & 13 V. c. 91, s. 89; 35 & 36 V. c. 94, s. 77.
" Constables of the Aided Force " ; F. Purposes.
" Constable of the Metropolitan Force " ; T. 25 & 26 V. c. 64, s. 3.
"Chief Constable"; F. Chief.
« High Constable " ; F. 24 & 25 V. c. 75, s. 4; 32 & 33 V. c. 47, s. 1 ;
46 & 46 V. c. 50, 8. 246. — Ir. 13 & 14 V. c. 69, s. 117; 61 & 62 V.
c. 37, s. 109 (1).
F. Police.
CONSTABULARY. —Qu^ Constabulary (Ir) Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V.
c. 80, " ' Constabulary Force ' means, the Royal Irish Constabulary "
(s. 1). Vf, Member.
CONSTABULARY 881 CONSTRUCTION
Qui the Peace Preservation (Ir) Acts, " Constabulary " or " Eoyal Irish
Constabulary," includes the Dublin Metropolitan Police (33 & 34 V.
0. 9, 8. 3).
" The Constabulary (Ir) Acts, 1836 to 1885 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles
Act, 1896.
" Constabulary Station "; T. 32 & 33 V. c. 99, s. 13.
CON STANTLY,— Means, Coxthstuously, F. Worked.
CONSTITUTED. — If a Company, having a statutory constitution,
has conferred on it, either by its special or a subsequent Act or series of
Acts, power of constructing or working a railway, it is ** a Company
constituted by Act of Parliament ... for the Purpose of constructing
... a Railway " within s. 3, Ky Comp Act, 1867, although the Ky made
by the Co was not one of its fundamental objects and forms but a very
small portion of its undertaking (Re East and West India Dock Co, 57
L. J. Ch. 1063; 38 Ch. D. 676; 69 L. T. 237; 36 W. R. 849). V. Main
Purpose: Railway Company.
Company "Duly constituted By law," s. 180, Comp Act, 1862; V.
JB. V. Registrar of Joint Stock Cos, cited Company.
« Constitution of a Co " ; V. 11 & 12 V. c 46, s. 3.
CONSTRUCT. — " Construct Water Works," s. 62, P. H. Act, 1876;
V. Water Works.
CONSTRUCTED. — Works " constructed," mean, Works really con-
structed so as to be of use (Bull v. Ventnor Harbour Co, W. N. (69) 12).
Buildings " constructed or adapted " to be in one Occupation, s. 77,
London Bg Act, 1894; F. Woodthorp v. Spencer, 63 J. P. 246.
A Building already constructed and not needing repair and whicli is
merely being altered Or added to, e.g. by adding girders and stays to pre-
vent vibration, is, nevertheless, being " constructed or repatrcrf, " within
8. 7 (1), Workmen's Comp Act, 1897 (Hoddinott v. Newton, 1901, A. C.
49 ; 70 L. J. Q. B. 160); so, the ordinary painting of a house is a repair-
ing within the section (Dredge v. Conway, cit«d Repair). Where there
is such a Construction or Kepair, it continues until the Scaffolding is
removed (Frid v. Fenton, 69 L. J. Q. B. 436; 82 L. T. 193).
CONSTRUCTION. — Of a New Street; V. Hendonv. Pounce,
42 Ch. D. 602; 61 L. T. 466: Vthc, Bromley v. Lloyd, 66 L. T. 462;
66 J. P. 278.
Construction of a Railway, may include works made after the line is
opened (Sadd v. Maldon Ry, 6 Ex. 143; 20 L. J. Ex. 102). T. Com-
mencement.
" Construction and Maintenance of a Telegraphic Line along a Street" ;
F. ^^ & 5Q V. c. 69, s. 9.
CONSTRUCTIVE 382 CONSUMED
CONSTRUCTIVE. — " Constructive Corruption " ; F. Cobbuftion.
Constructive Cbime; V, 3 Encjc. 306.
Constructive Notice; V. Notice: Come to.
Constructive Occupation; V, Occupation.
The phrase " Constructive Residence " is, probably, not different in
meaning from " Residence." " When a person is physically absent from
his place of residence for a time, if he has animus revertendi, his resi-
dence continues " (per Blackburn, J., E, v. Ahingdouj L. R. 5 Q. B.
409).
Constructive Total Loss; V. Total Loss.
A " • Constructive Trust ' is raised by a Court of Equity wherever a
person clothed with a Fiduciary Character, gains some personal advan-
tage by availing himself of his situation as Trustee " (Lewm, ch. 10).
pyGodefroi, ch. 13.
CONSUETUDC— r. Custom.
CONSUI Qua Foreign Marriage Act, 1892, 56 & 56 V. c. 23,
** * Consul, ' means, a Consul-General, Consul, Vice-Consul, Pro-Consul,
or Consular Agent " (s. 24).
CONSULAR OFFICER. — V. s. 12 (20), Interp Act, 1889.
QuA Mer Shipping Act, 1894, "'Consular OflScer,' when used in
relation to a Foreign Country, means, the OflScer recognized by Her
Majesty as a Consular Ofl&cer of that Foreign Country " (s. 742).
CONSUMABLE " Consumable Stores " ; — The doctrine that
things quce ipso usu consumuntur cannot be limited in succession and
therefore that a gift of them for life confers an absolute interest, applies
only to those things which are for personal use and exhausted by their
personal use (per Wood, V. C, Groves v. Wright^ 2 K. <& J. 351), e,g» Food,
Wines {Phillips v. Beal, 32 Bea. 26) and other Drink, Coals, and such
like ; " and there was a case in which Carnage Horses were held to come
within the same rule ; but there the tenant for life had actually used
them " (per Wood, V. C, Groves v. Wright). Wearing apparel is not
such Consumable Stores (per Wood, Y. C, Re Hall, 1 Jur. N. S. 974).
Consumable Articles, e.g. Farming Stock, or a Wine Merchant's Stock,
are not within the rule when given in connection with a business, if
they are such as are necessary for carrying it on {Groves v. Wright, sup:
Cockayne v. Harrison, 41 L. J. Ch. 609; L R. 13 Eq. 432; 20 W. R*
604 : Sv, Breton v. Mockett, 47 L. J. Ch. 764 ; 9 Ch. D. 95 ; 26 W. R. 860,
whlc turned on a special direction). Vh 44 S. J. 324.
CONSUME. — Power to " consume " as much as A. " cares to do ";
F. Appropriate. Cp " Make use of," sub Make.
CONSUMED.— V. On the Premises.
CONSUMER 888 CONTENTS
CONSUMER. — Qu^ Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act, 1899, 62 &
63 V. c. 19, " ' Consamer,' means, any body or person supplied, or enti-
tled to be supplied, with Energy by the Undertakers" (s. 1, Sch; whva
for " Consumer's Terminals," Va Terminal).
A " Consumer " of Gas, qu^ Metropolis Gas Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V.
c. 125, '* means, a person receiving, or entitled in accordance with this
Act to receive, a supply of gas from any Gas Company '* (s. 4).
A *• Consumer of Water, " qu^ a Water Works Act, is " a person who
either actually enjoys or is consuming water, or is entitled so to do and
has intimated his intention so to do " (per Cotton, L. J., Cooke v. New
River Co, 57 L. J. Ch. 386; 38 Ch. D. 56; 58 L. T. 830; affd H. L.
14 App. Ca. 698; 59 L. J. Ch. 333).
"Water Consumer," qui Metropolis Water Act, 1897, 60 & 61 V.
c. 66; r.s. 5.
CONTAGIOUS. —Qui Contagious Diseases Act, 1866, 29 & 30 V.
c. 35, ** ' Contagious Disease,' means, Venereal Disease, including
Gonorrhoea" (s. 2). Cp Infectious.
" Contagious, or Infectious Disease," of Animals; F. 32 & 33 V. c 70,
8. 6 — ir. 33 & 34 V. c. 36, s. 12. V. Cattle Plague.
CONTAINING. — "The word 'containing' may easily admit of be-
ing construed as meaning ' inclusive of '; and not as in diminution of a
general bequest " (Henfreyv. Henfrey, 6 Jur 356; 2 Curt. 468 ; 4 Moore,
P. C. 29 ; stated 1 Jarm. 175).
CONTANGO. — V. Bongiovanni v. La SocietS Ginirale, cited
CoxTiNUATiON, the payment for which accommodation is called a
•• Contango." Cp Backwardation.
CONTEMPLATION. — " A Settlement in' Contemplation ' of mar-
riage, is obviously an ante-nuptial Settlement " (per Selborne, C, Re
Sampson and Wall, 53 L. J. Ch. 460; 25 Ch. D. 482: Va, Re Leigh,
58L. J. Ch. 306; 40Ch. D. 290). F. Upon.
CONTEMPT. — A charter granting " Contempts," does not include
money payable on Estreated Eecognizancbs (^. v. Dover, 4 L. J. Ex.
94; 1 Cr. M. &R. 726).
CONTEMPT OF COURT.— F. per Blackburn, J., ^Ari/^iW^A'jj
Case, L. R. 9 Q. B. 232: Criminal Cause: Criminal Prisoner:
Oswald on Contempt of Court.
CONTENTIOUS. — Contentious Business, is the opposite of Com-
mon Form Business.
CONTENTS. — A legacy of the " Contents of my house " is equiva-
lent to a legacy of the goods " in my house." V. In.
CONTENTS 884 CONTEXT
As regards Chosks in Action (and, probably, aJso of small valuables,
0.^. jewellery) there is an obvious distinction between a gift of the
" Contents " of a House and one of the " Contents " of a Desk or Box ;
people do not, ordinarily, speak of keeping such things in a House (Re
Miller, 61 L. T. 365), but they keep, and speak of keeping, their
securities and valuables in a Desk or Box: accordingly, a bequest of the
" Contents " of a House will, generally, pass only the Household Furni-
ture and Effects, and not Choses in Action ; but a bequest of the " Con-
tents " of a Desk, or Box, will pass Choses in Action in such Desk or
Box, e,g. Banker's Deposit Receipts, Cheques, Bills, and Notes, though
unindorsed, — but not the accessories of other property, e.g. the key of
another box, or title deeds {Re Rohson, 1891, 2 Ch. 559; 60 L. J. Ch. 851;
66 L. T. 173). Cp, Effects: Locally situate.
CONTENTS UNKNOWN "When there is a closed package
and a representation as to its contents, the shipowner may accept the
Bill of Lading, or may alter it, and if he adds, ^ C<mients Unknown^*
then, according to Parsons on Shipping (p. 198), the cases there cited,
and Jessel v. Bath (36 L. J. Ex. 149 ; L. R. 2 Ex. 267), the meaning
is, that he declines to accept the representation, and merely accepts the
package as it appears on the outside, but not the statement as to what is
inside, — and he contracts to carry what really is inside " (per Brett, J.,
Lebeau v. Gen. Steam Nav., 42 L. J. C. P. 1; L. R. 8 C. P. 88: FjT,
The Peter der Grosse, 1 P. D. 414; 34 L. T. 749). The usual phi-ase in
such a case is, " Weight, Contents, and Value Unknown." Fa, Clean
Bill of Lading: Quality and Quantity unknown: Weight
UNKNOWN. Vh 1 Maude & P. 153, 154, 341, 342.
Cp Good Order.
CONTESTED ELECTION "When a poll is demanded, the
election commences with it, as heing the regular mode of popular elec-
tion ; the show of hands being only a rude and imperfect declaration of
the sentiments of the electors " (per Sir Wm. Scott, Anthony v. Seger,
1 Hagg. Con. 13). The phrase " contested election " in s. 68, Rep
People Act, 1832, also means an election carried to a poll (Muntz v.
Sturge, 10 L. J. Ex. 234; 8 M. & W. 302). But now, for parliamen-
tarj or municipal honours, the hours appointed for the nomination are
the time for the " election " ; which election is adjourned for a poll when
more candidates are nominated than there are vacancies to be filled (35
& 36 V. c. 33, s. 1; Sch 1, Part 1, Rule 1).
Vh, Rogers, 415; 4 Encyc. 442-473: Election.
CONTEXT. —" Where the Context allows "; V. Birmingham Brew-
eries V. Jameson^ cited Spirituous Liquor.
"Unless the Context otherwise requires, * Court,' in this section,
means, the Court within the jurisdiction of which the Debtor resided,
CONTEXT 885 CONTINGENT
or carried on business, for the greater part of the 6 months immediately
prior to his decease " (subs. 10, s. 126, Bankry Act, 1883) ; — " Context "
there, is not limited to the section but embraces the whole Act : there*
fore, if a Debtor, a domiciled Englishman, was not resident in England at
the time of his death but had resided for the greater part of the preced-
ing 6 months abroad, a Bankry Administration under the section may
be ordered by the High Court (i.e. the Bankry Court) under s. 96 {Be
Evans, 1891, 1 Q. B. 143 ; 60 L. J. Q. B. 143; 64 L. T. 242 ; 39 W. R.
98).
CONTIQUOUS. — " Contiguous," means, touching, and is as nearly
as possible the synonym of "Adjoining." Therefore, where a Lease
reserves power to the lessor to do certain acts on any premises "adjoin-
ing or contiguous," that means, "adjoining or near to" so as to give
" contiguous " a cognate, but not identical, meaning with " adjoining "
{Haynes v. King, 1893, 3 Ch. 439; 63 L. J. Ch. 21; 69 L. T. 865; 42
W. R. 66). Tn that case, however, it was further held that two houses
opposite to one another and a street going between them, are strictly
" contiguous," because each would include the soil of the street ad medium
filum, Vff Micklethwait v. Newlay Bridge Co^ 33 Ch. D. 133, on whcv
Be White's Charities, 1898, 1 Ch. 669 ; 67 L. J. Ch. 430; 78 L. T. 660;
46 W. R. 479.
V. Watee and Soil.
CONTINGENCY. —Liability on a Contingency; V. Liability.
"Contingency" of a Building Socy; V. Durham, &e Bg Socy v.
Davidson, 61 L. J. Q. B. 473; 67 L. T. 269; 66 J. P. 660.
" Event or Contingency " ; V. Event.
" Contingency with a Double Aspect " ; V. Egerton v. Mousey, 3 C. B.
N. S. 361: Doe d. Davy v. Bumsall, 6 T. R. 30: Crump v. Norwood,
7 Taunt. 372, 373: Evers v. Challis, 7 H. L. Ca. 631, on whlcv Watson
V. Young, 28 Ch. D. 436, and Be Bence, 1891, 3 Ch. 242; 60 L. J. Ch.
636; 66 L. T. 630.
CONTINGENT.— Anything is "Contingent " when it is liable to
failure on the happening or non-happening of an event, condition, or
state of things, e.g, a Contingent Gift, on whv Theobald, 676.
A Contingent Debt, is one the time for the payment of which may or
may not arrive ; a Debt payable after notice, is not contingent, for it is
to be supposed that it will be payable at some time (per Abbott, C. J.,
Clayton v. Gosling, 6 B. & C. 362). " A 'Contingent Debt ' refers to a
case where there is a doubt if there will be any debt at all " (per MeU
lisb, L. J., Ex p. Buffle, 8 Ch. 1001). "The term 'Contingent Debt,'
or Debt payable on a Contingency, has been long in common use. In
the Bankry Act, 6 G. 4, c. 16, 'Contingent Debts ' upon which a value
CONTINGENT 886 CONTINGENT
can be set are made the subject of Proof; and we think that ' any Mtge,
or other Debt/ s. 10, 16 & 17 V. c. 59, includes contingent debts as
well as absolute ones " (Mortimore v. ltd, Bev., cited Definite). Ff
Liability.
" A Contingent Remainder, is a Remainder limited so as to depend
on an event or condition which may never happen or be performed, or
which may not happen or be performed till after the determination of the
preceding estate " (Feame, Cont. Rem. 3). FA, Wms. R. P., Part 2, ch.
2 : Goodeve, 241 : 3 Encyc. 320-328. Note. Every Contingent Remain-
der (created by an Instrument executed after 2nd Aug 1877) which
would fail through the particular estate determining before it vests,
shall " be capable of taking effect in all respects as if the Contingent
Remainder had originally been created as a SpRixaiKG or Shifting Use,
or Executory Devise, or other Executory Limitation " (40 & 41 V. c. 33).
As to such a construction, qu4 Instruments before the Act, F. Blacks
man v. Fysk, 60 L. J. Ch. 666; 64 L. T. 690; 39 W. R. 520. Cp " Con-
tingent Use," inf.
V. Vest : Thereafter to be born.
Quk Trustee Act, 1893, " 'Contingent Right,' as applied to Land, in-
cludes a Contingent or Executory Interest, a Possibility coupled with an
Interest (whether the object of the gift or limitation of the Interest or
Possibility is, or is not, ascertained) ; also a Right of Entry, whether
immediate or future and whether vested or contingent" (s. 50); — a def
applied to the Lunacy Laws (53 & 54 Y. c. 5, s. 341), and taken from
s. 2, Trustee Act, 1850.
" In a note at p. 219, Watkins on Conveyancing, 8 ed., it is said
in effect that there are two classes of Possibilities, — (1) Possibilities
coupled with an Interest, e.g. * Contingent Remainders, Executory De-
vises, Springing or Shifting Uses; (2) Bare or Naked Possibilities,
e.g. the hope of inheritance entertained by the Heir.' ... * The former
class may, perhaps, with more propriety be denominated Contingent In-
terests, and the latter mere Expectancies ; for a Possibility coupled with
an Interest, is more than a Possibility, — it is a present Interest and
may be devised {Perry y. Phelips, 17 Ves. 173, 182). On the other hand
the Expectancy of an Heir Apparent during the lifetime of his ancestor,
is less than a possibility, being but a mere hope or anticipation ' " (per
Kay, J., Be Parsons, 59 L. J. Ch. 666; 45 Ch. D. 51). Adopting this
dictum, it was there held that a bequest to " Next of Kin," — as contra-
distinguished from one to "Children," or "Nephews," or even "Kin.
dred," — after an Estate for Life is, during the life of the tenant for
life, only a spes successionis, and is not a "Contingent Title," within
s. 5, M. W. P. Act, 1882. Citing the same dictum, and adopting its
second clause, and considering Be Parsons, North, J., held that an
Interest under the Will of a living person is "Property in Expec-
TANCY; " — at least, as that phrase is used in s. 1, Infant Settlements
CONTINGENT 887 CONTINUATION
Act, 1855 {Re Johnson, 1891, 3 Ch. 48; 60 L. J. Ch. 499; 64 L. T. 696;
39 W. R. 509). F. Intebkst: Possibility.
A Contingent Use, " is such a Use as, by the limitation, may or may
not happen to vest " (Cowel). Cp " Springing Use," sup.
'' Claims and Contingent Liabilities "; V. Claim: Liability.
CONTINUAL CLAIM. — "Is a Claim made from time to time
within every year and day to Land, or other Thing, which in some
respect we cannot attain without danger " (Cowel : Vf Termes de la
Ley). " No continual, or other, claim upon or near any land shall pre-
serve any right of making an Entry or Distress or of bringing an
Action" (s. 11, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27).
CONTINUANCE. — "The continuance of Injury, or Damage"
which will extend the time within which an action may be brought for
something done by a Public Body, s. 1 (a), 56 & 57 V. c. 61, means, the
continuance of the Cause of Injury or Damage, and not the continuance
of the injurious Kesult of a completed Cause {Markey v. Tolworth, 1900,
2 Q. B. 454; 69 L. J. Q. B. 738; 83 L. T. 28; 64 J. P. 647) : " Darley
Main Co v. Mitchell, and Crumbie v. Wallsend (cited Cause) are inap-
plicable, except as showing that if (say) a Drug had been negligently
given and had been a slow poison, the fatal or otherwise injurious effects
of which had not occurred for some time afterwards, the time for bring-
ing the action would have commenced to run, not on the giving of the
drug but, on the occurrence of its injurious effects " (per Darling, J.,
ift.). Cp Continuing cause op action.
Power to Lease, reserving rent " during the Continuance of the Term,"
enables the Donee of the Power to reserve the last quarter's rent in ad*
vance {Rutland v. Doe, cited Yearly).
" If a power be given to trustees to be exercised ' during the continu-
ance of the Trust, ' it cannot be exercised after the time when the trust
ought to have been completed, though, from the delay of the trustees, it
happens that the trust has not in fact been executed " (Lewin, 719, cit-
ing Wood V. White, 2 Keen, 664; 4 My. & C. 460; 7 L. J. Ch. 203;
8 lb. 209: T. 2 Jarm. 299: and FjT Lewin, 719, as to this word).
As to the divesting effect of the phrase, if Legatee '' shall die during
the Continuance of the Trusts hereinbefore declared"; F. Re Teale, 34
W. R. 248.
CONTINUATION. — This word is used in a technical sense on the
Stock Exchange. It means to sell and to agree to re-buy the same
amount of Stock at a future day at the same price, plus a sum for the
accommodation. It is not a loan; but is a sale and an agreement for re-
purchase. The original seller may perform his contract to re-buy, and
if the Stock be not delivered to him he is entitled to damages for such
non-delivery. On the other hand, he may make default, and then would
CONTINUATION 888 CONTINUING
be liable for sucb breach; bot if the Stock has gone up in value there
would be no damages ; if, however, the value has gone down, the meas-
ure of damages would be the difference between the market value of the
Stock at the time when the original seller ought to have re-bought it and
the price at which, at the time of the sale, he agreed to re-buy it. In
all these transactions the Stock remains the property of the original
buyer until the original seller has completed the agreed re-purchase
{Bongiovanni v. La Sociiti Gen^rale, 54 L. T. 320 ; 2 Times Rep. 247 :
Bentinck v. London Joint Stock Bank, 1893, 2 Ch. 120; 62 L. J. Ch.
368; 42 W. R. 140; 68 L. T. 316). Vf, Re Ovenceg, 1900, 1 Ch. 209;
69 L. J. Ch. 2b5 ; 81 L. T. 776: Contango. Cp Cabby oveb.
CONTINUE. — Slauohtbbhouse "used . . . and continued to be
Used, " s. 126, Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847 ; V, Hides v. Lit-
tlejohn, 74 L. T. 24.
** Provided the Intebest of the Lessor in the premises should so long
continue," occurring in a Lease made by a lessor holding under a College
Lease for years renewable by custom, is to be taken as intending to
guard against the risk of non-renewal, and not to limit the lessee's in-
terest to the term of the lessor's life (Ee Conolly, Ir. Rep. 3 Eq. 339).
The " Interest," however, is not to be extended by the subsequent acqui-
sition by the lessor of some larger interest than that which he had or
anticipated when granting the Lease {Re (yBrien, lb. 77).
To " Continue," in Stock Exchange phraseology ; V. Continuation.
" Continue " as an equivalent of " Tarry " ; F. Elope.
CONTINUE IN OFFICE. — An Officer " continues in Office," qui
a Bond for the due discharge of his duties, if his functions and duties
are continued, though the tenure by which he holds office may be
changed (Oswald v. Berwick-itpon- Tweedy b H. L. Ca. 856; 25 L. J.
Q. B. 383; 4 W. R 738).
CONTINUE TO HOLD. — "Where tnistees are authorised to
* continue to hold' special Investments, the power mn^t, primd faciej be
held to apply to such of the trusts as are continuous ; and the trustees
may appropriate to a special continuous trust any of the investments
which the settlor has authorised to be held " (Lewin, 368, citing Fraser
V. Murdochy 6 App. Ca. 855).
CONTINUING CAUSE OF ACTION. — R. 58,Ord.36,R.S.C.;
V. Hole V. Chard, 1894, 1 Ch. 293; 63 L. J. Ch. 469; 70 L. T. 62.
Cp Continuance.
CONTINUING GUARANTEE. ^ r. 1 Key & Elphinstone,
Precedents, 6 ed., 40: De Colyar, on Guarantees, 2 ed., 210-246:
Hitchcock V. Humfrey, 12 L. J. C. F. 235; 6 M. & G. 569: EUit v.
CONTINUING 889 CONTINUING
Emanuel, 46 L. J. Ex. 25; 1 Ex. D. 157: Parr's Bank v. Yates, 1898,
2 Q. B. 460; 67 L. J. Q. B. 851: Guarantee: Account: Credit:
Made.
CONTINUING INTEREST. — "Continuing Interest," "Continu-
ing charge on such Interest," s. 21, Sucn Dy Act, 1853; V. Lilford v.
A'G.y 36 L. J. Ex. 116; L. R. 2 H. L. 63.
CONTINUING OFFENCE. - " Continuing Offence," s. 115, P. H.
Act, 1848, means only, an Offence which is from its nature susceptible
of continuance (Marshall v. Smith, 42 L. J. M. C. 108; L. R. 8 C. P.
416; 28 L. T. 538).
"Continuing Offence," ss. 85, 107, Metrop Man. Act, 1862; V. Lon-
don Co. Co. V. Worley, 1894, 2 Q. B. 826; 63 L. J. M. C. 218: Vf, R. v.
Slade, 64 L. J. M. C. 232; 1895, 2 Q. B. 247.
Vh, R. y. Portsmouth or Pink, 1892, 1 Q. B. 491; 61 L. J. M. C. 126:
Daw V. London Co. Co., cited New Street: Heard v. Heard, cited
Deserted : 3 Encyc. 328, 329.
CONTINUING POLICY V. StokeU v. Heywood, 74 L. T. 781;
65 L. J. Ch. 721.
CONTINUING TRUSTEE. — This is a phrase the meaning of
which is hardly settled. Bacon, V, C, decided that the term" Continu-
ing Trustee" is not confined to one who remains after another has
retired; hut includes one who has made up his mind to retire, hut who
has not, as yet, executed a Deed evidencing his retirement {Re Glenny,
63 L. J. Ch. 417; 25 Ch. D. 611 ; 32 W. R. 457). But in so deciding,
the decision of Kindersle}', V. C, in Travis v. Illiny worth (34 L. J. Ch.
065; 2 Dr. & Sm. 344), was dissented from; a decision, however, which,
notwithstanding Re Glenny, was adhered to hy Pearson, J., in Allen v.
Norris (53 L. J. Ch. 913; 27 Ch. D. 333), and per North, J., Re Coates
to Parsons (56 L. J. Ch. 242: Va Lewin, 779, 785). The weight of
judicial authority would, therefore, seem to he in favour of the proposi-
tion, that a retiring trustee is not a continuing trustee : Vf, Stones y.
Rowton, 17 Bea. 308 ; 22 L. J. Ch. 975. But Vh, s. 31 (6), Conv &
L. P. Act, 1881, repld s. 10 (4), Trustee Act, 1893; hut even under that
enactment a retiring trustee is not a " continuing " trustee unless it is
shown that he is competent and willing to act within its provisions
(Re Coates to Parsons^ sup).
A trustee who has never acted and has declined to act is not a " sur-
viving or continuing " trustee (Nicholson v. Wright, 26 L. J. Ch. 312;
5 W. R. 431). But it has heen said that the decision in that case was a
"narrow construction" (Sug. Pow. 886); and in Pell v. 2>e Winton,
(2 D. G. & J. 13) Ld Cranworth said he was not prepared to follow it.
In Re Glenny, sup, however, it was cited by Bacon, V. C, apparently
CONTINUING 390 CONTRACT
with approval. Cp, Acting Trustee: DECLiNiira Trustee: Sukviv-
INO Trustee.
F. Last: Trustee.
CONTINUOUS OCCUPATION F. Timmisy. Albtstouy 1895,
2 Q. B. 58; 64 L. J. Q. B. 564; 59 J. P. 663.
CO NTI N U OUSLY. — To discharge a Vessel " continnously," means,
" no more than the merchant hinds himself to do his work in a Reason-
able time and with a reasonable amount of exertion " (per Mathew, J.,
Maclay v. Bakery 16 Times Rep. 401).
V. Constantly.
CONTRABAND. — "< Contrabanded Goods' are sach as are pro-
hibited by Act of Parliament, or Proclamation, to be imported into, or
exported out of, this into other nations " (Cowel).
** Contraband of War," it is submitted, means, all those things which
by International Law (or, as in practice it would seem, by a Belligerent
Power, when it is strong enough) may be deemed, directly or indirectly,
useful to an Enemy for the purposes of an existing War: Vh^ 3 Encyc.
330-334: The Jonge Margaretha, 1 Rob. C. 189, and notes thereon:
Tudor, L. C. M. L., 3 ed., 981.
CONTRACT.— r. Agreement.
" In every Contract there must be quid pro quo^ for eontraetus est
quasi actus contra actum " (Co. Litt. 47 b). ** A Contract is a deliberate
engagement between competent parties, upon a legal Consideration, to
do or to abstain from doing some act '' (Story on Contracts, s. 1, cited
by Brett, L. J., WiUon v. Bury, 50 L. J. Q. B. 98; 5 Q. B. D. 618).
Vfy Add. C. ch. 1, s. 1: Leake, 1: 3 Encyc. 335-351: Promise: Evi-
dence of a Contract.
An enabling Act of Parliament, — e.g. a Railway, or Local, Act, —
is not a Contract (York & N. Mid Ry v. The Queen, 1 E. & B. 864;
22 L. J. Q. B. 230: B. v. New Sarum, 2 E. & B. 654 : Vf May). C/>,
Bathes v. Kirkcaldy W. W,, inf.
As to what was a suflBcient " Contract," within s. 25, C!omp Act, 1867,
repld s. 7, Comp Act, 1900 ; V. HaHley's Case, 44 L. J. Ch. 240 ; 10 Ch.
157; 32 L. T. 106; 23 W. R. 203: per Mellish, L. J., Crickmers' Case^
10 Ch. 614; 46 L. J. Ch. 870 ; 24 W. R. 219: Anderson's Case, 7 Ch. D.
104 ; 47 L. J. Ch. 273 ; 37 L. T. 560 ; 26 W. K 442 : Pritchard's Case,
8 Ch. 956 ; 42 L. J. Ch. 768 ; 29 L. T. 363: Melhado v. Forto Alegre By,
43 L. J. C. P. 253; L. R. 9 C. P. 503; 31 L. T. 57; 23 W. R. 57: Be
Hereford Waggon Co, 2 Ch. D. 621; 45 L. J. Ch. 461; 33 L. T. 40;
24 W. R. 953 : Eley v. Fosltive Assrce, 45 L. J. Ex. 451; 1 Ex. D. 88;
34 L. T. 190; 24 W. R. a38 : Firmstone's Case, 44 L. J. Ch. 617;
L. R. 20 Eq. 524: Be Kharaskhoma Syndicate, 1897, 2 Ch. 461; 66
CONTRACT 891 CONTRACT
L. J. Ch. 675; 46 W. R. 37: Re Maynards, 1898, 1 Ch. 515; 67 L. J.
Ch. 186, sthlc not followed in Re Frosty 1898, 2 Ch. 556; 68 L. J. Ch.
544; 47 W. R. 27: Re African Gold Co, 1899, 2 Ch. 480; 68 L. J. Ch.
215, 724 : Re Watson, 68 L. J. Ch. 660, distinguishing Re Frost, sup :
Re Jackson, cited Inadvebtence : Re Transvaal Exploring Co, 1899,
2 Ch. 370; 48 W. R. 108; 68 L. J. Ch. 670: In Writing: Otherwise.
FA, Buckl. 605: Hamilton, 180. On a similar provision in a Colonial
Statute, F. Smith v. Brown, 1896, A. C. 614; 65 L. J. P. C. 89.
Note. By Comp Act, 1898, the Court was empowered to grant relief
for non-compliance with s. 2b, Comp Act, 1867 ; Vth, Re May's Syndicate^
68 L. J. Ch. 46; 79 L. T. 663: Re NoHhem Creosoting Co, 79 L. T.
407 : Inadvertence.
As to what contracts must be disclosed in a Company Prospectus so as
to satisfy s. 38, Comp Act, 1867 ; F. notes on the section in Buckl. 617 :
Palmer, Co. Prec. 125. Va s. 10 Comp Act, 1900.
F. Bargain or Contract: Condition: Covenant.
The " Contract made," or the Good or Valuable Consideration given "
which will preserve Church Rates enacted by a Private Act, s. 5, 31 & 32
V. c. 109, must be found in, or gathered from, the Act {R, v. St, Mary*
lebone, 1895, 1 Q. B. 771; 64 L. J. Q. B. 622; 72 L. T. 11).
" Contract " for Building, s. 212, London Bg Act, 1894, is not limited
to a specific bg or bgs but, includes a contract for the erection of a num-
ber of unspecified bgs many of which were not to be commenced until
after the Act came into operation {Tahner v. Oldham, 1896, 1 Q. B. 60;
65 L. J. M. C. 10; 73 L. T. 404).
" Contract for sale of Equitable Estate or Interest " ; F. Equitable.
" Contract, Dealing, or Transaction,** s. 49 (d), Bankry Act, 1883; F.
Turquand v. Vanderplank, 10 M. & W. 180 : Graham v. Furber, 14 C. B.
134; 23 L. J. C. P. 10 : Bretvin v. Short, 24 L. J. Q. B. 297; 5 E. & B.
227; 1 Jur. N. S. 798 : Krehl v. Great Central Gas Co, 39 L. J. Ex. 197;
L. R. 5 Ex. 289 : Fx p, Arnold, Re Wright, 45 L. J. Bank. 130; 3 Ch. D.
71: Stansfield v. CiiMU, 27 L. J. Ch. 266; 2 D. G. & J. 222: Re
Curtoys, 50 L. J. Ch. 691; 17 Ch. D. 653; 44 L. T. 691: Ifance v.
Harding, 57 L. J. Q, B. 403; 20 Q. B. D. 732; 59 L. T. 669; 36 W. R.
629: Re 0*Shea, 1895, 1 Ch. 325; 64 L. J. Ch. 263; 71 L. T. 827;
43 W. R. 232: Wild v. Southwood, 1897, 1 Q. B. 317; 66 L. J. Q. B.
166; 75 L. T. 388 : Re Seaman, 1896, 1 Q, B. 412; 65 L. J. Q. B. 348:
SJiears v. Goddard, 1896, 1 Q. B. 406; 65 L. J. Q. B. 151. In Lack-
ington v. Elliott (7 M. & G. 538; 13 L. J. C. P. 153), the question was
raised, but not determined, as to whether a Distress was a " Trans-
action " within this phrase. Vh Wms. Bank. 245.
" Contract, Promise, or Agreem^tit,** s. 204, Bankry Act, 1849, in-
cluded a Bond {Kidson v. Turner, 3 H. & N. 581; 27 L. J. Ex. 492).
A "Contract or Employment," with a Mun Corp (disqualifying a
Councillor, s. 28, Mun Corp Act, 1835), includes a Lease from the
CONTRACT 892 CONTRACT
Corporation to a Councillor, the generality of "Contract," not, in
this connection, heing restricted by its association with '* Employment "
{R, V. Yorky 2 Q. B. 847; 11 L. J. Q. B. 127; 2 Q. & D. 105). Such a
contract is none the less disqualifying though, not being under Seal, it
is not enforceable against the Corp (B. v. Francis^ 21 L. J. Q. B. 304;
18 Q. B. 526). F/- Office.
"Demands . . . arising otherwise than Bt reason of a contract,'*
8. 31, Bankry Act, 1869, includes a sum found due from a Promoter of a
Co, in respect of a secret profit {Emma Co v. Grantj 60 L. J. Ch. 449; 17
Ch. D. 122 : Vf, Re Parkers, 19 Q. B. D. 84).
" Action Founded on Contract,'* s. 6, Co. Co. Act, 1867, repld s. 116,
Co. Co. Act, 1888 ; — an action is " founded on contract " when not aris-
ing out of a breach of a general duty, and when there would be no lia-
bility but for a contract {Legge v. Tucker, 26 L. J. Ex. 71 ; 1 H. & N.
600), and when it is directly, and not remotelj^ founded on such contract
(Pontifex v. Mid Ry, 47 L. J. Q. B. 28; 3 Q. B. D. 23). Therefore,
an action against a Carrier for negligent loss of goods is " founded on
Contract " {Fleming v. Manchester, S. & L. Ry, 4 Q. B. D. 81; disapprov-
ing Tattan v. G. W. Ry, 29 L. J. Q. B. 184; 2 E. & E. 844: Sv,
Turner v. Stallibrass, cited Tort) ; but an action against a Carrier for
delivering goods to an insolvent consignee after notice of a stoppage in
transitu, is founded on Tort and not on Contract, because the stoppage
had put an end to the original contract of carrying {Fontifex v. Mid Ry,
sup) ; and so of an action for Personal Injuries to his passenger occa-
sioned by Negligence {Taylor v. Manchester, S. & L, Ry, 1895, 1 Q. B.
134; 64 L. J. Q. B. 6; 43 W. R. 120; 71 L. T. 596: Kdiy v. Metrop
Ry, 1895, 1 Q. B. 944; 64 L. J. Q, B. 568; 72 L. T. 551; 43 W. R.
497). But negligent loss by a Cabman of his fare's luggage {Baylis v.
LintoU, 42 L. J. C. P. 119; L. R. 8 C. P. 345), or negligent treatment of
his customer's horse by a Livery-stable keeper {Legge v. Tucker, sup),
gives right to an action " founded on Contract." Cp Tort.
A Mtgee's action claiming a Charge on property, for Foreclosure, for
Account and Enquiries, and other relief, is not " founded on any Breach
of Contract," within R. 1 (c), Ord. 11, R. S. C, (Deutsche National
Bank v. Paul, cited Brought against).
A Penalty under a Bye Law of a Co founded by Charter under the
Great Seal, is a " Debt grounded upon a Contract without Specialty, "
within s. 3, Limitation Act, 1623; for the liability thereto springs out
of the Member's implied consent to obey the Bye Laws, which is, in
effect, a Contract independent of the Charter (Toba^cco Pipe Co v. Loder,
20 L. J. Q. B. 414; 16 Q. B. 765).
It has been said that, frequently, " statutory provisions, occurring in a
Local and Personal Act, must be regarded as a Contract between the
parties, whether made by their mutual agreement or forced upon them
by the Legislature " (per Ld Watson, Rothes v. Kirkcaldy W. W,, 7 App.
CONTRACT 393 CONTRACT
Ca. 707 : Sv, York & N. Mid Ry v. The Queen, sup) but, probably, that
does not mean that even such enactments constitute Contracts for all
purposes {V. per Stirling, J., Ee Manchester & Milford Ry, 1897, 1 Ch.
276; 66 L. J. Ch. 142; 76 L. T. 416; 45 W. R. 331), in which case it
was held that an arrangement made by three Ky Companies as to con-
structing and maintaining Ry Works, does not give rise to an " Action
an a Contract," within s. 4, Ry Comp Act, 1867. In that case the
learned judge also said, that " under the terms < Action on a Contract '
and ' Action not on a Contract, ' as used in that section, every kind of
action is included."
" All Contracts " by an Infant, s. 1, Infants Relief Act, 1874, 37 &
38 y. c. 62, does not extend to Marriage Settlements ; therefore, a Mar-
riage Settlement by an Infant remains only voidable and is not void
(Duncan v. Dixon, 44 Ch. D. 211; 59 L. J. Ch. 437; 62 L. T. 319; 38
W. R. 700). Notwithstanding this wide generality of " All Contracts,"
semble, this Act only relates to (1) Contracts for the repayment of money
lent; (2) Contracts for goods supplied; and (3) Accounts stated (2b.),
" Contract," qui Hosiery Manufacture (Wages) Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V.
c. 48; V. 8. 7.
" Contract," qui M. W. P. Act, 1882; F. s. 24.
" Contract," s. 3, Partnership Act, 1890, is not confined to a Contract
in writing (Ee FoH, 1897, 2 Q. B. 495; 66 L. J. Q. B. 824; 77 L. T.
274; 46 W. R. 147).
"Complete," or "Formal," Contract, and making contract by corre-
spondence; V. Subject to.
Notice of a Contract ; V. Notice.
" To contract a Marriage," read, " to marry " {Ee McLaughlin, 1 L. R.
Ir. 421).
F. Restraint of Tkade: Made.
CONTRACT IN WRITING F. In wbitino.
CONTRACT NOTE. —Qui Customs and Inl. Rev. Acts; F.
8. 17 (1), 51 & 52 V. c 8, on whv, Learoyd v. Bracken, 1894, 1 Q. B. 114;
63 L. J. Q. B. 96.
Qui Stamp Act, 1891 ; F. s. 52.
CONTRACT OF SALE. —Qui Sale of Goods Act, 1893, « « Con-
tract of Sale,' includes an Agreement to sell as well as a Sale " (subs. 1,
8. 62).
CONTRACT OF SERVICE.— "Contract of Service, or a Con-
tract personally to execute any Work or Labour," s. 10, Employers and
Workmen Act, 1875, 38 & 39 V. c. 90; — " I should say that the former
employment would apply to the case of an employment for a certain
time, and the latter to an employment for the performance of some
CONTRACT 394 CONTRARY
specific work " (per Lopes, J., Granger v. Aynslef/f 50 L. J. M. C. 51 ;
6 Q. B. D. 182; 29 W. R. 242; 45 J. P. 142).
CONTRACT OF TENANCY — V. Year to Year.
CONTRACT TO SUPPLY. — An employer who retains out of
his employees' wages so much a week for club-money, in considera-
tion of which he is to supply Medicine and medical attendance to his
employees, " contracts to supply " such medicine, &c, within s. 23,
Truck Act, 1831 (Cutts v. Ward, 36 L. J. Q. B. 161; L. R. 2 Q. B. 357;
15 W. R. 445; 15 L. T. 614: Lana> v. G. N. Ry, 1891, 2 Q. B.281; CO
L. J. Q. B. 489; 65 L. T. 225; 39 W. R. 475; m J. P. 22). Vh Add.
C. 105.
CONTRACTED. — A Debt is "contracted" when the liability
thereto in posse is undertaken, though the actual obligation therefor in
esse arises at a subsequent time, e.g, the liability to a Call on a Share
in a Co is not " contracted " when the Call is made, but when the Con-
tract for the Share is completed ( Williams v. Harding, L. R. 1 H, L, 9; 35
L. J. Bank. 25). Vf, Re Marquess, Ir. Rep. 9 Eq. 93: Conlon v. Moore,
Ir. Eep. 9 C. L. 190: Parker v. McHugo, lb. 265: Kirby v. Smyth, Ir.
Rep. 10 Eq. 417.
CONTRACTED TO SELI A devise of an estate "which I
have lately contracted to sell," has been held to pass merely the legal
estate so as to enable the devisee to carry out the contraitt, but not to
pass the purchase-money (Knollys v. Sliepherd, 1 Jarm. 692). In view,
however, of s, 30, Conv & L. P. Act, 1881, it would be difficult to see
how that ruling could be now supported; because the testator-vendor
would, it is submitted, hold the estate as a trustee for the vendee, and if
so the legal estate would, under the section cited, pass to the personal
representatives of the vendor ; and if that be so, then such a devise as
that in Knollys v. Shepherd would now have no operation unless it be
held to pass the vendor's beneficial interest in the contract, and with it
the purchase-money.
CONTRACTOR. — A " Contractor" is a person who, in the pursuit
of an independent business, undertakes to do specific jobs of work for
other persons, without submitting himself to their control in respect to
the details of the work (/ro/i Co v. Dodson, 7 Lea, 373).
As a description of Occupation qu^ Bills of Sale Act; V, Sharp v.
McHenry, 38 Ch. D. 428 ; 57 L. J. Ch. 961 ; 57 L. T. 606.
V. General Contractors.
CONTRARY. —" But on the contrary " ; F. But.
" Agreement to the contrary " ; V, Agreement.
A conviction for doing something " contrary to the Bye Laws," is bad
CONTRARY 395 CONTRARY
for uncertainty (Cotterill v. Lempriere, 69 L. J. M. C. 133; 24 Q. B. D.
634; 62 L. T. 695; 54 J. P. 583).
CONTRARY INTENTION, —Many modern Acts provide certain
rules of construction unless a " Contrary Intention " be expressed.
V. as to this phrase : —
In 8. 2, Arb Act, 1889, Me Wilson and Eastern Counties Nav Co^
cited Submission: Re Stephens and Liverpool^ &c Insrce, 36 S. J.
464:
In 8. 43, Conv & L. P. Act, 1881, jdgmt of Fry, L. J., Re Dickson,
Bill V. Grant, 29 Ch. D. 331 ; 54 L. J. Ch. 510; 52 L. T. 707 ; 33 W. R.
511: Re Thatcher, 53 L. J. Ch. 1050; 26 Ch. D. 426; 32 W. R. 679:
Re Wells, 59 L. J. Ch. 113 ; 43 Ch. D. 281 : Re Humphreys, 1893, 3Ch.
1 ; 62 L. J. Ch. 498 ; 41 W. R. 519. In s. 6 (4), same Act, Broomfleld
V. Williams, 1897, 1 Ch. 602; 66 L. J. Ch. 305. In s. 31 (7), same
Act, repld s. 10 (5), Trustee Act, 1893, Cecil v. Langdon, 54 L. J. Ch.
313; 28Ch. D. 1:
In s. 2 (1), Interp Act, 1889, St Helenas Tramways Co v. Wood, 56
J. P. 71. In 8. 38, same Act, Exp. Raison, 60 L. J. Q. B. 206:
In Locke King's Acts, Dart, 922, 923: Eno v. Tatham, 3 D. G.
J. & S. 443; 32 L. J. Ch. 311 : Coote v. Lowndes, L. R. 10 Eq. 376: Re
Newmarch, 9 Ch. D. 12; 48 L. J. Ch. 28: Buckley v. Buckley, 19 L. R.
Ir. 544: Rawson v. M^Causland, Ir. Rep. 8 Eq. 617: Corballis v Cot^
ballis, 9 L. R. Ir. 309: Reynolds v. M'Gloughlin, lb. 405: Given v.
Massey, 31 L. R. Ir. 126: Re Fleck, Colton v. Roberts, 57 L. J. Ch. 943;
37 Ch. D. 677; 58 L. T. 624; 36 W. R. 663: Re Nevill, 59 L. J. Ch.
511: Re Hooper, W. N. (92) 161: Re Campbell, 1893, 2 Ch. 206; 62
L. J. Ch. 594: Lewis v. Leufis, 41 L. J. Ch. 195; L. R. 13 Eq. 218,
on whlcv, Re Bennett, 1899, 1 Ch. 316; 68 L. J. Ch. 104; 47 W. R.
406:
In M. W. P. Act, 1882, Harrison v. Harrison, 58 L. J. P. D. & A. 28 :
In s. 24, Wills Act, 1837, Murphy v. Cheevers, 17 L. R. Ir. 205: Re
Portal to Lamb, 54 L. J. Ch. 1012; 30 Ch. D. 50; 33 W. R. 71, 859:
Re Wells, 42 Ch. D. 646: Boyle v. Coyle, 1895, 1 I. R. 205. In s. 26,
same Act, Wilson v. Eden, 21 L. J. Q. B. 385; 5 Ex. 752, espy jdgmt
of Campbell, C. J. : Anon., 41 S. J. 75. In s. 27, same Act, Re Marsh,
57 L. J. Ch. 639; 38 Ch. D. 630; 59 L. T. 595; 37 W. R. 10: Re
FhUlips, 41 Ch. D. 417: Re Tarrant,!^. N. (89) 146: Phillips v. Cay-
ley, 43 Ch. D. 222; 59 L. J. Ch. 177: Doyle v. Coyle, sup. In s. 28,
same Act, Quarm y. Quarm, cited Survivor : Martin v. Martin, 19 L. R.
Ir. 72. In s. 29, same Act, Steen v. Steen, Ir. Rep. 6 C. L. 8: ^6
Chinnery, 1 L. R. Ir. 296: Neville v. Thacker, 23 L. R. Ir. 359. Vf,
qu^ this Act generally, note to Introductory Chap, ante, towards end :
My: Now: Have.
V. Female.
CONTRIBUTE 396 CONTRIBUTORY
CONTRIBUTE. — Preference Shareholders ''shall not be liable to
contribate to the Expenses or Losses of the Socy ** ; V. £e Reliance Bg
Socy, 61 L. J. Ch. 453.
CONTRIBUTING. — " Inhabitants contributing " to a Kate, " does
not mean only those who have contributed or already are assessed to a
Bate already made but, includes all who are liable to be assessed to a
Rate if one were now made " (per Campbell, C. J., E, v. Kershaw,
6 E. & B. 1005; 26 L. J. M. C. 21).
CONTRIBUTION. — F. Subscription or Contribution: Vod-
tJNTARY Contributions: Indemnify: Indemnity.
"The principle established in Dering v. Witichelsea (1 Cox, 318;
2 B. & P. 270; 2 White & Tudor, 535) is universal, that the right and
duty of Contribution is founded in doctrines of Equity; it does not
depend upon contract. If several persons are indebted and one makes
the payment, the Creditor is bound, in conscience if not by contract, to
give to the party paying the debt all his remedies against the other
Debtors. The cases of Average, in Equity, rest upon the same prin-
ciple. ... So, in the case of land descending to Co-Parceners subject
to a debt, if the creditor proceeds against one of the co-parceners, the
others must contribute. If the creditor discharges one of the co-par-
ceners, he cannot proceed for the whole debt against the others; at the
most, they are only bound to pay their proportions " (per Ld Bedesdale,
Stirling v. Forrester, 3 Bligh, 590, 591, cited by Halsbury, C, RtLohon
S. S. Co V. London Assrce, 1900, A. C. 11, 12; 69 L. J. Q. B. 90; 81
L. T. 586; 48 W. R. 225; 9 Asp. 2).
Generally there is no right of Contribution between Wrong-doers
{Merryweather v. Nlxan, 8 T. R. 186 : Palmer v. Wick S. S. Co, 1894,
A. C. 318). Vhy Burrows v. Eliodes, 1899, 1 Q. B. 816; 68 L. J. Q. B.
645.
CONTRIBUTORY. —Quk Comp Act, 1862, « Contributory " means,
"every person liable to contribute to the assets of a Co, under this Act,
in the event of the same being wound-up " (s. 74, which refers to s. 38).
A holder of fully paid-up Shares is within that def and may petition for
a Winding-up under s. 82 (Re Anglesea Colliery Co, 1 Ch. 555; 35 L. J.
Ch. 809: Re National Savings Bank Assn, 1 Ch. 547; 35 L. J. Ch. 808).
For a discussion as to this def V. Buckl. 224. Vf, Re Ma^donald, 1894,
1 Ch. 89 ; 63 L. J. Q. B. 193: Norris v. CoUle, 2 H. L. Ca. 647: Bright
V. Button, 3 lb. 341.
Contributory Mortgage; V. Mortgage.
Contributory Negligence; F. Negligence.
" Contributory Place " qua P. H. Act, 1875 ; V, s. 229, on whv Horn
V. Sleaford, 1898, 2 Q. B. 358; 67 L. J. Q. B. 724; 78 L. T. 722; 46
W. R. ^b\ 012 J. P. 502. The phrase has the same meaning as in that
CONTRIBUTORY 897 CONTROL
section quk Isolation Hospitals Act, 1893, 66 & 57 V. c. 68 (s. 20)-, and
(in England) quk Housing of Working Classes Act, 1890, 63 & 54 V.
c. 70 (s. 93), but (in Scotland) it " means a Parish " (subs. 9, s. 96).
" Contributory Union "; Stat. Def., 38 & 39 V. c. 96, s. 2.
CONTRITION.— F. Confession.
CONTRIVANCE. — A " Contrivance " to obstruct an Election, s. 21,
Metrop Man. Act, 1855, includes an open and violent obstruction by one
person, if it be intentional {Buckmaster v. Reynolds^ 13 C. B. N. S. 62).
CONTROL. — To give or refuse assent to a certain proposed course,
is to exercise a " Control," within s. 33, Tramways Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V.
c. 78 (per Esher, M. R., R, v. Croydon Tramways Co, 56 L. J. Q. 13.
125; 18 Q. B. D. 39; 66 L. T. 78; 36 W. R. 299; 51 J. P. 420;
3 Times Rep. 32). " Control," s. 41, Regn Ry Act, 1868, " is confined
to the control of the proceedings in the issue so long as they are actually
going on, and does not extend to proceedings after judgment " (per Den-
nian, J., Birmingham Land Co v, Lond. & N, W. Ry^ 58 L. J. Q. B.
588).
Local Authority having "Control of the Stkeets," b. 67, P. H. Act,
1875 ; r. HiU v. Wallasey, 1894, 1 Ch. 133 ; 63 L. J. Ch. 1 ; 69 L. T. 641 ;
42 W. R. 81.
Land under the " Control " of a Local Authority ; V. Baird t. Tun-
bridge Wells, 1896, A. C. 434; 64 L. J. Q. B. 145; 66 lb. 461.
The power given to the Sanitary Commrs of Gibraltar by s. 160,
Order in Council, 19 July 1883, to " control, manage, and maintain,
the Public Highways, and also all such culverts and water-channels as
may be necessary to carry off the surface water therefrom, and also all
walls, retaining-walls, parapet-walls situate thereon or pertaining thereto
and which are necessary for their support or for the safety of passengers
or ordinary traffic," does not Vest the property in the Highways, &c in
the Commrs, for the Grovemment remains the principal, and the Commrs
are only an administrative body (Gibraltar Sanitary Commrs v. Orfila,
69 L. J. P. C. 95).
A Lease of a house together with " the Control of the Plantation on
the other side of the water, for the purpose of preventing trespassers
thereon " ; held, to mean that what was then a Plantation should continue
a Plantation, and that the Lessor could not cut it down {Nicholson v.
Rose, 4 D. G. & J. 10).
A Train is not " under the Control " of the Ry Co running it, if in
the matter complained of the Co are prevented by vis major, e.g, the
Postmaster General acting under statutory powers {Phillips v. O. W. Ry,
7 Ch. 409; 41 L. J. Ch. 614). V. Charge or Control. Cp Vessel
" under Command," sub Command.
Whether a Doo is " under the control of any person " within the Dogs
CONTROL 398 CONVENIENCE
Act, 1871, 34 & 36 V. c. 56, is a question of fact to be determined in
each case by the justices ; but as a general rule a dog is not under such
control unless muzzled or led ( Wren v. Fococky 34 L. T. 697 : Be Hat/,
31 S. J. 29; 3 Times Rep. 24).
" Under Proper Control or Destroyed, " s. 2, Dogs Act, 1871 : under
this a dangerous dog may be ordered to be destroyed {Pickering y. Marshj
43L. J. M. C. 143).
Money under Trustee's " Control "; V. Possession.
" Control or Management of Partnership Business," R. 3, Ord. 48 (a),
R. S. C. ; r. Grant v. Anderson, 1892, 1 Q. B. 108 j 61 L. J. Q. B. 107;
eQ L. T. 79.
A Receiver appointed by the Court is not a person having " the Con-
trol or Management " of a Partnership Business, within R. 260, Bankry
Rules, 1886 (Re Flowers, 1897, 1 Q. B. 14; 65 L. J. Q. B. 679; 75 L. T.
306; 45 W. R. 118).
An Exception in a Charter-Party of " Causes beyond their Control "
is to be read e^'usdem generis with those that precede it, and does not
cover " a want of business capacity " in the person to whom the Excep-
tion relates, e.g. the Charterer's Agent (in his own interest) dismissing
his men so that when wanted there are not enough to properly load
the ship (Re Richardsons and Samuel, 1898, 1 Q. B. 261 ; 66 L. J. Q. B.
579, 868; 77 L. T. 479), or by " chancing it " and not taking proper pre-
cautions in advance to have cargo ready so that when wanted it cannot
be got by reason of a Strike (Gardiner v. Macfarlane, 20 Sess. Ca. 4th
Ser. 427). Cp " Unavoidable Hindrance," sub Unavoidable.
F. Charge or Control : Custody : Name.
CONTROVERSIES V. Quarrels.
CONVENE. — "There is an obvious difference between 'convened'
and 'summoned' . . . 'convened' is applied, properly, not to individuals
but, to aggregate bodies. A Board is ' convened ' ; an Assembly is ' con-
vened'; a Senate is 'convened': but A. is not 'convened,' he is 'sum-
moned, warned, or noticed ' " (R. v. Smith, 1 Jebb & Sy. 634).
CONVENIENCE. — A contract to pay at a person's " Convenience,"
means that the obligation to pay arises when he or his representatives
are reasonably able to pay; the phrase is not equivalent to " at his will "
or "pleasure" (Cray shay v. Homstedt^ 3 Times Rep. 426). Cp Ax
Discretion.
A contract to do a thing, e.g. exhibit Advertising Frames in an Hotel,
at the contractor's " Convenience, " does not mean within a reasonable
time; it only means that he is to exhibit the frames whilst he is alive
and remains the occupier of the hotel (Hotel & Gen, Advertising Co v.
Wickendenj 14 Times Rep. 480; 16 lb. 302).
CONVENIENCE 399 CONVENIENT SPEED
A Com Exchange is a " Convenience " proper for a Market (A-G. v.
Cambridge, L. R. 6 H. L. 316).
"Proper Works and Conveniences" connected with a Tramway; V.
Rapier v. London Tramways Co, 1893, 2 Ch. 588; 63 L. J. Ch. 36; 69
L. T. 361 ; 42 W. R. 21.
"Sanitary Convenience"; Fl Sanitary.
" Temporary Convenience " ; V. Temporary.
CONVENIENT. — "Convenient," as employed in the rubric at the
end of the Anglican Marriage Service, should be construed in its strict
and primary sense of " fit " or " proper," — the secondary sense being a
more modem one (Blunfs Annotated Book of Comvion Prayer ^ 6 ed.,
274: Fa, Manes Prayer Book, 468: 7 M. & G. 41). Cp, R. v. Sharp,
cited Conveniently.
" Any Court convenient thereto," s. 66, Co. Co. Act, 1888, does not mean
one that must be near to the Court of the district in which the defendant
dwells, &c, but one which is "convenient" having regard to its facility
to the parties {Parsons v. Lakenheath School Bd, 68 L. J. Q. B. 371;
87 L. T. 71 ; 6 Times Rep. 497 : Burkill v. Thomas, 1892, 1 Q. B. 99, 312;
61 L. J. Q. B. 322; 66 L. T. 160; 40 W. R. 260). V. Commenced.
A power to Grovernors of a Hospital to remove Inmates " so often as
it shall seem convenient to them, " confers a wide discretion on the Gov-
ernors, preventing the Inmates from taking an Estate for Life in the
property enjoyed by them as Inmates {Davis v. Waddington, 14 L. J.
C. P. 46; 7 M. & G. 37).
A power to do things which are " necessary *^ convenient " for a stated
object, is well exercised if done in such a way as a person of reasonable
and ordinary skill might have chosen, though it be not the ideally best
way {Ahson v. Fenton, 1 B. & C. 196). Vf, Harris v. Lond. & S. W.
Ry, cited Necessary.
V. Just : Substantial.
CONVENIENT PLACE. — A place where the works of one person
are carried on which cause an actionable injury to another is not a " Con-
venient Place" {St. Helen's Smiting Co v. Tipping, 11 H. L. Ca. 642;
36 L. J. Q. B. 66).
CONVENIENT SPEED. — Trustees for sale are allowed a reason-
able time for selling the property ; ** and though the instrument creating
the trust, direct them to sell ' with all convenient speed,* that is no more
than is implied by law, and does not render an immediate sale im-
perative" (Lewin, 486, citing Buxton y. Buxton^ 1 My. & C. 80: Gar-
rett V. Noble, 3 L. J. Ch. 169; 6 Sim. 604: Fryr, Fry, 28 L. J. Ch.
691; 27 Bea. 144: Va, Fitzgerald v. Jervoise, 6 Mad. 26: Vickers v.
Seott, 3 My. & K. 600: Sculthorpe v. Tipper, 41 L. J. Ch. 266; L. R.
13 Eq. 232: Turner v. Buck, 43 L. J. Ch. 683; L. R. 18 Eq. 301, on
CONVENIENT SPEED 400 CONVENIENTLY
whlcv Re Waters, 42 Ch. D. 617) : and the construction is not different
if the direction he to sell ''with all convenient speed, and vrithin
6 years/* — the direction in the words italicised heing directory only
(Lewin, 486, citing Fearcev. Gardner^ 10 Hare, 287: Fa, Cuff v. HaU,
1 Jur. N. S. 973 : De La Salle v. Moorat, 40 L. J. Ch. 44; L. R. 11
Eq. 8 : Edwards T. Edmunds, 34 L. T. 522). Bat trustees directed to
sell " with all convenient speed, " or " so soon as conveniently may be, "
are not arbitrarily to postpone the sale for an indefinite period (Dart, 63 :
Vh, Grayhum v. Clarkson, 15 L. T. 559). Where property was directed
to be sold " with all convenient speed," and proceeds to be paid to A.,
and no sale took place for 7 years, and A. had done acts of ownership in
respect of the property ; held, that A. had elected to take it as real estate
{Re Davidson, Martin v. Trimmer, 11 Ch. D. 341).
A Charter-Party contained a clause that the ship should " with all Con-
venient Speed (on being ready), having liberty to take an outward cargo
for owners' benefit direct or on the way, proceed to E., and there load a
full cargo of cotton." The ship deviated to C. and arrived at E. a few
days later than she would have done if she had gone there direct. The
ship had not been taken up for any particular cargo, and a small loss in
freight was the only result of this delay; held, in an action against
the freighter for not loading a Cargo, that the above clause was a
Stipulation and not a Condition Precedent, and that the delay afforded
no justification to the freighter for refusing to load a cargo {MaeAndrew
V. Chappie, L. K 1 C. P. 643; 35 L. J. C. P. 281; H. & R. 745). " It
seems to be now settled that delay by deviation is the same as a delay in
starting ; and it is also settled, at any rate in this Court, that a delay
or deviation which, as it has been said, goes to the whole root of the
matter, deprives the charterer of the whole benefit of the contract, or
entirely frustrates the object of the charterer in chartering the ship, is
an answer to an action for not loading a cargo; but that loss, delay, or de-
viation, short of that, gives an action for damages, but does not defeat the
charter " (per Willes, J., S. C, L. R. 1 C' P. 648). FjTOx o& before.
V. Immediately.
CONVENIENT TIME. — Where, under a Lease, the lessor is at
iberty to view the premises at " Convenient Times," " I think he ought
to give notice that he is coming; and if he does not give notice, it is not
to be considered a 'Convenient Time,' as it cannot be expected that
where any business is carried on, they can allow the landlord to go all
over the premises without they have previous notice of his coming " (per
Denman, C. J., Doe d. Wetherell v. Bird, 6 C. & P. 200).
CONVENIENT WAY.— F. Way.
CONVENIENTLY. — Where a Company has to erect, e.g, an Arch
in a Street at a particular angle, " Conveniently," that does not mean
CONVENIENTLY 401 CONVERT
merely the Convenience of the Go but pre-eminently that of the public
(per Alderson, B., R. v. Sharp, cited 2 Q. B. 673). Cp Convknient.
As to what, in a Go's Mem of Assn, will enable it to carry on some
Business, " which, under existing circumstances, may Conveniently or
advantageously be combined with The business of the Go," s. 1 (5, d)
Gomp Mem of Assn Act, 1890; V. Be Foreign and Colonial Government
Trustf 1891, 2 Gh. 395: Be Governments Stock Investment Co, cited
Efficiently: Be Alliance Marine Insree, 1892, 1 Gh. 300 ; 61 L. J. Gh.
176; 65 L. T. 554; 40 W. R. 329.
CONVENT. — A bequest in trust "for the Community of the Con-
vent " at A., is one for the Members for the time being of that Gonvent|
and is not a Pespetuity (Bradshaw v. Jackman^ 21 L. B. Ir. 12).
CONVENTICLE. — " Conventicle " is " A private assembly of a few
folks under pretence of exercise of Religion; first given to the meetings
of Wickliffe in this nation above 200 years past, but now applyed to
the illegal meetings of the present Kon-conformists. It is mentioned
1 H. 6, c. 3 " (Cowel).
The Statutes against Conventicles (16 Car. 2, c. 4; 22 Car. 2, c. 1; 10
Anne, c. 2) and the one exempting Protestant Dissenters (1 W. & M.
c. 18), were repealed by ^2 G. 3, c. 155. VfZ Encyc. 359, 360.
CONVENTION. — "Convention Posts" are "Posts established by
the Postmaster General under agreements with the inhabitants of any
places " (1 V. c. 36, s. 47).
CONVENTIONARY. — " Gonventionary Tenements," " Convention-
ary Tenants," of the ancient Assessionable Manors of the Duchy of
Cornwall; F. 7 & 8 V. c. 105, passim, and s. 92.
CONVERSION. — As to what words work a constructive conversion
of Property; F. 1 Jarm. 584-597: 1 White & Tudor, 327-389: 3 Encyc.
362-365: Valid Contbact.
Conversion of .Goods; F. Troveb.
CONVERT. — It is stated that "a covenant not 'to convert' a
Dwelling-house into a Shop, means a structural conversion, and not
merely exposing goods for sale " (Woodf. 708-709, citing Wilkinson v.
Bogers, 2 D. G. J. & S. 62; 12 W. R. 119, 284). But it would seem
that that case supports the reverse of the proposition stated in Woodf all.
It is only reported on an application for an interim injunction; and in
dissolving an injunction which had heen granted by the M. B., the L. J J.
expressly reserved an actual decision till the hearing; but they also inti-
mated their opinion that the conversion into a shop might be effected
without any structural change. Turner, L. J., said, " I think the prem-
26
CONVERT 402 CONVEYANCE
ises may be ' converted ' either by user, or by an alteration of stractnre."
V. Shop.
" Converted into Arable Ground or Meadow"; V. Impbove.
Trust Property by Trustee " converted to his Use," a. 8 (1), Trustee
Act, 1888, does not include property which, bond fide, he has parted
with, though in parting with it he may have acted negligently {Thome
V. Heard, 1895, A. C. 495; 64 L. J. Ch. 652), or without strict lav^-ful
authority (Ee Page, 1893, 1 Ch. 304; 62 L. J. Ch. 692; 41 W. R. 357).
Vf, Still.
CONVEY. — A devise to A. to "sell," or " convey," gives A. the
Legal Estate; sec^ts^ if the direction be unaccompanied by words of
devise (2 Jarm. 295: Vth^ per Esher, M. R., Richardson v. Harrison, 16
Q. B. D. 85; 55 L. J. Q. B. 60). Cp Permit.
" The case of Ex p, Shorland, 7 Ves. 88, decided that a mere gift by
^(^y of Advancement to a son, was not void by 1 Jac. 1, c. 15, s. 5, where
the words used are, * convey, or procure or cause to be conveyed ' " (per
Cave, J., Ee Flayer, No. 2, 54 L. J. Q. B. 556).
V. Conveyance: Have or Convey.
Goods " carried or conveyed " ; V. Carried.
The Postmaster Generars " Exclusive Privilege " of " conveying " Let-
ters, s. 2, 1 v. c. 33, does not prevent a person from carrying his own
letter to its destination (A-G. v. Edison Telephone Co, 50 L. J. Q. B.
153; 6Q. B. D. 244).
Convey Coals; V. Way.
CONVEYANCE By 2 & 3 Anne, c. 4, 5 & 6 Anne, c. 18 (qui
West Riding), 6 Anne, c. 35 (qui East Riding), and 8 G. 2, c. 6 (qua
North Riding), Registries were established for Deeds, Conveyances, and
Wills relating to lands in Yorkshire; and by 7 Anne, c 20, a Register was
established for Deeds, Conveyances, and Wills relating to lands in Middle-
sex, which latter Registry was (by 54 & 55 V. c. 64) transferred to the Land
Registry. A simple deposit of deeds for the purpose of creating a charge,
there being no writing at all accompanying, was not a " Conveyance **
within these provisions (Sumpter v. Cooper, 9 L. J. 0. S. K. B. 226;
2 B. & Ad. 223: Svthc Lien); because there was ** nothing to register "
(per Wood, V. C, Neve v. FenneU, S3 L. J. Ch. 23) ; so, of a Vendor's
Lien for unpaid purchase-money (Kettlmvell v. Watson, 53 L. J. Ch. 717;
26 Ch. D. 501). As to the Yorkshire Registry, Vf inf.
But an Agreement to execute a Mortgage, is a ** Conveyance " within
these provisions (-Be Wighfs Mortgage Trusty 43 L. J. Ch. 66; L. R. 16
Eq. 41: Neve v. FenneU, 33 L. J. Cb. 19; 2 H. & M.170); and so also is
a Further Charge, though not under seal and though ancillary to a legal
mortgage duly registered (Moore v. CtUverhotise, 29 L. J. Ch. 419; 27
Bea. 639: Credland v. Fotter, 44 L. J. Ch. 169; 10 Ch. 8). In the last
CONVEYANCE 403 CONVEYANCE
named case. Cairns, C, in giving judgment, said, — '' There is no magic
in the word 'Conveyance.' It means an Instrument conveying from one
person to another person an interest in land. By a Further Charge
an interest is conveyed from one person to another. It gives the person
who already has a mortgage a further interest in the land. Therefore a
Further Charge is a Conveyance within the meaning of the Act." But
an Order under s. 121, Bankry Act, 1883, vesting a small bankry estate
in the Official Beceiver, is not such a " Conveyance " (Me Calcott and
Elvin, 1898, 2 Ch. 460; 67 L. J. Ch. 653); secus, of a Certificate of
Appointment of a Trustee under s. 54 (4) of the same Act (Jb.). An
Enfranchisement Deed is not a Conveyance of Copyholds, within the
exception in s. 17, 7 Anne, and ought, if of copyholds in Middlesex, to
be registered (jK. v. Truro, 67 L. J. Q. B. 577; 21 Q. B. D. 565; 59
L. T. 242; 36 W. R. 776). As to a Vesting Declaration on the Ap-
pointment of a New Trustee, V. s. 12 (4), Trustee Act, 1893. As to a
Foreclosure Order, V. Burrows v. Holley, cited Judgment.
All the Yorkshire Registry Acts were repealed and consolidated by
the Yorkshire Registries Act, 1884, 47 & 48 V. c. 54, under which all
Assurances and Wills affecting land in Yorkshire are to be registered
as from 31st Dec 1884 ; by s. 3 " Assurance " includes (int. al.) " Con-
veyance . . . Memorandum or Charge " ; neither " Assurance, " nor
"Conveyance," nor " Memorandum or Charge " (as therein defined) in-
cludes an Agreement by which (in consideration of a present payment by
A.) the owner of land agrees to finish certain buildings in course of
erection thereon, and on their completion A. agrees to buy the land and
buildings at a price less the present payment {Rodger v. Harrison, 1893,
1 Q. B. 161; 62 L. J. Q. B. 213; 68 L. T. 66 ; 41 W. R. 291). F^ As-
surance. Sv, qu& Lien, Battison v. Hobson, cited Lien.
A " Conveyance or Assignment " by a Debtor of his Property, within
B. 4 (1 a), Bankry Act, 1883, must be by Deed; a Declaration of Trust, or
a mere Agreement, is not within the section (Re Spa^kman^ 24 Q. B. D.
728; 59 L. J. Q. B. 306; 38 W. R. 497). But if there be a Deed,
and it deals with the different classes of all the debtor's property in the
appropriate way, — e.g. grants his freeholds, covenants to surrender his
copyholds, assigns his unonerous personalty, and contains a trust or
covenant binding his leaseholds, shares liable to calls, and other onerous
personalty, — such a Deed would be a "Conveyance or Assignment"
within the section {Re Hughes, 1893, 1 Q. B. 595; 62 L. J. Q. B. 358;
68 L. T. 629 ; 41 W. R. 466). Cp, Gentle v. Faulkner, cited Assign.
By s. 6 (2), Bankry Act, 1869, a fraudulent " Conveyance, Gift, Deliv-
ery, or Transfer," by a debtor of his. property was an act of bankry; — a
verbal charge on goods which are already in the hands of the chargee was
not within either of these words (Fhilps v. Homstedt, 42 L. J, Ex. 12;
L. R. 8 Ex. 26; 1 Ex. D. 62) ; but if the charge were accomplished by
a Deed (or other writing ?) it would be within t\iQm,{Woodhoiise v. Mur-
CONVEYANCE 404 CONVEYANCE
ray, 36 L. J. Q. B. 289; 38 lb. 28; L. R. 2 Q. B.634; 4 lb. 27; 8 B. &
S. 466; 9 lb. 720). V. Fraudulent Assurance.
" Conveyance, " Sch 1, Part 2, Solrs Rem Ord. means, " Conrejanoe
in Fee, or for any other Freehold estate " ( Fl beading of Scale 2, of
Sch) ; A sale of Leaseholds, effected by an Under-lease, is not a '' Con-
veyance,'' neither is it a " Lease " within R. 5, Part 2 of the Sch {Re
WM, 1897, 1 Ch. 144; 66 L. J. Ch. 163; 75 L. T. 478; 45 W. R. 170).
V. Property. Th« Scale Fee, in Part 1 of the Sch, to a Purchaser's
Solr for "preparing and completing Conveyance," includes his trouble
in registering it, where the property is in a Register County (Grey v.
Curtice, 1899, 1 Ch. 121; 68 L. J. Ch. 60; 79 L. T. 713; 47 W. R.
294).
V. Cost of Conveyance.
As to what " Conveyance " and '* Convej' " mean for the purposes of the
Conv & L. P. Acts ; F. s. 2 (v). Act, 1881. A Declaration vesting a
Trust Estate is, for purposes of registration, a Conveyance (s. 34 (4), Ib^
repld, s. 12 (4), Trustee Act, 1893).
"Convey," "Conveyance," in Trustee Acte ; V. Trustee Act, 1850,
s. 2, adopted with small emendations in s. 50, Trustee Act, 1893.
Other Stat. Def.— a3&34V.c.34,s. 3; 38&39V.C 89,s. 51; 63 &
64 V. c.5,s.341; 56 & 57 V. c. 21, s.4. — Sbo«.3l &32V.c. 101, s.3;
37&38V.c.94,s.3; 57 & 58 V.c 44, s. 18; 25 & 26 V. c. 86, s. 4. —
/r. 34 & 35 V. c. 22, s. 2; 64 & 55 V. c. 66, s. 95.
For meaning of " Conveyance an Sale,'^ or " Conveyance," qui Stamp
Duty, V. ss. 64, 69, Stamp Act, 1891; s. 6, 61 & 62 V. c 10, on whv,
Christie v. Int. Rev., L. R. 2 Ex. 46 ; 36 L. J. Ex. 11: and Phillips v.
InL Rev,, L. R. 2 Ex. 399; 36 L. J. Ex. 199, distd in McLeod v. InL
Rev,, 12 Sess. Ca. 4th Ser. 1045: Thames Conservators v. InL Rev,, 56
L. J. Q. B. 181; 18 Q. B. D. 279; 56 L. T. 198; 35 W. R. 274 : InL
Rev, V. Anyus, 23 Q. B. D. 579; 5 Times Rep. 697 : Leuns v. InL Rev,,
37 W. R. 609: Foster v. InL Rev,, 1894, 1 Q. B. 616; 63 L. J. Q. B.
173: G. N. Ry v. Inl Rev,, 68 L. J. Q. B. 978; 48 W. R. 170: G, W.
Ry V. Inl, Rev,, 1894, 1 Q. B. 507; 63 L. J. Q. B. 405; 70 L. T. 865
42 W. R. 211 : Huntington v, Inl, Rev,, 1896, 1 Q. B. 422; 65 L. J. Q. B.
297; 44 W. R. 300; 74 L. T. 28: Coats v. Inl, Rev,, 1897, 2 Q. B. 423;
C6 L. J. Q. B. 434, 732; 77 L. T. 270; 46 W. R. 1 : Mersey Docks v. Inl.
Rev,, 1897, 2 Q. B. 316; 66 L. J. Q. B. 480, 697; 77 L. T. 120: Scot^
tlsh Equitable Assrce v. Inl, Rev,, 22 Rettie, 86. C^ Exchange. Where
there is a Declaration of Trust which effects a Transfer of a right to
property, that is within s. 54, and is a " Conveyance on Sale " (per
Wills, J., Chesterfield Brewery Co v. InL Rev,, 1899, 2 Q. B. 7 ; 68 L. J.
Q. B. 204; 79 L. T. 659; 47 W. R. 320). F/ Release.
Note, — That a Family Arrangement is not a "Sale" requiring pay-
ment of ad val. Stamp Duty, though there be a money consideration (Doe
d. Manifold v. Diamond, 4 B. & C. 243; 6 D. & R. 328 : Massy v. Nanny,
CONVEYANCE 406 CONVICTED
3 Bing. N. C. 478: Wigram v, Joyce, 13 Ir. L. R. 164). Nor is a Parti-
tion such a Sale (Henniker v. Henniker, 22 L. J. Q. B. 94; 1 E. & B. 54) ;
nor a Eedemption, pursuant to a prescribed option, of a Ground Annual or
Feu Duty, or, semble, of a Fee Farm Rent {Belch v. Inl, Rev,y 4 Rettie,
4th Ser. 592: GM v. ltd. Rev., 8 lb. 120).
" CJonveyance on Sale," qu4 Land Transfer Act, 1897, " means, an Instru-
ment executed on Sale, by virtue whereof there is conferred, or completed,
a Title under which an Application for Registration as First Proprietor
of Land may be made under " the Land Transfer Act, 1875 (s. 20 (2), L. T.
Act, 1897) ; extended to Leaseholds by R. 60, Land Transfer Rules, 1898.
" Deed or Conveyance "; V. Dbed.
F. Grant.
As used in the Ry Companies Rates and Charges Order Confirmation
Acts, " Conveyance " of Goods, means, " Conveyance by Merchandize
Train, and this will include any work which is incidental to such convey-
ance and for the performance of which it is reasonable to use the Train
Engine, e.g. (when, at a Junction with the Main Line of either a Sta-
tion Siding or a Private Siding, the Train has to pick up or throw of!
trucks) the work of hauling or shunting the trucks over the points at the
janction and over so much of the siding as the keeping of the main line
clear of obstruction may require. But conveyance other than this off tlie
Main Line would be giving the word 'Conveyance' a meaning beyond
its ordinary sense in the language of Ry Acts according to ffall v. Z. B.
A S. Ry (cited Incidental), where it was defined, as comprehending
such work only as, in the early days of Railways, was performed by a Ry
Co acting as Conveyers only (and not as Carriers as well), and as was
capable of being measured by a reference to distance travelled " {Mail-
Chester S. & L. Ry v. Pidcock, 10 Ry & Can Traffic Ca. 157, 158: Vf,
FeUaU Coal Co v. Lond. & N. W. Ry, 7 lb. 1).
CONVEYANCING. —'* Sales, Purchases, Leases, Mortgages, Settle-
ments, and other Matters of Conveyancing, " s. 2, Solrs Rem Act, 1881 ;
Vth " Other Documents," sub Other, ejtisdem generis.
"The Conveyancing Acts, 1881 to 1892"; V. Sch 2, Short Titles
Act, 1896.
CONVICT Quk Forfeiture Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 23, a " Con-
vict," ''shall be deemed to mean any person against whom, after the
passing of this Act, judgment of Death or of Penal Servitude shall have
been pronounced or recorded by any Court of competent jurisdiction in
England, Wales, or Ireland, upon any charge of Treason or Felony " (s. 6).
" Convict Prison "; V. 40 & 41 V. c. 49, s. 3.
CONVICTED. — The word "convicted," or the "conviction" of a
person accused, is equivocal. " In common parlance no doubt it is taken
to mean, the verdict at the time of trial j but in strict legal sense it is
CONVICTED 406 CONVOCATION
used to denote the judgment of the Court " (per Tindal, C. J., Burgess
V. BoetefeuTy cited Acqcittal), and, accordingly, it was there held that
a person who pleaded guilty to keeping a hrothel, on an indictment insti-
tuted under s. 5, 25 G. 2, c. 36, and who at a suhsequent Sessions came
up for judgment, was not " convicted " when he pleaded, hut when judg-
ment was pronounced. But if, under the same section, the plea of guilty
be followed by an Order that defendant enter into recognizances to comd
up for judgment if called upon, he is then " convicted " (per Stephen, J.,
Jephson y. Barker, 3 Times Rep. 40); and that is a ruling of general ap-
plication (B. V. Blabi/, 1894, 2 Q. B. 170; 63 L. J. M. C. 133; 70 L. T.
879; 42 W. R. 511; 58 J. P. 576). Jacob, tit. Convict, says, " Judg-
ment amounts to Conviction " ; but in an earlier time a wider meaning
was given to the word, for it was said that " Conviction " is either when
a man is outlawed, or appeareth and confesseth, or else is found guilty by
the inquest (Crompton, Justice of the Peace, 9 a, citing Dyer, 275 b, pi.
48). Vf, Sutton V. Bishop, 1 Bl. W. 665; 4 Burr. 2283: Lee v. Gansel,
Cowp. 1: Crime.
" * Convicted ' has been often, according to many cases in the books,
taken for 'attainted,' and therefore extends to a judgment upon demur-
rer ; which in Foster^s Case was held to be a * Conviction ' within 23
Eliz." (Dwar. 683, citing Foster's Case, 11 Rep. 59).
" Upon Conviction," s. 91, Elementary Education Act, 1870, 33 & 34
V. c. 75, means, "upon Summary Conviction" {B,y,' Gaunt, 50 h. J.
M. C. 32; 29 W. R. 289; 45 J. P. 222).
" Convicted of Felony," s. 14, 33 & 34 V. c. 29; this expression de-
scribes a class of persons against whom the public ought to be guarded,
and who ought not to be licensed to sell intoxicants, and means, a person
who shall be, or shall have been, " Convicted of Felony," and is equiva-
lent to "Convicted Felon" (B, v. Vine, 44 L. J. M. C. 60; L. R. 10
Q. B. 195; nom. Vine v. Leeds, 39 J. P. 130, 213. Sv Felon). A
Free Pakdon purges the Conviction, and after it the man is no longer
" Convicted of Felony," within this section (Haj/ v. Tower Jus., 69 L. J.
M. C. 79; 24 Q. B. D. 561; 62 L. T. 290; 38 W. R. 414; 54 J. P.
500). Cp Prohibited.
A person against whom a penalty has been recovered under s. 193,
P. H. Act, 1875, is not a "Convicted Offender" within 22 V. c. 32
(Todd V. Bohinson, 53 L. J. Q. B. 251; 12 Q. B. D. 530).
" Convicted," " Conviction," qui Extradition Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V.
c. 52; V. s. 26.
CONVICTION. — F. Order: Convicted: Determination.
" On Conviction " ; F. Recovery.
" Under the firm Conviction " ; V, Precatory Trust.
CONVOCATION. — " 'Convocation,' is commonly taken for the
Assembly of all the Clergie to consult of ecclesiasticall matters^ in time
CONVOCATION 40T COPARTNERSHIP
of Parliament: and, as there are two Houses of Parliament, so there are
two places called Convocation Houses, — the one called, the Higher
Convocation House, where the Archbishops and Bishops sit severally by
themselves ; the other, the Lower Convocation House, where all the rest
of the Clergie are bestowed " (Termes de la Ley). Vh 8 Encyc. 375-
377.
CONVOY. — "A Convoy is a naval force, appointed by the Govern-
ment, or by the commander of a station, to escort and protect merchant
ships proceeding to certain parts" (1 Maude & P. 502 et seq as to
the phrase " To Sail with Convoy "). Vf, Park, ch. 18, 693-713: Arn.
752.
" Depart with Convoy, " means to sail with Convoy throughout the
whole voyage unless prevented by stress of weather {Jeffery v. Legenderj
3 Lev. 321 : Lilli/ v. Uwery Doug. 72. Va, Warwick v. Scotty 4 Camp.
62), or, unless there be a usage to the contrary and Convoy for only part
of the distance be provided (UEguino v. Beivicke, 2 Bl. H. 551).
"Sails with Convoy and arrives "'^ means that the ship is bound to
sail with Convoy, but not to arrive with Convoy; and it is sufficient if
the goods arrive, although they do not arrive safely, there being no
warranty as to their condition. " Arrived " means " at the ultimate port
of Destination" (1 Maude & P. 559, citing Kellner v. Le Mesurier,
4 East, 396 : Fa, Dalgleish v. Brooke^ 15 East, 295 : Leevin v. Comuie,
4 Taunt. 483). V. Arrive.
" Wait for Convoy"; — " Where a ship was to sail with convoy, and
demurrage was to be paid for every day beyond a certain number of days
that she should 'wait for Convoy,' this was construed to mean that it
was to be paid until the convoy was ready to sail, and not that the
freighter was to be discharged on the arrival of the convoy at the port
where the ship lay" (1 Maude & P. 409, citing Lannoy v. Werry,
4 Brown P. C. 630).
17 Abbott, 397-405.
COOPATURA. — " A thicket of wood; 4 Inst. 307 : Spelm. Cooper-
turn" (Elph. 568).
CO-OPERATION.— "Co-operation," which will give a title to
BooTT, must directly tend to produce the Capture in question (JBanda
and Kirwee Booty , L. R. 1 A. & E. 109; 35 L. J. Adm. 17; T. these
references for plan of the Operations). Cjp, Association: Joint Cap-
tors.
COPARCENERS.— F. Parceners.
COPARTNERSHIP. — « Lord Hale and older writers use 'Co-
partnership' in the sense of 'Co-ownership,' but this is no longer cus«
ternary " (Liudley, P, 25). " Copartnership " is now synonymous with
COPARTNERSHIP 408 COPY
Partnership; and therefore a member of an association which contem-
plates spiritual benefits, and not a division of profits, cannot be convicted,
nnder s. 1, 31 & 32 V. c. 116, of embezzling the funds of a " Copartner-
ship*' (E. V. Robsan, 65 L. J. M. C. 55; 16 Q. B. D. 137; 34 W. R.
276; 50 J. P. 438; 53 L. T. 823).
COPE.— V. Howe: Lot and Cope.
COPPER. — " 'Copper' applied to Coin, inclndes bronze or mixed
metal, and every other kind of coin inferior in valae to silver " (Steph.
Cr. 310, stating s. 1, 24 & 25 V. c. 99).
VfAxch. Cr. 911.
COPPICE. — ** Coppice," has, probably the same meaning as Under-
wood. " Properly speaking, it means Oak, Ash, or other wood, cat at
intervals of less than 20 years so that it springs again from the same
stool, or stub " (per Kay, L. J., Dashwood v. Magniac, cited Timber).
When that case was before Chitty, J., he said, — " Etymologically,
* Coppice ' is derived from the French word cauper, to cut " (60 L. J. Ch.
215).
COPROLITES r. Mine.
COPY. — A served copy of the old writ of Capias which omitted the
description of the defendant contained in the writ, was not a '' Copy " of
the writ within 2 W. 4, c. 39, s. 4 (Cooke v. VaugJian, 7 L. J. Ex. 219;
4 M. & W. 69).
The unintentional omission of the word " act " after " wilful " in an
Innkeeper's copy of s. 1, 26 & 27 V. c. 41, renders it not a " copy " of
that section, and its exhibition does not protect the innkeeper (Spice v.
Bacouj 46 L. J. Ex. 713; 2 Ex. D. 463). Semble, an immaterial cleri-
cal error would be excused (Ih.).
Copy of a Book, s. 2, Copyright Act, 1842; F. Wamev. Seebohnty 57
L. J. Ch. 689; 39 Ch. D. 73; 58 L. T. 928; 36 W. R. 686, and cases
there cited.
Copy of Court Roll; V. Copyhold.
Copy of a Document, qui a Solr's charge therefor; F. Print.
A copy of a Pictorial Work " is that which comes so near to the origi-
nal as to give to every person seeing it the idea created by the original "
(per Bayley, J., West v. Francis, 5 B. & Aid. 743, adopted by all the
L. J J. in Hanfstaengl v. Empire PaUice, 1894, 3 Ch. 109; 63 L. J.
Ch. 681; 70 L. T. 854; 42 W. R. 681; afEd in H. L. 1895, A. C. 20;
64L. J. Ch. 81; 72 L. T. 1).
A Photograph is a copy of an Engraving within 8 G. 2, c. 13; 7 G. 3,
c. 38; 17 G. 3, c. 57 (GawhaH v. BaU, 32 L. J. C. P 166; 14 C. B.
N. S. 306: Graves v. Ashford, 36 L. J. C. P. 139; L. R. 2 C. P. 410);
bat a Pattern for Woolwork, though taken closely from, is not a copy of
COPY 409 COPYRIGHT
an £ngraying within those statutes (Dicks y. Brooks, 4t9 L. Ch. 812; 15
Ch. D. 22).
" Copy or Colourablj imitate " any Painting, Drawing, or Photo-
ORAPH, s. 6) Fine Arts Copyright Act, 1862; this includes a Photograph
of an Engraving of a painting {Exp. Beal, 37 L. J. Q. B. 161; L. B.
3 Q. B. 387; 9 B. & S. 395), or, a copy of a picture taken from any other
Bepresentation, — e,g. a living group, — which itself is not an infringe-
ment {Hanfstaengl v. Empire PaloM^ sup) ; but, in determining what is
a '* Copy,'' the absence of an intention to copy, and the impossibility of
injury by competition, are material elements in doubtful cases {Ib')^ —
" the amusing sketches in Punch of the pictures in the Eoyal Academy
are not infringements of the copyrights in those pictures, although prob-
ably made from the pictures themselves" (per Lindley, L. J., lb,).
Vfy BoUon V. Aldin, 65 L. J. Q. B. 120 : Multiply : Repboduction.
Q>, Exact.
Copy of " Sheet of Music,'* s. 2, Copyright Act, 1842; V. Boosey v.
Whight, 1900, 1 Ch. 122 ; 69 L. J. Ch. m\ 81 L. T. 671; 48 W. R. 228.
V. Duplicate: Office: Teue Copt: Print.
COPYHOLD.— V. Charteb-Land.
" 'Copyhold,' is a Tenure for which the Tenant hath nothing to shew
but the Copies of the Rolles made by the Steward of his Lord's Court "
(Termes de la Ley). Vh, Litt. ss. 7^-84: Co. Litt. 57b-63a: 1 Cru.
Dig. Title 10: Wms. R. P. Part 3: Goodeve, 320: Scriven on Copy-
holds, 14: Elton on Copyholds, 1: 3 Encyc. 379-392.
A devise of " Copyholds " will pass Customary Freeholds (Jtoe d.
ConoUy v. Vernon, 5 East, 83: Doe d. Cook v. Danvers, 7 East, 299:
1 Jarm. 798).
It has been held a fatal misdescription in a Y. & P. Contract to de-
scribe Freeholds as *' Copyhold" (Ayles v. Cox, 16 Bea. 23; 20 L. T.
O. 8. 4: Sv, Twining v. Morrice, 2 Bro. C. C. 331: Webster on Con-
ditions of Sale, 106). V. Freehold.
The provision in the Middlesex Registry Act, 1708, 7 Anne, c. 20,
s. 17, that it shall not extend to ** any Copyhold Estates " does not ex-
tend to an Enfranchisement of Copyholds {R. v. Truro, 57 L. J. Q. B.
677; 21 Q. B. D. 655; 59 L. T. 242; 36 W. R. 775).
" Copyhold Ground Rent " ; V. Ground Rent.
COPYRIGHT, — " Copyright," is " the sole and exclusive liberty of
printing, or otherwise multiplying copies " of an Original Work or
Composition (s. 2, 6 & 6 V. c. 46: per Parke, B., Jefferys v. Boosey,
4 H. L. Ga. 920), and consequently of preventing others from so doing
(Chappell v. Purday, 14 M. & W. 316), even gratuitously {NoveUo v.
Sudhw, 21 L. J. C. P. 169; 12 C. B. 177). Vf, per Mansfield, C. J.,
Millar v. Taylw, 4 Burr. 2396. V. Author : Copt.
COPYRIGHT 410 CORPORATE
Qui the Canada Copyright Act, 1875, 38 & 39 V. c. 63> and hy 8. 2
thereof, " Book " and " Copyright," have the same meanings as in 5 & 6
V. c 45.
"Copyright,** — herein distinguished from a Patknt, — "does not
extend to ideas, or schemes, or systems, or methods; it is confined to
their expression " (per Lindley, L. J., HoUinrake v. TrusweU, 1894,
3 Ch. 420; 63 L. J. Ch. 722); therefore, there can he no Copyright in
a Single Word, even though it he the name of a hook, or other work
(MaxweU v. ffogcr, 36 L. J. Ch. 433; 2 Ch. 307).
But qui Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883, " ' Copyright,'
means, the exclusive right to apply a Drsigk to any article of manufac-
ture, or to any such substance as aforesaid, in the class or classes ia
which the Design is registered" (s. 60).
« The Copyright Acts, 1734 to 1888 " ; V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
F. Intkbnational.
Vh, Copinger on Copyright: Scrutton Ih.: 3 Encyc. 392-408.
CORN. — "It has been held that the word * Corn,' in the Memoran-
dum of a Policy of Marine Insurance, includes Malt, and also Peas and
Beans, hut not Rice " (1 Maude & P. 492: V. Moody v. Surridge, 2 Esp.
633: ScoU v. BourdUlion, 2 B. & P. N. R. 213).
Agricultural Seeds are not included in " Corn or Grain," within a
Ry Co's Act relating to Tolls {Sowerby v. O. N. By, 65 L. T. 546; 7 Ry
& Can Traffic Ca. 158, 159, 166, 167).
"Com, Grain, Meal, and Flour, and articles of the like character";
V, s. 4, Revenue Act, 1869,
r. British Corn.
CORNAGE. — "Is a kinde of Grand Serjeantie, the Service of
which Tenure is to blow an Horn when any invasion of the Kortherne
Enemie is perceived** (Termes de la Ley). Vf Heir-loom. Cp
ESCUAGE.
CORONER. — V. Davis v. Pembrokeshire Jus., 7 Q. B. D. 513.
" The Coroners (Ir) Acts, 1829 to 1881 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act,
1896.
V. Franchise.
CORPORATE.— F. Corporation.
'* Corporate Borough," qu^ modern Acts, has been defined to " mean anj
Corporate Borough mentioned in the Schedules annexed to 5 & 6 W. 4,
c. 76, intituled < An Act for the Regulation of Municipal Corporations in
England and Wales '; and any Borough incorporated by Charter granted,
or to be granted, in pursuance of that, or any subsequent Act " (11 & 12
V. c. 63, 8. 2: r/y 12 & 13 V. c. 94, s. 10; 21 & 22 V. c. 98, a. 2).
Corporate Buildings; T. Building.
CORPORATE 411 CORPS
" Corporate District "; V. 11 & 12 V. c. 63, s. 2.
'' Corporate Land/' qud. Municipal Corporations, " means, land belong-
ing to, or held in trust for, a Municipal Corporation " (Mun Corp Act,
1882, 8. 7).
" Corporate Office "; K Mun Corp Act, 1882, s. 7; 47 & 48 V. c. 70,
fl. 35 (1). — Scot 53 & 54 V. c. 55, s. 2.
** * Corporate Seal,' means, the Common Seal of a Municipal Corpora-
tion " (Mun Corp Act, 1882, s. 7).
Corporate Town; V, Borough or Place.
V. Incorporated.
CORPORATION. — "'Corporation,' is that which the Civilians
call Univeraitatenij or Collegium, and is a Body Politick authorised to
take and grant, having a Common Seal, &c. These are constituted either
by Prescription, by Letters Patent, or by Act of Parliament " (Cowel :
Vf. Tennes de la Ley: Jacob). They are either (1) Spiritual, e.g.
Bishops, Deans with their Chapters, Parsons and Vicars ; or (2) Tem-
poral, e.g. Municipal Corporations, and Companies incorporated by
Charter or Act of Parliament; or (3) Mixed, i.e. composed of Spiritual
and Temporal Persons, as in some Colleges and Hospitals. Again, they
are either (1) Sole, e.g. Bishops, Parsons, and Vicars; or (2) Aggregate,
e.g. Deans with their Chapters, Municipal Corporations, and Incorporated
Kailway, Water, Gas, or Trading, Companies.
Vhy Grant on Corporations: 3 Encyc. 436-438: 4 lb. 387.
" Corporation," defined according to the subject-matter of the Act ; F".
6 & 7 W. 4, c. 79, s. 64; 30 & 31 V. c. 38, s. 1; 37 & 38 V. c. 59, s. 3;
44 & 45 V. c. 34, s. 1. — Ir. 24 & 25 V. c. 26, s. 3.
"Corporation Aggregate,'* E. 8, Ord. 9, R. S. C, includes a Corpora-
tion established by Foreign law but having a residence in England
(JTaggin v. Comptoir (T&compte, 58 L. J. Q. B. 608; 23 Q. B. D. 523);
the Governor and Government of New Zealand are not such a Corp
(Sloman v. ITew Zealand, 1 C. P. D. 563; 46 L. J. C. P. 185; 35 L. T.
454; 25 W. R- 86). V. Foreign Corporation.
CORPOREAL. — "'Corporeal Hereditaments,' consist wholly of
substantial and permanent objects, all which may be comprehended
under the general denomination of Land only " (2 Bl. Com. 17 : FA,
Wms. R. P., Part 1 : Goodeve, 12).
" Corporeal Heredit," s. 56, Co. Co. Act, 1888; V. Williams v. Jones,
15 W. R. 133: Hereditament.
" Equitable Interest in Corporeal Heredit "; F. Equitable.
Cp, Incorporeal Hereditament.
CORPS. — Army "Corps"; Stat. Def., 36 ^ 36 V. c. 3, s. 104;
42 & 43 V. c. 33, s. 181; 44 & 45 V. c. 57, s. 49, c. 68, s. 190.
** Corps of Volunteer Artillery "; V. 26 & 26 V. c. 41, s. 1.
CORRECT 412 CORROBORATED
CORRECT. — A Weight, &c " Incorrect, or otherwise Unjust," s. 28,
6 & 6 W. 4, c. 63, " need not be morally wrong " ; the words are satis-
fied if the thing does not, of itself and without making pre-ordered
allowances, perform its function correctly (G. W. Ryv. Bailiey 5 B. & S.
928; 34L. J. M. C. 31).
A Coal Ticket which erroneously states the weight, yet if the error is
in favour of the purchaser, states the " Correct Weight," within s. 22 (2),
52 & 53 V. c. 21 {Knowles v. Sinclair, 1898, 1 Q. B. 170; 67 L. J. Q. B.
67; 77 L. T. 624; 62 J. P. 102). V/Otx or Near.
Declaration that statements for a Life Policy are " correct and true, "
and if " untrue," the Policy to be void; V. Fowkes v. Manchester Assrcej
3 B. & S. 917; 32 L. J. Q. B. 153: True.
Certifying an Account as "correct and satisfactory"; held, not a
Ratification of an Infant's debt {Rowe v. Hoptvood^ 38 L. J. Q. B. 1;
L. R. 4 Q. B. 1).
CORRECTION. — What is an amendment of a Patent Specification
^ by way of Correction or Explanation, " s. 18 (1), Patents, Designs, and
Trade Marks Act, 1883; V. Kelly v. Heathman, 60 L. J. Ch. 22 : Vf, Be
Owen, cited Dirglaimek.
CORRESPOND. — Property was directed to be settled"in a Course
of Entail to correspond, as far as may be practicable " with the limita-
tions of a newly created Peerage ; " * To correspond ' does not, usually or
properly, mean, * to be identical with,' but * to harmonize with,' or * to be
suitable to'; and the words < as far as may be Practicable,' although
they may include a reference to the difference to be observed in the
limitation of Real and Leasehold or Personal Property, appear to me to
find their much fuller and more appropriate explanation when read as a
recognition of the difference which must always exist in substance, be-
tween the limitation of a Dignity and the limitation of Property of any
and every tenure" (per Ld Cairns, Sa/ikvUle-West v. Holmesdale, 39
L. J. Ch. 520; L. R 4 H. L. 576 ; Sv, on " correspond," i>er Hatherley,
C, S. C. 39 L. J. Ch. 509; L. R. 4 H. L. 557). Cp Like.
V. Associate.
CORRESPONDENCE. — As to Contract by Correspondence; V,
Subject to.
CORRESPONDING F. Cobeespond.
"Corresponding Expenses of leaving" a ship's place of loading; V.
Leaving, at end.
CORROBORATED. —" Corroborated in some Material Particular,"
8. 4, Bastardy Laws Amendment Act, 1872, 35 & 36 Y. c. 65 : In an
application in Bastard]^ the evidence of the mother is so corroborated if,
by other evidence than hers, it is proved that the putative father was
silent when taxed with the paternity, or said, that. rather than pay he
CORROBORATED 418 CORRUPT PRACTICE
would go to America {R. v. Piercey, 18 L. T. 0. S. 238), or if it is bo
proved that there had heeu acts of familiarity even though long antece-
dent, and having no direct relation to the actual hegetting of the child
{Cole V. Manning^ 46 L. J. M. C. 175; 2 Q. B. D. 611; 41 J. P. 469),
or that admissions had been made or money paid for the child by the
putative father {R. v. Berry, 23 J. P. 81, 86).
Promise of Marriage to be corroborated ; F. Matebial Evidence.
Child's Evidence to be corroborated by " some other Material Evi-
dence "; V. 8. 15, Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1894, 57 & 58
V. C.41.
Witness is to be corroborated '^ in some Material Particular " in cases
under ss. 2, 3, 4, Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885.
Cp " Essential Particular," sub Essential. Vf^ Encyc. 447-449,
CORRODY r. 3 Encyc. 410.
CORRUPT, CORRUPTLY.— "To corrupt "a voter within the
meaning of 2 G. 2, c. 24, meant to do an act of Bbibery which was com-
pleted by acceptance of the bribe, whether subsequently the voter voted
or not {Henslow v. Fawcett, 3 A. & E. 51; 4 L. J. K. B. 147; 4 N. & M.
686).
To " corruptly " treat or do any other thing contrary to the Corrupt
Practices Prevention Act, 1854, 17 & 18 V. c. 102, does not mean to do
it " wickedly, or immorally, or dishonestly, or anything of that sort, but
with the object and intention of doing that which the legislature plainly
means to forbid " (per Blackburn, J., Bewdley, 1 0'M. & H. 19; 19 L. T.
676 : Vh 2 Rogers, 299 ei seq).
As to what is a Simoniacally "corrupt " bargain, 31 Eliz. c. 6, s. 5;
V. Young v. Jones, 3 Doug. 97 : Fletcher v. Sondes, 3 Bing. 501 : Bar-
ret V. GliM, 2 Bl. W. 1053 : Mosse v. Killick, 50 L. J. C. P. 300 :
Newman v. Newman, 4 M. & S. 66. Vh Immoral.
CORRU PT PRACTICE. — For def of Corrupt Practices :
(a) At Parliamentary Elections, V, Pari Elec Act, 1868, 31 & 32 V.
c. 125, s. 3; Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act, 1883, 46 &
47 V. c. 61, ss. 3 and 33 (7), Sch 3, Part 3.
{h) At Municipal Elections, V, Municipal Elections (C. & I. P.)
Act, 1884, 47 & 48 V.. c. 70, s. 2, Sch 3, Part l.—Scot. 53 & 54 V.
c. 55, s. 2.
Vh, Leigh & Le Marchant, ch. 1 : Mattinson & Macaskie, on Corrupt
Practices, 2 ed. : Arch. Cr. 1187: Rose. Cr. 297: 3 Encyc. 449-467.
A " Corrupt Practice," in an Order under s. 28 (5), 47 & 48 V. c. 70,
directing a prosecution, may be construed as, a Repetition of corrupt ac-
tions constituting a corrupt habit or course of conduct {R. v. RUeyy 59
L. J. M. C. 122 ; 63 L. T. 119). Vh Evidekcb.
V. CoBBUPT. Cp Bbibeby.
CORRUPTION 414 0. F. I.
CORRUPTION.— "Corruption" in an Arbitrator, — e.^r. 9 & 10
W. 3, c. 15 ; 8. 25, Scotch Act of Regulations, 1695, — means, moral ob-
liquity ; it is a false and misleading metaphor to speak of an Arbitrator's
honest mistake, whether it be of excess or defect, as " Constructive Cor-
ruption " {Adams v. Great NoHh of Scotland Ry, 1891, A. C. 31).
" Con-uption of Blood "; T. 4 BL Com. 388, 389-
COSCES.— r. BoRDARii.
COSENING. — " Is an Offence unnamed, whereby any thing is done
guilefully, in or out of Contracts, which cannot be "fitly termed by any
special name " (Cowel). Cp Deceit.
COST BOOK. — "Cost Book," qui the Stannaries of Devon and
Cornwall ; T. 32 & 33 V. c. 19, s. 2; 50 & 51 V. c. 43, s. 2.
COST FREIGHT AND INSURANCE.— "The terms at a price
* to cover Cost, Freight, and Insurance,' payment by acceptance * on re-
ceiving shipping documents,' are very usual, and are perfectly well un*
derstood in practice. The invoice is made out debiting the consignee
with the agreed price (or the actual cost and commission, with the pre-
miums of insurance, and the freight, as the case may be) and giving him
credit for the amount of the freight which he will have to pay to the
shipowner on actual delivery, and for the balance a draft is drawn on the
consignee, which he is bound to accept (if the shipment be in conformity
with his contract) on having handed to him the charter-party, bill of
lading and policy of insurance. . Should the ship arrive with the goods
on board he will have to pay the freight, which will makeup the amount
he has engaged to pay. Should the goods not be delivered in conse-
quence of a Peril of the sea, he is not called on to pay the freight
and he will recover the amount of his interest in the goods ander the
policy. If the non-delivery is, in consequence of some misconduct on the
part of the master or mariners, not covered by the policy, he will recover
it from the shipowner. In substance, therefore, the consignee pays, though
in a different manner, the same price as if the goods had been brought
and shipped to him in the ordinary way " (per Blackburn, J., Ireland v.
Livingston, L. E. 5 H. L. 406; 41 L. J. Q. B. 204). Vf Delauriery.
Wylliey 17 Sess. Ca. 4th Ser. 167.
Under a C. F. I. contract there is an absolute duty on the Vendor to
procure the shipment of the goods under such a Bill of Lading as will,
subject to its Exceptions, ensure their delivery at the Port of Destina-
tion {Lecky v. Ogilvy^ 3 Com. Ca, 29).
A price C. F. I. does not necessarily include everything up to deliv-
ery; and if the contract stipulates that the goods are "to be shipped,"
those are important words to show that the goods are at the buyer's risk
C. F. I. 415 COSTS
as soon as placed on board, even though the price be quoted C. F. I.
{Wancke v. Wingren, 68 L. J. Q. B.519).
COST OF RELIEF. — "Cost of the Relief of the Wife," s. 33,
31 & 32 V. c. 122 ; V. Dinning v. South Shields, 13 Q. B. D- 26} 63 L. J.
M.C.90; 60L.T.446.
COSTS. —F. Taxed Costs: Damages.
Neither " Costs Only," s. 49, Jud. Act, 1873, nor its synonym " Costs
of and incident to all proceedings," R. 1, Ord. 66, R. S. C, includes
Costs to \rhich a person is entitled, as of right, by virtue of a contract or
relationship; e.g. Mtgee or Trustee Costs (Cotterell v. Stratton, 8 Ch.
296; 42 L. J. Ch. 417; 28 L. T. 218 ; 21 W. R. 234: Turner v. Han-
cock, 20 Ch. D. 303; 61 L. J. Ch. 617; 46 L. T. 760; 30 W. R. 480:
Be ChenneUy 8 Ch. D. 492; 47 L. J. Ch. 683; 38 L. T. 494; 26 W. R.
696: :Exp, Wainwright, 19 Ch. D. 140, 163; 61 L. J. Ch. 67; 46L.T.
662; 30 W. R. 126: Be Beddoes, 1893, 1 Ch. 647; 62 L. J. Ch. 233
68 L. T. 696: Be Isaac, 1897, 1 Ch. 261 ; 66 L. J. Ch. 160). Such
Costs are not, properly speaking. Costs at all; they are Charges and Ex-
penses, and can only be forfeited by misconduct, and their allowance or
disallowance is appealable (Be Chennell, sup : Be Beddoes, sup : whlc ex-
plains Charles v. Jones, 33 Ch. D. 80; 66 L. J. Ch. 161 ; 66 L. T. 331;
36 W. R. 88. Vf, as to Charles v. Jones and Be Chennell, Beta v. Bew,
1899, 2 Ch. 467; 68 L. J. Ch. 667). V. Properly: Ann. Pr. sub R. 1,
Ord. 66. Sv No Order.
" All Proper Costs and Charges incident to and recoverable under "
a Petition, means. Party and Party costs (Re Grundy, 17 Ch. D. 108;
60 L. J. Ch. 467 ; 44 L. T. 641; 29 W. R. 681). F/Tull Costs.
Costs, as between Solr and Client, to Local Authorities; V. Pursu-
ance.
An Agreement as to " Costs " of proceedings before the Irish Land
Judges, includes the expenses of Survey (Re Orme, 26 L. R, Ir. 104).
Quk Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act, 1883, " * Costs,' in-
cludes Costs, Charges, and Expenses " (s. 64) ; so, qu^ Loc Gov Act,
1888, " 'Costs,' includes Charges and Expenses " (s. 100), and in Loc
Gov (Scot) Act, 1889, it " includes Expenses " (s. 106).
Costs " Attendinq " Application under s. 2, 6 & 6 W. 4, c. 69, held,
to include the costs attending the rc-in vestment of the purchase-money
which was the subject-matter of the application (Be Byron, 4 D. G. M.
& G. 694); "but.it was on the peculiar circumstances, and the L. JJ.
strained the words to meet that case" (per Kindersley, V. C, Be East-
ern Counties By, 6 W. R. 492). In that latter case it was held that Costs
" Consequent " on a Conveyance of land compulsorily taken, did not in-
clude Fines on Copyholds which had to be purchased for the re-invest-
xnent of the money paid on the conveyance.
COSTS 416 COSTS OF LEASE
Costs to abide (or follow) the Event ; V, Event.
" Judgment with Costs"; V. Judgment.
" Costs and all other Matters " ; V. Matter.
^ Costs of Assizes and of Quarter and Petty Sessions"; V. Loc Got
Act, 1888, s. 100.
** Costs of Maintenance/' of Criminal Lunatic; F. 47 & 48 Y. c 64^
s. 16.
V. as to Costs generally Ord. 65, B. S. C, on whv Ann. Pr. :
Chitty's Practice, ch. 23: Ann. Co. Co. Pr. Part 5, ch. 4: Morgan &
Wurtzburg on Costs : Gray on Costs : Cordery on Solicitors, 259 : In*
corporated Law Society's Digest of Decisions and Opinions under Solici-
tors Kemuneration Order, 1898: 3 Encyc. 46S-517.
COSTS AND CHARGES.— The "Costs and Charges of execut-
ing " a Will, do not include Fines payable by devisees of copyholds (Cole
y. Jealous, 5 Hare, 51).
In the phrase ''Costs, Charges, and Expenses," "Charges and Ex-
penses " are obviously wider than technical '' Costs " : — As the phrase
is used in ss. 21 (10), 46 (6), Settled Land Act, 1882; V. Re Smith,
1891, 3 Ch. 65; 60 L. J. Ch. 613; 64 L. T. 821; 39 W. R. 590: — As
to what is included in the phrase generally; V. Harvey y, Olliver, 57
L. T. 239: Ee Hansel, 33 W. R. 727; 54 L. J. Ch. 883; 52 L. T. 806:
Re Bennett, 1896, 1 Ch. 778 ; 65 L. J. Ch. 422; 74 L. T. 157; 44 W. R.
419.
V, Costs: Monky, Costs, Charges, and Exprkses: Incidental:
Pbope&ly : In the Conduct of a Suit : Professional Charges.
COSTS IN THE CAUSE. — " 'Costs in the Cause,' properly so
called, are those costs only which the successful party in the suit would
be entitled to on taxation in the absence of an Order to the contrary in
the particular proceeding; and this, necessarily, excludes costs incurred
subsequently to final jdgmt" {Thompson v. Parish, 5 C. B. N. S.
691, n).
Vf, Pugh V. Kerr, 6 M. & W. 17; 9 L. J. Ex. 255: Costs of the
Cause.
COSTS OF CONVEYANCE. — "Costs of Conveyances," s. 82,
Lands C. C. Act, 1845, includes the costs of registering the Vendor's title
pursuant to the Local Registration of Title (Ir) Act, 1891, 54 & 55 Y.
c. 66 {Re Belfast & N. Counties Ry, 1895, 1 I. R. 297).
COSTS OF EXECUTION r. Execution.
COSTS OF LEASE. — The Lessor's Solr prepares the Lease, and
the Lessee pays for it {Grissell v» Robinson, 3 Sc. 329; 5 L. J. C. P.
313; 3 Bing. N. C. 10). But neither on that general custom^ nor on a
COSTS OF LEASE 417 COTTAGE
specific agreement by the lessee to pay the costs of the lease, is the lessee
liable for the costs of the Counterpart, because that is " for the security
of the lessor " {Jennings v. Major, 8 C. & P. 61). But, would the ruling
in the latter case apply to the Counterpart of a lease by a Tenant for
Life under s. 6, SettleH Land Act, 1882, seeing that by subs. 4 " a coun-
terpart of every lease 8?iall be executed by the lessee and delivered to the
tenant for life " ?
COSTS OF REALIZATION.— F. Realization.
COSTS OF SUIT r. Suit.
COSTS OF SUMMONING JURY. — "Costs of summoning
jury and expenses of witnesses " to be payable by a Railway on a Com-
pensation Assessment, semble, does not include the general costs of the
enquiry (R. v. Gardner, 6 L. J. K. B. 130; 6 A. & E. 112; 1 N. & P.
308).
COSTS OF THE CAUSE. — T. Rigbyv. Okell, 7 B. & C. 67;
Barnes v. Bromley, 50 L. J. Q. B. 466; 6 Q. B. D. 691; 44 L. T. 916;
29 W. R. 706: Sparrow v. Hill, 29 W. R. 706; 44 L. T. 917: Costs
IN THE CaUSK.
COSTS OF THE REFERENCE.— T. Referencb.
COSTS ONLY. — S. 49, Jud. Act, 1873; V. Costs: Ann. Pr.,
Ord. 66, R. 1.
COTTAGE. — " 'Cottage,' is a little house for habitation of poore
men, without any land belonging unto it; whereof mention is made in
4 Edw. 1, c. 1 " (Termes de la Ley). ** Cottage, cotagium, is a little
house without land to it " (Co. Litt. 66 b). " By the grant of a cottage,
doth pass a little Dwellixo-house that hath no land belonging to it "
(Touch. 94); with which agrees the definition in Doe v. Sotheron
(2 B. & Ad. 638), that, "A cottage is a small dwelling-house." Cp
BoRDARii. In Doe d. Huhbard v. Hubbard (20 L. J. Q. B. 61 ; 16 Q. B.
227), it was held that the word " Cottage " was satisfied by a tenement
partitioned ofE from a larger cottage and having a separate entrance,
though not including an upper room under the same roof (1 Jarm. 781).
Devise of " Cottage with the Garden " ; V. Garden.
By 31 Eliz. c. 7, a lawful cottage must have had 4 acres of land
attached to it, consequently Levancy and Couchancy was well alleged of
a " Cottage," without more (Emerton v. Selby, 2 Ld Raym. 1016; Salk,
169: Vth, Scholes v. Hargreaves, 6 T. R. 46). But that statute was
repealed by 16 Q. 3, c. 32.
Qui Part 3, Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, 63 & 64 V.
c. 70, ** ' Cottage ' may include a Garden of not more than half an acre,
27
COTTAGE 418 COUNCIL
provided that the estimated Annual valub of such garden shall not
exceed £3 " (s. 53 (2), replacing a similar def in s. 13, 48 & 49 V. c. 72).
Qu^ Agricultural Rates Act, 1896, 69 & 60 V. c. 16, " 'Cottage,'
means, a house occupied as a Dwelling by a person of the Labouring
Classes " (s. 9). V. Working Classes.
COTTAGE GARDEN.— Qu^ Allotments and Cottage Gardens
Compensation for Crops Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 26, " * Cottage Garden '
means, an Allotment attached to a Cottage " (s. 4). V. Gabden.
COTTAR. — Qu^ Crofter's Holdings (Scot) Act, 1886, 49 & 50 V.
c. 29; r. s. 34. Cp Ckofteb.
Lord COTTENHAM'S ACTS 10 & 11 V. c. 96; 12 & 13 V.
c. 74 : repealed and replaced by the Trustee Act, 1893.
COTTON. — " Cotton Cloth Factory " ; Stat. Def., 62 & 53 V. c. 62,
8.4.
Cotton Fabric; T. Whymper v. Harney^ 18 C. B. N. S. 243; 34 L. J.
M. C. 113.
COTUCAMI: COTARII ; CO! ERELLI. — F. Bobdarii.
COUCHANCY. — r. Levant and Couchant.
COUGH. — "Cough," in a Life Insrce Proposal, means, "a Cough
proceeding from the Lungs " (per Alderson, B., Geach y. Ingall^ 14 M.
& W. 101).
COULD. — Action which " could have been commenced in a County
Court," s. 116, Co. Co. Act, 1888; T. ss. 66-60 lb., on whv Personal
Action: Debt: Damage: Title: Toll: Faib: Feanchise: Libel:
Admitted Set Off: Claimed: Legacy: Annual Value: Value:
Rent: Ann. Pr., sub Co. Co. Act, 1888: Ann. Co. Co. Pr., Part 2,
ch. 1. The words mean, " could have been properly commenced, both as
regards Quality and Amount," irrespective of the pit's Indorsement on
his Writ {Solomon v. Mulliner, 83 L. T. 493).
COUNCIL. — ** Council " defined according to the subject-matter of
the Act; F. 7 & 8 V. c. 31, s. 36; 18 & 19 V. c. 67, s. 4, c. 121, s. 2;
29 & 30 V. c. 90, s. 67; 48 & 49 V.c. 60, s. 1; 53 & 64 V. c. 66, s. 2.
— Scot. 16 & 16 V. c. 32, s. 1. — /r. 16 & 16 V. c. 30, s. 14 ; 19 & 20 V.
c. 98, s. 2; 29&30V. o. 44, a. 2; 63 & 64 V. c. 48, s. 3.
" The Council of a Bobough," in s. 310, P. H. Act, 1876, as in other
sections of the Act, means, " The Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses act-
ing by the Council " {Hyde v. Bank of Eng,, 61 L. J. Ch. 747; 21 Ch. D.
176).' Vf, E, V. York, 2 Q. B. 860; 11 L. J. Q. B. 127; 2 G. & D.
COUNCIL 419 COUNT
105. Stat. Def., 20 & 21 V. c. 81, s. 29. — /r. 36 & 36 V. c. 33, Sch;
51 & 52 V. c. 25, 8. 55.
"Council of a County"; "County Council," T. 61 & 62 V. c. 29,
8. 17. Note*, County Councils were established by Loc Gov Act, 1888.
" Council of a County, or Borough "; V. 55 & 56 V. c. 43, s. 25; 56
& 57 V. c. 67, 8. 3.
" Council of any County Borough "; V. 56 & 57 V. c. 56, s. 9.
"Council of District"; T. 60 & 61 V. c. 43, s. 8.
F. General Council: Parish Council.
COUNCILLOR. — In some Acts relating to Ireland, " Councillor "
is made to include an Alderman, e,g, 42 & 43 V. c. 53, s. 2; 47 & 48 Y.
c. 34, 8. 2.
COUNSEL. — V, As Counsel shall advise.
Qu^ Criminal Procedure Act, 1865, 28 & 29 V. c. 18, " « Counsel '
shall be construed to apply to Attorneys in all cases where attorneys
are allowed by law, or by the practice of any Court, to appear as advo-
cates " (s. 9).
r. Barrister.
COUNSEL OR PROCURE. — "Pagin (ch. 47, Oliver Twist)
after getting Sikes to say he would murder any one who should betray
him, wakes up Noah Claypole and makes him tell Sikes that the girl
Nancy had betrayed him, and, as Sikes rushes out in a passion, says,
* You won't be too violent. Bill; I mean not too violent for safety.' I
think that the whole conversation t^ken together would be evidence to
go to a jury, that Fagin did * counsel ' or * procure ' the murder commit-
ted by Sikes, which would make him an Accessory before the Fact;
but if he had confined himself to merely telling Sikes what Claypole
said he had heard, it would not have been enough " (Steph. Cr. 152, n).
Vf, HowdU V. Wynne, 32 L. J. M. C. 241; 15 C. B. N. S. 3: Arch.
Cr. 15-18.
" Aid, abet, counsel, or procure " an Offence, s. 5, Sum Jur Act,
1848; K. Benfard v. Sims, 1898, 2 Q. B. 641; 67 L. J. Q. B. 655; 47
W. R. 46; 78 L. T. 718. In that case Ridley, J., said that, probably,
that phrase was used in a less strict sense than '' Cause, or procure " in
8. 2, Cruelty to Animals Act, 1849. Vf Cause or procure. " There
may be an Offence which would justify the use of all those four words "
(per Channell, B., Re Smith, 3 H. & N. 238).
Cp Aid or Abet.
COUNT. — " Count, t.6. narratio, cometh of the French word conte,
which in Latyne is narratio, and is vulgarly called a declaration"
(Co. Litt. 17 a). r/, Termes de la Ley : Gell v. Burgess, 18 L. J. C. P.
153; 7C. B. 16.
COUNTER-CLAIM 420 COUNTY
COUNTER-CLAIM.— r. Set-Off.
COUNTERFEIT COIN. — " •Counterfeit Coik' meana coin not
genuine, but resembling or apparently intended to resemble, or pass for
genuine coin; and includes genuine coin prepared or altered so as to
resemble or pass for a coin of a higher denomination " (Steph. Cr. 310,
stating the definition in s. 1, 24 & 25 V. c. d9). A genuine cxkin,
fraudulently reduced in weight by the removal of the milling and vrhich
has received a new milling in order to restore its appearance, is a count^^r-
feit coin {R. v. Hermann, 48 L. J. M. C. 106 ; 4 Q. B. D. 284; 27 W. B.
476; 40 L. T. 263). Vf, Arch. Cr. 914: False Coin.
COUNTERPART.— V. Duplicate: Costs of Lease.
COUNTINQ-HOUSE A Solr's Office is a "Counting-House, **
within 8. 9, 6 & 6 W. 4, c. 76 {Re Creek, 3 B. & S. 459; 32 L. J. Q. B.
89; 11 W. E. 234). Cp, Office.
A '' Counting- House/' to qualify for the Parliamentary Franchise,
8. 27, Kep People Act, 1832, need not be an entire building, or be
structurally severed from the rest of the building of which it forms part
{Plercy v. Maclean, L. R. 6 C. P. 252; 39 L. J. C. P. 115). But " I
should be inclined to confine the operation of the word to places used as
such by Mercantile Men " (per Pennefather, B., Re Armstrrmg, 1 Cr. &
Dix, 274, 275, on the word as used in s. 5, Rep People (Ir) Act, 1832).
Note: 8. 27, Rep People Act, 1832, repealed by 48 & 49 V. c. 3.
CO U NTR Y. — " Foreign Country " ; V. Fobeion.
" Country of Origin " ; V. Produced.
" Country," defined according to the subject-matter of the Act^ F. 36
& 37 V. c. 22, 8. 2; 38 & 39 V. c. 60, s. 4; 39 & 40 V. c. 22, s. 6,
c. 45, 8. 3.
COUNTY. — " Count ie is fetched from the French, and *^4rc from
the Saxon. For scyran in the Saxon tongue signifieth joarftW, because
everie countie or shire is divided and parted by certaine metes and bounds
from another, and in Latine is called comitatus a comitando, for accom-
panying together" (Co. Litt. 50a). F/* Termes de la Ley, Countie,
Hundred.
In Acts of Parliament passed after 1850 and before 1st Jan 1890,
" * County ' shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as
including a County of a City, and a County of a Town " (s. 4, Interp
Act, 1889; V/&. 4, 13 & 14 Y. c. 21). " County" has this extended
meaning in 8. 38, 4 & 5 W. 4, c. 76 {R. v. Fearce, 49 L. J. M, C. 81;
5 Q. B. D. 386).
In every Act relating to Scotland, " Shire " or " County " includes a
Stewartry (s. 7, Interp Act, 1889).
COUNTY 421 COUNTY
The word "County" is used in s. 13, Highways and Locomotives
Amendment Act, 1878, 41 & 42 V. c. 77, in its ordinary geographical
sense ; and is not narrowed by the definition of " County " in s. 2, High-
way Act, 1862, 26 & 26 V. c. 61 {Over Darwen v. Lancashire, 54 L. J.
M. C. 51 ; 15 Q. B. D. 20; 51 L. T. 739). " County," s. 51, 15 & 16
V. c. 81; r. E. V. Hast Looe, 31 L. J. M. C. 245; 3 B. & S. 20.
" Counties, Hidings, and Divisions "; V, Evaiis v. Stevens, 4 T. R. 459 :
B. V. Isle of Ely, 15 Q. B. 827; 19 L. J. M. C. 223.
Notwithstanding the general def of " County "ins. 4, 13 & 14 V. c. 21,
verbally varied and concluded by the Interp Act, 1889, as above stated,
the statutory definitions of the word are very numerous. The particular
def will generally be found in the Interp Clause of the Act in which the
word occurs and varying according to the subject-matter of the Act. The
definitions vary v^idely : thus, in the Geological Survey Act, 1845, 8 & 9
y. c. 63, ^ 'County' shall be taken to include Hundred, City, Borough,
Town, Town-land, Parish, Burghs, Boyal Parliamentary Burghs, Burghs
of Regality and Barony, Extra-parochial and other Places, Districts, and
Divisions, by whatsoever denomination the same respectively shall be
known or called " (s. 6) ; on the other hand in the Licensing Act, 1872,
** * County, ' does not include a County of a City or a County of a Town but,
means any County. Biding, Parts, Division, or Liberty of a County,
having a separate Commission of the Peace and a separate Court of
Quarter Sessions" (s. 74).
"Administrative County"; V. Administrative.
" County, City, Borough, or Place "; F. 3 & 4 V. c. 54, s. 8.
" County Council " ; F. 51 & 52 V. c. 54, a. 14; 52 & 53 V. c. 40,
8. 16; 54 & 55 V. c. 40, s. 52, c. 76, s. 141; 55 & 56 V. c. 31, s. 20;
56 & 57 V. c. 73, s. 75; 58 & 59 V. c. 32, s. 1 (2) ; 60 & 61 V. c. 65,
8. 20 (11) ; 61 & 62 V. c. 29, s. 17 (1), c. 37 ; 62 & 63 V. c. 19, Sch.
"County District"; F. Loc Gov Act, 1888, s. 100; Loc Gov Act,
1894, 8. 21 (3); Loc Gov (Ir) Act, 1898, s. 22 (3).
" County Elector "; F. 53 & 54 V. c. 68, s. 10 ; 55 & 56 V. c. 31,
8. 20. — Scot. 55 & 56 V. c. 31, s. 21, c. 54, s. 16. C/>, Parliamentary.
" County Fund " ; F. 61 & 62 V. c. 29, s. 17 (1). — Scot, 55 & 66 V.
c. 43, S.25; 56 & 57 V. c. 67, s. 3.
« County Gojol " ; F 19 & 20 V. c. 68, s. 2.
County Infirmary) — "The County Infirmaries (Ir) Acts, 1805 to
1833"; F. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
" County Lunatic Asylum " ; F. Loc Gov Act, 1888, s. 86 (5).
"County Occupation Franchise''-, V. Rep People Act, 1884, s. 7 (6):
Cpf Occupation Voter.
"County of a City," "County of a Town"; Ir. 13 & 14 V. c. 69,
8.117; 31 & 32 V. c. 49, s. 25.
" County of ComwaU " ; F. 21 & 22 V. c. 109, s. 8.
" County of I>ullin " ; F. 7 & 8 V. c. 106, s. 156.
COUNTY 422 COUNTY BRIDGE
" County of Durham "; T. 21 & 22 V. c. 46, s. 1.
" County of London "; T. 53 & 54 V. c. 70, s. 93.
"County Officer"; 36 & 37 V. c. 36, b. 3. — Seat. 23 & 24 V.
c. 46, B. 9.
" County Palatine CouH "; V. 13 & 14 V. c. 43, a. 36.
"County Petty Sessional Division"; T. 48 & 49 V. c. 23,
8. 23.
" County Purpose " ; V. General County Purpose;
" County Quarter Sessional Area "; T. 48 & 49 V. c. 15, b. 19.
"County Rates"; T. 8 & 9 V. c. 100, s. 114, c. Ill, s. 24, c. 126,
8. 84; 16 & 17 V. c. 97, s. 132; 34 & 36 V. c. 106, s. 2; 36 & 37 V.
c. 35, s. 3; 47 & 48 V. c 64, s. 3; 65 & 66 V. c. 31, s. 20. — Scot.
46 & 46 V. c. 49, 8. 62; 66 & 66 V. c. 31, s. 21. —Ir. 20 & 21 V.
c. 16, 8. 2.
" County Cess and Rates "; V. 20 & 21 V. c. 11, s. 2.
" County Surveyor"; Ir. 11 & 12 V. c. 1, s. 21; 14 & 16 V. c. 92,
8. 26; 39 & 40 V. c. 66, s. 6.
" County Treasurer "; /r. 64 & 55 V. c. 48, a. 42.
Vf, County Authority: County Borough: County Bridge:
County Court: County Solicitor: Parliamentary: Special.
V. Glen on County Government.
COUNTY AUTHORITY The Recorder of a Borough when in
session, is the " County Authority " over the roads extending from the
County into the Borough, within s. 13, 41 & 42 V. c. 77 (B. v. Dover,
32W. R. 876; 49 J. P. 86).
Prior to the Loc Grov Act, 1888, " County Authority,** was generally
defined as, the Justices of a County in General or Quarter Sessions
assembled; F. 36 & 37 V. c. 35, s. 3; 41 & 42 V. c. 77, s. 38; 44 &
45 V. c. 14, 8. 6; 47 & 48 V. c. 54, s. 3. Since the Loc Gov Act,
1888, and by virtue of s. 3 thereof, the phrase means, the County
Council.
COUNTY BOROUGH. — Qu^ Loc Gov Act, 1888, a "County
Borough " is one of those mentioned in Sch 3 of the Act, if, on 1st
June 1888, it " either had a population of not less than 50,000, or was
a County of itself*'; and it is an " Administrative County *' (s. 31).
Boroughs not mentioned in that Sch " having a population of not
less than 50,000 " may be constituted a County Borough by a Provi-
sional Order of Loc Gov Board, confirmed by Parliament (subss. 1, 3,
8. 54).
Other Stat. Def . — Lunacy Act, 1890, s. 341.
COUNTY BRIDGE.— "'County Bridge' is not a legal term";
" in reality it is only a compendious term for a Public Bbibgb " (per
COUNTY BRIDGE 423 COUNTY SOLICITOR
Bovill, C. J., B. V. Charty 39 L. J. M. C. 109; L. R. 1 C. C. R. 237):
Vf, Glen on Highways, 2 ed., Ill: Woolrych on Ways, 2 ed., 341-.346:
Bkidge.
COU NTY COURT. — " ' County Court/ Curia Comitatus, by Lam-
bert is otherwise called ConventuSy in his Explication of Saxon words, and
divided into two sorts; one retaining the general name as the County
Court, held every moneth by the Sheriff, or his deputy the Under-sheriff,
whereof you may read in Cromp. Juris, fol. 231 : the other called the
Turn, held twice every year " (Cowel). Vf, Re Flinty cited " Court of
Law," sub Court. In Acts of Parliament passed since 1846, "the ex-
pression ' County Court ' shall, unless the contrary intention appears,
mean, as respects England and Wales j a Court under the County Courts
Act, 1888 " (s. 6, luterp Act, 1889).
In all Acts passed after the 31st Dec 1889, " ' County Court,' shall, ew
respects Ireland^ mean a Civil Bill Court within the meaning of the
County Officers and Courts (Ireland) Act, 1877 " (s. 29, lb.); prior to
that date, T. 36 & 36 V. c. 33, Sch s. 66; c. 60, s. 28; 38 & 39 V.
c. 90, s. 15.
" County Court," as used in s. 36, Solrs Act, 1843, means, the ancient
County Court {K v. Brompton Co, Co. Jvdge, 1893, 2 Q. B. 195; 62
L. J. Q. B. 606).
But usually in modern Acts " County Court " is defined to mean the
modern Co. Co., including also the City of London Court, and the Judge
and Registrar of the Court; V. Co. Co. Act, 1888, s. 186; 46 & 47 V.
c. 61, s. 61; 30 & 31 V. c. 142, s. 35. In Scotland it, usually, means
the Sheriff Court ; T. 35 & 36 V. c. 33, Sch s. 65; 38 & 39 V. c. 60,
8. 4, c. 90, s. 14; 39 & 40 V. c. 45, s, 3, c. 75, s. 21; 41 & 42 V. c. 16,
8. 105; 59 & 60 V. c. 25, s. 102. ^ Court.
"The County Courts (Ir) AcUj 1851 to 1889"; T. Sch 2, Short
Titles Act, 1896.
"County Court Judge,^^ qu^ the Army Discipline Acts, means, in
Scotland, the Sheriff or Sheriff Substitute; in Ireland, the Judge of the
Civil Bill Court (42 & 43 V. c. 33, s. 181; 44 & 45 V. c. 58, s. 190,
subs. 37). Vf, quk Scotland, 39 & 40 V. c. 80, s. 41 ; 50 & 51 V. c. 58,
8. 76; Mer Shipping Act, 1894, s. 487 (6): — quk Ireland, Mer Ship-
ping Act, 1894, s. 610 (9) ; 39 & 40 V. c. 75, s. 22 : — quk Isle of Man,
Mer Shipping Act, 1894, s. 487 (8). FJ Judge.
" County Court Registrar " ; V. quk Scotland, Mer Shipping Act,
1894, s. 487 (6); 39 & 40 V. c. 80, s. 41; 50 & 51 V. c. 58, s. 76: —
qukIreland,36&37V. c. 52, 8. 7; 39 & 40 V. c. 80, s. 42; 50 & 51
V. c. 58, 8. 77.
COUNTY SOLICITOR. — There is no official in Ireland who is
called the " County Solicitor " ; but that phrase is used in s. 115, Loc
COUNTY SOLICITOR 424 COURT
Gov (Ir) Act, 1898 (taken from s. 118 (13), Loc Gov Act, 1888), and
there it means, the Solr for the Grand Jury of a County (B. v. Wick-
low Co. Co.j 1900, 2 I. E. 351).
COURSE. — "Of conrse legatee will give " ; F. Precatoby Trust.
"In a Course of Entail to Correspond"; V. Sackville-West v.
Holmesdale, L. R 4 H. L. 543; 39 L. J. Ch. 505.
F. In the Course.
" Keep her Course," Art. 22, Sailing Rules, refers to the direction of
the vessel's head, and not to her speed {TheBen/ly 9 P. D. 4; 53 L. J.
P. D. & A. 75: Vthc, The Oporto, 1897, P. 249; 66 L. J. P. D. & A.
49) : Vf, Abbott, 856, 857. As to " Keep her Course " in a winding
River, F. T?ie Velocity j 39 L. J. Adm. 20; L. R. 3 P. C. 44; 21 L. T.
686; 18W. R. 264.
COURT. — " Curiay Court, is a place where justice is judicially
ministered, and is derived a cura^ quia in curiis publicis euros gerebant "
(Co. Litt. 58 a); therefore. Justices at a Licensing Meeting are not a
" Court" at all {Boulter v. Kent Jus., 1897, A. C-. 556; 66 L. J. Q. B.
787; 77 L. T. 288; 61 J. P. 532; 46 W. R. 114). Vf Legal Proceed-
ings. A Poor Rate Assessment Committee is not a " Court " and can-
not refuse to hear the Agent of a ratepayer (R, v. St. Mary Abbots, 1891,
1 Q. B. 378; 60 L. J. M. C. 52; 64 L. T. 240; 55 J. P. 502: Cp, Him-
self). Is a Borough Court, established by Charter for recovery of
debts and damages in personal actions and for ejectments, a " Court "
within 7 & 8 V. c. 19? — F. Tarrant v. Baker, 14 C. B. 199; 23
L. J. C. P. 21.
Qu^ the Absolute Privilege for Slander, " Court " is not confined to
"a Place where justice is judicially ministered." "A Court may per-
form various functions. The Court of Parliament is a Court, although
many of its functions are not judicial. The Members are, however, en-
titled to absolute immunity for words there spoken. There are other
Courts which are not Courts of Justice, but which are rather Courts of
Investigation, e.g. a Coroner's Court. The question does not, therefore,
depend upon whether the Tribunal is a Court of Justice, but upon
whether it is a Court. If it is a Court, the absolute immunity exists ''
(per Fry, L. J., Royal Aquarium v. Farkinson, 1892, 1 Q. B. 431; 61
L. J. Q. B. 409; 66 L. T. 513; 40 W. R. 450; 56 J. P. 404). The Lon-
don County Council, when hearing applications for Music and Dancing
Licenses (and, semble, Justices when dealing with merely administrative
business) are not a Court, qui this privilege {S. C.) ; but a Court Martial
is such a Court (Dawkins v. Rokeby, 45 L. J. Q. B. 8; L. R. 7 H, L.
744). F/" Judicial Proceeding.
Court Baron) V. 4 Rep. 26 : 2 Bl. Com. 90: Court Leet; F. Leet.
A power appertaining to the High Court and which is exerciseable only
COURT 426 COURT
hy " the Court, " must be exercised by the Court in Banc, and not by a
Judge at Chambers {Baker v. Oakes, cited Coubt or Judge).
The ''Court/' quk Building Societies Acts, is (in England), the
County Court; in Scotland, the Sheriff's Court; in Ireland, the Civil
Bill Court (s. 4, 37 & 38 V. c. 42). The " Court," qui the Dissolution
of Industrial and Provident Societies, is the Co. Co. (s. 17 (1), 39 & 40
V. c. 45). In neither case is there any power to remove the proceedings
to the High Court (Re Real Estates Co, 1893, 1 Ch. 398; 62 L. J. Ch.
213; 68 L. T. 24; 41 W. K. 157: Re London & Suburban Bank, 1892,
1 Ch. 604; 61 L. J. Ch. 316; 66 L. T. 716; 40 W. R. 326).
"Court" to which Transfer may be made of a Co's Winding-up,
B. 3 (1), 53 & 54 V. c. 63, " must, necessarily, mean, a Court having
jurisdiction under the Act to wind-up " (per Williams, J., Re Real
Estates Co, sup). F/* Proceed ino.
« Court," 8. 125, Bankry Act, 1883; V. Context.
" Court," 8. 7 (5), Comp Act, 1880; V. Re City Lands Corp, W. N.
(97) 162.
The Justices' '' Court," to which application is to be made for a Si)ecial
Case, 8. 33, Sum Jur Act, 1879, means, all the Justices who took part
in the decision to be questioned (South Staffordshire W. W. Co v. Stone,
Lockhart v. St Albans, and Westmorev, Paine, all cited Court of Sum-
mary Jurisdiction).
The "Court," as defined in s. 4, Parliamentary Elections (Keturning
Officers) Act, 1875, 38 & 39 Y. c. 84, does not exclusively mean the
Judge, but includes also the Registrar, or other proper officer in daily
attendance, whose duty it is to bring the matter before the Judge (R. v.
Bloomsbury Co. Co., b5 L. J. Q. B. 443; 17 Q. B. D. 788; 54 L. T. 616).
In the Victorian Acts there are upwards of 80 definitions of ^ The
Court, " each being in accordance with the subject-matter of the Act, and
each, in almost all cases, to be found in the Act's Interp Clause, — e.g.
" 'The Court,' means, the Court having jurisdiction in Bankruptcy under
this Act " (s. 168, Bankry Act, 1883) ; " ' The Court,' means, the Court,
Judge, Arbitrator, Persons or Person, before whom a Legal proceeding
is held or taken " (s. 10, Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1879, 42 &
43 V. c. 11); " *The Court,' in relation to any Proceeding, includes any
Magistrate, or Justice, having jurisdiction in the matter to which the
Proceeding relates " (s. 742, Mer Shipping Act, 1894).
" Court of Admiralty " ; T. 26 & 27 V. c. 116, s. 3 ; 32 & 33 V. c. 91, s. 3 ;
33 & 34 V. c. 90, s. 30. — Ir. 30 & 31 V. c. 114, s. 2. « Vice- Admiralty
Court," 17 & 18 V. c. 18, s. 3, c. 19, s. 3; 26 & 27 V. c. 24, s. 2; 36 &
37 V. c, 88, s. 2. " Vice-Admiralty Prize Court," 27 & 28 V. c. 25, s. 3.
** Court of Appeal"', V. Interp Act, 1889, s. 13 (2).
"Court of Appeal in Chancery"; V. Jud. Act, 1873, s. 100; Land
Transfer Act, 1875, 38 & 39 V. c. 87, s. 4.
" Court of Assize " ; V. Interp Act, 1889, s. 13 (4).
COURT 426 COURT
" Court of Bankruptcy "; V. sup. — /r. 40 & 41 V. c. 67, s. 3; 51 &
62 V. c. 44, 8. 3.
« British Slave Court "; V. 36 & 37 V. c. 88, a. 2.
Court of Chancery, V. 11 & 12 V. c. 94, s. 46; 12 & 13 V. c. 109,
s. 60; 16 & 17 V. c. 137, 8. 27; 23 & 24 V. c. 83, s. 1; 30 & 31 V.
c. 127, 8. 3; 32 & 33 V. c. 91, 8. 3; 33 & 34 V. c. 71, a. 3; 35 & 36
V. c. 44, 8. 3 ; 38 & 39 V. c. 87, a. 4. — /r. 20 & 21 V. c. 79, a. 2; 25
& 26 V. c. 46, a. 2; 40 & 41 V. c. ^^ a. 7 : Re McClintock, 10 Ir. Ch.
Kep. 469.
" Civil Court, " quit Army Acta, " meana, with reapect to any Crime or
Offence, a Court of ordinary Criminal juriadiction, and includea a Court
of Summary Juriadiction" (a. 190 (31), 44 & 46 V. c. 68; a. 181, 42 &
43 V. c. 33).
« Civil BUI Court " ; Ir. 27 & 28 V. c. 99, a. 3 ; 40 ife 41 V. c. 56, 8. 7.
Vf County Court.
" Court of Common Fleas "; Ir. 40 & 41 V. c. 67, a. 3.
" Court of Competent Jurisdiction " ; F. 34 & 35 V. c. 41, a. 4; 42 &
43 V. c. 64, a. 9. F)^ Competent.
V. County Court: Eocle8iastical Court: Election.
" Court of Exchequer'*', Ir. 40 & 41 V. c. 67, a. 3.
" Court of Justice "; F. 33 & 34 V. c. 49, 8. 1.
" Landed Estates Court " ; Ir. 40 & 41 V. c. 67, a. 3.
"Court of Law*'\ V. Array Act, 1881, a. 190 (3). The Ancient
County Court waa a " Court of Law or Equity," within a. 9, 12 G. 2,
c. 13 {Re Flint, 1 B. & C. 264).
" Court /or Matrimonial Causes*' \ Ir. 40 & 41 V. c. 67, a. 3.
" Frerogative Court "; Ir. 20 & 21 V. c. 79, a. 2.
" Court of Frobate ** ; V.bb&. 66 V. c. 6, a. 6. — Ir. 36 & 37 V. c. b2,
8.7; 40 & 41 V. c. 67, a. 3.
" Court of Quarter Seaaiona " ; F. Quarter Sessions.
" Court of Queen's Bench '* ; F. 20 & 21 V. c. 43, a. 1. — Ir. 40 & 41 V.
c. 67, a. 3.
" Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors " ; F. Indian Inaolvency Act,
1848, 11 & 12 V. c. 21, a. 92.
"Court of Session"; Scot. 9 & 10 V. c. 101, 8. 49; 16 & 17 Y.
c. 94, a. 25; 25 & 26 V. c. 63, a. 51 ; 30 & 31 V. c. 126, a. 3; 31 &
32 V. c. 84, a. 2; 38 & 39 V. c. 49, a. 30; 40 & 41 V. c. 22, a. 3; 41
& 42 V. c. 8, a. 27 ; 46 & 46 V. c. 69, a. 1; 49 & 60 V. c. 27, a. 9;
55 & 56 V. c. 65, a. 4.
" Court of Seasion Acta, 1808 to 1896"; F. Sch 2, Short Titles Act,
1896.
« Sheriffs Small Debt Court "; Scot. 40 & 41 V. c. 28, a. 3.
" Court of Superior Jurisdiction "; F. Army Acta, 42 & 43 V. c. 33,
a. 181; 44 & 46 V. c, 58, a. 190 (30).
" Court of Teinds "; Scot. 39 & 40 V. c. 11, a. 2.
COURT 427 COURT SUM. JUR.
" Court House " j Scot, 23 & 24 V. c. 79, a. 2. V, Occasional.
Vf, Court of Kecord : Court of Summary Jurisdiction : Court
OR Judok: Hiuh Court: Inferior Court: Stannaries: Superior
Court: Supreme Court: Judge: Convenient.
COURT OF RECORD. —"When a case is made triable, or a
penaltj recoverable in a 'Court of Record,' the Supreme Court of Judi-
cature alone, but not the Quarter Sessions, is intended" (Maxwell, 427,
citing Gregorifs Case, 6 Rep. 19 b; 2 Hale, 29 j Jenk. 228: Vf, Co.
Litt. 117 b, 118 a, 260 a: 11 Encyc. 109).
As to what makes a Court of Record ; V. Kemp v. Neville^ 31 L. J.
C. P. 168; 10 C. B. N. S. 523.
F. Record.
COURT OF SUMMARY JURISDICTION.— "The Court of
Summary Jurisdiction" to whom (s. 52 (2), Licensing Act, 1872)
Notice of Appeal to Quarter Sessions had to be given, meant the Con-
victing Justices; and a Notice directed to the Justices of the Division
collectively, and served on their Clerk at his private residence, was not
a compliance {Exp, Curtis, 47 L. J. M. C. 36; 3 Q. B. D. 13); and the
principle of that case is still applicable to a Demand for a Special Case
under s. 33 (1), Sum Jur Act, 1879, and the Rule thereunder (South
Staffordshire W. W. Co v. Stone, 56 L. J. M. C. 122; 19 Q. B. D. 168; 57
L. *T. 368; 36 W. R. 76; 51 J. P. 662: LockhartY, St, Albans, 57 L. J.
M. C. 118; 21 Q. B. D. 188; 36 W. R. 800; 52 J. P. 420: Westm.ore
V. Paine, 1891, 1 Q. B. 482; 60 L. J. M. C. 89). Note, that, generally,
Notice of Appeal (other than from Licensing Justices, Boulter v. Kent
Jus,, cited Court, over-ruling R, v. Glamorganshire Jus,, 1892, 1 Q. B.
621 ; 61 L. J. M. C. 169) is now to be served on the Clerk to the Jus-
tices (s. 31 (2), Sum Jur Act, 1879; s. 6, Sura Jur Act, 1884), and on
the " Other Party " ; but the service on the Other Party need not be per-
sonal {R, V. Somersetshire Jus^ 64 J. P. 341; 69 L. J. Q. B. 311).
For Stat. Def., V. Interp Act, 1889, s. 13 (11), consolidating, s. 50,
Sum Jur Act, 1879, as amended by s. 7, Sum Jur Act, 1884 : — Licens-
ing Justices are not a " Court of Sum Jur " within this def (Boulter v.
Kent Jus., cited Court). Vf, Leicester Freemen v. Hewitt, 62 L. J.
M. C. 51; 68 L. T. 201 ; 57 J. P. 344.
Observe that the def in the Interp Act does not embrace Scotland, as
regards which country, V. the following definitions: 38 & 39 V. c. 17,
8. 109, c 90, s. 14; 39 & 40 V. c. 45, s. 3; 41 & 42 V. c. 16, s. 105;
48&49V.C.36, 8. 7; 50 & 51 V. c. 28, s. 21 ; 52&53 V.c. 44, s. 17;
53 & 54 V. c. 70, s. 96; 55 & m V. c. 43, s. 25, c. 64, s. 6; 56 & 57
V. c. 15, s. 3, c. 32, s. 2, c. 48, s. 3 ; 67 & 58 V. c. 28, s. 7, c. 41, s. 26;
59 & 60 V. c. 25, s. 102.
Vh, Summary Jurisdiction: Complaint: Information: Convic-
tion: Order: Act.
COURT OR JUDGE 428 COUSIN
COURT OR JUDGE "AVhen the R. S. C. say 'the Court
or a Judge,' it is understood that 'the Court' means, a Judge or
Judges in Open Court, and * a Judge ' means, a Judge sitting in Cham-
bers " (per Kay, L. J., Re Bathe, 1892, 1 Ch. 463; 61 L. J. Ch. 446).
^^ It is well recognized that that phrase always includes a Judge at
Chambers, unless there is some express enactment limiting the meaning
of the phrase " (per Brett, M. R., Dallow v. Garrold, 54 L. J. Q. B. 78;
14 Q. B. D. 543: Vf, Baker v. Oakesy 46 L. J. Q. B. 246; 2 Q. B. D.
171 ; 36 L. T. 832 J 25 W. R. 220 : Ex p. Narris, 17 Q. B. D. 731 : Frea-
son V. Loey 26 W. R. 138); but the phrase does not per se include a Mas-
ter or District Registrar {Lambton v. Parkinson^ 35 W. R. 545: Sv, R.
12 and 12 a, Ord. 54, R. S. C, and Lloyd's Bank v. Princess Royal Co, 82
L. T. 559; 48 W. R. 427, on R. 1, Ord. 26), or a Judge at Nisi Prius
{Robson V. Lees, 30 L. J. Ex. 235; 6 H. & N. 258); for, in this connec-
tion, ^ * Judge ' must mean one who in himself constitutes the Court,
and not a Judge sitting at Nisi Prius " (per Bramwell, B., Wilson v.
Hood, 3 H. & C. 152; 33 L. J. Ex. 204).
Though by virtue of R. 12, Ord. 54, R. S. C, a Master may exercise
the function of '' the Court or a Judge " and decide an Interpleader in a
summary manner under R. 8, Ord. 57; yet a Master is not included in
the phrase " Court or a Judge " in R. 11 of the same Order (57), and
accordingly there is an appeal from his decision under R. 21, Ord. 54
{Bryant v. Reading, 55 L. J. Q. B. 253; 17 Q. B. D. 128; 54 L. T,
524: Webb v. Shaw, 55 L. J. Q. B. 249; 16 Q. B. D. 658: Cp, Re
Bathe, sup).
The " Court or Judge " to make a Charging Order on property Recov-
ered OB Pbesebved, s. 28, Solrs Act, 1860, includes any Judge of
the Division in which the property has been recovered or preserved
(Dallow V. Garrold, sup) ; and, semble, a Judge sitting in Bankry (Re
Deakin, 1900, 2Q. B. 489 ; 69 L, J. Q. B. 725 ; 82 L. T. 776 ; 48 W. R.
678).
" Court or Judge," ss. 8, 10, Solrs Act, 1870, means, the High Court
or a Judge thereof, even if the agreement as to Costs relates to matters
done in Petty, or Quarter, Sessions (Re Jones, 1896, 1 Ch. 222 ; 65 L. J.
Ch. 191; 73 L. T. 543 ; 44 W. R. 146; 60 J. P. 7).
Quk Deeds of Arrangement Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 57, " 'Court, or
a Judge,' means, the High Court of Justice, and any Judge thereof"
(s. 19).
V. Coubt: Judge.
COURT OR PERSON V. Pebson.
COURSE. — r. In Course.
COUSIN. — The word "Cousin," without a controlling context,
means First Cousin (Stoddart v. Nelson, 25 L. J. Ch. 116; 6 D. G. M.
& G. 68 : Stevenson v. Abingdon, 31 Bea. 305 : Burbey v. Burbey, 6 L. T.
COUSIN 429 COVENANT
«■ III , laa
573: 2 Jarm. 162: Wms. Exs. 964). In Caldecott v. Harrison (9 L. J.
Ch. 331; 9 Sim. 467), Shadwell, V. C, said, "I am quite willing to
admit that the word ' Cousins ' is sufficiently eztensiye to comprehend
Cousins of everj description, whether thej are first cousins of any de-
gree, or second cousins, or third cousins. That is the general meaning
of the word ' Cousin.' " But that dictum was obiter; and the actual
decision in the case was that on the construction of the Will then before
the Court, only first cousins were comprehended under the word
'' Cousins." It is therefore submitted that in view of the decisions in
Stoddart v. Nelson and Stevenson v. Alnnffdon, sup, the dictum of V. C.
Shadwell cannot be relied on : Va, obs. of Kay, J., Wilks v. Bannister,
64 L. J. Ch. 1141 ; 30 Ch. D. 612.
" Cousin, " imports consanguinity. Yet, in a secondary sense, " Cousin "
is often used to designate the husband or wife of a cousin (lie Taylor,
Cloak V. Hamnumdy 66 L. J. Ch. 173; 34 Ch. D. 266; 66 L. T. 649 ; 35
W. R. 186; Q>Nkphew). And as to the degree of kindred, V. Wms.
Exs. 356.
For a context on which '' Cousins " included those illegitimate as well
as legitimate; V. Seale-Hayne y, Jodrell, cited Relations.
V, Second Cousin.
COUSIN GERMAN. — This is a synonym for First Cousin
(^Saunderson v. Bailey, 8 L. J. Ch. 18; 4 My. & C. b^).
COVENANT- — A "Covenant" is an Agreement by Deed. between
two or more persons to do one or more thing or things, or to do, or give,
or to prevent, or refrain from somewhat ; and it is either, (1) a Covenant
in Lata implied from the terms employed; or, (2) a Covenant in Fact,
I.e. that which is expressly agreed between the parties (Termes de la Ley •
Cowel: Noke^s C(w«, 4 Rep. 80b: Spencer's Case, 5 Rep. 17 a). "Al-
though the word 'Covenant,' in its strict sense, means an Agreement
under seal, that something has or has not already been done, or shall or
shall not be done hereafter (Touch. 160, 162) ; it is sometimes, especially
in Agreements, applied to any promise or stipulation, whether under seal
or not (ffayne v. Cummings, 16 C. B. N. S. 421; 10 L. T. 341 : Va,
Brookes Y, Drysdale, 3 C. P. D. 62, where the word 'Covenant,' in an
Agreement, was held to include a Proviso : Severn and Clerke^s Case,
1 Leon. 122, where ' Covenants, Articles, and Agreements,' in a Bond,
included a Recital)" Elph. 407, 408: Vf, Holies v. Carr, 3 Swanst.
647. Cp Condition.
The old Action of Covenant lay " where a party claimed damages for
breach of Covenant, t.e. of a promise under seal " (Stephen on Pleading,
ch. 1). Cp Assumpsit.
"* The words * Covenant, Orant, and Agree ' that A. should have the
land for so many years, are apt words to make a Lease for years, and
COVENANT 480 COVERS
enure as a Lease" {Whitlock v. Hortortj Cro. Jac. 91); so the word
" Covenant " will of itself have a like effect {Richards v. Selyy 2 Mod.
80).
In the phrase, " Covenant, Grant, and Agree, " the covenantor " cov-
enants and agrees " for the thing he " grants " (per Ld Wensleydale,
Monypenny v. Monypenny, 9 H. L. Ca. 147 : Sv, per Ld St. Leonards,
lb. 137).
"Bond, Covenant, or Instrument " ; F. Instrument.
Covenant not to sue ; V. Eeleasb.
V. Common: Usual: Declare: Jointly and Severally: Sepa.
RATE Covenant: Similar: Run with the land.
COVENTRY ACT. —22 & 23 Car. 2, c. 1 (repealed, 9 G. 4, c. 31)
— so called " from the circumstance of its having passed on the occasion
of an assault made on Sir John Coventry in the street, and slitting his
nose, bj persons who lay in wait for him for that purpose ; in revenge
(as was supposed) for some obnoxious words uttered by him in Parlia-
ment " (East P. C. 394: Vf4: Bl. Com. 207). V. Slit.
COVER. — "Cover," according to its usually accepted meaning in
Stock Exchange dealings, " is a Deposit made with a Broker to secure
him from being out of pocket in the event of the Stocks falling against
his client and the client not paying the difference " (per Smith, L. J.,
Be Cronmire, 67 L. J. Q. B. 623; 1898, 2 Q. B. 383); it is not deposited
" to Abide the Event " of a Wager (s. 18, 8 & 9 V. c. 109), but as Secu-
rity against a Debt which may arise from a Gaming Contract {Uni-
versal Stock Exchange v. Strachan^ 1896, A. C. 166; 65 L. J. Q. B.
429, V. jdgmt of Ld Herschell), and may be recovered back, if unap-
propriated {Re Cranmire, sup). Vf, Mundella v. Shaw, 4 Times Rep.
263.
V. Open : Infamous Conduct.
COVERED. — V. Land covered with wateb.
Covered Space; V. Space.
" Covered Swimming Bath, " qui 41 & 42 V. c. 14, means, * a swim-
ming bath protected by a roof, or other covering, from the weather"
(s. 1).
COVERING. — Qu4 Merchandize Marks Act, 1887, 50 & 61 V. c.28,
" 'Covering,' includes any stopper, cask, bottle, vessel, box, cover, cap-
sule, case, frame, or wrapper " (s. 5, subs. 2).
Covering Deed] F. Debenture.
" Covering Note " is a phrase sometimes applied to a Slip.
C OVERS. — In a Clause in a "Railway Act enabling the Co to charge
" for providing Covers for minerals, goods, articles, or animals," "pro-
COVERS 431 CRANWORTH'S ACTS
Tiding covers " includes not only the supply of sheets, but the cost of the
labour of covering the waggons with them (Coxon v. -AT. E, Ry^ 4 B. &
Macn. 284). Vf^ Hall v. X. B, & S. Ry^ cited Incidental.
COVERT. — Feme Covert; V. Femb: Coverture.
V. Pound : Overt.
COVERTU RE. — " * Coverture ' is when a man and a woman are mar-
ried together; now whatsoever is done concerning the Wife in the time
of the continuance of this marriage betweene them is said to be done ' dur-
ing the Coverture/ and the Wife is called, a Woman Covert " (Termes de
la Ley). Vh, Hooker v. Boggs, 63 111. 162.
r. During: Discovert: Feme.
COVI NE. — " ' Covine/ covina, commeth of the French word, coninnej
and is a secret assent determined in the hearts of two or more to the de-
frauding and prejudice of another " (Co. Litt. 357 a, b: Vf, Termes de
la Ley : WiTnbish v. Tailboisy Plowd. 54 : Girdlestone v. Brighton Aquor-
riuniy 3 Ex D. 142; 4 lb. 107; 48 L. J. Ex. 373). Cp Deceit.
"Fraudulent, or Covinous," Conveyance, within Statutes of Eliz.;
V, Good: Valuable.
COWHOUSE. — r. Cattle^hed.
COWKEEPER. — A. had a farm of 104 acres cultivated so that no
live stock was required to be kept by him on it; he kept 4 cows solely
for the purpose of making a profit by their milk and calves; held, he was
not a " Cowkeeper " within the late Bankruptcy definition of " Trader "
(Exp. Dering, Re Crampy 16 L. J. Bank. 3; 1 D. G. 398: Vf, Bell v.
Young, 24 L. J. C. P. 66; 15 C. B. 524). F. Dairy.
CRAFT. — F. Tisddl v. Combe, 7 L. J. M. C. 48; 7 A. & E. 788:
Blanfordv. Morrison^ 15 Q. B. 724; 19 L. J. Q. B. 533: Reed v. Ing-
ham, 23 L. J. M. C. 156; 3 E. & B. 889 : RusseU & Erwin Co v. Lodge,
6 Times Rep. 353.
F. Boat: Wherry: Risk op Craft.
CRANAQE. — Is a customary due '' for the taking up or lading on a
Ship any goods or merchandize by " a Crane (Hale, de Portibus Maris,
ch. 6). Fy Termes de la Ley.
Lord CRANWORTH'S ACTS— Court of Probate Act, 1867, 20
&21V. c. 77:
Endowed Schools Act, 1860, 23 V. c. 11 :
For giving powers to Trustees and Mtgees, 23 &24y. c. 145, repealed
and replaced, as to Parts 2 and 3, by Conv & L. P. Act, 1881; and, as to
Parts 1 and 4, by S. L. Act, 1882.
CRAVE TO REFER 482 CREDIT
CRAVE LEAVE TO REFER.— A Pleading which « craves leave
to refer" to a document when produced, semhle^ does not admit the
document {Barnard v. Widandj 30 W. R. 947: Vh^ Smith v. Buehan,
36 W. R. 631).
CREATE. — An Instrument may "create'' a Trust without con-
veying the corpus of the trust to the trustee {R. v. Fletcher^ L. & C.
193, 199, 206).
The " Creation " of Debenture Stock, s. 30, Comp C. Act, 1863, oc-
curs when the Resolution authorising its issue and prescribing its con-
ditions is passed; not at the time of its actual issue {Re Burry Port Ry,
64 L. J. Ch. 710; 33 W. R. 741; 62 L. T. 842).
CREDIBLE WITNESS. — The person to whom a bail-bond was
assigned was not a " Credible Witness " of the assignment within 4 & 5
Anne, c. 16, s. 20 ( White v. Barrack, 6 L. J. Ex. 167; 1 M. & W. 424).
A person to whom an estate is appointed, even though by way of Re-
mainder; held, not a "Credible Witness" to the execution of the
appointment {Doe d. Daniel v. Keir^ 4 M. & R. 101 : Vf, Smith v.
Blackham, 1 Salk. 283) ; but a person who is appointed Guardian, is a
" Credible Witness " to the appointment, within s. 8, 12 Car. 2, c, 24
{Morgan v. Hatchell, 24 j:^. J. Ch. 136; 19 Bea. 86; 3 W. R. 126; 24
L. T. 0. S. 167).
As to who was a "Credible Witness" to the alteration of a Will
within the Statute of Frauds ; V. HiUiard v. Jennings^ Raym. Ld. 606 :
Holdfast V. Dowsing, 2 Stra. 1263: Wyndham v. Chetwynd, 1 Bl. W. 95.
V, Witness.
CREDIT. — A Guarantee that "if you give A. credit, we will be
responsible that his payments shall be regularly made," is a Continuing
Guarantee, and means, " if you trust " him, the " credit •* to be given
him is to be a fair and reasonable credit as between the parties, and not
such as is merely customary in the trade {Simpson v. Manley, 2 Cr. &
J. 12), in whc Bolland, J., said that the Guarantee was for " the pay-
ment for such goods as should be advanced on credit " ; " regularly made "
means, " regularly made according to the terms to be agreed upon, and
not according to the terms of the trade " (per Lyndhurst, C. B., lb.),
Vf, Martin v. Wright, 6 Q. B. 917; 14 L. J. Q. B. 142: Given.
The chief ingredient in the offence of a Bankrupt who " has obtained
any property on Credit, and has not paid for the same, " s. 11 (13), Debt-
ors Act, 1869, is obtaining the property ; for though the subs, provides
that it is to be " by False Representation, or other Fraud, " yet (per Wills,
J.) such False Representation or other Fraud is " a mere piece of the evi-
dence necessary to constitute the offence " ; and, whether that be so or
no, it is not necessary that the false representation or fraud should have
been made or done within the jurisdiction {R, v. Mlis, 1899, 1 Q. B.
CREDIT 438 CREDITOR
230; 68 L. J. Q. B. 103; 79 L. T. 632; 47 W. R. 188; 62 J. P. 838).
Vf^ s. 13 (1) of same Act, on whv inf.
An undischarged bankrupt " Obtains Credit " for goods, within s. 31,
Bankry Act, 1883, when he obtains them and does not pay their price ;
although nothing may be said about credit, or any term of credit, at the
time of the transaction {R. v. Feters, hh L. J. M. C. 173; 16 Q. B. D.
636; 54 L. T. 645; 34 W. R. 399; 50 J. P. 631; 16 Cox, C. C. 36:
R, y. Jvbyy 3 Times Hep. 211). The intent to defraud is immaterial
{R. V. Dys<m, 1894, 2 Q. B. 176; 63 L. J. M. C. 124).
So, a customer at a Restaurant who having had his meal is without
money to pay for it, does not obtain the meal by a Falsb Prei^nge, but,
if there be fraud, he *' has obtained Credit under False Pretences, '' within
8. 13 (1), Debtors Act, 1869 {R. v. Jonesy 189& 1 Q. B. 119; 67 L. J.
Q. B. 41; 77 L. T. 503: 46 W. R. 191: F/. R. v. Edwards, 42 S. J.
472).
** Amount Standing to the Credit " of a Member in a Building Socy;
r. Durham, &c Bg Socy v. Davidson, 61 L. J. Q. B. 473.
Mutual Credits; V. Mutual.
V. 'Ability: Bill of Cbbdit.
CREDIT IN CASH. —"The words 'Credit in Cash,' mean 'hold
at his command,* or 'pay to him' " (per Wilde, C. J., Eddison v. Col-
lingridge, 19 L. J. C. P. 268).
CREDITOR. — "'Creditor 'signifies him that trusts another with
any Debt, bee it money, wares, or other things " (Termes de la Ley) ;
but now it is, probably, more correct to say that the general meaning
of " Creditor " ia, a person to whom a Debt is payable.
In Bankry, " Creditor, " generally, means a person entitled to prove in
the bankry {Grace y. Bishop, 26 L.J. Ex. 68; 11 Ex. 424: Re Poland,
36 L. J. Bank. 19; 1 Ch. 366: Woods v. De Mattos, 36 L. J. Ex. 64;
L. R. 1 Ex. 91: Svthe, HoggaHh v. Taylor, 36 L. J. Ex. 61; L. R.
2 Ex. 106) ; and does not include a mere Brecelver {Re Sacker, 68 L. J.
Q. B. 4; 22 Q. B. D. 179); secus, of a Sequestrator {Re Hayings, inf),
or of a Divorce Petitioner to whom damages from a Co-Bespondent have
been given, although such damages may be subject to appropriation by
the Court {Re (y Gorman, 1899, 2 Q, B. 62; 68 L. J. Q. B. 660; 80 L. T.
601; 47 W. R. 643). Vf, Debt ob Liability: Fraudulent Pre-
ference; Secured Creditor.
A person claiming Unliquidated Damages was not a "Creditor,"
within ss. 192, 197, Bankry Act, 1861 {Ex p, Wilmot, Re Thompson,
2 Ch. 795; 36 L. J. Bank. 17: Vf, R. v. Hopkins, inf).
"His Crs generally," s. 4 (a), Bankry Act, 1883; V. Generally, at
end.
" The word * Creditor/ as used in s. 4 {g), Bankry Act, 1883, is not
28
CREDITOR 434 CREDITOR
confined to persons wlio are creditors before thej begin their action, but
means Judgment Creditors " (per Selborne, C, Be Faithfully Ex p,
Moore, 64 L. J. Q. B. 190; 14 Q. B. D. 627). An Executor of the
Judgment Creditor (who has obtained leave to issue execution) may
serve a Bankrj Notice under that section {Ee WoodaUy 53 L. J. Ch.
966; 13 Q. B. D. 479). Vf Obtained. By s. 1, Bankry Act, 1890,
"any person who is, for the time being, entitled to Enfokce a Final
Jdgmt '* is a " Creditor " within s. 4, just cited^ on whv Re Clements,
45 S.J. 81; 70L. J. Q. B. 58.
A mere Equitable Assignment of a jdgmt debt does not prevent the
Jdgmt Cr from issuing the Notice (Re Palmer, 1898, 1 Q. B. 419; 67
L. J. Q. B. 316; 77 L. T. 709; 46 W. R. 342). F/* Final Judgment.
A Sequestrator is a " Creditor " within s. 9, Bankry Act, 1883 {Ee
Hastings, 61 L. J. Q. B. 654; 67 L. T. 234).
"Creditor," who has completed his Execution or Attachment, s. 45,
Bankry Act, 1883; V. Execution.
In 8. 48, Bankry Act, 1883, " Creditor " includes, any person who, at
the date of the preferential act, would have had to come in and prove
and rank with the other Crs in the bankry of the person making the pre-
ference, e.g. the latter's surety (Ee Paine, 1897, 1 Q. B. 122; 66 L. J.
Q. B. 71; 75 L. T. 316; 45 W. R. 190); but that conclusion was not
followed in Ee Warren (cited Fraudulent Preference, whv),
A pit in an action for Damages, is not a " Creditor," within s. 13 (2),
Debtors Act, 1869, until jdgmt is signed {E. v. Hopkins, 1896, 1 Q. B.
652; 65 L. J. M. C. 125: Vf, Ex p. WUmot, sup). V. Judgment
Creditor.
" A cestui que trust is not a Creditor of his trustee, nor is a Trustee a
creditor of his Co-trustee " (per Lindley, L. J., Ee Goldsmidj Ex p,
Taylor, 56 L. J. Q. B. 197; 18 Q. B. D. 295; 35 W. R. 148; citing
Ee Wilkinson, Ex p, Stubbins, 50 L. J. Ch. 547; 17 Ch. D. 58, and
Sinclair v. WiUon, 24 L. J. Ch. 537; 20 Bea. 324).
The assignee of a debt rightfully using the name of his assignor is
(semble) a " Creditor " for the purpose of presenting a petition for Wind-
ing-up a Co under s. 82, Comp Act, 1862 (Ee Loud, & Birmn. Flint
Glass & Alkali Co, 28 L. J. Bank. 17; ID. G. F. & J. 257: Ee
Paris Skating Eink Co, 5 Ch. D. 959).
But a person whose debt is secured by a Bill not mature, though he
have notice that it will not be met (Ee Powell, W. N. (92) 94), or whose
debt has been attached, is not a " Creditor " within such section {Ee
European Bankg Co, Exp, Baylis, 35 L. J. Ch. 690; L. R. 2 Eq. 521);
nor is a garnishee (Ee Combined Weighing Co, 59 L. J. Ch. 26; 43 Ch.
D. 99); nor is a claimant for unliquidated damages (Ee Penr-y-van Colly
Co, 46 L. J. Ch. 390; 6 Ch. D. 477); nor an unpaid vendor of land,
compulsorily taken, whose title remains unaccepted (Ee Milford Docks
Co, Exp, Lister, 52 L. J. Ch. 774; 23 Ch. D. 292); nor will the un-
CREDITOR 435 CREEK
taxed costs of an arbitration constitute such a vendor a ** Creditor " (Ilf»).
Note. The holder of a current Life Policy can petition under this sec-
tion (ss. 2, 21, 33 & 34 V. c. 61). f/Buckl. 260.
A Lessor, qu4 future rent under his lease, is a " Creditor " within
ss. 13, 14, Corap Act, 1867, and, as such, entitled to object to a proposal
for reducing a Co's Capital {Re Telegraph Construction Co, L. R. 10 Eq.
384; 18 W. R. 729; 22 L. T. 649).
"Creditor," s. 2, Joint Stock Companies Arrangement Act, 1870, 33
& 34 V. c. 104, which enlarges ss. 159, 160, Comp Act, 1862, means, any
person having any pecuniary claim against a Co (Be Midland Coal Co,
1895, 1 Ch. 267; 64 L. J. Ch. 279; 71 L. T. 705; 43 W. R. 244), e.g.
Debenture holders (Re Alabama, &c Rg, 1891, 1 Ch. 213; 60 L. J. Ch.
221 ; approving Re Empire Mining Co, 44 Ch. D. 402 ; 59 L. J. Ch. 345).
"Creditors and others," 13 Eliz. c. 5; — "It is conceived that the
words * creditors and others ' are wide enough to include any person who
has a legal demand against the settlor, so that he may rank as a Creditor,
although at the date of the settlement he may have no legal right to
enforce it. The character of the claim, so long as it is a legal one,
seems immaterial " (May on Fraudulent Conv., 2 ed., 163). A mort-
gagee, fully secured, is not such creditor (Lister v. Turner, 5 Hare, 281 :
Dolphin V. Aylward, L. R, 4 H. L. 486; 23 L. T. 636), unless he re-
linquish (Lister v. Turner, sup); but he is such creditor as regards so
much of his debt as the mortgage does not cover (Harman v. Richards,
10 Hare, 81). Vf, May on Fraudulent Conv. Part 2, ch. 8.
Since the Parliamentary Deposits and Bonds Act, 1892, 55 & 66 V.
c. 27, the distinction between Meritorious and Non-meritorious Crs, qu4
sharing in a Parliamentary Deposit, has ceased; " Creditors," s. 1 (2) of
the Act, means, all Crs, and is not limited to those of the particular
abandoned Undertaking (Ex p. Bradford Trams, 1893, 3 Ch. 463; 62
L. J. Ch. 668; 69 L. T. 131).
" Creditor or Claimant " ; V. Claimant.
Stat. Def. — 11 & 12 V. c. 45, s. 3; Bankry Act, 1861, s. 229. — Scot.
2 & 3 V. c. 41, s. 3; 8 & 9 V. c. 31, s. 12; 10 & 11 V. c. 50, s. 14;
11 & 12 V. c. 36, s. 52; 19 & 20 V. c. 79, s. 4; 31 & 32 V. c. 101,
s. 3; 38 & 39 V. c. 61, s. 3; 57 & 58 V. c. 44, s. 18. — Jr. 12 & 13
V. c. 107, s. 118; 20 & 21 V. c. 60, s. 4; 21 & 22 V. c. 105, s. 3.
CREDITS. — V. Rights and Credits: Mutual.
CREEK. — "A Creek is of two kinds, viz. Creeks of the Sea, and
Creeks of Ports. The former sort are such little inlets of the Sea,
whether within the precinct or extent of a Port or without, which are
narrow little passages, and have Shore of either side of them. Creeks
of Ports, are by a kind of civil denomination such. They are such that,
though possibly for their extent and situation they might be Ports yet.
CREEK 436 CRIME
they are either members of, or dependent upon, other Ports " (Hale, de
Port i bus Maris, ch. 2).
An Arm or Creek of the Sea is " where the Sea flows and reflows, and
so far onl J as tho Sea so flows and reflows ; so that the Ei ver of Thames
above Kingston, and the River of Severn above Tewkesbury, &c, though
there they are Public Rivers yet, are not Arms of the Sea. But it seems
that, although the water be fresh at high-water yet, the denomination
of an Ai-m of the Sea continues if it flow and reflow, as in Thames
above the Bridge " (Hale, de Jure Maris, ch. 4). Vf^ Callis, ^^ where
an *• Arm of the Sea " is used not quite synonymously with " Creek of
the Sea."
V. Haven.
CREMATION.— V. Burial: Christian Burial.
CREW. — " The Crew ** does not always mean the whole crew {Frazer
V. Hatton, 2 C. B. N. S. 612; 26 L. J. C. P. 227).
The Cattle-men of a Cargo Owner are not part of the " Crew,** though
they may help to work the ship {Anglo-Argentine Agency v. Temperleg
Co, cited General Average). Cp Seaman. F. Officer.
CRIME. — ''A Crime or Misdemesnor is an act committed, or omit^
ted, in violation of a Public Law either forbidding or commanding it.
This general definition comprehends both Crimes and Misdemesnors
which, properly speaking, are mere synonymous terms; though, in com-
mon usage, the word ' Crimes ' is made to denote such offences are of a
deeper and more atrocious dye; while smaller faults and omissions of
less consequence are comprised under the gentler names of * Misde-
mesnors ' only " (4 Bl. Com. 6 : Fa, per Bayley, J., Mann v. Otven^
9 B. & C. 699, 600 : per Bowen, L. J., E. v. TyZer, 1891, 2 Q. B. 594).
Cp Misdemeanor.
" A Crime I would define as an Offence against the Crown for which
an Indictment will lie " (per Day, J., Canybeare v. London School Bdy •
1891, 1 Q. B. 118; 60 L. J. Q. B. 44); but an Offence punishable by
Indictment, — e.g, a Conspiracy to interfere with the administration of
Justice, — is none the less a Crime because a stattite is passed whereby
it may be punished Summarily; and a person so ''punished with im-
prisonment " for such a '' Crime/' is disqualified for being a Member of
a School Board, under 33 & 34 V. c. 75, Sch 2, Part 1, R. 14 {S. C).
On the general meaning of '' Crime " it is submitted that the words
italicised are too narrowing, and that the general interpretation of
" Crime " is, an Offence against the Crown punishable by Fine or Im-
prisonment. Thus, a power to a Colonial Governor to pardon any
offender "Convicted of any Crime," and to "remit any Fines, Penal
ties, or Forfeitures," enables him to pardon Contempt of Court and to
remit its punishment {Re Moselegy 1893, A. C. 138; 62 L. J. P. C. 79).
CRIME 437 CRIM. CAUSE
On the other hand, an act or omission, — e.g. an Overseer not paying
over moneys in his hands for which he may be charged by the Auditor,
s. 32, 7 & 8 v. c. 101, — may be indictable without being a Crime {R,
V. Tucker^ 5 M. & S. 508: R, v. Master^ cited Offence: in tldcy
Mellor, J., said, " In Bancroft v. Mitchell^ L. R. 2 Q. B. 649, that an
Indictment would lie, was said not to be the test whether the act was
criminal or not ").
Qu4 Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871, 34 & 36 V. c. 112, " Crime "
** means, in England and Ireland^ any Felony, or the offence of Uttering
False or Counterfeit Coin, or of possessing Counterfeit Gold or Silver
Coin, or the offence of Obtaining Goods or Money by False Pretences,
or the offence of Conspiracy to defraud, or any Misdemeanor under s. 68,
24 & 2B y. c. 96; and, in Scotland^ any of the Pleas of the Crown, any
Theft which (in respect of any aggravation, or of the amount in value
of the money, goods, or thing stolen) may be punished with Penal Ser-
vitude, any Forgery, and any Uttering of any Forged Writing, False-
hood, Fraud and Wilful Imposition, Uttering Base Coin, or the possession
of such Coin with intent to utter the same " (s. 20).
Other Stat. Def. — Scot 35 & 36 V. c. 33, s. 16, c. 38, s. 14; 60 & 61
V.c.35,8.1; 61 & 62 V. c. 36, 8.9. — /r. 45 & 46 V.c. 26, 8. 34; 60
& 61 V. c. 20, 8. 6.
V, Offence.
"Crimes by bankrupts against Bankry LaWy^ in an Extradition
Treaty, connotes such crimes by the bankrupt, and does not include an
accomplice {Re Counhayej L. R. 8 Q. B. 410; 42 L. J. Q. B. 217: Si\
Exp, Terraz, 4 Ex. D. 63; 48 L. J. Ex. 214).
" Crimes and Offences against the Laws of China "; V. A^G, of Hong
Kong V. Ktook-^-Sing, 42 L. J. P. C. 64; L. R. 6 P. C. 179.
CRIMINAL CAUSE. — A Judgment in a "Criminal Cause or
Matter," means "any decision by way of judicial determination of any
question with regard to proceedings the subject-matter of which is
criminal, at whatever stage it arises " (per Esher, M. R., Re Woodhall,
inf)y e.g. proceedings before Justices which mag terminate in the im-
prisonment of defendant {Seaman v. Burlegj 1896, 2 Q. B. 344; 65 L. J.
M. C. 208; 46 W. R. 1; 76 L. T. 91).
A Commission of Rebellion for Contempt, is not a " Criminal Matter,"
within 8. 9, Habeas Corpus Act, 31 Car. 2, c. 2 {Cobbett v. Slowman^
9 Ex. 633; 23 L. J. Ex. 144).
A Certiorari to quash a conviction for trespassing in pursuit of game
on the ground that the justices' jurisdiction was ousted by a bond fide
Claim of Right, is a " Criminal Cause or Matter " within s. 47, Jud. Act,
1873 {R, V. Fletcher, 46 L. J. M. C. 4; 2 Q. B. D. 43; 36 L. T. 638) ; so
is a Conviction under a Bye-Law which is alleged to be ultra vires {Burnett
V. Berrg^ 12 Times Rep. 464); so is an Order discharging a rule nisi
CRIM. CAUSE 438 CRIM. CAUSE
for a Certiorari to bring up an Order, under s. 100, Larceny Act, 1861,
to Restore property (R, v. Central Crim. Court^ 66 L. J. M. C. 25; 18
Q. B. D. 314); so is an application for a Mandamus to Justices to state
a Case on a Criminal Infobmatiox {Brosman v. Itoche, 22 L. K. Ir. 334 :
Ex p. Schofieldy 1891, 2 Q. B. 428; 60 L. J. M. C. 167; 39 W. R. 680;
66 J. P. 4: ^. V. Tyler, 1891, 2 Q. B. 688; 61 L. J. M. C. 38), or to
hear a Summons in a Criminal Cause {R. r. Young^ 61 L. J. M. C. 42;
66 L. T. 16); so is an Order for a Criminal Prosecution for Libel, under
8. 8, 61 <& 62 V. c. 64 {Ex p. Fulbrook, 1892, 1 Q. B. 86; 61 L. J. M. C-
91; 66 L. T. 169; 40 W. R. 176; b^ J. P. 293), or a Q. B. D. Order
attaching a constable for refusing to aid a sheriff in the execution of a
writ {A- G. V. Kissane, inf ) ; so is a Taxation of the Costs of a success-
ful defendant in a criminal information for Libel (JS. y. Steely 46 L. J.
M. C. 1; 2 Q. B. D. 37; 26 W. R. ^4; 35 L. T. 634); or proceedings to
enforce Poor Rate (Seaman v. Burlet/f sup : but Cpy Southwark & Vaujc-
hall W, W, Coy. Hampton, cited Claimed) ; or an Information for con-
travening Bye- Laws of a School Board (Mellar v. Denham, 49 L. J. M. C.
89; 5 Q. B. D. 467; 42 L. T. 493); or an Order to abate Nuisance under
P. H. Act, 1876 {Ex p. Whitchurch, 60 L. J. M. C. 99; 7 Q. B. D.
634) ; and so, generally, of a Justices' Order disobedience to which may
afterwards be enforced by a penalty {Payne v. Wright, 61 L. J. M. C.
114; 66 L. T. 148; 56 J. P. 664), seciis, if the Order does not result iii
either Fine or Imprisonment (Loughborough v. Curzon, 65 L. J. M. C.
122; 17 Q. B. D. 344; 65 L. T. 60; 34 W. R. 621; 60 J. P. 788). The
proceedings, if against a Corporation, are none the less a " Criminal
Cause or Matter " if a penalty is sought thereby, or if imprisonment
might follow if they were against an individual (Southport v. Birkdale,
76 L. T. 318; 18 Cox, C. C. 537). A refusal of Bail is a "Criminal
Cause or Matter" (R, v. Foote, 62 L. J. Q. B. 628; 10 Q. B. D. 378);
or an application for a Certiorari under s. 3, Palmer Act, 19 & 20 V.
c. 16 (R. V. Rudge, bb L. J. M. C. 112; 16 Q. B. D. 459; 34 W. R.
207); or, a fortiori, an Information for keeping a dog without a License
(R. V. Suilivan, 8 Ir. Rep. C. L. 404; 19 S. J. 235). Vf, Cattel v. /re-
son, 27 L. J. M. C. 167; E. B. i& E. 91 : Parker v. Green, 31 L. J. M. C.
133; 2 B. & S. 299: R. v. Hawkhurst, 26 J P. 772; 7 L. T. 268:
Blake v. Beech, 46 L. J, M. C. Ill; 2 Ex. D. 336: Re Dean of York^
2 Q. B. 1.
But an application for a mandamus to Election Commissioners to
grant a witness a Certificate of Indemnity is not a "Criminal Cause"
within s. 47, Jud. Act, 1873 (R. v. Holt, 7 Q. B. D. 675; 50 L. J. Q. B.
763); nor is an application for Excusal from an electoral Illegal Practice
{Ex p. Walker, 68 L. J. Q. B. 190; 22 Q. B. D. 384); nor a habeas
corpus in an Ecclesiastical Suit (Cox v. Hakes, 16 App. Ca. 606; 60
L. J. Q. B. 89; 63 L. T.-392; 39 W. R. 145; 54 J. P. 820), secus, if
the subject-matter of the proceedings against the prisoner be criminal
CRIM. CAUSE 439 CRIM. PRISONER
{Re Woadhall, 57 L. J. M. C. 71; 20 Q. B. D. 832; 30 W. R. 655:
Svf Re KeUcTy 22 L. R. Ir. 158). A committal to prison for non-payment
of Poor, or Highway, Rates is a civil, and not a criminal, process {R, v.
Whitecross Street Prison^ 34 L. J. M. C. 193; 6 B. & S. 371). An
application to strike a Solicitor off the Rolls on the ground of misconduct
is not a " Criminal Cause or Matter " {Re Hardwick, 53 L. J. Q. B. 64^
12 Q. B. D. 148; 32 W. R. 191: Re Eede, 59 L. J. Q. B. 376; 25
Q. B. D. 228; 38 W. R. 683. Vh Criminal Peisoxer), secus, of an im-
prisonment of an unqualified person for acting as a Solicitor {Re Wall,
32 S. J. 693). An Information for penalties on the revenue side of the
old Court of Exchequer was not a " Criminal Cause " {A-G. v, Radloff,
23 L. J. Ex. 240; 10 Ex. 84: 28 & 29 V. c. 104: per Brett, M. R.,
AG. V. Bradlaugh, 54 L. J. Q. B. 215; 14 Q. B. D. 690: Vf, Howes
V. InL Rev.y 1 Ex. D. 385; 46 L. J. M. C. 15: A-G. v. Moore, 3 Ex. D.
276; 47 L. J. M. C. 103); nor is an action to recover a penalty under
1 G. 1, St. 2, c. 13, s. 17, for voting in parliament without having taken
the oath {Miller v. Salomons^ 21 L. J. Ex. 161; 22 lb. 169; 7 Ex. 475;
8 lb. 778) ; nor an Information by the Attorney-General to recover pen-
alties under the Parliamentary Oaths Act, 1866 {A-G. v. Bradlaughy
54 L. J. Q. B. 205; 14 Q. B. D. 667). F/, Civil Debt: Claimed.
An appeal lies to the Court of Appeal against an Order of the High
Court committing a Bankrupt under s. 24 (4), Bankry Act, 1883, for
wilfully failing to deliver up possession of his property, not because it is
not a " Criminal Cause or Matter" but, because s. 104 (2), lb. (which,
note, is subsequent in date to Jud. Act, 1873), gives the appeal from
Bankry Orders {Re Ashivin, 59 L. J. Q. B. 417; 25 Q. B. D. 271).
Q>, Criminal Suit: Offence: Forfeit.
By s. 15, Jud. Act, 1884, Quo Warranto is a Civil proceeding,
"whether for purposes of appeal or otherwise."
Contempt of Court in doing or not doing something in a Civil Action,
is not a " Criminal Cause or Matter" {Re EvanSy 1893, 1 Ch. 252; 62
L. J. Ch. 413: R. v. Bernardo^ 58 L. J. Q. B. 553; 23 Q. B. D. 305;
61 L. T. 547; 37 W. R. 789 : Vf, Ann. Pr. under s. 47, Jud. Act, 1873) ;
secusy where the contempt is of a criminal nature, e.g. publishing com-
ments calculated to prejudice a trial (O^Shea v. O^Shea, 59 L. J. P. D.
6 A. 47; 15 P. D. 59; 62 L. T. 713; 38 W. R. 374), or a constable
refusing to aid a sheriff {A-G. v. Kissaney 32 L. R. Ir. 220).
CRIMINAL LETTER. — V. Indictment, towards end.
CRIMINAL LUNATIC V. Lunatic.
CRIMINAL PRISONER. — A person summarily committed to
prison for acting as a Solicitob without being qualified (s. 32, 6 &
7 V. c. 73), is a *' Criminal Prisoner" within b. 4, Prison Act, 1865;
and is not a person " imprisoned under any Rule^ Order, or Attachment,
CRIM. PRISONER 440 CROFTING PARISH
for Contempt of Court " within s. 41, Prison Act, .1877 (Osborne v. Mil-
many 56 L. J. Q. B. 263; 18 Q. B. D. 471; 66 L. T. 808; 35 W. B.
397; 51 J. P. 437; 3 Times Rep. 452).
^ote. The present County Court has no power to commit as for
" Contempt of Court " (s. 36, 6 & 7 V. c. 73; s. 26, 23 & 24 V, c. 127) an
unqualified person who practises in such Co. Co. as a Solr (E. v. Bramp-
ton Co. Co. Judge, 1893, 2 Q. B. 195; 62 L. J. Q. B. 604; 68 L. T. 829;
41 W. R. 648; 57 J. P. 648); nor, indeed, for any other cause than those
specified in ss. 162, 167, Co. Co. Act, 1888 (B. y. Lefioy, Exp. JoUiffej
42 L. J. Q. B. 121 ; L. E. 8 Q. B. 134), and in those cases where Orders
may be enforced by Attachment.
V. Crime: Offence. Cp, Civil Pbisoneb: Prisoner.
Stat. Def. — /Scof. 2&3V. c. 42, s. 63; 23 & 24 V. c. 105, s. 4; 40
6 41 V. c 53, 8. 71.
CRIMINAL PROCEEDING.— r. Proceeding: Prosecution:
Criminal Cause: Criminal Suit.
CRIMINAL PROSECUTION V. Prosecution.
CRIMINAL SUIT. — A proceeding to recover penalties for Non-
Residence (under 1 & 2 V. c. 106, ss. 32, 114) is not a " Criminal Suit "
within the Church Discipline Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Y. c. 86, s. 23 (Backham
V. Blucky 16 L. J. Q. B. 82; 9 Q. B. 691) ; nor is a proceeding under the
Public Worship Act, 1874 {Harris v. Perkins, 51 L. J. P. C. 83;
7 P. D. 31, 161) : Seats, as regards proceedings to examine the proofs
of an ecclesiastical offence, for the purpose of deprivation {Be Dean of
Yorkj 2 Q. B. 1). Cp Criminal Cause.
CROFT. — "A Croft is a little close, or pightle, adjoining to a house,
used either for pasture or arable, as the owner pleases. In many places
such close is called a Ham " (Preston's addns. to p. 95, Touch.). Va
Termes de la Ley.
CROFTER.— Qui Crofters Holdings (Scot) Act, 1886, 49 & 50 V.
c. 29, " 'Crofter,' means, any person who, at the passing of this Act, is
tenant of a Holding from year to year, who resides on his holding the
annual rent of which does not exceed £30 in money, and which is situate
in a Crofting Parish; and the successors of such person in the holding
heing his heirs or legatees " (s. 34: Fa 60 & 61 V. c. 53, s. 10). Cp
Cottar.
CROFTI NQ PARISH. — Quk same Act, " * Crofting Parish, ' means,
a Parish in which there are, at the commencement of this Act, or have
been within eighty years prior thereto, Holdings consisting of arable
land held with a right of pasturage in common with others, and in which
there still are tenants of holdings from year to year who reside on their
CROFTING PARISH 441 CROSSING
holdings, the annual rent of which respectively does not exceed £30 in
money, at the commencement of this Act " (s. 34 : Fa, 60 & 61 Y. c. 53,
8. 10).
CROP. — " Crops," 8. 6 (a), 60 & 61 V. c. 26; V. Cooper v. Pearse,
1896, 1 Q. B. 662; 65 L. J. M. C. 95; 74 L. T. 495; 44 W. R. 494;
60 J. P. 282.
Qui Game Laws Amendment (Scot) Act, 1877, 40 & 41 V. c. 28,
" 'Crop,' shall include Grass, whether intended for hay or pasture, ex-
cept where grown upon Muirlands " (s. 3).
CROSS. — "Cross Cause"; V. Principal Cause.
Cross Remainders'^ " When lands are given in undivided shares to two
or more for Particular Estates, so as t'hat, upon the determination of the
particular estates in any of those shares, they remain over to the other
grantees, — and the Reversioner or Remainder-man is not let in till the
determination of all the Particular Estates, — the grantees take their orig-
inal shares as Tenants in Common, and the Remainders limited among
them on the failure of the particular estates are known hy the appellation
of ' Cross Remainders ' " (Butler's n, Co. Litt. 196 h). Vh, Elph. 289-
294: Jarm. ch. 42: Theohald, 649: 4 Encyc. 42, 43. Cp Remainder.
Qui London Bg Act, 1894, " Cross Wall," " means a Wall used, or
constructed to he used, in any part of its height as an Inner wall of a
Building for separation of one part from another part of the huilding,
that huilding heiug wholly in, or heing constructed or adapted to he
wholly in, one occupation " (suhs. 17, s. 6, expanding def in Metrop Bg
Act, 1865, s. 3).
CROSSING. — "Crossing" a Cheque generally and specially; F.
ss. 76, 77, 78, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882 : Not Negotiable. Vf, 19 & 20
V. c. 2b'y 21 & 22 V. c. 79, ss. 1, 3.
"Crossing of Roads, or other interference therewith," Preamhle to
ss. 46-62, Ry C. C. Act, 1846; FA, Tanner v. SoxUh Wales Ry, 5 E. &
B.618; 26L. J. Q. B. 7.
Ships "Crossing," Sailing Rules, No. 14, repld Regns for Preventing
Collisions at Sea, 1884, Art. 16; V. Gen. Steam Nav. Co v. Hedley,
39 L. J. Adm. 20; L. R. 3 P. C. 44: The Moliere, 1893, P. 217; 62
L. J. P. D. & A. 102; 69 L. T. 263: The Leverinf/toUy 55 L. J. P.
D. & A. 78; 11 P. D. 117 : The Pekin, 1897, A. C. 632; 66 L. J. P. C.
97; 77 L. T. 443: Overtaking Ship. It is a question of fact in each
case whether a Steamer turning round in the River Thames is, or is not,
a *' Steam Vessel crossing from one side of the river towards the other,"
within No. 48, Thames Bye Laws (The John HoUoway^ 1900, P. 37;
69 L. J. P. D. & A. 16; 81 L. T. 726; 48 W. R. 416: Vfy The River
Derwent, 62 L. T. 46; 7 Asp. 37).
CROWN 442 CRUELTY
CROWN. — In every Act of Parliament, " references to the Sovereign
reigning at the time of the passing of the Act or to the Crown shall, unless
the contrary intention appears, be construed as references to the Sovereign
for the time being; and this Act shall be binding on the Crown " (s. 30,
Interp Act, 1889). V, Quken.
Other Stat. Def. —31 & 32 V. c. 101, s. 3.
Note, The Prerogative of the Crown is as extensive in the Colonies
as in Great Britain {Maritime Bank of Canada v. Receiver-Gen. New
Brunswick, 1892, A. C. 437; 61 L. J. P. C. 75; 67 L. T. 126).
" Crown or Government " ; V. Government.
" Crown Cases Reserved, " qui Jud. Acts, means, " such questions of
law reserved in Criminal Trials as are mentioned in " 11 & 12 V. c. 78
(Jud. Act, 1873, 8. 100; Jud. Act (Ir), 1877, s. 3).
" Crown Colony," qui Federal Council of Australia Act, 1885, 48 &
49 V. c. 60, means, " any Colony in which the control of Public Officers
is retained by ** the Imperial Government (s. 1) : that def is, probably,
of general acceptation.
" Crown Lands,^* qui Queensland Goldfields Act, 1874; V. Osborne v.
Morgan, 57 L. J. P. C. 52; 13 App. Ca. 227:— qui New South Wales
Crown Lands Act, 1884; V. Tearle v. JSdols, 67 L. J. P. C. 58; 13 App.
Ca. 183.
" The Crown Lands Acts, 1829 to 1894 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act,
1896.
" * Crown Office, ' means, the Office of the Clerk of the Crown in
Chancery" (s. 7, 40 & 41 V. c. 41).
Crown Prosecutor', V. Prosecuting.
Crown Purposes; V. "Beneficial Occupation," sub Beneficial.
" Crown Writ "; Scot. 31 & 32 V. c. 101, s. 3.
r. Claim.
CRUELLY. — " Cruelly ill-treat "; F. Cruelty, to Animals.
CRUELTY. — Matrimonial Cruelty: "Lord Stowell's judgment in
Evans V. Evans (1 Hagg. Con. 35) is the great authority on questions
of legal cruelty. That very eminent judge, whom I may in some sense
consider as a predecessor of my own, remarks on the mischiefs which
would ensue from giving the sanction of law to the separation of man
and wife too easily, or on the mere disinclination of one or both of the
parties to live together. 'When people,' he continues, ' understand that
they must live together, except for a very few reasons known to the law,
they learn to soften by mutual accommodation that yoke which they
know they cannot shake off; they become good husbands and good wives
from the necessity of remaining husbands and wives ; for necessity is a
powerful master in teaching the duties which it imposes.' Lord Stowell
refused to give any strict definition of cruelty. The causes which
CRUELTY 443 CRUELTY
warrant separation ' must be grave and weighty, and such as show an
absohite impossibility that the duties of the married life can be dis-
charged. In a state of personal danger no duties can be discharged, for
the duties of self-preservation must take place before the duties of mar-
riage. WTiat merely wounds the mental feelings is in few cases to be
admitted, where it is not accompanied with bodily injury, either actual
or menaced. Mere austerity of temper, petulance of manners, rudeness
of language, a want of civil attention and accommodation, even occasional
sallies of passion, if they do not threaten bodily harm, do not amount to
legal cruelty; they are high moral offences in the marriage state un-
doubtedly, not innocent surely in any state of life, but still they are not
that cruelty against which the law can relieve. Under such misconduct
of either of the parties, for it may exist on one side as well as on the
other, the suffering party must bear in some degree the consequences of
an injudicious connection, must subdue by decent resistance, or by
prudent conciliation, and if this cannot be done, both must su£fer in
silence. In the older cases of this sort, which I have had an opportunity
of looking into, I have observed that the danger of life, limb, or health
is usually inserted as the ground upon which the Court has proceeded to
a separation. The Court has never been driven off this ground ; it has
always been jealous of the inconvenience of departing from it, and I have
heard no one case cited in which the Court has granted a divorce without
proof given of a reasonable apprehension of bodily hurt. I say an appre-
hension, because assuredly the Court is not to wait till the hurt is
actually done; but the apprehension must be reasonable, it must not be
an apprehension arising merely from an exquisite or diseased sensi-
bility of mind.' Danger of life, limb, or health has continued in sub-
stance the rule upon which the Courts have acted; the phrase has
sometimes been varied. Sir John Nicholl has used the expression,
'injury to person or to health'; which I am inclined to take in
conjunction with Lord Stowell's expression, for there might be a great
deal of suffering and brutal usage without coming strictly within the
terms of -the latter. There must, however, be bodily hurt (not trifling
or temporary pain), or a reasonable apprehension of bodily hurt " (per
Cress well, J. 0., Tomkins v. Tomkins, 1 Sw. & Tr. 170).
Referring firstly and chiefly to Evans v. Evans (sup) but also on a
full review of the subsequent cases, Ijopes and Lindley, L.J J., in
Rv^ell V. Russell {1^^^, P. 315; 64 L. J. P. D. & A. 108; affd in
H. L. 1897, A. C. 395; ^ L. J. P. D. & A. 122) defined Matrimonial
Cruelty thus, — " There must be danger to life, limb, or health, bodily
or mental, or a reasonable apprehension of it, to constitute legal cruelty " :
Vth Impossible. So, in the United States {Gordon v. Gordon^ 48
Penn. St. 238).
The following are acts of matrimonial cruelty : — Duress, or threats,
or habitual insult and studied unkindness, tending to injury to health
CRUELTY 444 CRUELTY
f ««
(Kelhj V. Kellf/, 39 L. J. P. & M. 28; L. K. 2 P. & D. 69; 21 L. T. 5W :
Bethune v. Bethune, 1891, P. 205; 60 L. J. P. D. & A. 18: Vf,
Beauderk y. Beauclerk, 1891, P. 189; 60 L. J. P. D. & A. 20; 64 L. T.
35); or terrifying a wife into immorality {Coleman v. Coleman^ 35 L. J.
P. & M. 37) ; publicly outraging a wife's feelings by insulting language
and assaulting her, even though no personal injury be inflicted (MUner
V. MUner, 31 L. J. P. & M. 159) ; a violently intended, but futile, assault,
or spitting on a yviie (jyAguilar v. jyAguUar, 1 Hagg. Ecc. Supp. 776) ;
habitual insult and violence of temper, inducing quarrels and producing
physical suffering {Knight v. Knight, 34 L. J. P. & M. 112) ; know-
ingly or recklessly imparting a venereal disease {Boardman v. Boards
man, L. R. 1 P. & D. 233 : Brown v. Brown, lb. 46; 35 L. J. P. & M.
13; as to cutaneous disease, V. Chesnutt v. Chesnutt, 1 Spinks, 205);
unreasonable denial of usual necessaries and comforts so as to affect
health {DysaH v. DysaH, 3 N. C. 340 : Ornie v. Orme, 2 Addams, 382);
cruelty to children in the mother's presence, in order to wound her feel-
ings, and to such an extent as probably to be injurious to her health
(Suggate v. Suggate, 28 L. J. P. & M. 46 : Birch v. Birch, 42 L. J. P.
& M. 23).
But the following are not acts of Matrimonial Cruelty :
Drunkenness (Scott v. Scott, 29 L. J. P. & M. 64); debauching house-
hold servants (Cottsenv. Cousen, 34 L. J. P. &M. 139); bad language
{Dysart v. Dysart, sup), even to the extent of falsely, maliciously, and
persistently accusing the spouse of an unnatural offence {Russell v. Rus-
sell, sup) ; debarring a wife from intercourse with her family {Neeld v.
Neeld, 4 Hagg. Ecc. 269) ; sleeping in a separate bed {jyAguilar v.
jyAguilar, sup).
Vf, Dixon on Divorce, 98 et seq : Browne & Powles on Divorce, 129.
Cruelty is not excused by drunkenness or delirium tremens {Marsh v.
Marsh, 28 L. J. P. & M. 13; 1 Sw. & Tr. 312; 7 W. R. 129); or un-
governable passion {Curtis v. Curtis, 27 L. J. P. & M. 73; 1 Sw. &
Tr. 192): but insanity excuses {HaU v. HaU, 33 L. J. P. & M. 65;
3 Sw. & Tr. 349: WhUe v. White, 1 Sw. & Tr. 591).
" Cruelty or Neglect," causing a Wife to leave, s. 4, 68 & 59 V. c. 39 j
F. Neglect.
" Persistent Cruelty " ; F. Pebsistekt.
Cruelty to Children: V. 4 Encyc. 53-56.
Cruelty to Animals : If any person " cruelly beat, ill-treat, over drive,
abuse, or torture," any Domestic amimal, that is an offence under s. 2,
12 & 13 y. c. 92. The cruelty under that section means, unreasonably
inflicting unnecessary pain; and, therefore, involving a guilty knowledge
that pain will be inflicted (Elliott v. Oshom, 65 L. T. 378). Incensing
Cocks to fight (Bridge v. Parsons, 32 L. J. M. C. 95 ; 3 B. & S. 382 ;
11 W. R. 424 ; 7 L. T. 784; 2b W. R. 540 ; 27 J. P. 117, 231), or cut-
ting a Cock's comb in order to exhibit him as a Gamecock (Murphy v.
CRUELTY 445 CULPRIT
Manning, 46 L. J. M. C. 211; 2 Ex. D. 311; 41 J. P. 130) is such
cruelty, and so of djcking a Horse's tail (40 S. J. 473, 474) ; and so it
may be such cruelty to turn an animal, which is already suffering, into
a field to graze when it can only do so by giving itself additional
pain (Uveritt v. Davies, 26 W. R. 332 ; 42 J. P. 248 ; 38 L. T. 360).
But the mere omission to kill a suffering animal is not such cruelty
(J7>.); nor does the section include the merely unlawful killing an
animal, or shooting it intending to kill it but leaving it to die in pain
(FaweU v. Knit/ht, 26 W. R. 721; 42 J. P. 697 ; 38 L. T. 607), nor the
sending parrots a ten-hours' railway journey without water (Swan v.
Sanders, 50 L. J. M. C. 67 ; 29 W. R. 538 ; 45 J. P. 522 ; 44 L. T. 424),
nor a painful operation bond fide believed to be proper, e.g. spaying sows,
as they do in Sussex, to improve the flesh as human food (Lewis v. Fermor,
b^ L. J. M. C. 45 ; 18 Q. B. D. 532 ; 56 L.T. 236; 35 W. R. 378; 51
J. P. 371). But in Ford v. WUey (58 L. J. M. 0. 145 ; 23 Q. B. D.
203) the principle of Lewis v. Fermor was questioned, and it was held
that dishorning cattle was within the section, although it might prevent
them from goring each other, and make them graze better and fatten
more quickly ; but the Scotch and Irish Courts refuse to follow Ford t.
WUey\ —V. R. v. M'Donaghy 28 L. R. Ir. 204, and cases there
cited.
What a person intends to do is no part of the offence of Cruelty under
8. 2, 12 & 13 V. c. 92; the simple question is, Was there cruelty in fact?
(Duncan v. Pope, 80 L. T. 120).
CRY.— r. Hub and Cry.
CUBIC — Cubic Feet; T. Delivered. '•
Cubic Yard; F. Yard.
CUBICAL. — Quk London Bg Act, 1894, " * Cubical Extent,' applied
to the measurement of a Building, means, the space contained within the
external surfaces of its walls and roof and the upper surface of the floor
of its lowest Storey" (subs. 24, s. 5).
CUBICLE. — V. Bamett v. Hickmott, cited Dwelling-housb.
CUCKING-STOOL. — Was the same as, and was in old times
called, a Tumbrell (Termes de la Ley)-
CUCKOLD. — V, Whore.
CUL DE SAC — r. Highway: Street.
CULPABLE. — Culpable Negligence ; V. Gross.
CULPRIT. — Is a person on his trial for a criminal offence (4 Bl.
Com. 339).
CULTIVATION 446 • CURRENT
CULTIVATION V. Agriculture.
CUM DIV.—r. Dividend.
CUMULATIVE. — A Preference Dividend \%^ primd faciej cumula-
tive; 80 that failure of profits wherewith to pay it in any one year will
be made good out of any profits that may be made in a subsequent year
( V, Dividend) ; and if a " Cumulative Preference Dividend " is pre-
scribed, doubt hereon is avoided ( FA, Webb v. Earle, L. R. 20 Eq. 657 ;
44 L. J. Ch. 608; 24 W. R. 46 : Palmer Co. Prec. 359, 482). But a Pref .
Div. payable out of the profits " of Each year " is non-cumulative {Staples
V. Eastman Co, 1896, 2 Ch. 303; (j5 L. J. Ch. 682; 74 L. T. 479).
Legacies of equal amount, given by the same instrument to the same
person, are merely Repetitions : of equal, less, or greater, amount, given
by different instruments, e,g. Will and Codicil to the same person, are,
prima facie^ Cumulative; but the one by the later instrument may, con-
textual ly, be Substitutional (Theobald, ch. 16).
CURATE. — A Curate is "he who represents the Incumbent of a
Church, Parson, or Vicar, and takes care of Divine Service in his stead "
(Jacob). Vh Phil. Ecc. Law, Part 2, ch. 10.
Qu^ Irish Church Act, 1869, 32 & 33 V. c. 42, " Curate " includes
* Residentiary Preacher or Eeader " (s. 72).
V, Clergthan: Perpetual Curate: Deacon.
CURRENCY. — A clause in a Time Marine Policy for return of part
of premium if the ship should be employed in e,g, " the Eastern Trade
during the whole currency of the policy," becomes operative not only if
she is actually so employed, but also if she is lost, during the period
over which the policy extends; for then the risk no longer exists, " the
Policy is no longer in any sense Current " (per Bigham, J., Gorsedd
S S Coy. Forbes, 5 Com. Ca. 413; 16 Times Rep. 666).
CURRENT. — " * Current ' applied to Coin, means, coin coined in
any of Her Majesty's mints, or lawfully current by virtue of any procla-
mation, or otherwise, in any part of Her Majesty's dominions, whether
within the United Kingdom or without" (Steph. Cr. 310, abridging the
def in s. 1, 24 & 25 V. c. 99). Vf, 46 & 47 V. c. 46, s. 3 : Arch. Cr. 911 :
False Coin. Notei Current Coin may be treated as a curiosity {Moss
V. Hancock, cited Money).
" Current Coin," in Truck Act, 1831; F. Payment.
"Current Financial Year"-, V. Financial Year.
" Current Outgoings," quk Government Annuities Act, 1882, 46 & 46
V. c. 61; F. 8. 13(6).
The *' Current Rate " of Interest payable under s. 28, 3 & 4 W. 4,
c. 42 {V. Demand), though frequently assessed at 6 per cent is not,
CURRENT 447 CURTILAGE
necessarily, that rate, and may be the current rate for the time being
{L, C.& D. Ry V. S. E. Ry^ 1892, 1 Ch. 120), either, as it would seem,
more or less than 5. In Re Homer (1896, 2 Ch. 188; 65 L. J. Ch. 694)
6 per cent was allowed. Note: Interest against Trustees guilty of
Breach of Trust, and cognate matters, has in recent years been allowed
at 3 per cent {Re Goodenough, 1895, 2 Ch. 537; 65 L. J. Ch. 71: Re
Clevelafid, 1895, 2 Ch. 542; 65 L. J. Ch. 29: Re Lambert, 1897, 2 Ch.
169; m L. J. Ch. 624); so, qui the rule in Re Chesterfield (52 L. J. Ch.
958; 24 Ch. D. 643) in apportioning a fund between a Tenant for Life
and Remainder-man {Rowlls v. Behb, cited Produce).
" Current Year " ; V. Doe d. Robinson v. Dobell, 1 Q. B. 806 ; 10 L. J.
Q. B. 242: Doe d. Richmond v. MorpheU, 7 Q. B. 578; 14 L. J. Q. B.
345: Wride v. Dyer, 1900, 1 Q. B. 23; 69 L. J. Q. B. 17; 81 L. T. 453;
48W. R.73; 64 J. P. 118.
CURRY. — " Curry or solicit " custom ; V. Solicit.
CURTESY. — " Tenant by the Curtesy of England, is where a man
marries a woman seized of an Estate of Inheritance, — i.e. lands or
tenements in Fee Simple or Fee Tail, — and has by her issue born alive
which was capable of inheriting her estate. In this case he shall, on the
death of his wife, hold the lands or tenements for his life as Tenant by
the Curtesy of England " (2 Bl. Com. 125). Vf, Litt. 8.35: Co. Litt.
29ar^a: Termes de la Ley : Jacob: 1 Cru. Dig. 139-150: Wms. R. P.,
Part 1, ch. 11 : Goodeve, 141 : 4 Encyc. 58-60. The right exists in
Xew South Wales (Flomley v. Shepherd^ 1891, A. C. 244; 60 L. J. P. C.
18).
The M. W. P. Act, 1882, has not affected this right qu^ the wife's
undisposed-of realty {Hopex. Hope, 1892, 2 Ch. 336; 61 L. J. Ch. 441).
Quk S. L. Act, 1882, " the estate of a Tenant by the Curtesy is to be
deemed an estate arising under a Settlement made by his wife " (s. 8,
S. L. Act, 1884).
CURTILAGE. — "A garden, yard, field, or peece of voide ground,
lying neare and belonging to the messuage " (Termes de la Ley). Vf,
Touch. 94: Cowel: Jacob.
" * A little croft or court or place of easement to put in cattle for a
time, or to lay in wood, coal, or timber, or such other things necessary
for household' (Fitzherbert on Surveying, ch. 1). Spelman considers it
to be *the yard not the garden'; see Curtilagium, Curtillum; though it
may be used for garden, he says: V. per Fairfax, 21 Edw. 4, 52, pi. 15;
and per Frowike, Keilw. 57, pi. 7" (Elph. 569).
For an example of what, in modern times, has been held to be part
of the Curtilage of a house, V. Marson v. L. C. & D. Ry, 37 L. J. Ch.
483; L. R. 6 Eq. 101. Va, on this word, in s. 7, 33 & 34 V. c. 57,
Commrs Int. Rev. v. Goodfellow. 45 J. P. 588; — in def of Drain, s. 250,
CURTILAGE 448 CUSTOM
Metrop Man. Act, 1856, and s. 4, P. H. Act, 1876, Pilbrow v. St.
Leonard, Shoreditch, 1896, 1 Q. B. 33, 433; 64 L. J. M. C. 29, 130;
69 J. P. 68; 72 L. T. 136; 43 W. K. 342: St. MaHin's in the Fields v.
Bird, 1895, 1 Q. B. 428; 64 L. J. Q. B. 230; 71 L. T. 868; 43 W. B.
194.
Vf, Arch. Cr. 689, 690, 614: Rose. Cr. 313, 317. V. Close.
Note, " We do not use that expression, — * Curtilage,' — in Scotland "
(per Ld Watson, Caledonian Ry v. Turcan^ 67 L. J. P. C. 73).
CUSTODY. — "Custody or Control," s. 2, 36 V. c. 12, is largo
enough to enable the Court to commit the Keligious Education of an
Infant to the mother {Condon v. Vollum, 31 S. J. 676; 67 L. T.
164).
" Custody or Control" of Documents; V. London & Yorksh. Bank v.
Cooper, 64 L. J. Q. B. 496; 16 Q. B. D. 7.
" Custody or Possession " of any matter, qui Coinage Offences Act,
1861, 24 & 26 Y. c. 99, " includes, not only the having of it by himself
in his personal custody or possession but also, the Knowingly and
Wilfully having it in the actual custody or possession of any other
person, and also the knowingly and wilfully having it in any Dwelling-
house or other Building, Lodging, Apartment, Field, or other Place,
open or inclosed, whether belonging to or occupied by himself or not, and
whether such matter shall be so had for his own use or benefit or for
that of any other person" (s. 1).
V. Care: Control: Possession: Actual Custody: Civil Cus-
tody: Military Custody: Proper Custody: Safe Custody.
CUSTOM. — " 'Custome ' may be defined to be a Law or Eight not
written, which, being established by long use and the consent of onr
ancestors, hath bin and daily is put in practice " (Termes de la Ley), pyj
Cowel : Jacob : 4 Encyc. 61-72.
" Consuetvdo is one of the maine triangles of the lawes of England;
those lawes being divided into Common Law, Statute Law, and Cus-
tome" (Co. Litt. 110b, 115b). "The phrase 'By the Custom of the
Realm ' is, in truth, only a paraphrase for * By the Common Law ' " (per
Brett, J., Nugent v. Smith, 1 C. P. D. 23).
" *This word consuetudo hath in law divers significations; 1. For the
Common Law, as consuetudo AngUce, 2. For Statute Law, as contra con^
suetudinem communi concUio regni edit, ; 3. For Particular Customs, as
Gavelkind, Borough English, and the like; 4. For Rents, Services, &c,
due to the Lord, as consuetudine^ et servitia ; 5. For Customs, Tributes,
or Impositions, &c, as de novis consuetudinibus levatis in regno sive in
terra sive in aqud\ 6. Subsidies or Customs granted by common consent,
that is, by authority of Parliament joro bono publico^ (2 Inst. 58). Con^
suetvdo signifies also Tolls, Murage, Frontage, Paviage, and sucb like
CUSTOM 449 CUSTOM
newly granted by the King (Co. Litt. 58 b). V. ou this latter point,
Egrenumt y. Sauly 6 A. & E. 924; 6 L. J. E. B. 205, and the caseB
there cited " (Elph. 569). In Egremont v. Saul, though the above pas-
sage from Co. Litt. was cited, it was held that " consuetudo " does not
necessarily, or it should seem primd facie, signify toll : V. Toll.
** A Custom is Local Common Law. It is Common Law because it is
not Statute Law ; it is Local Law because it is the law of a particular
place, as distinguished from the general Common Law. Local Common
Law is the law of the country (t.e. particular place) as it existed before
the time of legal Memory " (per Jessel, M. B., Hammerton v. Honey,
24 W. B. 603). '' 'Custom,' is something that has the effect of Local
Law" (per Cleasby, B., HaU v. Nottingham, 1 Ex. D. 3; 45 L. J.
Ex. 52). Vf, Fitch V. Bawling, 2 Bl. H. 394.
A legal origin will be presumed in favour of an uninterrupted practice
for a long series of years, even though it be shown that such practice be-
gan in modern times (Lond. & N. W, Ry t. Fobbing Levels Commrs, 75
L. T. 629; 66 L. J. Q. B. 127).
As to Farticular Customs; V, 1 Bl. Com. 74: Browne's Law of
Usages and Customs. In Lanchbury v. Bode (1898, 2 Ch. 120; 67
L. J. Ch. 196), the Custom was for the owner of the Rectorial Tithes
to provide a Common Bull and a Common Boar for the parish : the re-
porter in the L. J. adds this note, — "A similar Custom is stated in
Vin. Ab., 2 ed.. Vol. 7, p. 181, and alluded to in King Henry IV,,
Part 2, Act 2, Scene 2, and in Sterne's Tristram Shandy, ch. xciii."
Fjf Whore.
As to Manorial Customs; F. Elton on Copyholds: Williams on
Eights of Common: Freebench.
V. British Custom: Law Merchant.
A Trade Custom, sufficient to displace the Bankry doctrine of Re-
puted Ownership, must be notorious to traders generally (Be Goetz,
cited Consent). So, generally, in Business Matters, — e.g. the length
of a Notice of Dismissal, — a Custom must be "a uniform and universal
Practice so well-defined and recognized that contracting parties must be
assumed to have had it in their minds when they contracted. The fact
that in a larg^ percentage of cases there are special agreements, shows
that no such universal Custom exists " : a Practice is less stringent in
its connotation (per Bussell, C. J., Fox-Bourne v. Vernon, 10 Times
Rep. 649).
V. Prescription : Usage : TT^agb of Trade.
"In 22 Edw. 1, 364 (Record Publ.) Customs are distinguished from
Services as follows : — * Customs are things which are done, and de-
manded by reason of bodily service; Services are things which are de-
manded of the tenant by reason of the tenement which he holds of the
demandant, to wit, rent, and things of that kind, or suit demanded by
reason of the tenement ' " (Elph. 569). V Service.
29
CUSTOM 450 CUSTOMARY
The word " Custom " in 8. 2, Municipal Corporations Act, 5 & 6 W. 4,
c. 76, is not used in a technical sense, but is there equivalent to
"Usage" {Prestney v. CoUhester, 61 L. J. Ch. 805; 21 Ch.D. 111).
Vf Practicb.
CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY.— "The word 'Custom' as
here used, does not mean a Custom in the strict legal signification of it;
for that must be taken with reference to some defined limit or space,
which is essential to every custom properly so called : but which does
not exist here. What shall be considered in fanning as a good and hus-
bandlike manner must vary exceedingly according to soil, climate, and
situation. And, therefore, the 'Custom of the Country,' with reference
to good husbandry, must be applied to the approved habits of husbandry
in the neighbourhood, under circumstances of the like nature " (2 Piatt,
279, citing Lef/h v. Hewitt, 4 East, 164). Vf, Meux v. Cobley, 1892,
2 Ch. 253; 61 L. J. Ch. 449: Woodf. 646, 796 et seq.
CUSTOM OF THE PORT.— In a Charter-Party, "Custom of
the Port, " means, the settled Practice of the Port {Postlethwaite v. Free-
land, cited Reasonable). Va British Custom. ,
CUSTOMARY. — Discharge of Cargo "as fast as steamer can de-
liver, as Customary," or "as fast as she can deliver," means, as fast as
reasonably Possible, in a business sense (JVylliey, Harrison, 13 Sess.
Ca. 4th Ser. .92: Good v. Isaacs, 1892, 2 Q. B. bbb-, 61 L. J. Q. B. 649;
67 L. T. 460; 40 W. R. 629: The Jaederen, 1892, P. 361; 61 L. J.
P. D. & A. 89). fJAccoRDiXG.
" To be discharged with all Despatch, as Customary, " means, Reason-
able despatch having regard to the actual circumstances, e.g. a Strike,
at the time of the discharge, and the custom of the Port of Discharge
{Castlegate S. S. Co v. Dempseij, 1892, 1 Q. B. 864; 61 L. J. Q. B. 620:
Lyle Co v. Cardiff Corp, 1900, 2 Q. B. 638; 69 L. J. Q. B. 889; 83 L. T.
329); and that reasonable despatch "the Consignee is bound to satisfy
de die in diem : he cannot, by working extra hard on one day, entitle
himself to idle on another day; and, if he has done more than an average
quantity at the beginning, he cannot relax the measure of reasonable
diligence towards the end" (per FitzGibbon, L. J., The Benwick, cited
and repeated in The Gairloch, 1899, 2 I. R. 13). fj Usual akd Cus-
tomary MANNER.
" To be loaded as Customary, as per Guarantee " incorporates the
Guarantee {Monsen v. Macfarlane, 1895, 2 Q. B. 662 ; 66 L. J. Q. B.
67; 73 L. T. 648).
By themselves, "the words *to be loaded as Customary,* refer only
to the mode, and not to the time, of loading " (per Fry, L. J., Dunlop t.
Balfour, cited Demurrage).
CUSTOMARY 451 CUSTOMER
CUSTOMARY EMPLOYMENT.— What is a person's "Cus-
ternary Employment," qui a Friendly Society's Rules; V. Manchester
Law Clerks Society v. Wilson, 4 Times Rep. 465; 52 J. P. 276.
CUSTOMARY FINES. — "Customary Fines, Fees, and other
Dues and Payments," s. 20 (3), Settled Land Act, 1882; V. Re NayUyr
and Spendla, 34 Ch. D. 217; m L. J. Ch. 453; 56 L. T. 132; 35 W. B.
219.
CUSTOMARY FREEHOLD Where lands are held " by the Cus-
tom of the Manor only, and not at the Will of the Lord, it is, properly.
Customary Freehold " {Lingwood v. Gyde, 15 W. R. 313; 36 L. J. C. P.
15; L. R. 2 C. P. 78; 16 L. T. 229). Vh, Boston v. Penny, 67 L. T.
290; 41 W. R. 72. V. Copyhold: Freehold.
CUSTOMARY MANNER.— F. Usual and Customary Manotb.
CUSTOMARY MEASURE r. Measure.
CUSTOMARY RENT. — "I understand a * Customary Rent' to
mean, a Rent which, by force of legal Custom, enables the tenant to
hold the land at a fixed rent " (per Fry, J., Vivian v. Moaty 50 L. J. Ch.
332; 16 Ch. D. 733).
CUSTOMARY RIGHTS.- A reservation in an agreement for a
Lease of " all Customary Rights and Reservations '' does not render the
agreement void for uncertainty (Parker y. Taswell^ 2 D. G. & J. 559;
6 W. R. 608; 31 L. T. 0. S. 226).
CUSTOMARY TENANTS Copyholders (Co wel). F. Copyhold.
CUSTOMER. — A business ''Customer" is one who has the use
and habit of resorting to the same person or place to do business ; there-
fore, a stranger who goes into a Bank to get a cheque collected, is not a
" Customer " of the Bank, within s. 82, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882 {Mw-
thews V. Brovmy 63 L. J. Q. B. 494; 10 Times Rep. 386: La Cave v.
Credit Lyonnais, 1897, 1 Q. B. 148; 66 L. J. Q. B. 226; 75 L. T. 514;
13 Times Rep. 60). Fj^, as to the section, Clarke v. London and County
Bank, cited Payment : G. W. Ry v. London and County Bank, 1900,
2 Q. B. 464; 69 L. J. Q. B. 741; 82 L. T. 746; 48 W. R. 662.
A contract restraining the contracting party from " in any way dealing,
or transacting business, with the Customers " of the contractee, means,
dealing or business " of the same, or a similar, kind to that which has
been carried on by " the contractee (per Chitty, J., Mills v. Dunhamy
1891, 1 Ch. 576; 60 L. J. Ch. 362; 64 L. T. 712; 39 W. R. 289: Svy
per Kay, L. J., S. C).
Vfy McLean y.Dunny 39 Upper Canada Rep. Q. B. 651: Traders.
CUSTOMS 462 CY-PR^S
CUSTOMS.— H. M. Customs; T. 4 Encyc. 72-89.
Customs and Services; F. Custom: Sebyicb.
" Customs Warehouse " ; Stat. Def ., 32 & 33 V. c. 103, s. 3 ; 43 & 44
V. c. 24, 8. 3.
CUT. — F. Slit: Teak: Wound.
It was not the less a ** Cutting '' within 43 G. 3, c. 58, because in-
flicted with an instrument not ordinarily used for cutting (J?. v. JTay-
wardy Kuss. & By. 78: M, y. Atkinsafijlh, 104); but a stab was not a
" cut," because the Act uses the words ** stab or cut " so as to distinguish
between them (B. v. McDermot^ lb. 356).
" Cut as Underwood **; V. Dashwood v. Magniac, cited Timber.
Maliciously to " cut down^ or otherwise destroy ^^^ any tree, s. 2, 9 G. 1,
c. 22, was an offence that was committed by cutting down without totally
destroying the tree (J?, y. Taylor ^ Russ. & Ry. 373).
The Water Supply to an Inhabited Dwelling-hbuse is not " cut off"
s. 49, P. H. London Act, 1891, by the water being temporarily stopped
from flowing into the house, if this be done for good cause, e,g, a leak
in the service-pipe {Young y. Southwark and Vauxhall W. TF. Co, 37
S. J. 509).
CWT. — " A Hundredweight shall consist of 8 Stones " (s. 14, 41 &
42 V. c, 49), Le. 112 lbs.
F. Hundred, per : Per Cwt.
CY-PRfeS. — The Cy-pres doctrine is one of construction, and is
this, — Where there is a gift or trust for a Charitt which can be substan-
tially, but not literally, fulfilled it will be effectuated by moulding it
SI that, as nearly as practicable, the intention of the benefactor may be
carried out.
" I consider it now established, that, — although the mode in which
a legacy is to take effect is, in many cases with regard to an individual
legatee, considered as of the substance of the legacy, — where a legacy is
given so as to denote that Charity is the legatee, the Court does not
hold that the mode is of the substance of the legacy ; but will effectuate
the gift to Charity, as the substance, providing a mode for that legatee
to take, which is not provided for any other legatee " (per Eldon, C,
Mills Y. Farmery 19 Ves. 486). " As to the doctrine of Cj'-pres as
applied to Charities, this sensible distinction has prevailed: The Court
will not decree execution of a trust to a Charity in a manner different
from that intended, except so far as they see that the intention cannot
be executed literally ; but another mode may be adopted, consistent with
his general intention, so as to execute it, although not in mode, in sub-
stance. If the mode becomes by subsequent circumstances impossible,
the general object is not to be defeated if it can be attained " (per Arden,
CY-PR£S 468 CY-PR^S
M. R., A'G. V. Boultbee, 2 Ves. 3S7). Both these cases were cited and
applied by Kay, J., in Biscoe v. Jackson^ 56 L. J. Ch. 95.
Vh, 1 Jarm. 243-250: Theobald, 333.
Speaking strictly, the rule is, probably, peculiar to gifts to a Charity
(1 Jarm. 243), but '' in many cases, limitations of Real Estate, in them-
selves void for Perpbtcjity, have been made good by the application of
the so-called doctrine of Cy-prla " (Theobald, 532, whv for cases in illus-
tration: Vf, 1 Jarm. 297-302).
454
DAILY LABOUR- DAMAGE
DAILY LABOUR. — F. Personal Labour: Journeyman: Wages.
DAILY PENALTY Qui the Public Health Acts, "'DaDy Pen-
alty/ means, a Penalty for each day on which any Offence is continued
ofter Conviction therefor " (s. 11 (3), 53 & 54 V. c. 59) j so, qua Electric
Lighting Clauses Act, 1899, 62 & 63 V. c. 19 (Sch s. 1), and Thames
Conservancy Act, 1894 (s. 3).
DAIRY. — Qui Infectious Disease (Prevention) Act, 1890, 53 & 54
Y. c. 34, " Dairy/' " includes any farm, farmhouse, cowshed, milk-store,
milk-shop, or other place from which milk is supplied, or in which milk
is kept, for purposes of sale " (s. 2) ; so, qu4 P. H. London Act, 1891
(s. 141), and P. H. Scotland Act, 1897 (s. 3).
" Dairyman/* qui the same Acts and by the same sections, '' includes
any cowkeeper, purveyor of milk, or occupier of a Dairy." A Farmer
who keeps cows as incidental to his farming business, is not a " Cow-
keeper" within that def (Umfreville v. London Co, Co.^ 66 L. J. Q. B.
177; 75 L. T. 550; 61 J. P. 84; 13 Times Rep. 109). In that case
Wills, J., adopted a dictionary tief of " Cowkeeper " as, " one whose
business it is to keep cows," and added, '' the business of a Cowkeeper
is a special business of its own."
Lord DALHOUSIE'S ACT. — 9 & 10 V. c. 28.
DAM. — Quk Salmon Fisheries Acts, " Dam," " means all weirs, and
other fixed obstructions, used for the purpose of damming up water"
(s. 4, 24 & 25 V. c. 109). Cp Fixed Engine.
DAMAGE. — " Neither in common parlance, nor in legal phraseology,
is the word 'Damage ' used as applicable to injuries done to the person-,
but solely as applicable to mischief done to property. We speak indeed
of * damages ' as compensation for injury done to the person ; but the
term 'damages ' is not employed interchangeably with the term 'injury '
with reference to mischief wrongfully occasioned to the person " (per
Cockburn, C. J., Smith v. Broum, 40 L. J. Q. B. 218). This defini-
tion, which reads so simple and clear, is nothing more than the central
bone of contention in a series of cases distinguished by a remarkable
conflict of judicial opinion, the last word in which has, at last, been
spoken.
That conflict was over the very short words of s. 7, Admiralty Court
Act, 1861, 24 V. c. 10, which says, —"The High Court of Admiralty
shall have jurisdiction over any claim for Damage done by any Ship."
DAMAGE 455 DAMAGE
The question as to the meaning of " damage, " unembarrassed by context,
could hardly be presented in a more absolute way.
The Common Law Courts persistently (Blackburn, J., hesitantly) held
that " Damage " in the section just quoted did not include injury to the
person, or, still less, claims by surviving relatives for loss of life (Smith v.
Brown, 40 L. J. Q. B. 214; L. R. 6 Q. B. 729 : James v. Lond. & S. W. Ry,
41 L. J. Ex. 89, 186; L. R. 7 Ex. 187, 287 : Simpson v. Blues, 41 L. J.
C. P. 128; L. R. 7 C. P. 290),
The exact contrary was, as persistently, held by the Admiralty Court
and Privy Council {The Sylph, 37 L. J. Adm. 14; L. R. 2 A. & E. 24:
The Guldfaxe, 38 L. J. Adm. 12; L. R. 2 A. & E. 325: The Beta, 38
L. J. Adm. 60; L. R. 2 P. C. 447: The Explorer, 40 L. J. Adm. 41;
L. R. 3 A. & E. 289 : The Franeonia, 46 L. J. P. D. & A. 71 ; 2 P. D. 8).
When the point came before the Court of Appeal, the Equity members
of the Court (James and Baggallay, L. JJ.) held that " Damage " did
include personal injury and claims for loss of life; whilst their two
brethren (Bramwell and Brett, L. JJ.), whose experience was at the
Common Law Bar, went the other way {Jeffrey v. Franeonia, 46 L. J.
P. D. & A. 33; 2 P. D. 163: Vf, The Alina, 5 Ex. D. 227, on whev per
Esher, M. R., Fugsley v. Ropkins, 1892, 2 Q. B. 192; 61 L. J. Q. B.
647).
But the definition at the commencement of this article has now been
authoritatively established by the House of Lords, — their lordships hold-
ing that a claim for loss of life under Lord Campbell's Act, is no^ a claim
for " Damage " within s. 7, Admiralty Court Act, 1861 {Seward v. The
Vera Cruz, 54 L. J. P. D. & A. 9; 10 App. Ca. 59). Note: in view of
that decision it seems difficult to justify the first part of the jdgmt of
Bruce, J., in The Theta, 1894, P. 280; 63 L. J. P. D. & A. 160; 71
L. T. 25; 43W. R. 160.
It may perhaps be added that " Damage " did, at one time at any rate,
in common parlance, include injury to the person; for St. Paul when on
his voyage to carry his Appeal to CsBsar said, — " Sirs, I perceive that
this voyage will be with hurt, and much Damage, not only of the lad^'ng
and ship, but also of our lives" (Acts, xxvii. 10).
" Compensation for any Loss or Damage " sustained by Detention or
Survey of a Ship, s. 10, Mer Shipping Act, 1876, does not include injury
to the reputation of the shipowner by reason of a ship's seizure (Dixon v.
Cakrafi, 1892, 1 Q. B. 458; 61 L. J. Q. B. 529; 66 L. T. 554; 40 W. R.
598; 56 J. P. 388).
" Damage " may be controlled by the context and '' can certainly mean
Personal Injury"; and, therefore, where a packet company issued a
passenger's ticket containing a special provision respecting loss, dam-
age, or detention of luggage, and then, by a separate clause dealing
with passengers personally, obtained exemption for " Loss or Damage "
from certain specified causes; it was held that that included injury to
DAMAGE 456 DAMAGE
limb or life from the causes enumerated (Haigh v. Royal Mail Steam
Packet Co, 52 L. J. Q. B. 396; lb. 640).
" Damage done by any Ship," s. 7, Admiralty Act (sup), means, " Dam-
age done by some one, with a Ship as the noxious instrument" (per
Bowen, L. J., The Vera Cruz, 53 L, J. P. D. & A. 41 : Vf, The Theta^
63 L. J. P. D. & A. 160).
" Damage done by " Vessel or Float of Timber, s. 74, Harbours, Docks,
and Piers, Clauses Act, 1S47, 10 & 11 Y. c. 27, does not include damage
caused by the Act of GtOD dashing a Vessel against the thing damaged
(Weir Commrs v. Adamson, 47 L. J. Q. B. 193; 2 App. Ca. 743).
" Damage " deductible from Freight; V. The Baroore, 1896, P. 294;
65 L. J. P. D. & A. 97; 75 L. T. 168.
V. Damagb by Collision: Damages to Caboo: Damage to
Goods.
** Any Damage " ; F. Full Compensation.
" Damage " occasioned by the erection of a Urinal, &c, s. 88, Metrop
Man. Act, 1855, means only direct damage caused by the structure itself;
not consequential damage by reason of its being so erected as to cause a
Nuisance ( Vernon v. St James, Westminster, cited Ukinal).
" Making good cUl Damage," s. 83 (6), Metrop Bg Act, 1855, provides
for, and therefore only empowers, structural damage, not the invasion of
a right of light (Crofis v. Haldane, 36 L. J. Q. B. 85; 8 B. & S. 194;
L. R. 2 Q. B. 194). Cp Full Compensation.
" Satisfaction for all Damage " ; V. Satisfaction.
" The feeling of anxiety is Damage " (per Cranworth, V. C.) in refer-
ence to a covenant quk user {Kemp v. Sober, 1 Sim. N. S. 520); and so
is invasion of privacy {Manners v. Johnson, 45 L. J. Ch. 404; 1 Ch. D.
673), or the deprivation of the power of user, though such power has not
theretofore been of one farthing benefit {Trent- Stoughton v. Barbados
JVater Co, 1893, A. C. 502; 62 L. J. P. C. 123; 69 L. T. 164, in whc
the words were " Damage or Loss ") . F. Annoyance.
The " Damage " for which compensation is to be given under s. 68,
Lands C. C. Act, 1845, for lands "Injuriously affected," is such
damage as would have given a right of compensation independently of
that statute {Caledonian Rij v. Ogilvy, 2 Macq. 229); and so of a Pri-
vate Act incorporating the Lands C. C. Act {Rhodes v. Airedale Commrs,
45 L. J. C. P. 861; 1 C. P. D. 402); and a similar construction was
placed on the word " Damage " as used in s. 144, P. H. Act, 1848 {UaU
V. Bristol, 36 L. J. C. P. 110; L. R. 2 C. P. 322).
As to this word in ss. 6, 16, Ry C. C. Act, 1845; K per Fry, L. J.,
R. v. Pmilter, 57 L. J. Q. B. 138; 20 Q. B. D. 132; 58 L. T. 534; 36
W. R. 117; 52 J. P. 244: and as used in s. 308, P. H. Act, 1875; V. per
Selborne, C, Brierleij Hilly, Pearsall, 54 L. J. Q. B. 25; 9 App. Ca.
595: Full Compensation.
" Damage," in an Enclosure Act giving compensation for the Working
DAMAGE 457 DAMAGE
of Mines, includes damage caused by subsidence (Bell v. Dudley y 1895,
1 Ch. 182; 64 L. J. Ch. 291; 72 L. T. 14; 43 W. R. 122; 59 J. P.
199).
Working Mines so as " to endanger or damage the further working " ;
V. Knowles v. Lane. & Y. By, 59 L. J. Q. B. 39; 14 App. Ca. 248:
Chamber Colliery Co v. Bochdale Canal Co, 1895, A. C. 564; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 645; 73 L. T. 258: New Moss Colliery Co v. Manchester S. & L.
By, 1897, 1 Ch. 725; 66 L. J. Ch. 381; 76 L. T. 231; 45 W. R. 493.
F/* Compulsory Powers.
" Damage ... to the Road or Highway," s. 27, 41 & 42 V. c. 77, is
not confined to "damage measurable in money"; nominal damages, —
e.g. for subsidence creating no actual damage, — may be recovered under
the phrase (per Collins, J., A-G. v. Conduit Co, 1895, 1 Q. B. 301; 64
L- J. Q. B. 213; 71 L. T. 771; 43 W. R. 366; 59 J. P. 70).
" Damage, " s. 32, 24 & 25 V. c. 96, means direct, not consequential,
injury {B. v. Whiteman, 23 L. J. M. C. 120).
You " damage " a thing if you render it imperfect or inoperative, e.g.
a frame was "damaged," within s. 4, 28 6. 3, c. 55, by taking away a
necessary part of it, although that part was not injured and if replaced
the frame would be perfect (B. v. Tacey, Russ. & Ry. 452). So, if a
steam-engine is rendered temporarily useless, by, e.g. a plugging (though
removable) of one of its pipes, that is to " damage with intent to destroy
or to render useless " the engine, within s. 15, 24 & 25 V. c. 97 {B. v.
Fisher, 35 L. J. M. C. 57; L. R. 1 C. 0. R. 7). You also " damage " a
thing, e.g. a steam-engine, if you wrongfully set it going whereby it
works its own injury {B. v. Norris, 9 C. & P. 241).
" Damage " is often used in contracts of Guarantee, e.g. where one
undertakes to shield another against the " costs, damages, and expenses "
of actions that may be brought by third parties. If the verb of the
guarantee is appropriate, an action may be brought on the guarantee
before actual payment, for a liability to pay is, generally speaking,
" damage " {Spark v. Heslop, 28 L. J. Q. B. 197; 1 E. i& E. 563: Ban-
doll V. Boper, 27 L. J. Q. B. 266; E. B. & E. 84). V. Damages:
Indemnify.
The phrase '' a^ little Damage as can he " in the working clause of the
Ry C. C. Act, 1845, applies not to what is done, but to the manner of
doing it — the modus operandi (B. v. E. & W. India Docks Co, 22
L. J. Q. B. 384: 2 E. & B. 474 : Fenwiek v. F. Lond. By, 44 L. J. Ch.
602; L. R. 20 Eq. 544: Biscoe v. G. E, By, L. R. 16 Eq. 636: Pugh
V. Golden Valley By^ 12 Ch. D. 274). Fjf Compulsory Powers.
" Doing no Avoidable Damage "; V. Elliot v. N. E, By, 32 L. J. Ch.
402; 10 H. L. Ca. 333.
" Continuance of Injury or Damage "; V. Continuance.
" Special Damage " ; V. Special.
V. Injury : Loss : Damage by Collision : Wilful and Malicious.
DAMAGE BY COLL. 468 DAMAGE TO CARGO
DAMAGE BY COLLISION. — The jurisdiction given to County
Courts, by Co. Co. Admiralty Jurisdiction Act, 1868, s. 3 (3), as extended
by 32 & 33 V. c. 61, s. 4, in cases of " Damage by Collision or otherwise,"
includes damage by a ship coming into contact with a Fixed Object, as
well as damage by collision of Ships {Mersey Docks v. Turner^ 1893,
A. C. 468; 63 L. J. P. D. & A. 17; 69 L. T. 630; 67 J. P. 660; over-
ruling Everard v. Kendall, 39 L. J. C. P. 234; L. R. 6 C. P. 428, and
Rohson V. Owners of "" Kate,'' 67 L. J. Q. B. 646; 21 Q. B. D. 13; 59
L. T. 667; 36 W. R. 910). Fa, Collision: Admibaltt Cause:
Damage.
Damages to be paid by the owner of one vessel to the owner of another
vessel injured by a Collision, include Loss of Profit through detention
for repairs, as well in respect of a specific engagement of the vessel as
of its user generally (The Argentinoy 69 L. J. P. D. & A. 17; 14 App.
Ca. 619). Not so as regards an Insrce against " Loss or Damage by rea-
son of Collision " ; for the loss of profits is a consequence of the repairs
rather than of the collision, and especially would this be the reading
if the Policy goes on to say that the insurer " may make good the loss
or damage instead of paying the amount thereof, "for that shows that
" Loss or Damage " is confined to the injury done to the vessel {Sh^
bourne v. Law Investment Corp^ 1898, 2 Q. B. 626; 67 L. J. Q. B. 944;
79 L. T. 278). So, damage to fruit by its unloading, so that repairs to
the vessel might be effected, and by its reloading, after the repairs were
effected, is not "damage consequent upon Collision," within a policy
on the fruit (Pink v. Fleming, cited Consequent). Vf, Heard v. Hot-
man, cited Ship.
As to the Measure of Damages by Collision; V, The Mediana, 1900,
A. C. 113; 69 L. J. P. D. & A. 36; 82 L. T. 96; 48 W. R. 398.
DAMAGE BY FIRE EXCEPTED. — F. Repaib.
DAMAGE FEASANT. — " * Damage Feasant,' is when a stranger's
beasts are in another man's ground, without lawfull authority or license
of the tenant of the ground, and there doe feed, tread, or otherwise spoile,
the Corn, Grasse, Woods, or such like; In which case the tenant, whom
they hurt, may therefore take, distraine, and impound them, as well in
the night as in the day " (Termes de la Ley). Vh, Bullen on Distress,
2 ed., 257-276: Boden v. Eoscoe, 1894, 1 Q. B. 608; 63 L. J. Q. B. 767.
Va Distress.
DAMAGE IN FACT. — V. " Special Damage," sub Special.
DAMAGE TO CARGO. —" The words 'Damage to Cargo,' s. 3 (3),
32 & 33 V. c. 61, I think, obviously refer to cargo damaged whilst on
board ship " (per Grantham, J., Rohson v. Owners of " Kate, " cited
Damage by Collision).
DAMAGE TO GOODS 459 DANGER
DAMAGE TO GOODS. — " Damage to any goods which is capable
of being covered by Insurance," in an Exception in a Bill of Lading,
includes a total loss or destruction, but not an abstraction, of the goods
{Taylor v. Liverpool & Gt. Wn. Steam Coy cited Insubakce).
DAMAGE TO LANDS. — "Damage to Lands" by Military Ma-
noeuvres; Stat. Def., 34 & 35 V. c. 97, s. 11; 35 & 36 V. c. 64, s. 13;
36 & 37 V. c. 58. s. 12; 45 & 46 V. c. 10, s. 11.
DAMAGES. — " ^ DammagesJ Damna in the common law hath a
speciall signification for the recompense that is given by the jury to the
plaintife or defendant (qy, demandant? F. Ritso's Intr. 119), for the
wrong the defendant hath done^unto him " (Co. Litt. 257a: Vf^ Jacob:
4 Encyc. 93-109). Costs are parcel of the Damages (Co. Litt. 257 a :
O^Loughlin v. Fogarty^ 5 Ir. L. R. 54) .
Compensation under the Lands C. C. Act, 1845, for lands Inju-
BiousLY AFFECTED is not " Damages " within s. 140, Ry C. C. Act,
1845 {B. V. Edwards, 53 L. J. M. C. 149; 13 Q. B. D. 586). V. Com-
pensation.
A Patentee's right to an Account of Profits made by an Infringer, is
not one for " Damages," e,g, under s. 37, Bankry Act, 1883; it is " more
like an equitable claim for Money had and received " : secus, of Damages
caused by the infringement (Watson v. Holliday, 52 L. J. Ch. 543; 31
W. R. 536; 43 L. T. 545; 20 Ch. D. 780). py Liquidated Damages.
Damages to " Party Grieved," s. 3, Civil Procedure Act, 1833 ; V.
Penal. Cp^ Adams v. Batley, cited Offence.
" All Damages," qud Ships; F. The Satanita, cited All.
V. Damage: Creditor: Debts: Vh, Mayne on Damages: Sedgwick
on the Measure of Damages.
DAMNUM ABSQUE INJURIA. V. Injury.
DANCING. — r. Public Dancing.
DANGER. — A lessee's covenant, in a Lease of a Public-house, that
he will not do or suffer anything whereby the License " may be in any
Danger of being suspended, discontinued, or forfeited," is not broken by
his being convicted of selling drink after hours, if the conviction is not
endorsed on the License (per Charles, J., Fleetwood v. Hull, 58 L. J. Q. B.
341; 23 Q. B. D. 36) : the learned judge added,—" If the conviction had
been endorsed on the License, a question might have arisen whether the
License was or was not endangered. If two convictions had been endorsed,
then the Licensee would no doubt have been in danger, because a third
conviction would, by s. 30, Licensing Act, 1872, forfeit the License."
V. Affect: Imperil. For a Form for this covenant, V, 1 Key &
Elph. Precedents, 6 ed., 750. Cp " Liable to be deprived/' sub Liable.
V. Dangers : Damage : Impossible.
DANGEROUS 460 DANCERS
DANGEROUS. — V. Offensiyb: Extbaobdinabily.
" Dangerous," ss. 69, 72, 73, Metrop Bg Act, 1865, applies to all
Structures which are in a dangerous state ; the word is not confined to
structures which are dangerous to Passengers using a public way (£. y.
Herring, 63 L. J. M. C. 230).
Vf, Structube.
Qu& Part 5, Mer Shipping Act, 1894, " * Dangerous Goods,' means,
aqua fortis, vitriol, naphtha, benzine, gunpowder, lucifer matches, nitro-
glycerine, petroleum, any Explosives within the meaning of the Explo-
sives Act, 1875, and any other goods which are of a dangerous nature "
(s. 446).
" All dangerous Parts ofths Machinery," s. 6 (2), 54 & 55 V. c. 75, is
to be read unrestrictedly, and not efusdem generis with s. 5, 41 V. c. 16
{Redgrave v. Lloyd, 1895, 1 Q. B. 876; 64 L. J. M. C. 155; 72 L. T.
565; 43 W. E. 527; 59 J. P. 293); the phrase is not confined to Parts
which are in themselves dangerous, but applies to all Machinery from
which, in the ordinary course of working it, danger may be reasonably
anticipated, although such danger may arise only through careless
working or external causes (Birt whistle v. Hindle, 1897, 1 Q. B. 192;
66 L. J. Q. B. 173; 76 L. T. 159; 45 W. R. 207; 61 J. P. 70).
" Dangerous Lunatic "; V. R. v. Bamsley, 12 Q. B. 198.
Dangerous Performances Acts, 1879 and 1897, 42 & 43 V. c. 34, 60
& 61 V. c. 52.
DANGERS. — " It has been held long ago that the words ' Dangers
of the Seas ' are synonymous with Pbbils of the Seas " (per Esher,
M. R., Fandorf v. Hamilton^ 55 L. J. Q. B. 548). " * Dangers and
Accidents of the Sea ' cannot have a narrower interpretation than ' Perils
of the Sea ' " (per Ld Herschell, Wilson v. The Xantho, 56 L. J. P. D.
& A. 118; 12 App. Ca. 506; 57 L. T. 701; 36 W. R. 353; 6 Asp. 207).
The clause in a Charter-party excepting " Dangers and Accidents of
the Sea," &c, applies only to the voyage and not to the whole Charter-
party {SmUh V. DaH, 54 L. J. Q. B. 121; 14 Q. B. D. 105; 52
L. T. 218; 33 W. R. 455). -^ Such an exception in a Bill of Lading
does not limit the owner's implied warranty of seaworthiness (The Glen-
fniin, 54 L. J. P. D. & A. 49; 10 P. D. 103; 52 L. T. 769; 33 W. R.
826). Vf, Seawobthy: 1 Maude & P. 353.
V, Navigation : Risks of the Sea.
In a Contract of Affreightment, "the Court said that the words
^Dangers of Roads* might be explained, by the context, to refer to
Marine Roads where vessels lie at anchor, but that even supposing them
to extend to roads on land, they could apply to such dangers only as
were immediately caused by the condition of the roads ; such for instance
as the over-turning of carriages " (1 Maude & P. 353, citing Rothschild
V. Royal MaU Steam Packet Co, 7 Ex. 734; 21 L. J. Ex. 273).
DATE 461 DAY
DATE. — " Where a deed bears no date, or an impossible date, and in
the deed reference is made to the <Date/ that word must be construed
* Deliyeby' ; but if the deed bears a sensible date, the word ^ Date,' occur-
ring in the deed, means the Day of the Date, and not that of the delivery "
(Elph. 123, citing Styles v. Wardle, 4 B. & C. 908; 7 D. & R. 507 : Vf,
Habendum : Last Past : Co. Litt. 46 b and Hargrave's note (8) thereon :
Woodf. 160).
" Date," though sometimes used as the shortened form of " Day of the
Date," is not its sjmonym; but means, the particular time on which an
instrument is given, executed, or delivered (Howard^s Case, 1 BAym.
Ld. 480; 2 Salk. 625: Armitt v. Breatne, 2 Raym. Ld. 1076 : Fetvtress v.
Annan, 9 Dowl. 828, 834, 836). Sv, From the day of the date.
The " date" of a Bill of Ex., or Note, is the date expressed on its face;
not the time when it is actually issued ( Williams v. Jarrett, 5 B. & Ad.
32). VfAr Sight.
DAUGHTER. — May be construed as a word of limitation; V.
2 Jarm. 400 et seq.
" It cannot be said that the word ' Daughters ' is at all more appro*
priate to describe illegitimate daughters, than the word ' Children '
would be to describe illegitimate children " (per Wood, V. C, Be Her-
bert, 29 L. J. Ch. 870; IJ. & H. 123). And though in Laker v. Ifar-
dem (45 L. J. Ch. 315; 1 Ch. D. 644) Bacon, V. C, held that a gift
to '^my daughters " meant existing illegitimate daughters, inasmuch as
testator had always treated them as his daughters and had no legitimate
children ; yet it has been submitted that that case cannot be supported
and is undistinguishable from Dorin v. Dorin (2 Jarm. 234, n (o) : Va,
Kelly V. Hammond, 26 Bea. 36. For Dorin v. Dorin, V. Children).
V. Son: Nephew.
V. Grand-daughter: Other Daughters.
DAY- — " The Jewes, the Chaldeans^ and Babylonians, begin the day
at the rising of the sun ; the Athenians at the fall ; the Umbri in Italy
beginne at midday; the Egyptians and Romanes from midnight; and so
doth the law of England in many cases " (Co. Litt. 135 a; Vf, lb. 134b).
The English Day begins as soon as the clock begins to strike twelve p.m.
of the preceding day {Williams v. Nash, 28 L. J. Ch. 886; 28 Bea. 93:
8. 36 (2), Interp Act, 1889). Sv, Lay Days : Running Days.
Qui, 8. 9 and by its subs. 4, Housing of the Working Classes Act,
1885, " 'Day,' means, the period between 6 a.m. and the succeeding
9 P.M."; so, of P. H. London Act, 1891 (s. 141); but qu4 P. H. Scot-
land Act, 1897, " *Day' and 'Daytime,' mean between 9 a. m. and
6 p. M." (s. 3).
Sometimes " Day " is defined as from 6 A. m. to 10 P. M. (8 & 9 V.
c. 29, 8. 2).
Vh 4 Encyc. 111.
DAY 462 DAYS
"Daytime, witbin which Distress for Rent must be made, is from
Sunrise to Sunset (Tutton v. Darke, 5 H. & K 647; 29 L. J. Ex. 271;
36 L. T. 0. S. 361); but the Court declined to define "Sunrise" or
" Sunset " ; Svth obs of Pollock, C. B., 6 H. & N. 654 FjT, By Day :
Night.
A legal day sometimes comprehends several natural days, — e,g, an
Assize Day, Quarter Sessions Day, Term Day, Session Day of Parliament
(Doe d. Wrangham v. Hersey, 3 Wils. 274: Whitaker v. Wisbey, 12 C. B.
44; 21 L. J. C. P. 116 ; 16 Jur. 411). F^ Beerhouse Act, 1830, s. 32.
Though, generally, Fractions of a day are not regarded (Markfi v.
Frogley, cited Soldier), yet for some purposes this may be done ; F.
Combe v. Pitt, 3 Burr. 1434: Thomas y. Desanges, 2 B. & Aid. 586:
Godson V. Sanctuary, 4 B. & Ad. 263, 264: Chick v. Smith, 8 Dowl.
340 : Campbell v. Strangeu-ays, 3 C. P. D. 105; 47 L. J. M. C. 6 : Clarke
V. Bradlaugh, 50 L. J. Q. B. 678; 7 Q. B. D. 151.
A contract to receive a Cargo, e.g. of Coals, at the rate of so much
"per Day," does not connote a greater exigency than Working Day
(Harper v. McCarthy, 2 B. & P. N. R. 258); but in that case a wet day
Mas excluded from computation.
V. Clear: Days: Night: Lawful Day: One Day: Time: With-'
OUT Day: Passing: Peremptory.
DAY OF DATE. — V. Date: From the day op the date.
DAY OF HEARING. — This phrase in R. 104, Co. Co. Rules, 1867,
which formerly regulated a demand for a jury, meant the day originally
appointed for the hearing (Fletcher v. Baker, 43 L. J. Q. B. 112; L, R.
9 Q. B. 370: E. v. Leeds Co. Co., 16 Q. B. D. 691).
V. Return Day.
DAY OF NOMINATION '• In relation to the election of County
Councillors, the * Day of Nomination ' shall he deemed to be the day
on which the names of the persons nominated are fixed on the Town Hall,
or other conspicuous place " (Loc Grov Act, 1888, s. 100).
DAYS. — " The general rule of law is, that * Days ' mean, consecutive
days, except Sunday is the first or last day, but in mercantile cases it is
sometimes otherwise, because mercantile contracts are to be construed
with reference to mercantile usage " (per Alderson, B., Broton v, John-
son, C. & M. 444). Vf, Morris v. Barrett, 29 L. J. C. P. 102; 7 C. B.
N. S. 139 : B. v. Middlesex Jus., 17 L. J. M. C. 111.
" Where a certain number of days is to be allowed for the delivery of
goods under a Contract of Sale, they are to be counted as consecutive
daj'^s and include Sundays, unless the contrary be expressed, or an usage
to that effect be shown. Extra day in Leap Year counts by itself and
is not reckoned as one with the previous day : 42 & 43 V. c. 59 " (Benj.
674, citing Brown v. Johnson, 10 M. & W. 331; 11 L. J. Ex. 373:
DAYS 468 DAYS OF GRACE
Cochran v. Retberg, 3 Esp. 121 : Vf, Hodgins v. Hancock^ 14 M. & W. 121.
Note, — The statute cited repeals 40 H. 3, which provided that the extra
day in Leap Year and the day preceding should be reckoned as one day).
There is no absolute rule, — except where the phrase is " Clear
Days," — in computing time from an act or event that the day is to be
inclusive or exclusive; it depends on the reason of the thing according
to circumstances (Lester v. Garland, 15 Ves. 248) ; but the general rule
may, probably, be stated to be that where anything is to be done so many
days before or after something else, one day is reckoned inclusively and
one exclusively {R, v. West Riding Jus.^ 4 B. & Ad. 685). Cp From.
An Act of Bankry by goods seized under a fi.fa, being " held by the
sheriff for 21 days," s. 1, Bankry Act, 1890, means, 21 whole da^'s, and
the day of seizure is excluded (Re North, 1896, 2 Q. B. 264; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 694; 72 L. T. 854).
Application for a Case, s. 2, 20 & 21 V. c. 43, had to be made
" within 3 days " after the Justices' decision (now 7 days, by the Eules
under 8. 33, Sum Jur Act, 1879); in that matter, though the last day
is a Sunday it has to be counted (Peacock v. The Queen^ 27 L. J. C. P.
224 ; 4 C. B. N. S. 264: — does the rule in the apply to the Transmission
of the case ? V, Transmit). So, where Eecognizance had to be en-
tered into " within 2 days " after Notice of Appeal, Sunday, though the
last day, was counted (Ex p» Simpkin, 29 L. J. M. C. 23). Su, Wynne
V. Ronaldson, 12 L. T. 711: R. v. Middlesex Jus., 17 L. J. M. C. Ill;
7 Jur. 396: Within.
V, At Least : Clear.
When Sunday, Christmas-day, &c are to be "excluded," — e,g. Parlia-
mentary Elections Act, 1868, s. 49; Corrupt and Illegal Prac. Prev. Act,
1883, s. 40 (6) ; R. 3, Addl. Gen. Rules (Parliamentary), 1875, —all the
Sundays, &c of a prescribed sequence of days are to be eliminated in
computing them (Southampton Case, Pegler v. Gumey, 19 L. T. 647;
L. R. 4 C. P. 237, 238). So, of Municipal Elections (Iloices v. Turnery
46 L. J. C. P. 650; 1 C. P. D. 670).
Where by the Bills of Ex. Act, 1882, " the time limited for doing any
act or thing is less than 3 days, Non-business days are excluded " (s. 92).
V, Business Days.
In a Charter-Party providing for Lay-days, " the word * Days ' alone,
would mean days as reckoned in each particular port " (per Esher, M. R.,
Neilson v. Wait, 56 L. J. Q. B. 89; 16 Q. B. D. 70). V. Demurrage
Days: Lay Days: Running Days: Working Day: Weather
Working Day.
DAYS OF GRACE. —" Where a Bill (of Exchange) is not payable
On Demand the day on which it falls due is determined as follows:
(1) Three days, called Days of Grace, are, in every case where the Bill
itself does not otherwise provide, added to the time of payment
DAYS OF GRACE 464 ' DE INJURIA
as fixed by the Bill, and the Bill is due and payable on the last
Day of Grace : Provided that
(a) When the last Day of Grace falls on Sanday, Christmas
Day, Good Friday, or a day appointed by B.oyal
proclamation as a Public Fast or Thanksgiving
Day, the Bill is, except in the case hereinafter pro-
vided for, due and payable on the preceding business
day;
(b) When the last Day of Grace is a Bank Holiday (other
than Christmas Day or Good Friday), under the
Bank Holidays Act, 1871, and Acts amending or
extending it, or when the last Day of Grace is a Sun-
day and the second Day of Grace is a Bank Holiday,
the Bill is due and payable on the succeeding business
day.
(2) Where a Bill is payable at a fixed period after date, after sight,
or after the happening of a specified event, the time of payment
is determined by excluding the day from which the time is to
begin to run and by including the day of payment.
(3) Where a Bill is payable at a fixed period after sight, the time
begins to run from the date of the acceptance if the Bill be
accepted, and from the date of noting or protest if the Bill
be noted or protested for non-acceptance, or for non-delivery."
(s. 14, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882) : these provisions as to " Days of Grace "
relate also to Promissory Notes (s. 89, lb.).
A Bight of Action does not accrue until after the expiration of the
whole of the last Day of Grace, although a right to Protest and to give
Notice of Dishonour accrues immediately on refusal of payment (Ketir
nedy v. Thomas, 1894, 2 Q. B. 759; 63 L. J. Q. B. 761; 71 L. T. 144;
42 W. R. 641). F. DiSHONOuBED.
DAYTIME. FIDay.
DE BENE ESSE.— "To take or do a thing de bene esse, is to
allow or accept for the present till it comes to be more fully examined,
and then to stand or fall according to the merit of the thing in its own
nature, so that valeat quantum valere potest " (Cowel).
DE DONIS. — Statute de Donis; V. Westminster.
DE INJURIA. — The Replication De Injuria (more fully, De in^
jurid sud propria absque tali causa, — " of his own wrong, and without
the cause in the said last-mentioned plea alleged "), was a General
Keplication putting in issue, in general terms, all the material aver-
ments of the Plea. Vh, and as to its use, Crogatt^s Case, 8 Eep. 66 b,
and notes thereto by Fraser, in his edition of the Exports, 1826 : Selhy y.
DE INJURIA 465 DEAD FREIGHT
BardonSy 3 B. & Ad. 2 : for an example of the Replication, V, Steplien
on Pleading, 3 ed., 162-164.
This Heplication Las become obsolete since s. 79, Com. L. Pro. Act,
1852, and its utility is now supplied by the Joinder of Issue.
DEACON. — "It appertaineth to the oflBce of a Deacon (in the
Church where he shall be appointed to serve) to assist the Priest in
Divine Service, and specially when he ministereth the Holy Com-
munion and to help him in the distribution thereof, and to read Holy
Scriptures and Homilies in the church; and to instruct the youth in the
Catechism; in the absence of the Priest, to baptize infants; and to
preach if he be admitted thereto by the Bishop. And furthermore, it is
his office (where provision is so made) to search for the Sick, Poor, and
Impotent people of the parish, and to intimate their estates, names, and
places where they dwell unto the Curate, that by his exhortation they
may be relieved with the alms of the parishioners or others " (Church of
£ng.. Ordination Service) ; " Curate " here means the Rector, or Vicar,
who has the Cure of Souls (Phil. Ecc. Law, 109, whvf hereon). Cp
SUBDEACON.
DEAD. — Where there is a gift over to a prescribed Class on the
death of a Tenant for Life, and that is followed by a gift over to the
same Class — on the bankruptcy of the tenant for life 'Mn the same
manner as if he was naturallf/ dead,'' — this divesting would, it seems,
rather apply to the Tenant for Life than to the Class, so that the period
for ascertaining the Class would not be accelerated, and members of the
Class coming into being after the bankruptcy would be entitled to partici-
pate {Re Bedson, 54 L. J. Ch. 644; 28 Ch. D. 523: Vthc, Blackman v.
Fysh, 60 L. J. Ch. 671).
V, Death: Die: Deceased.
DEAD BODY. — Leaving a living child in a secret place to die from
exposure or want, is not a " Secret Disposition of the Dead Body " of
the Child within s. 60, 24 & 25 V. c. 100 (R. v. May, 31 J. P. 356).
V. Dispose of, at end.
r. Cadaveb.
DEAD FREIGHT..— " The term « Dead Freight ' denotes an agreed
sum to be paid in respect of space not filled according to charter, or dam-
ages provided for by a charter, in the event of the freighter not loading
a full cargo " (1 Maude & P. 389, citing Biriey v. Gladstone, 3 M. & S.
205 : Phillips r. Eodie, 15 East, 547 : Pearson v. Goschen, 17 C. B. N. S.
052 ; 33 L. J. C. P. 265 : Vf, McLean v. Fleming, L. It. 2 Sc. & D.
App. 128, considered in, Gray v. Carr, 40 L. J. Q. B. 257; L. R.
6 Q. B. 522 : Clink v. Radford, cited Cease).
dO
DEAD RENT 466 DEALER
DEAD RENT. — Dead Rent in a mining lease is "a rent payable
whether the mines be worked or not" (Woodf. 411). FjfCopinger&
Munro on Rents, 19, 20,
DEAD STOCK.— V. Live and Dead Stock.
DEAD WALL. — " ^V^le^e a Wall is without any honse or building
behind it and is merely intended to fence off or separate the road from
the space of ground b}' the side of it having no windows or doors, that,
I think, is a 'Dead Wall/ within the meaning of the Act " (per Maule,
J., Amell V. Land. & JV: JT. Ei/, 12 C. B. 718; the Act was a Local
Paving Act in which " Dead Wall " was scarcely, if at all, affected by its
context).
DEAD WEIGHT. — A guarantee by a Shipowner of a Ship^s carry-
ing capacity being so much "Dead Weight, '^ is a guarantee of the
vessel's carrying capacity with reference to the contemplated Voyage,
and the description of the Cargo proposed to be shipped, so far as that de-
scription was made known to the owner " (per Ld Macnaghten, Mackill v.
Wrighty 14 App. Ca. 120: So, Carnegie v. Conner, cited Cargo).
Oral evidence may be received to show the force of this phrase {Cun-
ningham V. Dunn, 3 C. P. D. 443; 48 Ij. J. C. P. 62).
DEAD YEAR T. Year.
DEAF. — Quel Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act,
1893, 56 & 67 V. c. 42, " ^Deaf,' means, too deaf to be taught in a class
of hearing children in an elementary school ** (s. 15).
DEAL IN. — " Shall have dealt in"; V, Previously.
DEAL WITH. — Where Tonnage was imposed upon coals brought
into a district and was payable before the owner " sells, delivers, or deals
witJi," them; held, that coals brought into the district for the owner's
own use were liable to the tax (iV. U. Ry v. KingstonruponrHuU^ 55
J. P. 518; 7 Times Rep. 302; following Wilson v. KingstonruponrHuU^
14 W. R. 638).
" In any way deal, or transact business, with " ; V. Mills v. Dunliam,
cited Customer.
Where a consequence follows on an alleged Offence being " dealt with "
by a competent tribunal, that provision does not only apply when there
has been a Conviction, it equally applies if the charge is dismissed
(Exp. Brown, 37 S. J. 27). Fl Summarily.
DEALER. — V. Dealing.
" Dealer in Gold, or Silver, Wares "; Stat. Def., s. 14, 7 & 8 V. c. 22.
" Dealer in Marine Stores," " Dealer in Old MeUls "; V. s. 3, 25 & 26
V. c. ai; 8. 3, 27 & 28 V. c. 91 ; s. 3, 30 & 31 V. c. 119; s. 3, 30 &
DEALER 467 DEATH
31 V. c. 128. The first def of " Dealer in Old Metals " is given in s. 3,
Old Metal Dealers Act, 1861, 24 & 25 V. c. 110, to which the subsequent
defs refer, and which also defines " Old Metals " as the articles therein
enumerated. Vf^ s. 538, Mer Shipping Act, 1894.
" Dealer in Tobacco " ; V. Retaileb.
DEALING. — ''I take it that the strict definition of 'dealing' is
'distributing.' A Dealer is one who distributes" (per Alderson, B.,
Alle7i V. Sharpy 17 L. J. Ex. 212), or, in other words, one who trades,
buys, or sells (Berks v. Bertolet, 13 Peun. St. 524).
Any person on unlicens^d premises " for the purpose of illegally dealing
in Intoxicating Liquor," s. 17, 37 & 38 V. c. 49, includes a Buyer as
well as a Seller (McKenzie v. Day, 1893, 1 Q. B. 289; 62 L. J. M. G.
49; 68 L. T. 345; 41 W. R. 384; 57 J. P. 216).
" Conduct, Dealings, and Property " ; V. Conduct.
V. Contract: Trade: Mutual: Ordinary Course.
DEAN. — A Dean holds a Dignity in the Church without Cure of
Souls, and may sometimes be a Corporation Sole (1 Bl. Com. 469) : he
is generally the head of a Corporation Aggregate with a Chapter (lb.).
" A Dean and Chapter are the council of the Bishop, to assist him with
their advice in the affairs of religion, and also in the temporal concerns
of his See" (lb. 382). Vf, Phil. Ecc. Law, Part 2, ch. 4: Grant on
Corporations, 581. Cp Rural Dean.
Stat. Def., 35 & 36 V. c. 8, s. 2.
" Dean and Chapter of Truro "; F. 50 & 51 V. c. 12, s. 2.
" Dean of Guild "; Scot. 18 & 19 V. c. 88, s. 36.
DEAR : DEARLY-BELOVED. — As to the value of these expres-
sions in devises, for the purpose of preventing a Besulting Trust to the
heir ; V. 1 Jarm. 570.
V. Beloved Wife.
DEAR SIR. — -'' Dear Sir," at the commencement of a letter sent to
one of the contracting parties and which letter contains the terms of a
Contract, will be read as the Name of that party so as to be a good Note
of the Contract if the letter is enclosed in an envelope addressed to such
party (Pearce v. Gardner, 1897, 1 Q. B. 688; 66 L. J. Q. B. 457; 76
L. T. 441; 45W. R. 518).
DEATH. — Where a life interest is to cease on the re-marriage or re-
cohabitation, or bankry, of the Tenant for Life, or other event, and there
is a gift over which (by an imperfection of language) is expressed to
take effect on the happening of one or more of those events, the gift over
is read as taking effect at the termination of the life interest by either
event, or by the death of the tenant for life {Luxford v. Cheeke, 3 Lev.
DEATH 468 DEBENTURE
126: Jones v. Westcomh, 1 Eq. Ca. Ab. 245; Pr. Ch. 316: BainJbridge v.
Cream, 16 Bea. 25 : Joel v. Milhy 3 K. & J. 467 : Brown v. Hammond,
Johns. 210: Wardroper v. Cutfield, 33 L- J. Ch. §05; 12 W. R. 458:
JS'aton V. Hewitt, 2 Dr. & Sm. 184; 7 L. T. 496: Underhill v. Roden,
45 L. J. Ch. 266; 2 Ch. D. 494: Re Stanford, 56 L. J. Ch. 273; 34
Ch. D. 362; 55 L. T. 765; 35 W. R. 191 : 1 Jarm. 802-^04). Note. —
These cases were followed doubtingly by Stirling, J., in Re Tucker^ 56
L. J. Ch. 449; 56 L. T. 118; 35 W. R. 344; and, willingly, by Kay, J.,
in Re Dear, 58 L. J. Ch. 659, and Re Cane, 60 L. J. Ch. 36 : — SembU,
the application of the rule (itself a strong step originally) depends on
each context, V. Re TredweU, 1891, 2 Ch. 640; 60 L. J. Ch. 657; 65
L. T. 399; Suthc, Jackson v. Battley, 36 S, J. 516, 521. Vf, Re Ake~
royd, 1893, 3 Ch. 363; 63 L. J. Ch. 32. Scarb<yrou(fh v. Scarborough
(58 L. T. 851) shows that File v. Salter (5 Sim. 411) is now of very
little authority.
V. Widow.
A gift to two or more equally for life and " on their deaths," over;
means, that the gift over does not take effect till the death of the sur-
vivor of the life beneficiaries ; and that, on the death of either of them,
the income thereby set free goes to the survivors or survivor until the
death of the last survivor {Re BuUer, 74 L. T. 406: Fearce v. Rdmeades,
3Y.& G. 246).
Presumption of Death ; V. Presumption.
" In case of death "; F. Chitty, Eq. Ind. 8055, 8056.
Death " by Poison "; F. Poison.
V. Dead: Die: Die without issue: At: At his death: At
THEIR death: Civil Death: Mortality: Passing: Venial.
DEATH DUTIES Stat. Def., Finance Act, 1894, s. 13 (3).
DEBATES. — F. Quarrels.
DEBENTURE. — This word seems to have originated from " Deben-
tur mihi," with which various old forms of Acknowledgments com-
menced (per Chitty, J., Levy v. Abercorris Co, 67 L. J. Ch. 204; 37
Ch. D. 260; 36 W. R. 411). In a previous case (Edmonds v. Blaina Co,
b% L. J. Ch. 817; 36 Ch. D. 216; 57 L. T. 139; 35 W. R 798), the
same learned judge said, " So far as I am aware, the term * Debenture '
has never received any precise legal definition. It is, comparatively
speaking, a new term. I do not mean a new term in the English Ian*
guage, because there is a passage in Swift (quoted in Latham's Diction-
ary), where the term * Debenture ' is used." *' Debenters " were, on the
24th Dec 1647, ordered to be given to the " Souldiery *' of the Parliament
for the arrears of their pay (cap. 113, Ordinances of the Long Parlia-
ment, printed in Scobell's Collection, p. 148, where, in the Title to the
Ordinance, the word is spelt " Debentures " ). " Debenture ** is also used
in the Act of Oblivion, 12 Car. 2, c. 11, s. 15, and in 41 G. 3, c. 75,
DEBENTURE 469 DEBENTURE
8. 7. Vfy for still earlier use of this word, Palmer Co. Prec. Part 3, p. 1
tt seq.
"No one seems to know exactly what 'Debenture* means" (Buckl.
192, citing British India Steam Nav. Co v. Inl. Bev,, 60 L. J. Q. B. 517 ;
7 Q. B. D. 166, in whc Grove, J., said, — this is " a word which has no
definite signification in the present state of the English language":
Be Florence Land Co, Ex p. Moor, 48 L. J. Ch. 137; 10 Ch. D. 630).
It should rather be said that no one has yet laid down an exhaustive
definition of a Debenture. The British India Steam Nav. Co^s case
shows that it is not true to say that a Debenture is necessarily an obliga-
tion under seal, or a charge on any property. Faute de mieux, it is sug-
gested that, a Debenture is a written Obligation or Acknowledgment
in an impersonal form, and with conditions more elaborate than those of
a Promissory Note, given by or for a Corporation or a Company to secure
a sum of money. Thus, in the British India Steam Nav, Co^s case,
Lindley, J., said, — " Now, what the exact meaning of * Debenture ' is I
do not know. I do not find any particular definition of it, and we know
that there are various classes of instruments called 'Debentures.' You
may have Mortgage Debentures, which are charges of some kind on
property; you may have Debentures which are Bonds; you may have a
Debenture which is nothing more than an Acknowledgment of debt;
you may have an instrument, like this, which is something more — it is
a statement by two Directors that a Company will pay. I think any
instruments of that sort may be Debentures." So, in Brown v, Inl, Bev.
(64 L. J. M. C. 211), Charles, J., said, — " A Debenture, though never, I
believe, legally defined, is included under one or other of the three descrip-
tions laid down by Bowen, L. J., in English & Scottish Trust v. Brun-
ton (1892, 2 Q. B. 700; 62 L. J. Q. B. 136), as, — ' (1) a simple
Acknowledgment under Seal of the debt; (2) an Instrument acknowl-
edging the debt and charging the property of the Co with repayment;
(3) an Instrument acknowledging the debt, charging the property of the
Co with repayment, and further restricting the Co from giving any prior
charge.* *'
A Covering Deed by a Co would seem to be a " Debenture " within
the exception in s. 17, Bills of Sale Act, 1882 (per Kay, J., Bossy. Army
& Navy Hotel Co, bb L. J. Ch. 697; 34 Ch. D. 43; 36 W. 11. 40: dis-
senting from decision of Field, J., in Brocklehurst v. Bailway Printing
Co, W. N. (84) 71 : Va, per North, J., Bichards v. Kidderminster, 1896,
2 Ch. 212; 66 L. J. Ch. 602; 44 W. R. 605); and the Debentures based
on such a deed would be within the section {Boss v. A. & N. IL Co,
sup). An Agreement charging the Undertaking in favour of certain
therein-named persons pan passu {Edmxmds v. Blaina Co, 56 L. J. Ch.
816; 36 Ch. D. 216; 36 W. R. 798), or in favour of an individual (Levy
v. Abercarris Co, 67 L. J. Ch 202; 37 Ch. D. 260; 36 W. R.411), is
within the exception. Edmonds v. Blaina Co and Levy v. Abercarris
DEBENTURE 470 DEBENTURE STOCK
Co were approved in Re Standard Manufacturing Co (1891, 1 Ch. 627;
60 L. J. Ch. 292), which also over-ruled Jenkinson v. Brandley Co (19
Q. B. D. 568), and determined that s. 17, Bills of S. Act, 1882, is not
restricted to Debentures of a Co ejusdem generis with *^ Mortgage, or
Loan " Companies, but includes the Debentures of any Incorporated Co.
Va, Welsted y, Swansea Bank, 5 Times Rep. 332: Bead v. Joannon,
69 L, J. Q. B. 544; 25 Q. B. D. 500. A Charge on specific goods is not
a Debenture {Re Cunningham, 28 Ch. D. 682; 33 W. R. 387).
Vf, Topham v. Greenside Co, 57 L. J. Ch. 583; 36 W. R. 464; 37
Ch. D. 281; 58 L. T. 274: Bill of Sale: Company,
JVb^e. For present provisions as to registration of a Co's Debentures,
r. Comp Act, 1900, s. 14.
Quk Land Debentures (Ir) Act, 1865, 28 & 29 V. c. 101, " * Deben-
ture,' means, a Debenture charged upon land under this Act " (s. 3).
Vh, Manson on Debentures: Cavanagh on Money Securities, ch. 27:
4 Encyc. 142-153 : Interest in Land.
In Ireland it has been held that a Policy on the life of a debtor would
pass, under a Will, as a " Debenture " (Phillips v. Eastwood, L. & G. t.
Sug. 270 ; 1 Jarm. 770) ; but, in England, Debenture Stock (into which
Debentures had, since the Will, been converted) was held not to pass
under bequest of " all My Debentures in the A. Ry " (Re Lane, 49 L. J.
Ch. 768; 14 Ch. D. 856; cited with approval by Kay, J., Re Gray, 36
Ch. D. 210; but not regarded as satisfactory by FitzGibbon, L. J., in
Dillon V. Arkins, 17 L. R. Ir. 639). FjT Share.
A Trustee's Power of Investment in " Debentures or Debenture Stock" of
any Rj'^ or other Co, includes "any nominal debentures or nominal debent-
ure stock issued under the Local Loans Act, 1875 " (s. 5 (3), Trustee Act,
1893). By subs. 5 of that section, a Power of Investment in the " Shares,
Stock, Mortgages, Bonds, or Debentures," of any Incorporated Co, in-
cludes Mortgage Debentures " duly issued under, and in accordance with,
the provisions of the Mortgage Debenture Act, 1865." V. Mortgage.
DEBENTURE STOCK. — F. Part III., Comp C. Act, 1863, 26
& 27 V. c. 118: Vh, per James, L. J., AUree v. Hawe, 47 L. J. Ch. 866;
9 Ch. D. 349, explained Re Bodman, 1891, 3 Ch. 135; 61 L. J. Ch. 31;
65 L. T. 522; 40 W. K 60: Re Mersey Ry, 1895, 2 Ch. 287; 64 L. J.
Ch. 625: 72 L. T. 785.
Quk Ry Comp Securities Act, 1866, 29 & 30 V. c. 108, " * Debenture
Stock,' includes. Mortgage Preference Stock and Funded Debt, and any
Stock or Shares representing Loan Capital of a Ry Co, by whatever
name called " (s. 2).
Under a bequest of " Debenture Stock or Shares " in a Co, Debentures
will pass if the testator has no Debenture Stock (Re Nottage, 1895, 2 Ch.
657; 64 L. J. Ch. 695; 73 L. T. 265; 44 W. R. 22).
V. Share: Stock.
DEBT 471 DEBT
DEBT. — A "Debt" is a sum payable in respect of a Liquidated
Money Demand, recoverable by action {Rawley v. Rawley, 1 Q. B. D.
460; 45 L. J. Q. B. 675) : the word can but seldom be construed to
include Damages for Breach of Covenant {Wilson v. Knubley, cited
Specialty : Sv^ Varlo v. Faden, cited Debts : Westcott v. Hodges^ 5 B.
& Aid. 12). V. Liquidated Demand.
But in 8. 4, Bills of Sale Act, 1878, ** Debt " is not confined to an ex-
isting debt; F. Authority OR LicExsE. So, a Contingent Debt may
be included in the word " debt " {Mortimore v. Inl, Eev,, cited Defi-
nite).
A Jdgmt Debt " is the highest of all Debts " (per Watson, B., Hod-
soil V. Baxter, E. B. & E. 885), and may be specially indorsed on a Writ
(Grant v. Easton, 13 Q. B. D. 302; 53 L. J. Q. B. 68).
Money payable under an Order of the Court of Chancery, was held a
« Debt," within s. 113, Bankry Act, 1849 (Lees v. Newton, L. R, 1 C. P.
658; 35 L. J. C. R 285).
A Married Woman's "debts contracted by her Before marriage,"
8. 19, M. W. P. Act, 1882, are not confined to Common Law debts but,
include debts contracted by her during a previous coverture, and for which
only her then Separate Estate was liable (Jay v. Robinson, 59 L. J.
Q. B. 367; 25 Q. B. D. 467; 63 L. T. 174; 38 W. R. 550).
A Call on Shares is not a Debt until actually made (Be Kershaw, 45
Ch. D. 320; 60 L. J. Ch. 9 ; 63 L. T. 203; 39 W. R. 23).
A Dividend declared by a Co, is, after its due date, a Debt from the
Co to the Shareholder (Be Severn, &c By, 1896, 1 Ch. 559; 65 L. J. Ch.
400; 74 L. T. 219 ; 44 W. R. 347).
Interest which could only be given by way of Damages, is not a " Debt "
within s. 92, 1 & 2 V. c. 110 (Ex p. Charman, W. N. (87) 184 : Sv, Ber^
rningham v. Burke, 9 Ir. Eq. Rep. 86).
Costs of Execution are not part of " the Debt owing " within s. 6 (1 a),
Bankry Act, 1883 (Salisbury v. Bay, 8 C. B. N. S. 193; 29 L. J. C. P.
225: Be Long, 57 L. J. Q. B. 360 ; 20 Q. B. D. 316; 58 L. T. 664 ; 36
W. R. 346).
" Debts due, or growing due, to the bankrupt In the Course of his
Trade or Business," s. 44 (2, iii), Bankry Act, 1883*; V. WUmot y. Alton^
cited Debts due.
" Debt provable in Bankruptcy " ; F. Hardy v. Fothergill, 13 App. Ca.
351; 58 L. J. Q. B. 44; 37 W. R. 177; 59 L. T. 273; Vthe, Be Midland
Coal Co, 1895; 1 Ch. 267; 64 L. J. Ch. 279; 71 L. T. 705; 43 W. R.
244: Seaton v. Deerhurst, 1895, 1 Q. B. 853 ; 64 L. J. Q. B. 430; 72
L. T. 453 ; 43 W. R. 436. Vh, Buckwell v. Norman, 1898, 1 Q. B. 622 ;
67 L. J. Q. B. 435; 78 L. T. 248; 46 W. R. 339: Debt or Liability:
Liability: Certain Time: Bankry Act, 1883, s. 168.
"All Debts Owing or Accruing,^* s. 61, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854, —
B. 1, Ord. 45, R. S. G. ; — to obtain a Garnishee Order under this phrase
DEBT 472 DEBT
there must be (1) a "Debt"; but (2) it may be either "Owing or Ac-
cruing."
1. Johnson v. Diamond (24 L. J. Ex. 217; 11 Ex. 73) is the first case
on this phrase; and it was there held that money that might become pay-
able under a Bond of Indemnity is not a " Debt." This case well illus-
trates the principle of what is a " Debt " within the phrasoi yiz. a
liquidated money obligation for which, speaking generally, an action will
Ije ( Webster v. Webster, 31 Bea. 393), but which obligation may be either
legal or equitable (per Lindley, L. J., Webb v. Stenton, 52 L. J. Q. B.
588; 11 Q. B. D. 618; 48 L. T. 268); but for a Debt to be garnished it
must be due to the judgment debtor alone, and not to him jointly with
some other person (Macdonald y. Tdcquah Co, 53 L. J. Q. B. 376; 13
Q. B. D. 535; 32 W. R. 760).
Therefore, neither of the following is a " Debt " within the phrase ; —
Damages, though after verdict, until judgment obtained (Jones v, Thomp-
son^ 27 L. J. Q. B. 234; E. B. & E. 63): verdict on a Marine Policy
{Dresser v. Johns, 28 L. J. C. P. 281; 6 C. B. N. S. 429) : amount of a
Presentment allowed by a Grand Jury in Ireland {Cdssin v. Shortall, Ir.
Kep. 11 C. L. 157): unascertained claim on a Fire Policy (^aiu/ci^ v.
Lithgow, 63 L. J. Q. B.518; 12 Q. B. D. b25i), or on a Notice to Treat
under Lands C. C. Act, 1845 (Richardson v. Elmit, 2 C. P. D. 9) : Moneys
in the hands of a County Court Registrar (Z>oZ/7^tn v. Lai/ton, 48 L. J.
C. P. 426; 4 C. P. D. 130), or of a Clerk of the Peace (D'Arcy v. Carra-
gher, 18 L. R. Ir. 817: Sv, 20 lb. 189), or of the Police (Jervis v. Peel^
1 Times Rep. 206), or of a Trustee in Bankruptcy {Boyse v. Simpson, 8 Ir.
Com. Law Rep. 523 : Hunter v. Greensill, 42 L. J. C. P. 65; L. R. 8 C. P.
24), or of a Trustee for the benefit of the debtor's Crs {Roberts v. Jones,
61 L. J. Q. B, 523; 66 L. T. 617; 40 W. R. 573), or of a Liquidator
{Mack V. Ward, W. N. (84) 16), or of a Mortgagee as the surplus of a
sale of the mortgaged property {Chatterton y. Watney, 50 L. J. Ch. 536;
17 Ch. D. 259; 44 L. T. 391): Moneys payable on a contingency {How-
ell V. Metrop. Dust Ry, 51 L. J. Ch. 158; 19 Ch. D. 508; 45 L. T. 707:
Richardson v. JSlmit, sup): Rent, or instalments of an Annuity, not 3'et
due {Jone^ v. Thompson, sup; Sv, as to Annuities, Nash v. Pease, 47 L. J.
Q. B. 766) : Trust income not in the hands of the Trustees {Webb v. Sten-
ton, sup : V» espy jdgmt Lindley, L. J., over-ruling Re Cowan, 49 L. J.
Ch. 402 ; 14 Ch. D. 638) : an Apportioned Part of current Rent {Bamett
v. Eastman, 67 L. J. Q. B. 517) : Salary or Pension not yet payable {Hail
V. Pritchett, 47 L. J. Q. B. 15; 3 Q. B. D. 215 : Booth v. Trail, 53 L. J.
Q. B. 24; 12 Q. B. D. 8 ; 49 L. T. 471; 32 W. R. 122). The Half-pay
of an Army Officer {Birch v. Birch, 52 L. J. P. D. & A. 88; 8 P. D. 163:
Lucas V. Harris, 18 Q. B. D. 127), or an Annual Gratuity from the East
India Company under s. 93, 53 G. 3, c. 155 {Innes v. East India Co, 25
L. J. C. P. 154; 17 C. B. 351), or a Custom-house or Revenue Officer's
Superannuation (45 & 46 Y. c 72, s. 3), or the Wages of Seamen (17 &
DEBT 478 DEBT
18 V. c. 104, 8. 233), or Workmen (33 & 34 V. c. 30), are not attachable
at all ; nor are moneys held for a married woman who is restrained from
anticipation {Chapman v. Biggs^ W. N. (83) 92).
But, speaking generally, " money in the hands of a man who cannot
refuse to pay it somehow or another, is a 'Debt,' and if so, it can be
attached " (per Coleridge, C. J., Booth v, Trail^ sup). Therefore, the
over-due Superannuation allowance of a retired Police Constable ( Booth
V. TmiZ), or County Court Judge ( WlUeock y. Terrellj 3 Ex. D. 323), or
Civil Servant (Sansom v. Sanaom, 48 L. J. P. D. & A. 25; 4 P. D. 69),
or a commutation of a pension (Crowe v. Price, 22 Q. B. D. 429), are
** Debts " and attachable. So is over-due Rent (Mitchell v. Lee, 36 L. J.
Q. B. 154; L. K. 2 Q. B. 259); or an ascertained amount due on a Guar-
antee (Bouch V. Seoenoaks, &c Ry, 48 L. J. Ex. 338; 4 Ex. D. 138) ; or
proceeds of a Call on Shareholders, when made to provide for a debt due
to the judgment debtor {Exp. Turner, 2 D. G. F. & J. 354). So, money
deposited for a special purpose is, after the death of the depositor, a Debt
owing to his exors, even though the depositee have an independent cross-
claim against the depositor (Stumore v. Campbell, 1892, 1 Q. B. 314; 61
L. J. Q. B. 463 ; 66 L. T. 218; 40 W. R. 101).
But a Garnishee Order does not make the Garnishor a '' Creditor " of
the Garnishee (Be Combined Weighing Co, cited Cbeditob), and there-
fore the amount garnished is not a " Debt " due to the garnishor which,
in his hands, may be garnished (Cooper v. Lawson, 6 Times Rep. 34).
Ab to whether a Legacy can be attached, V. Vyae v. Brown, 13 Q. B. D.
199; Chitty's Arch., 14 ed., 929; and V, lb. 930 as to whether money in
the hands of a Sheriff can be attached, but Cp, Dolphin v. Layton, sup.
As to when cheque has been given for the debt sought to be attached, V,
Cohen Y.Hale, 3 Q. B. D.371; 47 L. J. Q. B. 496: Elwell y. Jackson,
1 Times Rep. 454.
2. The phrase an " Accruing " Debt, was much discussed in Webb v.
Stenton (sup: F. espy jdgmt Brett, M. R.). That case and Jones y.
Thompson, much referred to in it, show that an " Accruing " does not
mean a future debt, or one that very probably will soon arise. " It must
be something which the law recognizes as a * Debt ' " (per Brett, M. R.,
Webb V. Stenton). It must therefore be ** debitum in prsBsenti "; but it
maybe "solvendum in futuro," and then it is an "Accruing" debt.
Accordingly an actually existing debt, payable by instalments, not yet
due, is an " Accruing Debt " and attachable (Tapp v. Jones, 44 L. J.
Q. B. 127; L. R. 10 Q. B. 591). It seems a little difficult to reconcile
with the reasoning of that case, the Irish decision that money secured by
a current Promissory Note is not attachable as an " Accruing Debt "
(Pyne v. Kinna, 11 Ir. Rep. C. L. 40).
Vh, Ann. Pr. : 1 Encyc. 398-400.
" Action /or the recovery of any Debt," s. 6, 7 & 8 V. e. 96 ; V. Thom^as
V. Hudson, 14 L. J. Ex. 283; 14 M. & W. 363.
DEBT 474 DEBT. &c.
"Debt or Incnmbrance Affecting the land," in respect of which
money paid in under 8. 69, Lands C. G. Act, 1845; V. Re Derby Muni-
cipal EstateSf 3 Ch. D. 289.
"Debt contracted after the Passino" of the Act; F. Contracted.
Stat. Def., Debtors Act (Ir), 1872, 35 & 36 V, c 67, s. 4, whva for
" Debt contracted before the Passing."
"Debt incurred by Fraud or Breach of Trust"; V, Breach of
Trust.
"Debt of Honour"; V. Honour.
V. Debts: Debts Due: Due: Sum Certain: Certain Time:
Attachment for Debt: Authority or License: Income: Cred-
itor: Civil Debt: Offence.
DEBT, CLAIM, OR DEMAND. — S. 1, 22 & 23 V. c. 49; V. E.
V. Stepney, 43 L. J. M. C. 145; L. R 9 Q. B. 383: West Ham v. St.
Matthew, Bethnal Green, 1896, A. C. 477; Qo L. J. M. C. 201: Man-
chester S. & L. By y. Doncaster, 1897, 1 Q. B. 117; 66 L. J. Q. B. 75;
75 L. T. 472; 45 W. R. 82; 62 J. P. 819: — S. 4, lb., F. Commence-
MENT.
A Receipt for any " Debt, Account, Claim, or Demand," qu4 Stamp
Act, 1815, did not include a legal claim for Unliquidated Damages
(Boyle V. Brandon, 13 M. & W. 738).
DEBT, DEFAULT, OR MISCARRIAGE A special promise
" to answer for tbe Debt, Default, or Miscarriage, of Another, " to be
binding, has to be in writing (s. 4, Statute of Frauds). It is submitted
that these words, " (1) Debt, (2) Default, or (3) Miscjirriage, " mean,
(1) Actual Present Debt, (2) Default in the performance of a present or
future Duty, whether contractual or otherwise, or (3) Wrongful Act,
entailing civil responsibility.
1. " Debt," means, a Debt already contracted (Read v. Nash, 1 Wils.
305: per Ellenborough, C. J., Castling v. Aubert, 2 East, 330, 331) by
the other person.
2. " Default," means, Default in the performance of a present or future
Duty, whether contractual or otherwise. " If there was a contract with
reference to a liability, — not existing at the time by reason of the debt
not being due at the time but being payable in futuro, — that would
come under the word 'Default,' and there would be no difficulty about
that" (per Wi lies, J., Mountstephen v. Lakeman, L. R. 7 Q. B. 202;
41 L. J. Q. B. 75; on app. L. R. 7 H. L. 17; 43 L. J. Q. B. 188).
But "default," in the section, also applies " to a promise to answer for
another with respect to the non-performance of a Duty, though not
founded upon a contract " (per Holroyd, J., Kirkham t. Marter, 2 B. &
Aid. 617), e.g, a promise to indemnify one who has become bail for a
third person (Green v. Cresswell, 10 A. & E. 463; 9 L. J. Q. B. 63):
DEBT. &.C. 476 DEBTOR
Va, Birkmyr v. Darnell, 1 Salk. 27 ; 1 Sm. L. C. 834 ; nom. Bourkmire v.
Damelly 3 Salk. 15; nom. Buckmyr v. Damally 2 Rajm. Ld. 1085; nom.
Burkmire v. Darnel, Holt, 606; nom. Burkmire v. Darnell, 6 Mod., 6 ed.,
248 : Default.
3. "Miscarriage," means, a Wrongful Act, entailing civil responsi-
bility. In the extract from the jdgmt of Holroyd, J., in Kirkham v.
Marter (sup) he classed "Miscarriage" with "Default"; but it is
submitted that that reading tepds to make " Miscarriage " redundant,
whereas the full phrase seems to appropriate each of its three substan-
tives to its separate meaning. This is brought out in the jdgmt of
Abbott, C. J., in Kirkham v. Marter, as follows, — "The word 'Mis-
carriage ' has not the same meaning as the word * Debt ' or * Default ' ;
it seems to me to comprehend that species of wrongful act for the conse-
quence of which the law would make the party civilly responsible. The
wrongful riding the horse of another without his leave and thereby
causing its death, is clearly an act for which the party is responsible in
damages ; and, therefore, in my judgment falls within the meaning of
'Miscarriage.' "
Vk, generally, 1 Sm. L. C. 334: De Colyar on Guarantees, ch. 2:
Add. C. Book 2, ch. 4, s. 1: Chitty on Contracts, ch. 17: Leake, 209:
Kosc. N. P. 476-482 : Guarantee : I will see you paid.
DEBT OR LIABILITY. — Alimony is not a "Debt or Liability"
within s. 37, Bankry Act, 1883 {Linton v. Linton, 64 L. J. Q. B. 529;
15 Q. B. D. 239 : Re Hawkins, 1894, 1 Q. B. 26). Vf, Debt : Lia-
bility: Creditor.
Giving a Bill or Note for an existing debt, or giving a new Bill or
Note for an old one, is " incurring" a " Debt or Liability" within s. 13 (1),
Debtors Act, 1869 (E. v. Fierce, 66 L. J. M. C. 86; 66 L. T. 632; 61
J. P. 790).
Married Woman's " Debts and other Liabilities," s. 4, M. W. P. Act,
1882; V. Be Ann, 1894, 1 Ch. 649; 63 L. J. Ch. 334; Vthc, per Keke-
wich, J., Be Hughes^ cited Feme.
V. Incapable.
DEBT UPON RECORD. — Crown Dues recoverable "as a Debt
upon Kecord," e.g. Assessed Taxes under 6 & 6 W. 4, c. 20, s. 13, must
be recovered by Scire Facias, Extent, or Information ; not in a popular
action of Debt {ArG. v. SeweU, 4 M. & W. 77 ; 7 L. J. Ex. 246).
DEBTOR. — The power to examine a "Debtor" as to what debts
were due to him (s. 60, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1854) did not extend to a
Corporation, to which, obviously, an oath could not be administered
{Dickson v. Neath & Brecon By, 38 L. J. Ex. 67 ; L. E. 4 Ex. 87. But
now, V. R. 32, Ord. 42, E. S. C.).
DEBTOR 476 DEBTS
"Debtor," s. 4, Bankry Act, 1883; V. Exp. Blain, 5 Morr. Ill: Be
Pearson, 1892, 2 Q. B. 263; 61 L. J. Q. B. 585; 67 L, T. 367: Be A. B.
& Co, 1900, 1 Q. B. 541; 69 L. J. Q. B. 375; 82 L. T. 169; affd Id
H. L. nom. Cooke v. Voider, 70 L. J. Q. B. 181: Be Clark, 1896,
2 Q. B. 476; 65 L. J. Q. B. 684: Wms, Bank. 2. Probably, not only
qu4 that section but throughout the Act, " Debtor, " means, a Debtor
subject to the Bankry Laws in England. Thus, neither the doctrine of
Reputed Ownership {Gorringe v. Irwell Works, 56 L. J. Ch. 85; 34
Ch. D. 128), nor the direction in s. 46 (2), that the Sheriff is to
retain the proceeds of a fi. fa, for fourteen days (Be Withemsea
Brickworks, 50 L. J. Ch. 185; 16 Ch. D. 337; 43 L. T. 713: Cp
Put in Forqe), is applicable to a Co incorporated under Comp Act,
1862.
" Debtor," R. 52, Ord. 25, Co. Co. Rules, 1889, includes a married
woman {Aylesford v. G, W. By, 1892, 2 Q. B. 626; 41 W. R. 42),
Stat. Def. — Judgments Act, 1864, 27 & 28 V. c. 112, s. 2, — Scot.
2 & 3 V. c. 41, s. 3 ; 10 & 11 V. c. 50, s. 14; 19 & 20 V. c. 79, s. 4;
31 <& 32 V. c. 101, s. 3; 57 & 58 V. c. 44, s. 18.
" Deceased Debtor's Estate "; F. Deceased.
" Goods of a Debtor " taken in execution, s. 11, Bankry Act, 1890,
does not include the goods of a debtor which, by s. 1, Landlord and
Tenant Act, 1709, 8 Anne, c. 18, are impounded until the landlord is
paid, and whose claim the sheriff is justified in paying {Be Mackenzie,
1899, 2 Q. B. 566; 68 L. J. Q. B. 1003 ; 81 L. T. 214).
DEBTS. — " The expression in a Will, 'all my just Debts,' includes
all the testator*s debts whenever and wherever contracted, and therefore
includes a debt contracted by him after the making of the Will, and con-
tracted in a country other than that of his domicil, and secured upon
property in that country " (Wms. Exs. 1584, citing Maxwell v. Maxwell,
L. R. 4 H. L. 506; 39 L. J. Ch. 698). It also includes all Liabilities
which the testator's personal estate would be liable to discharge (F.
Lomas v. Wright, 2 My. & K 769; 3 L. J. Ch. 68: Stone v. Parker,
1 Dr. <& Sm. 212; 29 L. J. Ch. 874 : Alsop v. Bell, 24 Bea. 469), includ-
ing unliquidated damages for a breach of covenant (Bermingham v.
Burke, 9 Ir. Eq. Rep. 86). And would not the construction be the same
• if the word " just " were omitted?
" Debts, " directed by a testator to be paid out of Residue, do not in-
clude rent of, or damages for dilapidations to, Leaseholds specifically
bequeathed (Hawkins v. Hawkins, 13 Ch. D. 470).
"Just Debts," in a Will of a womau married before M. W. P. Act,
1882; F. Be De Burgh Lawson, 41 Ch. D. 568; 58 L. J. Ch. 561; 37
W. R. 797.
The term " Debts," or " Just Debts," includes a Mortgage Debt; and
therefore a testamentary direction to pay "Debts," or ''Just Debts^"
DEBTS 477 DEBTS
woald include a mortgage debt in exoneration of the mortgaged property
but for 8. 1, 30 & 31 V. c. 69, which section has entirely done away with
that reasoning (Be Newmarck, 48 L. J. Ch. 28; 9 Ch. D. 12, espy
jdgmt of Jessel, M. K.). V. Subject to.
"Debts," in Finance Act, 1894; V. Money's Worth.
Under a bequest of *' Debts," a Bank Balance, and a Bill of Exchange
deposited at the bankers, will pass {Carry, Carry 1 Mer. 541, n: Parker
V. Marchanty 12 L. J. Ch. 387; 1 Phill. 356); and so will an unascer-
tained residuary personal estate to which the testator may be entitled at
his decease {Bainbridge v. Bainbridgey 7 L. J. Ch. 4; 9 Sim. 16). The
reasoning of the last casie would seem to support the statement, that a
share of a residuary estate, or a legacy, to which a testator may be en-
titled at his decease, would pass under a bequest by him of " Debts."
The bequest of a debt due on a particular security will pass only the
principal, not arrears of interest {Hamilton v. Lloyd, 2 Ves. 416). Vf
Wms. Exs. 1064.
Although Damages recovered for breach of covenant are not a Debt,
within 3 & 4 W. & M. c. 14 {Wilson v. Knvhley, 7 East, 128), yet such
damages are within a testamentary charge of " Debts " on Realty {Morse
V. Tucker, 5 Hare, 79; 15 L. J. Ch. 162). So, the liability to such
damages has to be provided for in an Administration Action {Fletcher v.
Stevenson, 3 Hare, 360; 13 L. J. Ch. 202), and such a liability is within
3 & 4 W. 4, c. 104, charging realty of a deceased person with his '' Debts "
{Ex p. Hamer, 2 D. G. M. & G. 366; 21 L. J. Ch. 832), and is also
within the exception from the Accumulations Act, 1800, 39 & 40 G. 3,
c. 98, by s. 2 whereof Accumulations may be made for payment of
"Debts" {Varlo v. Faden, 1 D. G. F. & J. 211 ; 29 L. J. Ch. 230;
27 Bea. 255), and which exception applies as well to tho debts of the
grantor as to those of third persons {Barrington v. LiddeU, 2 D. G. M.
&G.480; 22L. J. Ch. 1).
" The expression ' Debts due ' is sometimes used in bankry proceed-
ings to include all demands which can be proved against a bankrupt's
estate, although some of them may not be strictly debts at all " (per
Hellish, L. J., Exp. Kempe, 43 L. J. Bank. 52; 9 Ch. 383). V, Debts
due: In the Course.
The Preferential payments in Bankry over "all other Debts," s. 1,
51 & 52 V. c. 62, have not priority over a bankrupt's property com-
prised in a security, because the security prevents the property from
being assets in the bankry until the creditor's claim thereon has been
satisfied {Richards v. Kidderminster, 1896, 2 Ch. 212; 65 L. J. Ch. 502;
74 L. T. 483 ; 44 W. R. 505).
" Debts," s. 97, Administration and Probate Act (Victoria), 1890 ; V.
Master in Equity, Victoria v. Pearson, 13 Times Rep. 105: Real
Estate, last par.
V. Book Debts: Debt: Mutual,
DEBTS DUE 478 DECEIVE
DEBTS DUE- — This phrase in s. 18 (1, 8), Bankry Act, 1883,
means, all claims to which a debtor is liable and which are provable in
his bankry {Flint v. Barnard, 5S L. J. Q. B. 63; 22 Q. B. D. 90: FA,
Exp, Kempcy 9 Ch. 383; 43 L. J. Bank. 50). V. Debts: Liability:
Fairly Estimated.
" Debts due, or growing due," s. 44 (iii), Bankry Act, 1883, do not
include a Claim which is not yet a Debt but may become a debt ())er
Russell, C. J., WUmot v. Altony 4o W. R. 12, 113 ; 65 L. J. Q. B. 669;
66 lb. 42; 1896, 2 Q. B. 254; 1897, 1 Q. B. 17).
Bequest of " Debts Due " ; V. Essington y. Vashony 3 Mer. 434 :
WUliams y. Williams, 2 Bro. C. C. 87 : Devaynes y. Noble, 1 Mer. 541 :
Mayhery v. Brooking^ 2o L. J. Ch. 87; T D. G. M. & G. 673 ; 4 W. R.
155: Theobald, 179.
Sale of " Debts due "; F. Payment.
F. Due : Payable.
DECEASE.— F. Die.
DECEASED. —'' Deceased person,*' or " The deceased," qui Part 1,
Finance Act, 1894, means, a person dying after 1st Aug 1894 (ss. 22 (1 a),
24). " The deceased," s. 19, Finance Act, 1896, means the same as " de-
ceased person " in s. 24, t.e. a person dying after 1st July 1896 {Re
Gibbs, 1898, 1 Ch. 625; 67 L. J. Ch. 282; 78 L. T. 289; 46 W. R.
477).
A "Deceased Debtor's Estate^'* s. 125 (5), Bankry Act, 1883, com-
prises only such property as was his at the time of his death ; therefore,
it does not comprise property which the debtor has yoluntarily settled
and which, if he were a Hying bankrupt, might be avoided under s. 47
{Re Gould, m L. J. Q. B. 333 ; 19 Q. B. D. 92), nor the proceeds of an
execution retained by the sheriff under s. 11 (2), Bankry Act, 1890
( Watkins y. Barnard, 1897, 2 Q. B. 521 ; 66 L. J. Q. B. 771 ; 46 W. R.
156) ; nor does a. 45, Bankry Act, 1883, apply to aid such an Estate
{Hasluck y. Clark, 1899, 1 Q. B. 699; 68 L. J. Q. B. 486; 80 L. T.
454; 47W. R. 471).
F. Dead.
DECEIT. — " * Deceit,' deceptio, fraus , dolus, Is a subtle, wily shift
or device, having no other name: hereto may be drawn all manner of
craft, subtilly, guile, fraud, wilinesse, slight, cunning, covin, collu&ion,
practice, and offence used to deceive another man by any means, which
hath none other proper or particular name but Offence " (Cowel : Vf,
Fasley y. Freeman, cited Naked). Cp, Cosening : Covine : Fraud :
Cheat.
DECEIVE. — It is hardly possible for any one now-a-days, to tell
Fortunes for money, without also intending "to deceive or impose^**
\
DECEIVE 479 DECK
within 8. 4, 5 G. 4, c. 83 (Penni/ v. Hanson, 18 Q. B. D. 478; 56 L. J.
M. C. 41 ; 56 L. T. 235; 35 W. R. 379; 51 J. P. 167 ; 16 Cox C. C.
173; 3 Times Eep. 409).
V, Calculated to deceive.
DECERN. — A Scotch equivalent for "Decree " (30 & 31 V. c. 101,
8. 3 ; 60 & 61 V. c. 38, s. 3).
DECIDE. — "If my Trustees shall decide " to sell; V. Minors y.
Battison, 1 App. Ca. 428; 46 L. J. Ch. 2.
An Appeal may be " decided," qui an Order for Costs, though dis*
missed for want of jurisdiction (B. v. Padwick, 8 E. & B. 704; 27 L. J.
M. C. 113).
" To be decided " ; V. General Line op Buildings.
Party " decided against " ; V. Tobin v. Cleart/y Ir. Rep. 8 C. L. 366.
DECISION. — The "Decision" of a Local Authority, referred to in
8. 268, P. H. Act, 1875, means its demand for payment of the expenses
therein referred to (R. v. Loc Gov Bd, 52 L. J. M. C. 4; 10 Q. B. D.
309). Vff as to this section, Note to 2ud par. Dispute.
"Cause of Appeal," s. 269 (2), P. H. Act, 1875, has the same mean-
ing as "Decision of the Court " in subs. 1 of the same section (B, v.
Barnct, 45 L. J. M. C. 105; 1 Q. B. D. 558).
" Decision or Order " of a Co. Co. in Bankry, R. 143, Bankry Rules,
1870, was perfect, qui Appeal, when pronounced (A'x p. Hookey, 4 D. G.
F. & J. 456: Ex p. Whitton^ Re Greaves, 13 Ch. D. 881 j 49 L. J.
Bank. 31).
" Decision " is a popular, and not a technical, word, and means little
more than a concluded opinion. It does not, by itself, amount to Judg-
ment, or Order (s. 19, Jud. Act, 1873); as used in s. 29, Loc Gov Act,
1888, a " Decision " is an exercise of a consultative jurisdiction, and
is not appealable (Re Dover and Kent Co. Co., 1891, 1 Q. B. 725; 60
L. J. Q. B. 435 ; 65 L. T. 213 ; 39 W. R. 465 ; 65 J. P. 647).
A decision by Friendly Socy Arbitrators, until set aside, remains a
" Decision " within s. 22 (rf), 38 & 39 V. c. 60, notwithstanding mis-
conduct by the arbitrators (Bache v. Billingham, 1894, 1 Q. B. 107 ;
63 L. J. M. C. 1 ; 69 L. T. 648; 42 W. R. 217 ; 58 J. P. 181). V.
Dispute.
DECK.— F. From the Deck.
" Deck Cargo at Merchant's Risk "; V, Diederichsen v. FarquharsoUj
cited Conditions as per Charter-Pa rty.
Qui Part 3, Mer Shipping Act, 1894 (unless the context otherwise
requires), " * Upper Passenger Deck,' shall mean and include, the Deck
immediately beneath the Upper Deck, or the Poop or Round-house
and* Deck-house when the number of passengers, whether cabin or
DECK 480 DECLARE
Steerage Passbngebs, carried in the Poop Round-house or Deck-
house exceeds one third of the total number of steerage passengers which
the ship can lawfully carry on the deck next below ; and
'* * Lower Passenger Deck,' shall mean and include, the Deck next be-
neath the Upper Passenger Deck, not being an Orlop Deck " (s. 268,
subss. 5, 6).
DECLARATION. —In all Acts of Parliament, " * Statutory Decla-
ration,' shall, unless the contrary intention appears, mean a Declaration
made by virtue of the Statutory Declarations Act, 1836 " (s. 21, Interp
Act, 1889). Cp, Oath.
" Declarations, " s. 3 (6), Conr & L. P. Act, 1881, means, Statutory
Declarations (per Eay, L. J., Tie Stuart and Seadon, 1896, 2 Ch. 328 ;
65 L. J. Ch. 576).
" Declaration, " qnk Drainage (Ir) Act, 1846, 9 & 10 V. c. 4, means,
** the declaration required to be made by the Commrs previously to the
commencement of any Works under " 5 & 6 V. c. 89, 8 & 9 V. c. 69, or
that Act (s. 44). V. Drainage.
"Declaration of Trust," "is usually taken to include any form of
words, — whether spoken or written, and, if written, whether under
hand only or under seal, — whereby an intention is effectually mani-
fested, by the person or persons entitled to give efiEect to such intention,
that certain specified property, whether real or personal, shall be held
and used or applied by the person or persons in whom the title thereto
at Law is vested, for the benefit, — either simply and absolutely, or in a
specified and restricted manner, — of some other person or persons "
(4 Encyc. 158).. Cp, Disposition : Gift.
" Declaration of Use," " in its common acceptation, differs in two
respects from the closely analogous phrase 'Declaration of Trust':
(1) The word * Use ' is restricted to refer only to Real Estate, whereas
' Trust ' is extended to all kinds of property ; and (2) * Use ' was of
common occurrence in times when there existed no method by which the
moral rights and claims of the Cestui que Use could be enforced, whereas
the word * Trust,' when employed in pari materid with * Use/ has always
contained within it a necessary implication that the rights and claims of
the Cestui que Trust would be enforced in Courts of Equity, and now,
since the coming into operation of the Jud. Act, 1873, in Courts of Law
also. Moreover, since the Statute of Uses, the word * Use ' has been com-
monly restricted to denote Uses which are capable of being executed
into Legal Estates by the statute " (4 Encyc. 159, 160). Vf 4 Cru.
Dig. 118.
»
DECLARE. —In order to " declare such Admixture," s. 3, 35 & 36 V.
c. 74, it is sufficient to state that the article, e.f/. mustard, is not sold
as pure; it is not necessary to specify the nature and proportioH of
DECLARE 481 DECREE
the substances admixed {Pope v. Tearle, 43 L. J. M. C. 129; L. R.
9 C. P. 499).
"Where a person by deed 'declares' that he will do a thing, it
amounts to a covenant bj him to do it " (Elph. 426, citing Richardson
y. Jenkins, 1 Drew. 477).
Where a Go's Articles prohibit a Director from being Interested in
a contract unless he " declare his interest " therein, that means, that he
must declare, " not merely the existence of an interest but, the nature
of that interest " (per Ld jChelmsford, Imperial Credit Assn y. Coleman^
L. R. 6 H. L. 200; 42 L. J. Ch. 644).
V. Agreed and Declared: Acknowledge: Precatory Trust,
DECLARED. — V. Hereafter valued and declared: Herein.
DECLARING THE RIGHTS "Judgment or Order Declaring
the Rights," R. 2 (1), Ord. 55, R. S. C.; — F. Rolls v. RolU, 30 S. J.
201: Re Brandram, 25 Ch. D. 369; 63 L. J. Ch. 331: Re Rhodes, 31
Ch. D. 499: Bates v. Moore, 38 Ch. D. 381 : Re Evans, 64 L. T. 627.
DECLINING TRUSTEE. — A person may be a " Declining Trus-
tee " as well after having acted as if he has never accepted the trust
(Travis v. lUingivoHh, 34 L. J. Ch. 664; 2 Dr. & Sm. 344: Vli Lewin,
777). And the better opinion is that the phrase " if any Trustee shall
refuse or decline " includes also one who disclaims (Lewin, 777 ; So lb.
766, 767). Cp Continuing Trustee.
It has been held that a payment of the trust money into Court under
the Trustee Relief Act, stamps the trustee with the character of a " Re-
fusing or Declining Trustee " (Lewin, 777, citing Re Williams, 4 K. & J.
87) ; Va Retiring Trustee.
DECORATION. — r. Military Decoration.
DECORATIVE REPAIR.^r. Trnantablb Repair.
DECREE. — A Decree is the final Order of a Court in a Suit, e,g.
prior to the Jud. Act, 1873, a Chancery Decree. " Decree " closely re-
sembles, but is not identical with, " Judgment." " The final decision
of a Divorce proceeding is termed a * Decree ' ; the proceeding itself is
usually styled a * Cause,* or * Suit.' " ..." In strict language the
Decree is not called a * Judgment,' nor is the Suit called an * Action * '*
(per Kay, L. J., Re Binstead, cited Final Judgment). Vf 4 Encyc.
167-171.
Stat. Def. — Scot. 19 & 20 V. c. 56, s. 47 ; 30 & 31 V. c. 126, s. 3;
56 & 56 V. c. 17, s. 3; 60 & 61 V. c. 38, s. 3. — /r. 11 & 12 V. c. 28,
8.18; 27 & 28 V. c. 99, s. 3.
"Decree or Order" whereby property, "upon the Sale thereof^ is
31
DECREE 482 DEDUCE
transferred to, or vested in, a Purchaser, " — and therefore liahle to ad
val. Duty " as a Conveyance on Sale," s. 54, Stamp Act, 1891, — in-
cludes an Extract of Decree, within s. 8, Heritable Securities (Scot)
Act, 1894, 57 & 58 V. c. 44, because such a Decree transfers or vests
the property irredeemably in the Creditor having security thereon; and it
does so in the prescribed mode which is equivalent to a Sale {ltd. Rev.
V. Tod, 1898, A. C. 399; 67 L. J. P. C. 42; 78 L. T. 571). In that
case counsel stated that ad vaL Duty on a Foreclosure Decree had never
been demanded, but Ld Macnaghten replied tjiat there was no analogy
between an English Foreclosure Decree and a Scotch Extract of Decree,
and added, in his jdgmt, " I think it better, at present, to say nothing
about it. " Now, by s. 6, Finance Act, 1898, " Conveyance on Sale " in-
cludes a Foreclosure Order, the ad val. Duty being on the value of the
property as stated in the Order.
No Appeal unless amount '* decreed or ordered " exceeds £50, s. 31,
31 & 32 V. c. 71 ; V. The Fymaord, 34 L. T. 918,
DEDICATION. — As to what is a sufficient Dedication of a High-
way; V. R. v. Hawkhurst^ 7 L. T. 268; 26 J. P. 724.
DEDUCE. — "K we are to examine the word critically, it is quite
clear that when you speak of deducing a Title, as meaning to express
either the delivery of the abstract or showing the deeds, it is not alto-
gether an appropriate expression or strictly correct. The deducing the
Title] — the appropriate use of that expression would be this : I deduce
my title from my great-grandfather ; I do not deduce my title by send-
ing you a document or by showing you the deeds. By sending you the
abstract and showing you the deeds, T show you how I deduce my title;
bijt according to the strict meaning of the words * Deducing the Title,'
it is stating from whom or from what source the party draws forth his
Title " (per Kindersley, V. C, Oakden v. Fike, 34 L. J. Ch. 622 ; 13
W. R. 673). But the practical meaning of the phrase is, to draw out
and exhibit the Title by an abstract, and to prove the abstract by show-
ing the documents {Southby v. Hutt^ 2 My. & C. 213). V. Abstract.
The ad val. fee to Solicitors for " Deducing Title," and perusing and
completing conveyance (Sch 1, Part 1, Solrs Rem Ord) is payable if
those three things are done, although the Solicitor may not have pre-
pared the contract (per Fry, L. J., Re Lacey, 53 L. J. Ch. 289 ; 25 Ch. D.
301; 32 W. R. 233; 49 L. T. 755: Vf, Re Read, 1894, 3 Ch. 238; 63
L. J. Ch. 831; 71 L. T. 189; 42 W. R. 601). There is no "Deducing
Title " where purchaser gives notice that he requires no Abstract and
accepts the vendor's title {Re La^cey, sup), or where in fact no title is
shown to the purchaser (Re Harris, Powell v. Goodale, b^ L. T. 477 ;
31 S. J. 365) ; e,g. where, on a sale of Leaseholds by the original lessee,
there is a short statement of the dates and particulars of the leases with
DEDUCE 483 DEDUCTION
a reference to a general form containing the covenants ( Welby v. StUl,
J 894, 3 Ch. 641; 63 L. J. Ch. 931; 71 L. T. 426 ; 43 W. R. 73).
Cp InVKSTI GATING TiTLE.
DEDUCTION. — " The Court always holds that Income Tax is not a
Deduction " (per Wood, V. C, Turner v. Mullineux^ IJ. & H. 334). In
a contract touching the paj^ment of taxes charged on premises, the inci-
dence of the Income Tax cannot be shifted, not even in the case of an
annuity which is payable *' clear of all taxes and assessments " (ss. 73,
103, Income Tax Act, 1842 : A-G. v. Shield, 28 L. J. Ex. 49; 3 H. & N.
834). But Wills are not mentioned in the sections just mentioned; and
therefore in a Will it is competent, by apt words, to exonerate income
from Income Tax (Festing v. Taylor, 32 L. J. Q. B. 41). N^ote. By
some such cumbersome machinery as that indicated by Kekewich, J.,
Be Farker-Jervis (1898, 2 Ch. 652 ; 67 L. J. Ch. 686), provision, even in
a Settlement, may be made for an Annuity to be paid clear of Income
Tax.
There are 2 classes of cases in reference to the question as to when a
phrase in a Will, or an Act of Parliament, giving an annuity without
" deduction," will exonerate the annuitant from Income Tax: —
1. When the word " Deduction " is associated and construed with the
word " Taxes " :
2. When not.
1. A devise of a life interest in real estate accompanied with a direc-
tion to the Trustees " to pay and defray all taxes, parliamentary, paro-
chial, or otherwise, affecting" the same; held, that the Trustees were
bound to pay the Income Tax (Lovat v. Leeds, 31 L. J. Ch. 503; 2 Dr.
& Sm. 62). V. Affecting.
So a rent-charge payable to A. B. " without any deduction or abate-
ment whatsoever on account of any taxes, charges, or assessments,
already or to be hereafter taxed, charged, assessed, or imposed on the
hereditaments or the said rent-charge, or the said A. B. in respect
thereof by the authority of Parliament or otherwise however," is pay-
able free of Income Tax {Festing v. Taylor, 3 B. & S. 217, 235 ; 31
L. J. Q. B. 36; 32 lb. 41; 10 W. R. 246; 11 lb. 70).
So too ot an annuity or Clear yearly sum given ** free from all deduc-
tions in respect of any present or future taxes, charges, assessments, or
impositions, or other matter, cause, or thing, whatsoever " {Re Banner-
man, 51 L. J. Ch. 449; 21 Ch. D. 105).
So, too, Bacon, V. C, held that a testamentary gift of ** a clear annual
income " from which " no deduction shall be made for the legacy tax
or any other matter, cause, or thing, whatsoever," was payable free of
Income Tax (Peareth v. Marriott, 51 L. J. Ch. 821: ^{;^Ac considered
inf).
Yet, where a Charity was incorporated by a special Act at a time when
DEDUCTION 484 DEDUCTION
Income Tax was not payable, which Act directed an annual salary to be
paid to the Chaplain " without deduction or abatement for taxes,"
Byrne, J., held that the Wardens of the Charity were bound to de-
duct the Income Tax subsequently imposed by the Income Tax Act,
1842 (Lund v. Liverpool School for Indigent Blind, 1898, 2 Ch. 669 ; 67
L. J. Ch. 680 ; 79 L. T. 68 ; 47 W, R. 6; 62 J. P. 728).
2. But as was obser%'ed by Kay, J., in Gleadoxo v. Leetham (inf), in
all the three first named cases " the word * deduction ' was construed by
the word 'taxes' which was associated with it." It is difficult to under-
stand how that principle, or the case of Wall v. WaU (inf) can be recon-
ciled with Peareth v. MaiTnott, (sup) ; for the only mention of taxes in
Peareth v. Marriott was " Legacy Tax, " which is scarcely ejusdem generis
with Income Tax, and was moreover there used in reference not only to
the annuity but also to ordinary legacies; whilst in Wall v. Wally
'• Taxes " was the controlling word in the clause. With the exception,
however, of Peareth v. Marriott, the cases on this subject seem well to
branch out into the two classes laid down in Gleadow v. Leetham, When
Peareth v. Marriott went before the Court of Appeal on another point,
the determination of which precluded the necessity of deciding the point
now under discussion, at the end of his judgment Jessel, '^L K., threw
out a dictum from which it may be gathered that he considered the
words in the Will in that case did not exonerate from income tax (52
L. J. Ch. 221; 22 Ch. D. 182). Assuming that dictum to be correct,
Peareth y. Marriott would no longer form an exception, but would range
amongst the cases here grouped in Class 2.
In Wall V. Wall (15 Sim. 513; 16 L. J. Ch. 305) a gift of an annuity
to testator's widow " Clear of all taxes and deductions," was held not
exonerated from income tax, the maxim of the V. C. being " the thing
that is given is the thing that is to pay the tax."
So, too, of an annuity to testator's widow " free from legacy duty and
other deductions " (Sadler v. Rlckards, 4 K. & J. 302).
So, too, of an annuity " clear of every deduction," or " clear of legacy
duty and every other deduction whatsoever," or " without any deduction
for legacy duty or otherwise " (Letlibridf/e v. Thurlow, 15 Bea. 334 ; 21
L. J. Ch. 538).
So, too, of an annuity " payable without any deduction whatsoever "
(Ahadam v. Abadam, 33 Bea. 475; 33 L. J. Ch. 593; 12 W. R. 615).
So, too, of an annuity to testator's widow of a " clear yearly sum," " to
be paid free from all deductions and abatements whatsoever " (Gleadow v.
Leetham, 22 Ch. D. 269; 52 L. J. Ch. 102).
But an exception to the principle of the cases in Class 2 is where the
testfitor has used the word " deduction," or a similar expression^ with an
obvious meaning that it should include and exonerate an annuitant from
Income Tax, in which case the annuity would be exonerated (Turner v.
Mullineux, sup; whcv explained in Gleadow v. Leetham, sup: Vf, Ke
DEDUCTION 485 DEED
Buckle, 1894, 1 Ch. 286; 63 L. J. Ch. 330; 70 L. T. 115; 42 W. R.
229).
Legacy Duty is a Deduction (36 G. 3, c, 52, s. 6 : Barksdale v. Gilliat,
1 Swanst. 562: Smith v. Anderson, 4 Russ. 352 ; 6 L. J. 0. S. Ch. 105:
JX Stow V. Davmport, 5 B. & Ad. 359 : Be De Hoghton, 1896, 1 Ch.
855; 64 L. J. Ch. 590; 65 lb. 528), and so is a rateable part of Estate
Duty under s. 14 (1), Finance Act, 1894 {Be Farker-Jervis, 1898, 2 Ch.
643; 67 L. J. Ch. 682; 79 L. T. 403: Be Maryon- Wilson, 1900, 1 Ch.
665; 69 L. J. Ch. 310; 82 L. T. 171 ; 48 W. R. 338): but
Succession Duty is not. And therefore where a person covenanted to
pay, within twelve months after his death, £10,000 ** free from all deduc-
tions whatsoever," only that sum was payable, and the payees, if any one,
had to provide for the Succession Duty (Be Iliggins , 55 L. J. Ch. 235;
31 Ch. D. 142; 54 L. T. 199; 34 W. R. 81). V. Fbeb fbom Incum-
BUAMCES.
As to what expressions will exempt Legatees from payment of Legacy
Duty, Vfy Clear: n (p), 1 Jarm. 186, 187: Watson Eq. 1345, 1346.
A Joint UBB ** free from all Taxes and Deductions, except Property
Tax and Legacy or Succession Duty," exempts the Jointuress from an
apportionment of Estate Duty under s. 14, Finance Act, 1894, — the
phrase being an ** Express Provision " exonerating her within that sec-
tion, for it contains an exhaustive description of the taxes and deduc-
tions to which the jointure would be liable {Fitzhardinge v. Jenkinson,
80 L. T. 376) ; and the same conclusion was reached where a Settlement
(dated 1861) provided for a Jointure ** without any deduction whatsoever,
except in respect of Income Tax " (Be Parker-Jervis^ sup).
" Free from all Deductions whatsoever, except Land Tax," in an In-
closure Act, did not include Corn Rent (Mitchell v. Fordham, 6 B. & C.
274 : Sv, Cliatfield v. Buston, cited Outgoing).
What are allowable " Deductions " under s. 17, Coal Mines Regn Act,
1872, 35 & 36 V. c. 76; V. Bourne v. Netlierseal Co, 57 L.J. Q. B. 306;
20 Q. B. D. 606 ; 36 W. R. 405 ; 52 J. P. 453 ; affd 14 App. Ca. 228.
Reducing a Seaman's wages because he has been disrated for miscon-
duct, is not a " Deduction " within s. 171, Mer Shipping Act, 1854, repld
8. 132, Mer S. Act, 1894 {The Highland Chief, 1892, P. 76 ; 61 L. J.
P. D. & A. 61; 66L. T. 468).
Deductions from Wages, quk the Truck Acts ; V. Payment : Mate-
rials: Conteact to supply: Willis v. Thorp, cited Otheb: and
hereon. Truck Act, 1896, ss. 1, 2, 3.
F". Taxes: Outgoing: Legacy: Specific: Incumbrance.
DEED. — " *^ Deed,* factum. This word (deed) in the understand-
ing of the Common Law is an instrument written in parchment or paper,
whereunto ten things are necessarily incident, viz. First, writing.
Secondly, in parchment or paper. Thirdly, a person able to contract.
DEED 486 DEED
Pourthlj, by a sufficient name. Fifthly, a person able to be contracted
with. Sixthly, by a sufficient name. Seventhly, a thing to be con-
tracted for. Eighthly, apt words required by law. l^inthly, sealing.
And tenthly, Delivbr7. A deed cannot be written upon wood, leather,
cloath, or the like, but onely upon parchment or paper, for the writing
upon them can be least vitiated, altered, or corrupted" (Co. Litt. 35 b).
As to the 9th of the above requirements (Sealing) it would seem that wax
or a wafer must be used (FA, Nationcd Prov, Bank of England v. Jack-
son^ 33 Ch. D. 1); a mere circle enclosing the words "L. S." (place for
Seal) is insufficient {Re Balkls Co, 36 W. R. 392 ; 68 L. T. 300 ; 4 Times
Bep. 204). To a Deed Poll,, the 5th and 6th of the above requirements
would not be applicable ; indeed in Goddard^s Case (2 Bep. 5) it is laid
down that " there are but three things of the essence and substance of a
Deed, — (1) Writing, on paper or parchment, (2) Sealing, and (3) Deliv-
ery " (^Va Termes de la Ley, Fait). And so in old Pleading "Deed"
" implies the ensealing and delivery " {Maidwell v. Andrews^ 1 Leon. 310).
A Deed imports a Consideration; V. Broom's Maxims, 7 ed., 570.
A Contract is not essential to a Deed; and, therefore, a Power of
Attorney under Seal to transfer government stock is a " Deed ** within
2 G. 2, c. 25 {R, V. Lyon, 2 Russ. Cr. 745: R. v. Fauntleroij, 2 Bing. 413).
" Deed " " is clearly not confined to Contracts " (per Bovill, C. J., R. v.
Morton, L. R. 2 C. C. R. 27) ; but, observe, that in that case, and on
the same page of the report, Blackburn, J., said, ** The definition of a
Deed cited from Spelman seems to me the best," ue, ** Script am solemne
quo firmatur donum, cortcessio, pactum, contmctus, et hvjusmodi *' (Spelm.
Factum). At any rate, where the phrase is " any Deed, Bond, or Writ-
ing Obligatory," s. 20, Forgery Act, 1861, it does not include a Letter
of Orders under the seal of a Bishop, but is limited to something which
passes a pecuniary interest (aS^. G. L. R. 2 C. C. R. 22 ; 42 L. J. M. C.
58; 21 W. R. 629; 28 L. T. 452).
As to the difference between an Indenture and a Deed Poll, V. Co.
Litt. 229 a, Vth, 2 Bl. Cora. 295 : Wms. R. P. 125 : 8 & 9 V. c. 106, s. 5.
FA, 4 Cru. Dig. : 4 Encyc. 171-175. Cp, Instrument.
"Deed," in Scotch Conveyancing; Stat. Def., 8 & 9 V. c. 35, 8. 10;
21 & 22 V. c. 76, s. 36 ; 23 & 24 V. c. 143, s. 2 ; 31 & 32 V. c. 101,
S.3; 37 & 38 V. c. 94, s. 3.
" Deed or Conveyance," e.g. in a clause prescribing mode of transfer of
shares, is probably a synonym for the same thing, so that the transfer
would have to be effected by deed {HUfblewhite v. M^Morine, 6 M. &W.
200 ; 9 L. J. Ex. 217 : Socitte Generale de Paris v. Walker, 13 App. Ca.
20).
Deed " not otherwise charged " ; V. Clayton v. Biirtenshaw, 5 B. & C.
41 ; 7 D. & R. 800 : Wilsm v. Smith, 12 M. & W. 401 ; 13 L. J. Ex. 113.
** Deed or Writing,'* "Deed, or Note in Writing"; T. In Writing:
Instrument nar Writing.
DEED 487 DEEMED
" Deed of Arrangeikent " ; Stat. Def ., Deeds of Arrangement Act,
1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 67, 8. 4; 61 & 62 V. c. 61, s. 4; 63 & 54 V.
c. 24, 8. 4.
Cp Scheme.
** Deed of Entail"-, Scot. 31 & 32 V. c. 101, 8. 3.
"Deed of Settlement y** quk Comp (Mem of Assn) Act, 1890, "in-
cludes any Contract of Copartnery, or other instrument, constituting or
regulating the company, and not being an Act of Parliament, a Boyal
Charter, or Letters Patent " (s. 3). A Deed of Settlement constituting
a Co, though modified by Act of Parliament, remains an instrument " not
being an Act of Parliament " within that def (Re Reiwrswnary Interest
Socy, 1892, 1 Ch. 616; 61 L. J. Ch. 379; ^Q L. T. 460; 40 W. K
389).
Note, — A Dped or other Writing, except a Testament, speaks from
its Execution {V, From henceforth).
DEEMED.— V. DeBeauvoirv. Welch, 7 B. & C. 278.
Chairman's declaration of result of voting " shall be deemed " conclu-
sive, s. 61, Comp Act, 1862 ; F. Young v. S. African Coy cited Conclusive
Evidence.
When a thing is to be '' deemed " something else, it is to be treated as
that something else with the attendant consequences, but it is not that
something else (per Cave, J., R. v. Norfolk Co. Co., 60 L. J. Q. B. 380) ;
therefore, an Attornment, within s. 6, Bills of Sale Act, 1878, and which
thereby '' shall be deemed to be a Bill of Sale, " requires registration
to perfect its validity as though it were a Bill of S., but it is not a Bill of
S. and, therefore, need not be (indeed it could not be) In accordance
WITH THE FORM prescribed by s. 9, Bills of S. Act, 1882 ( Green v. Marsh,
1892, 2 Q. B. 330; 61 L. J. Q. B. 442; 66 L. T. 480; 40 W. K 449;
b^ J. P. 839).
" Deemed to be Liquidated Damages " ; Fl Lavrrence v. Willcocks, cited
Liquidated Damaoes.
" When a statute enacts that something should be * deemed ' to have
been dons which, in fact and truth, was not done, the Court is entitled and
bound to ascertain for what purposes and between what persons the statu-
tory fiction is to be resorted to " (per James, L. J., Ex p. Walton, 50
L. J. Ch. 662; 17 Ch. D. 756) ; and, therefore, where s. 23, Bankry Act,
1869, provided that on Disclaimer in bankry of an Onerous Lease it
should " be Deemed to have been surrendered," the meaning was that,
such " deemed surrender " was only operative as between the Lessor and
the Bankrupt and his estate, without prejudice to the Lessor's rights
against any other person under or by virtue of the Lease {S. C).
DEEMED TO BELONG V. jdgmt of Coleridge, C. J., Milnes
V. Huddersfield, 53 L. J. Q. B. 12; 12 Q. B. D. 443.
DEEMED 488 DEFAULT
DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN SURRENDERED S.23,BaDkrj
Act, 1869; V. Deemed: Hill v. U. & W. India Dock Co, 9 App. Ca.
448 ; 53 L. J. Ch. 842 ; 51 L. T. 163; 32 W. R. 925; 48 J. P. 788; RA,
Ee Cocky Ex p. Shilson, 20 Q. B. D. 346.
DEEMED TO PASS T. Passing.
DEFACE. — If a pab-driver's employer (or anyone else) writes on
the driver's License anything, whether true or false, other than the par-
ticulars required by s. 8, 6 & 7 V. c. 86, he " defaces " the license within
that section {HurreU v. EUis, 15 L. J. C. P. 18; 2 C. B. 295: Rogers v.
Macnamara, 23 L. J. C. P. 1; 14 C. B. 27: Norris v. Birch, 1895,
1 Q. B. 639; 64 L. J. M. C. 91 ; 72 L. T. 491 ; 43 W. R. 271; 11 Times
Rep. 172) ; and, if prejudicial and done by the employer, it is a " Matter
of Complaint " within s. 22 (Norris v. Birch, sup). *
DEFAMATION T. Libel: Slander.
Note. ' The jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Courts ii\ suits for Defa-
mation was taken away by Phillimosb's Act.
DEFAULT. — "Default is a French word, and defalta is legally
taken for non-appearance in Court " (Co. Litt. 259 b). Vf, Defabturk.
" I do not know a larger or looser word than * Default.' Abstracted
from other words, What does it mean ? In the expressions * Judgment
by Default,' and 'a Juror making Default,' we understand it differ-
ently. In its largest and most general sense it seems to mean, ' Fail-
ing ' " (per Eyre, C. J., Doe d. Dacre v. Dacre, 1 B. & P. 258, in
whc that large sense was adopted qu^ " In default of such Sons, " on
whv, Andrew v. Andrew^ inf).
" * Default ' would seem to embrace every failure by the defendant to
perform his contract unless prevented by superior force over which he
had no control, such as stress of weather " (per Fitzgerald, J., Caffarini
V. Walker^ 9 Ir. Rep. C. L. 437), or unless hindered by the plaintiff's
non-performance of some condition precedent (Randall v. Thorrty W. N.
, (78) 150), or unless there has been a waiver of performance, which waiver
(in the case of an obligation to pay money) may be by parol though the
obligation be under seal (Albert v. Grosvenor Investment Co, 37 L. J.
Q. B. 24; L. R. 3 Q. B. 123 ; 8 B. & S. 664; Svthc, Williams v. Stem,
cited Default in Payment. As to other cases, V. Littler v. Holland^
3 T. R. 590: Gwynne v. Davy, 1 Mac. & G. 857).
" Default, is a purely relative term, just like Negligence. It means
nothing more, nothing less, than not doing what is reasonable under the
circumstances; — not doing something which you ought to do, having
regard to the relations which you occupy towards the other persons in-
terested in the transaction " (per Bowen, L. J., Re Young and Harston,
31 Ch. D. 174 J 53 L. T. 837 ; 34 W. R. 84 ; 50 J. P. 245 ; approved by
DEFAULT 489 DEFAULT
Collins, L. J., Re Woods and Lewis, 1898, 2 Ch. 211; 67 L. J. Ch. 476).
There is, therefore, no " default " in a Vendor if delay in Completion
arises through an obscure blot on his Title (Be Woods arid Lewis, sup) ;
nor is there anj longer a " default," by a Trustee in Bankry (s. 102 (5),
Bankry Act, 1883) in paying money found due from him, if and when
the money is paid, even though it be paid for him by a third party (Ee
latum, Exp. Barker, 6 Times Kep. 574).
"Default by a Trustee," &c, s. 4 (3), Debtors Act, 1869; V. Fidu-
ciABY Capacity: Possession.
" Make default in performance " ; F. Doe d. Palk v. Marchetti, cited
Done.
V, Debt, Default, or Miscarriage : Wilful Default.
"Act, Default, Permission, or Sufferance"; V. Permission: By
whose.
Judgment " by Default," means, one obtained by non-resistance (per
Jervis, C. J., Prew v. Squire, 10 C. B. 915) ; therefore, a Jdgmt on De-
murrer was not by Default (Taylor v. Rolf, 5 Q. B. 337 ; 13 L. J. Q. B.
39: Frew v. Squire, 10 C. B. 912; 20 L. J. C. P. 175).
" Wrongful Act or Default^'' s. 242, Mer Shipping Act, 1854, does
not include a mere error in judgment {The Famenoth, 7 P. D.
207).
A Covenant by a mortgagor for Quiet Enjoyment ^^ after Default,"
means only that, before default, the mortgagee is to rest on his own title
as against strangers; and the Statute of Limitations runs as against the
mortgagee from the date of the mortgage (Doe d. Foylance v. Lightfoot,
11 L. J. Ex. 151; 8 M. & W. 553).
" A Covenant for Quiet Enjoyment against persons claiming ' hy or
through his Default,' would, it appears, be broken by an entry by par-
ties whose title he had it in his own power to bar ; — e,g. if he were tenant
in tail in possession, and the entry were made by remainderman (Cavan v.
Fulteney, 2 Ves. 544) ; — and such a covenant has been held to extend to
claims in respect of arrears of Quit Bent, although they accrued due be-
fore he acquired the estate ( V. Howes v. Brushfield, 3 East, 491) : the
decision, however, is disapproved by Ld St. Leonards (Sug. 602).
But the omission by the covenantor to acquire from other parties a
valid title, although he knew the defect, is not a 'Neglect or Default'
within the meaning of such a covenant (V. Woodhouse v. Jenkins,
9 Bing. 431; 2 Moore & S. 599 : Ireland v. Bircham, 2 Sc. 207 ; 2 Bing.
N. C. 90)." Dart, 885: Va, Elph. 488-490: 2 Piatt, 311: ^Neglect
or Default.
" Negligence and Default," in a Bill of Lading or Contract for Towage ;
V. Neglect or Default : Negligence.
"For," or "In," "Default of Issue," or " In Default of" objects of
preceding limitation; V, Doe d. Dacm v. Dacre, sup : Biddulph v. Lees,
28 L. J. Q. B. 211 ; E. B. & E. 289: Die without issue.
DEFAULT 490 DEFEASANCE
"The words 'in default of his having a Sok/ or words of preciselj
the same import, have been uniformly held to mean this, — That the es-
tates are not to go over so long as there is any Male Issue, and that the
estates are by Necessary Implication to go to the male issue in regular
course of hereditary descent so long as there should be any left. To
effectuate this purpose an Estate Tail is by Necessary Implication deemed
to be given to the person whose Issue are so to take " (per James, L. J.,
Andrew v. Andreie, 45 L. J. Ch. 234 ; 1 Cli. D. 417).
" No Default of Election, or Vacancy," in a Committee of Manage-
ment, to prevent continuing members from acting ; V, Lane v. Norman^
66 L. T. 83 ; 61 L. J. Ch. 149; 40 W. R. 268.
V. In Default: Making Default: Failure.
DEFAULT IN PAYMENT. — This phrase means, non-payment at
the due time and place ( Williams v. Stem, 49 L. J. Q. B. 663 ; 5 Q. B. D.
409 : Thorn v. City Rice Mills, 58 L. J. Ch. 297 ; 40 Ch. D. 357 : 5 Times
Rep. 172). r. Payment: Fiduciary Capacity: Solicitor.
DEFEASANCE. — " 'Defeasance,' Defeisaniia, is fetched from the
French word defaire, i.e. to defeat or undoe " (Co. Litt. 236 b), " A
Defeasance is a Condition relating to a deed, or to an obligation, recog-
nizance, statute, or the like, which being performed by the obligor, or
recognisor, the act is disabled and made void as if it had never been
done; which differeth from a Condition only in this, that this (a Condi-
tion) is always made at the same time and annexed to or inserted in the
same deed; but that (a Defeasance) is always made in a deed by itself,
and for the most part made after the deed whereunto it hath relation "
(Touch. 396: Vf, 2 Bl. Com. 327, 342: Termes de la Ley: 4 Cru. Dig.
89, 90, 96: Colthirst v. Bcjushin, Plowd. 33 a). "As I have always
understood, a 'Defeasance' is something which defeats the operation of
a deed or document. If it is contained in the same deed, it is called a
* Condition ' " (per Jessel, M. R., Re Storey, Ex p, Popplewell, 52
L. J. Ch. 42; 21 Ch. D. 73; cited with approval by Esher, M. R.,
Blaiberg v. BeckeU, 56 L. J. Q. B. 36; 18 Q.B.D. 96; 55 L. T. 876;
35 W. R. 34).
Head strictly, the extracts just given from the Touchstone and from
the jdgmt of Sir Geo. Jessel, would seem to show that a Defeasance dif-
fers only from a Condition in the mode and manner of its creation. But
that can hardly be so. A Defeasance defeats or puts an end to an in-
strument; a Condition restrains or qualifies it. And thus in the case
cited. Ex p. Popplewell, Lindley, L. J., said: "The agreement, — i.e. a
parol agreement not to register a Bill of Sale, — was obviously not a
Defeasance. Was it a Condition ? " A Defeasance therefore may, in
the language of the Touchstone, be said to be a Condition ; but it is a
Condition of a special sort, — drastic but narrow in its operation.
DEFEASANCE 491 DEFECT
A Policy deposited as a collateral security to a Bill of Sale, is not a
" Defeasance or Condition " requiring registration under s. 10 (3), Bills
of S. Act, 1878 {Carj)enter v. Deeriy 23 Q. B. D. 566).
" Defeasance," in the prescribed form of a Bill op Sale (s. 9, Bills of
S. Act, 1882), means, the putting an end to the security by realizing the
goods for the benefit of the mortgagee, — e.g. powers of lawful seizure
and sale and reasonable appropriation of the proceeds (Consolidated
Credit Corp v. GosTiej/, 55 L. J. Q. B. 61; 16 Q. B. D. 24: Lumleyv.
Simvwns, 55 L. J. Ch. 759 ; 34 W. R. 759). It " is not strictly a Defeas-
ance, because the stipulation is in the same deed; it means a Condition
in the nature of a Defeasance " (per Esher, M. R., Blaiberg v. Beckett^
sup, whv). But a security is not defeated by payment of the debt;
and, therefore, an agreement to exhaust all other remedies before enforc-
ing a Bill of S. is not a " Defeasance " (Heseltine v. Simmons^ 1892,
2 Q. B. 547; 62 L. J. Q. B. 5; 67 L. T. 611; 41 W. B. 67). Cp Main-
TENANCE, at end.
The Touchstone, in the passage already cited, says that a Defeasance
" is always made in a Deed by itself." But it would seem that a De-
feasance may be made without a deed. The Defeasance endorsed on a
Warrant of Attorney to enter up judgment was geneniUy under hand
only (Chitty's Forms, 9 ed., 490). But it would seem that there cannot
be a Defeasance without a separate document (per Esher, M. li., Blaiberg
V. Beckett, sup). And so in Ex p. Popplewell (sup), the Master of the
Rolls said : " The agreement in question was a parol agreement. It can-
not therefore be a Defeasance." But a Condition may be by parol (Ex p.
Southam, 43 L. J. Bank. 39 ; L. R. 17 Eq. 578).
Estate in " Defeasance of " an Estate Tail, s. 15, Fines and Re-
coveries Act, 1833; V. Milbank v. Vane, 1893, 3 Ch. 79; 62 L. J. Ch.
629; 68 L. T. 735.
V. Condition : Forfeit dre.
DEFEAT. — Intent to defeat or delay Creditors ; V. Intent : Morris
V. Cook's Estate, 1895, A. C. 625; 64 L. J. P. C. 136: Vaizey, ch. 21,
8. 4 : Wms. Bank. 19.
DEFECT. — " * Defect,' means a lack or absence of something essen-
tial to completeness " (per Bruce, J., Tate v. Latham, 66 L. J. Q. B.
351).
" Defects in an Estate may be either —
a. Patent, — that is, such as may be discovered by ordinary vigi-
lance on the part of a purchaser; e.g. the existence of an open
footpath over the property (Bowles v. Bound, 5 Ves. 508), or
the ruinous state of buildings ( Grant v. Munt, Cooper, G. 177 :
Keates v. Cadogan, 10 C. B. 591; 20 L. J. C. P. 76; 16
L. T. 0. S. 367) ; or,
DEFECT 492 DEFECT
b. Latent, — that is, such as the greatest attention (Sug. 333) would
not enable him to discover; e,g, the existence of defects in a
ship's bottom when sold afloat ( V. Mdllah v. Mottetix^ Peake,
156)." Dart, 101, 102.
Unfitness or inadequacy for the purpose for which it is used, is a
* Defect in the Condition " of Machinery within s. 1, Employers' Lia-
bility Act, 1880, 43 & 44 V. c. 42, though the machinery may be, in itself,
perfect {Heske v. Samuelson, 63 L. J. Q. B. 45 ; 12 Q. B. D. 30 ; 49 L. T.
474), e.g, if, being dangerous, it is unguarded (Morgan v. HutchinSy 59
L. J. Q. B. 197; 6 Times Rep. 219 : Tate v. Latliatn, 1897, 1 Q. B. 502;
66 L. J. Q. B. 349; 76 L. T. 336; 45 W. R. 400). So is an unsound
combination of sound Plant (Cripps v, Judge^ 51 L. T. 182; 33 W. R.
35; 53 L. J. Q. B. 517; 13 Q. B. D. 583: WMin v. Ballard, 55 L. J.
Q. B. 395; 17 Q. B. D. 122; 54 L. T. 532; 34 VV. R. 455; 50 J. P. 597),
or a negligent system or mode of using, or want of proper safeguards in
using, sound machinery (Smith v. Baker, 1891, A. C. 325; 60 L. J.
Q. B. 683; 40 W. R. 392; 65 L. T. 467; 55 J. P. 660: Stanton v.
Scrutton, 62 L. J. Q. B. 405). But not a mere temporary obstruction,
e,g. a substance negligently placed on a roadway (McGiffen v. Palmer's
Ship Building Co, 52 L. J. Q. B. 25 ; 10 Q. B. D. 5 : Thomas v. Quar-
termaine, 55 L. J. Q. B. 439; 17 Q. B. D. 414; 55 L. T. 360 ; 34 W. R.
741: Pegram v. Dixon, 55 L. J. Q. B. 447); nor mere dangerousness
when not used with ordinary care ( Walsh v. Whitelegy 57 L. J. Q. B.
586; 21 Q. B. D. 371; 36 W. R. 876), nor dangerousness caused
by the unauthorised and unknown removal of a sufficient protec-
tion, such as a removable trap-door or cover (Penton v. Cosh, Times,
4th Feb 1891), or the removal of such a protection in and for carry-
ing on the business (Willetts v. Watts, 1892, 2 Q. B. 92; 61 L.
J. Q. B. 540; 66 L. T. 818; 40 W. R. 497-; 56 J. P. 772: suthe,
Tate V. Latham, sup) ; nor insufficient packing of goods on a trolly
(Corcoran v. East Surrey Ironworks Co, 58 L. J. Q. B. 145). Vh^
Ways: Works.
The omission of the date of an accident from Notice of injury under
the Employers' Liability Act, 1880, is a " defect or inaccura^g " within
s. 7 (Carter v. Drysdale, 53 L. J. Q. B. 557; 12 Q. B. D. 91; 32 W. R.
171), so also is the omission to state the cause of the injury if such omis-
sion be not misleading (Stone v. Hyde, 51 L. J. Q. B. 452; 9 Q. B. D.
76).
As to construction of a Go's Article validating acts of Directors not-
withstanding " defect ''' in their Appointment; V, Dawson v. African,
Sec Co, 1898, 1 Ch. 6; 67 L. J. Ch. 47; 77 L. T. 392; 46 W. R.
132.
"Defects latent on beginning of Voyage, or otherwise"; F. Wai-
kato V. New Zealand Shipping Co, cited Otherwise.
Latent Defect in an Exception limiting warranty that a Ship is Sea-
DEFECT 493 DEFENDER
worthy; r. The Cargo ex Laertes, 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 108; 12 P. D.
187; 57 L. T. 602; 36 W. R. 111.
" Defect in Substance " ; V. Substance.
V, Formal: Faults: Holder in due course.
DEFEtiCEn — " * Defence' commeth of the word defendo'' (Co. Litt.
127 b); and as applied to a Pleading it does not mean a "Justifica-
tion," which is the ordinary signification, but a " denial " (3 VA. Com.
29G, cited in Hargrave's note to Co. Litt. 127 b). Vf, R. x. Rhodes,
cited Stage.
"Any Defence," s. 1, 31 & 32 V. c. 86; V. Fellas v. Neptune Mar.
Insrce, 48 L. J. C. P. 370; 5 C. P. D. 34.
" Last Defence "; V. Last.
" Statutory Defence"; V. Statutory.
" The Defence Acts, 1842 to 1873 "; F. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
DEFEND. — "* Defend,' signifies, in our ancient laws and statutes,
as much as to forbid and prohibit" (Cowel). V. Sue.
DEFENDANT. —Notwithstanding that s. 100, Jud. Act, 1873, enacts
that " Defendant," includes a person " served with notice of, or entitled
to attend, any Proceedings," — the word does not include a person
merely brought in as a Third-Party {Eden v. Weardale Co, 64 L. J. Ch.
384 ; 28 Ch. D. 333 ; 33 W. R. 241 : Street v. Gover, 46 L. J. Q. B. 682;
2 Q. B. D. 498). But when the Third-Party has been treated as an
" Opposite Party " and has been ordered, at plaintiffs instance, to answer
Interrogatories, he becomes a Defendant and entitled to an Order to
interrogate the PlaintiEf under R. 1, Ord. 31 {Eden v. Weardale Co,
36 Ch. D. 287) : T. Opposite Party.
Other Stat. Defs., generally, define " Defendant,** as a person against
whom Proceedings are instituted, or directed, F". 6 & 7 W. 4, c. 106,
s. 44; 26 & 27 V. c. 119, s. 3; 45 & 46 V. c. 31, s. 2.
Qu^ Scotland, the def is, Defender or Respondent, V, 38 & 39 V.
c. 17, s. 109, c. 63, s. 33 ; 41 & 42 V. c. 16, s. 106, c. 49, s. 74, c. 74,
s. 74; 46 & 46 V. c. 49, s. 62; 63 & 64 V. c. 21, s. 39 ; or, more fully,
qua Sale of Goods Act, 1893 (s. 62), " Defender, Respondent, and Claim-
ant in a Multiplepoinding," or, in criminal matters, "Panel, Respond-
ent, or person charged," 57 & 58 V. c. 27, s. 21, c. 41, s. 26.
Qui Jud. Act (Ir) 1877, " Defendant " includes " every person served
with any Writ of Summons or Process, or served with notice of, or
entitled to attend, any Proceedings " (s. 3); qui 27 & 28 V. c. 99, " De-
fendant," means, " also the person or party whose body, goods, or chattels,
may be liable to be taken under any decree, dismiss, renewal, or order,
of the Civil Bill Courts " (s. 3).
DEFENDER. — Is the Scotch equivalent for Defendant, and, gen-
erally, includes a Respondent; V. 13 & 14 Y. c. 36; s. 63; 31 & 32 V-
DEFENDER 494 DEFINITIVE
c. 100, B. 2. Quk Citation Amendment (Scot) Act, 34 & 35 V. c. 42,
the word " means and includes, the person or persons named in, and
called upon to answer, any summons, complaint, decree, and warrant, or
other order or writ or proceeding, in the Small Deht Courts " (s. 5).
DEFICIENCY As used in s. 133, Lands C. C. Act, 1845; F.
Works.
DEFINED BOUNDARY. — r. R. v. Nortlwivram, cited Place.
DEFINED CHANNEL. — Suhterranean waters can only be the sub-
ject of riparian rights when flowing in Defined and Elnown Channels.
** Defined, " means a contracted and bounded channel, although the course
of the stream may be undefined by human knowledge. " Known " means
the Knowledge, by reasonable inference, from existing and observed facts
in the natural or pre-existing condition of the surface of the ground.
" Known " in this rule of law is not synonymous with " Visible," nor is
it restricted to knowledge derived from exposure of the channel by exca-
vation {Black V. Ballymena Commrs^ 17 L. R. Ir. 459).
F/^, As to Subterranean Waters, Acton v. Blundell, 12 M. & W. 324;
13 L. J. Ex. 289: Chasemore v. Richards, 29 L. J. Ex. 81 ; 7 H. L.
Ca. 349, 389: Bradford v. Pickles, cited Illegally.
DEFINITE. — " Definite and Certain Principal Sum," " definite and
Certain amount of Stock " ; V. Settlement. Cp, Cektain : Sum
Certain.
" Definite and Certain Sum of Money," qui ad vol. Stamp on Mtge,
means, moneys numbered; it has no relation to certainty or uncertainty
of obligation. Therefore, a security to pay £100 if something happens,
is for the " definite and certain " sum of £100, though it is only payable
on a contingency {Mortiinore v. Inl, Rev,j 2 H. & C. 838; 33 L. J. Ex.
263 ; 10 L. T. ^bb) ; so, a security to pay £100 if something happens
or £200 if something else happens, is one for £200 {Maxwell v. Inl, Rev,,
4 Kettie, 1121); so, of a security indemnifying a surety, though he
may never be called upon to pay ( Canning v. Raper, 22 L. J. Q. B.
87; 1 E. & B. 164). But none of the following are included in the
phrase, — Interest {Barkers. Smark, 10 L. J.Ex.200; 7M. &W.690);
Expenses, not even though for the purpose of obtaining a renewal of a
lease {Doe d. Scrutton v. Snaith, 8 Bing. 146: Wroughton v. Turtle,, 13
L. J. Ex. 67 ; 11 M. & W. 661); Costs {Lysaght v. Warren, 10 Ir. L. R.
269); Banker's Commission {Frith v. Rotherham, 15 L. J. Ex. 133);
Policy Premiums {Lawrence v. Boston, 21 L. J. Ex. 49; 7 Ex. 28).
DEFINITION. — r. Mean.
DEFI N ITI VE. — " Definitive Publication " of an Order of the Charity
Commrs, s. 8, 23 & 24 V. c. 136 ; V. Exp. Nicholls, 34 L. J. Ch. 169.
" Definitive Sentence "; V. Esnoufy. AG. Jersey, 62 L. J. P. C. 26 ;
8 App. Ca. 304.
DEFORCEMENT 495 DEL CREDERE
DEFORCEMENT. — " 'By wrong him deforces,' Deforciare is a
Word of Art, and cannot be expressed by any other word; for it signifieth,
to withhold lands or tenements from the right owner" (Co. Litt. 331 b;
Ta, lb. 277 b: Jacob: 3 Bl. Com. 172). ^Deforceob. Cp, Disseisin:
Intbusion.
DEFORCEOR. — "Is hee that overcommeth and casteth out with
force; and he differeth from a Disseisor, first, in this, that a man may
disseise another without force, which act is called simple Disseisin,
Britton, cap. 53; — then because a man may deforce another that never
was in possession, as if many have right to lands as common heires and
one keepeth them out, the law saith, that he deforceth them, although
that he never disseised them. . . . And a Deforceor dififereth from an
Intrudor, because that a deforceor keeps out the right heire as aforesaid,
and a man is made an intrudor by a wrongfull entrie onely in lands or
tenements void of a possessor " (Termes de la Ley). Vf Deforcement.
DEFRAUD. — F. Intent.
DEGRADE. — r. Disgbade.
DEGREE.— Qu^ Customs, "Degree" of Proof Spirit, •'does not
include a fraction of the next higher Degree " (62 & 63 V. c. 9, s. 2,
c. 39, 8. 1).
DE JURE. — De jure,- De facto; V. A-O. v. Ewelme Hosp.y 17
Bea. 388, 389; 22 L. J. Ch. 854, 855.
DEL CREDERE. — "A Del Credere Agent, like any other Agent,
is to sell according to the instructions of his Principal, and to make
such contracts as he is authorised to make for his Principal ; and he is
distinguished from other agents simply in this, — That he guarantees
that those persons to whom he sells shall perform the contracts which he
makes with them; and, therefore, if he sells at the price at which he is
authorised by his Principal to sell, and upon the credit which he is au-
thorized by his Principal to give, and the customer pays him according
to his contract, then, no doubt, he is bound, like any other agent, as
soon as he receives the money, to hand it over to the Principal " (per
Hellish, L. J., Exp, White, Re Nevill, 6 Ch. 403 ; 40 L. J. Bank. 73;
24 L. T. 45; 19 W. R. 488). Notwithstanding the decision of Mans-
field, C. J., in Grove v. Dubois (1 T. R. 112), and what, on that author-
ity, was said in Houghton v. Matthews (3 B. & P. 489), it is now settled
that a Del Credere Agent is not responsible to his Principal for the cus-
tomers tfi the first instance] his special liability only imports, that if
the customer does not pay he (the agent) will (Hornby v. Lacy^ 6 M. & S.
166: Morris Y. Cleasby, 4 lb. 574, 575: BramweU v. SpUler, 21 L. T.
672, espy jdgmt of Smith, J.). This last case shows that the Agent
DEL CREDERE 496 DELINEATED
cannot, in his own name, sue the customer, merely because he has as-
sumed special liability to his principal.
FA, Add. C. 869: Leake, 441 : 4 Encyc. 200.
DELAY. —Intent to defeat or delay Creditors ; V. Defeat,
"Prosecute without delay "; V. Prosecute.
Where a Shareholder has a right to have a Transfer of his Shares
registered " teithout Delay, " he cannot call for such registration if there
be an unpaid Call on the Shares disentitling him to transfer (Be Fhcenix
Insrce, 7 W. R. 440).
V. Ukreasonable Delay : Wilful Delay.
DELAY IN TRANSIT. — A delay by a carrier in not starting
goods on their destination, is a " delay in transit" {Brown y, Matichester
S. & L. Ry, 51 L. J. Q. B. 699 ; 63 lb. 124; 9 Q. B. D. 230; 8 App.
Ca. 703 : FA, Sheridan v. Mid. G. W. Ry, 24 L. K Ir. 146). Cp
Owner's Risk.
DELEGATE. — To " delegate " to another, is not to denude yourself.
"In my opinion the word, in its general sense and as generally used,
does not imply, or point to, a giving up of authority, but rather the
conferring of authority upon some one else " (per Wills, J., Huth v.
Clarke^ 69 L. J. M. C. 120; 25 Q. B. D. 391, referring also to the use of
the word in s. 201, P. H. Act, 1876).
DELEGATION. — F. Subrogatjon.
DELF. — " *Delfe,' is a Quarry or Mine where Stone or Coal is
digged " (Cowel) ; but Cowel adds that, " Camden mentions a Charter of
Edw. 4 wherein mention is made of a Mine or Delfe of Copper."
" The word * Delfs ' probably means open pits or diggings " (A-G.
Isle of Man v. Mylchreest, 48 L. J. P. C. 44; 4 App. Ca. 308).
V. Ordelf.
DELINEATED.^ In Dowling v. Pontypool Ry (43 L. J. Ch. 761;
L. R. 18 Eq. 714) the words " lands delineated upon the Deposited Plans,"
in the usual clause for compulsory acquirement of land, were considered
at great length; and it was held that they were not limited to lands
surrounded by lines on every side, but included lands so sketched, repre-
sented, or shown, that the owners would have notice that their property
might be taken: Vthc, approved Finch y, Lond, & S. W, Ry^ 69 L. J. Ch.
458; 44Ch. D. 330. But the interpretation of "delineated" given by
Hall, V. C, in Dowling v. Pontypool Ry was " as wide as it could possibly
bear " (per Fry, L. J., Protheroe v. ToUenham Ry, 1891, 3 Ch. 290), in
whlc it was held that when a Co seek to obtain power to acquire a lim-
ited portion only of land not broken up into closes, they must clearlj
" delineate,'* i,e, show on their plans, the portion they mean to acquire.
DELIVER 497 DELIVERED
DELIVER.— F.Deliveey: Carry Out: Set up.
"An Award may be * delivered ' without being in writing" (Blundell
V. Brettarghj 17 Ves. 240) ; " for a man is said to deliver a message as
well as a letter, and there is an oral, as well as a manual, tradition "
{Gates V. Bromil, 1 Salk. 75 j 6 Mod. 160). In the latter case the words
were, so that the Award should be " made and ready to be delivered to
the parties," and yet (herein following Cocks v. Macclefield, Dyer, 218,
pi. 5) the Court held that the Award might be by paroL Cp Served.
Vh Eussell on Arb., 7 ed., 248.
" Deliver Notice unto " a person ; F. Served.
" Send out, deliver," &c Spirits; V. Send.
When a passenger has to " deliver up " his ticket on demand, or pay
his fare, he is not released from that duty by having inadvertently torn
up his ticket {Hanks v. Bridgmany 1896, 1 Q. B. 253; ^b L. J. M. C.
41; 74 L. T.26).
DELIVERABLE STATE — Qui Sale of Goods Act, 1893, "Goods
are in a * Deliverable State,' when they are in such a state that the
Buyer would, under the contract, be bound to take Delivery of them "
(subs. 4, s. 62).
DELIVERANCE. — Qui Scotch Bankry Acts, "Deliverance," in-
cludes " any Order, Warrant, Jdgmt, Decision, Interlocutor, or Decree "
(19 & 20 V. c. 79, s. 4).
DELIVERED. — Freight, on goods, e.g. cotton, at so much per cubic
feet " delivered," is to be calculated on the measurement of the goods as
put on board, and not when unloaded {Gibson v. Sturge, 10 Ex. 622; 24
L. J. Ex. 121: Buckle v. Knoop, 36 L. J. Ex. 223; L. R. 2 Ex. 333);
semble, otherwise where the phrase is " Net Weight delivered " {Coult*
hurst V. Sweet, L. R. 1 C. P. 649).
" Whenever a Statement of Claim is delivered," R. 4, Ord. 20, R. S. C,
— that means, where Statement of Claim is act ualli/ deliveredy as dis-
tinguished from being filed under R. 10, Ord. 19 (per North, J., Gee v.
Belt, 36 Ch. D. 160; 66 L. J. Ch. 718; 56 L. T. 306; 36 W. R. 806:
Kingdon v. Kirk, 37 Ch. D. 141 : 67 L. J. Ch. 328; 5S L. T. 383; 36
W. k430: FAAnn. Pr.). F. Alter.
DELIVERED IN EXECUTION Land is '< actually delivered in
execution," within s. 1, 27 & 28 V. c. 112, as soon as a sheriff under an
elegit delivers it to the execution creditor {Re Hobson, 65 L. J. Ch. 764;
33 Ch. D. 493; 55 L. T. 256; 34 W. R. 786: Vf, Champneys v. Btir^
landj 19 W. R. 148; 23 L. T. 684), or as soon as a Receiver is appointed
{Hatton V. Haywood, 43 L. J. Ch. 372; 9 Ch. 229; 30 L. T. 279; 22
W. R. 356: Anglo-Italian Bank v. Da vies, 47 L. J. Ch. 833; 9 Ch. D.
276; 27 W. R. 3; 39 L. T. 244: Ex p. Evans, Be Watkins, 49 L. J.
82
DELIVERED 498 DELIVERY
Bank. 7; 13 Ch. D. 262; 41 L. T. 566; 28 W. R. 127: Re Pope, 55
L. J. Q. B. 622; 17 Q. B. D. 743; bb L. T. 369; 34 W. R. 654, 693), or
a Sequestrator is in the receipt of the rents and profits {Re Rush, 39
L. J. Ch. 759; L. R. 10 Eq. 442). V. Seizube.
A Reyebsion, or Remaindeb, though legal, cannot be " delivered in
exon " so as to authorise an Order for Sale {Re Harrison and Bottondeyj
1899, 1 Ch. 465; 68 L. J. Ch. 208; 80 L. T. 29; 47 W. R. 307).
An Equitable Leasehold Interest cannot be "actually delivered in
exon " {Re Newcastle, L. R. 8 Eq. 700).
A Judgment entered up under s. 13, 1 & 2 V. c. 110, creates no Charge
on land until the land has been " actually delivered in exon *' {Hoodr-
Barrs v. Cathcart, 1895, 2 Ch. 411; 64 L. J. Ch. 461; 43 W. R. 686).
Vh, Dan. Ch. Pr. 745 : Fisher, 486.
DELIVERY. — The "Delivery" of an Abstbact of Title does not
need, to make it complete, any o£Per of the deeds for examination. ^ An
abstract is delivered whenever a number of sheets of paper (call it what
you will) is delivered to the purchaser, which contains, with sufficient
clearness and sufficient fulness, the effect of every instrument which
constitutes part of the title of the vendor " (per Kindersley, V. C^ Oak-
den V. Pike, 34 L. J. Ch. 622; 13 W. R. 673).
Delivery of a Bill op Exchange; V. s. 21, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882,
and (of a Note) ss. 84, 89, lb. Speaking generally, " Delivery," of a
Bill or Note, " means transfer of possession, actual or constructive, from
one person to another " (s. 2, lb.).
Fraudulent "Conveyance, Gift, Delivery, or Transfer"; V. Convey-
ance.
" As a Deed may be delivered to the partie without words, so may a
Deed be delivered by words without any act of deliverie, — as if the
writing sealed lyeth upon the table and the Feoffor or Obligor saith to the
Feoffee or Obligee * Goe and take up the said writing, it is sufficient for
you,' or * it will serve the turne,' or, * Take it as my Deed,' or the like
words, — it is a sufficient delivery" (Co. Litt. 36a; Vth, Hargrave's
note : Touch. 58, 59). " The mere affixing the seal does not render the
document a Deed; but as soon as there are acts or words sufficient to
show that it is intended by the party to be executed as his deed presently
binding on him, it is sufficient. The most apt and expressive mode of
indicating such an intention is to hand it over, saying, < I deliver this
as my Deed ' ; but any other words, or acts, that sufficiently show that it
was intended to be finally executed will do as well " (per Blackburn, J.,
Xenos V. Wickham, L. E. 2 H. L. 312; 36 L. J. C. P. 313; 16 L. T.
800; 16 W. R. 38). Note : As to what is a good Delivery of a Deed,
or evidence of it, Vf, Doe d. Gamons v. Knight, 5 B. & C. 671 : Hud-
son V. Revett, 7 L. J. 0. S. C. P. 145; 5 Bing. 368: Tupper v. Foulkes,
30 L. J. C. P. 214; 9 C. B. N. S. 809: R. v. Longnor, 2 L. J. M. C.
DELIVERY 499 DELIVERY
62; 4 B. & Ad. 647 : — On the contrary, V. Grendit v. Baker, Yelv. 7:
Powell V. Land, & Prov, Bank, 37 S. J. 476. In Goodright v. Strn-
phan (Cowp. 201), mere acknowledgment of the rights of the parties
under the deed was held sufficient.
Delivery of a Deed as an Escrow^ is where a Deed is delivered on a
Condition ; if the Condition is performed, the Deed becomes absolute ;
but until then it is an Escrow, ue. in suspense ( Waikiiis t. Na^hy 44
L. J. Ch. 605; L. R. 20 Eq. 262, and cases there cited). Vf, Touch. 58,
59: Co. Litt. 36a: 4 Cru. Dig. 29-31: per St. Leonards, C, Nash v.
Fbjn, 1 J. & La T. 175: per Williams, J., Kidner v. Keith, 15 C. B.
N. S. 43: Whelan y. Palmer, 39 Ch. D. 655, 656; 57 L. J. Ch. 787:
London Freeltold Co v. Suffield, 1897, 2 Ch. 621; 66 L. J. Ch. 790;
77 L. T. 445; 46 W. R. 102.
Deposit of Shares ** in Escrow " ; V. Spitzel v. Chinese Corp, 80 L. T.
349, 35L
Delivery of Goods to a tradesman so as to bo exempt from Distress;
V. Clarke v. MilwaU Dock Co, 55 L. J. Q. B. 378; 17 Q. B. D. 494;
54 L. T. 814; 34 W. R. 698: and as to what is " Delivery " of goods on a
Contract for Sale, V. Add. C. 522-525: Rose. N. P. 547-564: what to
perfect a gift, V. Gift.
Qak Sale of Goods, the rule, — ever since the elaborate jdgmt of
Parke, J., in Dixon v. Yates (5 B. & Ad. 339) — is " that the delivery
of a part may be a delivery of the whole if it is so intended; but that it
is not such a delivery unless it is so intended, and I rather think that
the onus is upon those who say it was so intended " (per Ld Blackburn,
Kemp V. Falky 7 App. Ca. 586; 52 L. J. Ch. 174). V. Acceptance.
Qu4 Sale of Goods Act, 1893, " * Delivery,' means, voluntary transfer
of possession from one person to another " (subs. 1, s. 62).
" Delivery or Transfer ... of Goods or Documents of Title," s. 25 (1),
Sale of Goods Act, 1893, connotes an actual, physical, transfer, as dis-
tinguished from a mere continuance in possession (Nicholson v. Harper,
1895, 2 Ch. 415; 64 L. J. Ch. 672; 73 L. T. 19; 43 W. R. 550). So,
of the same expression in s. 9, Factors Act, 1889 (Kitto v. Bilbie, 72
L. T. 266; 11 Times Rep. 214; on which latter section, Vf, Shenstone v.
Hilton, cited Buy : Hull Ropes Co v. Adams, T6 L. T. 446; 44 W. R.
108; 65 L. J. Q. B. 114).
Delivery of Lands; V, Livery.
" Delivery Okder," qu^ Stamp Act, 1891; V. s. 69.
'' Delivery which is essential to a Pledge may be effected without a
physical change of possession " (per Eekewich, J., Grigg v. National
Guardian Co, 1891, 3 Ch. 206; 61 L. J. Ch. 13, citing MiUs v. Charles^
woHh, 59 L. J. Q. B. 530; 25 Q. B. D 421; revd in H. L. nom. Charles-
worth V. MilU, 1892, A. C. 231; 61 L. J. Q. B. 830, without affecting
this point). J/ Actual.
" Personal Delivery " of Voting Papers; V. Pebsoxal Delivery.
DELIVERY 500 DEMAND
" The Placb of Delivery " of Milk, s. 3, 42 & 43 V. c. 30, is where
the seller delivers, or has agreed to deliver, it, even though it be sent
from a distance and the purchaser has agreed to pay all the carriage
(Filshie v. Evington, 1892, 2 Q. B. 200; 66 L. T. 199; 40 W. R. 380;
66 J. P. 312; 8 Times Rep. 306).
T>elivery of a Will, means the same as Publication; and consists
in executing it in the presence of two witnesses, and declaring it to be
your Will. That is sufficient for the execution (by Will) of a Power
requiring an instrument ^delivered'" (per Romilly, M. R.. Smith v.
Adkins, 41 L. J. Ch. 628; L. R. 14 Eq. 402: Va, Mason v. Uetfwoad^
7 L. J. Ch. 145: Curteis y. Kenrick, 7 L. J. Ex. 169; 3 M. & W. 461 :
Mackinley v. Sison, 8 Sim. 568) . V. Signed, Sealed, and Dsliyk&ed.
V, Deliver.
DEMAND. — "If a man release to another all tnaner of demands,
this is the best release to him to whom the release is made, that he can
have" (Litt. s. 508; Vth^ Termes de la Ley, Demaund).
" • Demandy Demandum, is a Word of Art, and in the understanding
of the Common Law is of so large an extent, as no other one word in the
law is, unlesse it be clameum, whereof Littleton maketb mention, Sect.
445 " (Co. Litt. 291 b). But in Parkins v. Hinde (Cro. Elia. 161), it
was held that a lease by a parson at a rent to include ** all Exactions
and Demands" did not preclude the lessor from recovering his tithes;
and the Court said, " that the words shall discharge the lessee of all
rents and services, but not of suit at court, or such things as are not
then in demand." Vf, Stiles v. Miller, Owen, 39; 1 Leon. 300: Jacob.
Mere delivery of a Solicitor's Bill is a sufficient " Demand," entitling
him to Interest thereon under R. 7, Solrs Rem Ord {Blair v. Cordner, 56
L. J. Q. B. 642; 19 Q. B. D. 516); but it must be to the "Person
Liable," which a person who has merely the conduct of an action for
the Administration of the client's estate is not, — the ** Person Liable *'
to pay a deceased client's Bill of Coats is his Personal Representative
(Re McMurdo, 1897, 1 Ch. 119; 66 L. J. Ch. 67; 75 L. T. 576; 45 W. R
244).
A Demand *' In Writino " for a Sum Certain, under the latter part
of 8. 28, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 42 (or, sembfe, under R. 20, Sch 2, Bankry Act,
1883), need not be in any particular form, or specify the exact sum due,
so long as it contains a distinct demand of payment (Mowatt v. Londes-^
borough, 4 E. & B. 1; 23 L. J. Q. B. 38, 177 : GeaJce v. Ross, 44 L. J.
C. P. 315: semblej thlc over-rules hereon HUIy, South Staffordshire Ry^
43 L. J. Ch. 556; L. R 8 Eq. 154, although approved by Jessel, M. R.,
Ward V. Eyrey 49 L. J. Ch. 659). But a general notice on an Invoice of
goods that interest on the price will be charged after a stated period, is
not a " Demand " within the section ( Williams y. Trench^ 61 L. J. Ch. 22 :
F/, L, C, & D. Ry v. S. E. Ry, 1893, A. C. 429; 63 L, J. Ch. 93; 69
DEMAND 501 DEMESNE
L. T. 637: Tautz v. Archdale, 11 Times Kep. 452: Instrument). A
claim for interest which is made for the first time on a Writ, is not such
a Demand (Bhymn&y Ry t. Rhymney Iron COf 59 L. J. Q. B. 414; 25
Q. B. D. 146). Vf CUBRKNT.
V. Claim: Debt, Claim, or Demand: Incumbrance: On De-
mand; Take or Demand.
A " Demand " of Money, &c, within the Black Act (and, semble^
within the Acts replacing it, e.(/. s. 45, 24 & 25 V. c. 96), " must he
something more than asking: it is a requisition in the shape of forcing "
(per Eyre, C. J., R. v. Robinsofiy East P. C. 1114), or, as one of the other
judges in that case said, ** Holding out a threat at the same time to
enforce it," or, as was held in R. v. WcUton (32 L. J. M. C. 79), some-
thing to unsettle the mind, and take away the free will of the demandee.
But, semble, if money is demanded which the demander knows the de-
mandee does not possess, there is no such criminal " Demand " (R, v.
Edwards, 6 C. & P. 515).
^ Demand '* of Bent, in a Be-Entry Clause in a Lease, or of Bates ;
V. Lawfully demanded.
DEMERIT. — A power to punish according to a person's " Demerit,**
imports only that he shall he punished in the ordinary course of justice^
by Indictment (4 Inst. 171 : Dwar. 673).
DEMESNE. — '' 'Demains, according to the common speech, are the
Lord's chief Manor place with the lands thereto belonging; teme
dominioalesy which he and his ancestors have from time to time kept
in their own manual occupation for the maintenance of themselves and
their families ; and all the parts of a Manor, except what is in the hands
of freeholders, are said to be demains. Copyhold lands have been ac-
counted demains, because they that are the tenants hereof are judged in
law to have no other estate but at the will of the lord; so that it is still
reputed to be, in a manner, in the lord's hands ; but this word is often-
times used for a distinction between those lands that the lord of the
manor hath in his own hands, or in the hands of his lessees demised at a
rack-rent, and such other land appertaining to the Manor which belong-
eth to free or copyholders; Bract, lib. 4, tract. 3, c. 9 : Fleta, lib. 5, c. 5 '
(Jacob, where it is said to be derived from dominium, and not, as some
have supposed, from de manu. Cp the Eng., *in hand,' and Lat. in
manu as used in the Civil Law). Cp •Terra Assisa,' sub Assissus.
" Britton, 205 b (Bk. III. ch. 15), says, * Demeyne proprement est
tenement qe chescun tient severalment en fee.'
" The Demesnes pass by a conveyance of the Manor of which they form
part (Touch. 92). It is therefore of importance on the sale of a Manor
to except any lands belonging to the vendor within the Manor, which
are not intended to be sold, as they may be demesne land.
DEMESNE 502 DEMISE
" Kelham, Diet., gives Demeigne^ demenie, demeine, meaning * own/
a sense in which the word demesne (or some other form of the same
word) is frequently used in the Year Books and other early documents.
Prof. Skeat (Etym. Eng. Diet.) connects it with domifiium, and says
^demesne* is a false spelling, probably due to confusion with old Yr.
mesnee^ or maisnie^ a household " (Elph. 570, 571). Vf^ Termes de la
Ley, Demaines: Cowel, Demaine.
" Demesne Lands," properly signifies, lands of a Manor which the lord
either has, or potentially may have, in propriis mauUms (A-G, v. Par-
sons, 1 L. J. Ex. 103; 2 Cr. & J. 279). Vh, Carnarvon v. VUlebals, 14
L. J. Ex. 233; 13 M. & W. 313.
An Exception, in a Power to Lease, of the Demesnes of a Manor, includes
its Copyholds (Winter v. Loveday^ Garth. 428: Vth, Sug. Pow. 736).
"Tenant in Demesne," s. 1, 32 H. 8, c. 37, means only, Tenant in
Occupation (per Burrough, J., Meriton v. GUbee, 8 Taunt. 162).
" Demesne Land, " in Ireland and especially qu4 s. 58 (2), Land Law
(Ir) Act, 1881 ; V. Griffin v. Taijlar, 16 L. B. Ir. 197: Ee Moore and
Battj 32 lb. 68 : Re Magner and Hawkes, 32 lb. 2S5 : Be Hewson and
Listoioel, 32 lb. 700.
" Land which when first demised was Demesne," s. 5 (1 by ii), 59 &
60 V. c. 47; V. Re Magner and Hawkes, 1900, 2 I. K 465.
" In his demesne as of fee " ; as to the force of this expression, V, Co,
Litt. 17 a.
V. Ancient Demesne.
"Son Assault demesne," is a justifying Defence to an action for
Assault, whereby the deft alleges that the assault was the plaintiff's
" own," " de son tort demesne " ; V, Cowel.
DEMISE.—" Here, " Westm. 2, c. 48, " as in many other places, « de-
mise ' is applyed either to an estate in Fee Simple, Fee Tail, or for Term
of Life, and so commonly it is taken in many writs " (2 Inst. 483;
continuing. Coke uses " Demise " and " Conveyance " as synonymous).
Referring thereto counsel {Greenaway v. Adams^ 12 Ves. 397) said, —
"The strict technical import of 'Demise,* from the verb ^ dimitto/ is
any transfer or conveyance; though by habit it is generally used to
denote a partial transfer by way of lease."
" By the word * demise ' everything is inferred that is necessary to
constitute an actual demise " (per Perrin, J., Knox v. Gildea, 11 Ir.
L. R. 482).
This word in a Lease implies a covenant by the Lessor for Title and
one for Quiet Enjoyment, unless there be an express qualifying covenant
(Touch. 165: per Ld St. Leonards, Monypenny v. Monypenny, 9 H. L.
Ca. 139: Liney. Stephenson, 5 Bing. N. C. 183; 7 L. J. C. P. 263:
Williams V. Burrell, 14 L. J. C. P. 98 ; 1 C. B. 402: Add. C. 603:
Woodf. 183: Dart, 636: Elph. 422, 424). So also even of a Parol
DEMISE 503 DEMOLISH
Tenancy qui the covenant for Quiet Enjoyment {Bandi/ v. Cartivright,
22 L. J. Ex. 285 ; 8 Ex. 913 : Hall v. London Brewery, 31 L. J, Q. B.
257 ; 2 B. & S. 737 : Bat/nes v. Llot/dy 1895, 1 Q. B. 820 ; 64 L. J. Q. B.
411 ; Svthlc, on app., 1895, 2 Q. B. 610; 64 L. J. Q. B. 787).
But, at least in the case of a lease or letting of Leaseholds, this im-
plied covenant for Quiet Enjoyment is limited to the duration of the
Lessor's interest (Swan v. Stranskam, Dyer, 257 a : Adams v. Gibney,
6 Bing. 656: Penfold v. Abbot, 32 L. J. Q. B. 67; 11 W. R. 169:
Schwartz v. Locket, 34 S. J. 80, 73: Baynes v. Lloyd, sup).
As regards the implied covenant for Title, this word " imports a Power
of letting " (Holder v. Taylor, Hob. 12) ; i,e, it is distinct from the
covenant for Quiet Enjoyment (per Kussell, C. J., Baynes v. Lloyd,
sup), and means only that the Lessor can grant some lease under which
the Lessee can enter (Vh Sd S, J. 444). But the authorities are in
conflict as to whether this covenant for Title can be implied by any other
word than ** demise," still less under a mere parol tenancy. " Hart v.
Windsor (12 M. & W. 68, 85) is an authority that the word * lei ' has
the same effect as Memise'; and that any other equivalent word would
have the same effect " (per Brett, J., Mostyn v. West Mostyn Coal Co,
1 C. P. D. 152 ; 45 L. J. C. P. 405) : but a directly contrary opinion
was expressed by Bussell, C. J., in Baynes y. Lloyd, and therein, semble,
he was supported by the Court of Appeal, though their actual decision
was that, assuming a covenant in the absence of the word " demise " yet,
it would be limited to the duration of the Lessor's interest. Vf Let.
" On the demise of a brewery, with the exclusive privilege of supply-
ing ale, it would seem that no covenant can be implied with respect to
such a privilege from the word * demise * " (Woodf. 187, citing Hinde v.
Gray, 1 M. & G. 195 ; 1 Sc. N. R. 123; 9 L. J. C. P. 253).
An instrument is not a Demise or Lease, although it contain the usual
words of demise, if its contents show that such was not the intention of
the parties (Taylor v. Caldwell, 32 L. J. Q. B. 164 ; 3 B. & S. 826) ;
and, on the other hand, an Agreement only may sometimes be a Lease
(V. Lease).
DEMISED. — A covenant to repair ''the demised," or " the said,"
Buildings, does not extend to buildings subsequently erected (Cornish
V. Cleife, 34 L. J. Ex. 19; 3 H. & C. 446).
DEMOLISH. — "Demolish or Pull Down or Destroy, or Begin to
demolish pull down or destroy," s. 11, 24 & 25 V. c. 97; — this phrase
means a total destruction, ^ or the commencement of a demolition or
destruction, the purpose being to effect a complete demolition and
destruction if there is no interruption " (per Lindley, J., Drake v.
FooHit, 50 L. J. M. C. 143; 7 Q. B. D. 201, citing i?. v. Thomas,
4 C. & P. 237: R. v. Price, 6 lb. 510: E. v. Batt, 6 lb. 329: E. v.
DEMOLISH 504 DEMURRAGE
Howell^ 9 lb. 437: JR. v. Adams, C. & M. 299). And a like meaning is
to be given to " feloniously demolished pulled down or destroyed, wholly
or in part," in s. 2, 7 & 8 G. 4, c. 31 {Drake v. Foottit, sup). A sub-
stantial destruction is a demolition, even though a small part of the
building be left uninjured (Jt. v. Langford, C. & M. 602) ; and that it
was effected by fire is immaterial (R. v. Harrisy lb. 661).
S. 11, 24 & 25 V. c. 97 amplifies, and takes the place of, s. 2, 52
G. 3, c. 130, where the offence prescribed is if any one " shall unlawfully
and with force demolish or pull down, or begin to demolish or pull
down, any Erection and Building or Engine " used in any Trade or
Manufactory; on which it was held that "Engine " must there be held
as ejusdem generis with " Erection and Building," and that " demolish
or pull down " could only hyperbolically be applied to minute things,
e,g. factory frames, and that " begin to demolish or pull down " " denotes
that, to complete the act would require a continuance of force operat-
ing upon the subject-matter" (per Abbott, J., Orgill v. Smithy cited
Engine).
V. Destboy : Take down : Unnecessary Inconvenience.
DEMONSTRATIVE. — A Demonstrative Legacy, is General in its
phrase but Specific in its fund, e.g, £10 out of a Bank balance, or 10
lambs of a named fiock (Wms. Exs. 1021 : Theobald, 15).
DEMURRAGE. — The strict meaning of "Demurrage" is the
agreed amount to be paid by the Charterer of a Ship for each day taken
in loading or discharging beyond the respective times fixed for those
operations : " the word * Demurrage ' appears to me to be more applica-
ble to delay in time after the expiration of Sk fixed time than to delay
after the expiration of a reasonable time. That is the principle which
underlies the authorities; it is that upon which Loekhart v. Falk
(44 L. J. Ex. 105 ; L. K. 10 Ex. 132) proceeded; and it appears to me
to be a reasonable one. I do not think that the term can be easily
applied to time after the expiration of a reasonable time " (per Fry, L. J.,
Dunlop V. Balfour, 1892, 1 Q. B. 507 ; 61 L. J. Q. B. 363), e.g. where
the Loading or Discharge is to be " in the Customary manner." But
sometimes, — e.g. where a Cesser Clause (exonerating the Charterer)
is accompanied by a Lien on Cargo for " freight, dead freight, demurrage,
and average, " or such like, — " Demurrage " will include Detention
other than that which is technically demurrage (F. per Brett, J., Kish
V. Cory, L. R. 10 Q. B. 559, 560; 44 L. J. Q. B. 207; 32 L. T. 670;
23 W. K. 880: per Bowen, L. J., Clink v. Radford, cited Cease:
Carver, ss. 648, 649). On the other hand, where the lien is not co-
extensive with the Charterer's liability, the Cesser Clause will not,
under " Demurrage," include damages for a Detention not covered by the
lien {Loekhart v. Falky Dunlop v. Balfour, sup).
DEMURRAGE 505 DEMY SANCUE
" A Demurrage Contract in which the daj^s are fixed, is a tontract by
the Freighter that if the ship is detained beyond the specified number of
days allowed as Running Days and Demurrage Days, he will pay
demurrage in respect of any days during which the ship is detained over
and above the days mentioned. The only Condition which is to exist
before the freighter is bound to pay demurrage is that the days allowed,"
e.g. for the Discharge of the Cargo, "should have commenced to run and
should have run out " (per Esher, M. R., Budgett v. Binnington, 1891,
1 Q. 15. 35; 60 L. J. Q. B. 1: Vf, Tits v. Byers, 45 L. J. Q. B. 511;
1 Q. B. D. 244 : Porteous v. Watney, 47 L. J. Q. B. 643; 3 Q. B. D. 543:
Straker v. Kidd, 47 L. J. Q. B. 365; 3 Q. B. D. 223). Anything to
excuse the Freighter after the Days have run out must be by way of
Confession and Avoidance ; and he cannot avoid his liability unless he
proves that the delay arose from the Shipowner's fault, — Le, fault by
himself or his servants, or by circumstances over which he had Control
{Budgett v. Binnington^ sup). That principle is applicable for deter-
mining what is a sufficient excusal to a Contractor for the non-perform-
ance by him of his contractual obligation under every kind of contract
(per Lindley, L. J., lb,),
Vh, Abbott, 268-307: Carver, ss. 608-651: 4 Encyc. 205-213:
Days : Lay Days : Running Days : Working Day : Turn : Usual
AND Customary Manner.
DEMURRAGE DAYS. — "Days are sometimes given in favour of
the charterer which are called * Demurrage Days.* Those are days be-
yond the 'Lay Days,' but during which the amount that he has to pay
for the use of the ship is a fixed sum " (per Esher, M, R., Neilsen v.
Wait, 16 Q. B. D. 70 ; 55 L. J. Q. B. 89).
V. Demurrage : Days.
DEMURRANT. — Means, residing ; F. Royal Palace.
DEMURRER. — " 'Demurrer,' is when any Action is brought and
the Defendant pleadeth a plee to which the plaintife answereth That hee
will not answer for that it is not a sufficient plee in the law, and the de-
fendant saith to the contrary That it is a sufficient plee ; and thereupon
both parties doe submit the cause to the judgement of the Court, — then
it is called a Demurrer, for that they goe not forward in pleading, but
abide upon the judgement of that point, and is said, in the Latine used
in the Records, Moratur in Lege*' (Termes de la Ley). Vf, Jacob:
4 Encyc. 213.
Note. Demurrers in the High Court were abolished and proceedings
in lieu thereof provided by Ord. 25, R. S. C: V. Issue of Fact.
DEMY SANGUE. — Demy Sanke, or Demy Sangue; F. Half-
Blood.
DENARIATA TERRy€ 506 DEODORIZE
DENARIATA TERR^. — An acre (Elph. 572, citing Spelm. Far-
deUa) ; Sv, Elph. 598.
DENE. — " Some say that dene or denney whereof dena commeth, is
properly a valley or dale. JDena sUvcBj and the like, as drofderij or
drufden^ or druden, signifieth a thicket of wood in a valley ; for dnif, or
druj siguifieth a thicket of wood, and is often mentioned in Domesday.
And sometimes dena or denna signifieth, as villa and dennCy a Towue "
(Co. Litt. 4 h : r. Combe).
DENIZEN. — " 'Denizen,' op 'Donaison,' is where an Alie!^ borne
becommeth the Kings subject, and obtaineth the Kings Letters Patent
for to enjoy all priviledges as an Englishman " (Termes de la Ley). F/J
Co. Litt. 129 a: Calvin^ s Case,7'Rej).25: Collinffwoody.Pace, IVentr.
422 : Anthony v. Seger, 1 Hagg. Con. 9 : Cowel : Natitralizatiox.
DEN MAN. — Lord Denman's Acts, — The Chimney Sweepers and
Chimneys Regulation Act, 1840, 3 & 4 V. c. 85 : The Evidence Act,
1843, 6 & 7 V. c. 85.
Mr. Denman's Acts, —The Criminal Procedure Act, 1865, 28& 29 V.
c. 18 : The Evidence Further Amendment Act, 1869, 32 & 33 Y. c. 6S.
DENOMINATIONAL FOUNDATION An Endowed school,
having no instrument of foundation or statutes or written regulations, is
not a Denominational Foundation within 32 & 33 V. c. 56, s. 19, or 36 &
37 V. c. 87, s. 7 (St. Leonard^ Trustees v. Charity Commrs, 54 L. J. P. C.
30 ; 10 App. Ca. 304).
DENY. — V. Christian Religion.
DEODAND. — " 'Whatever personal chattel is the immediate occa-
sion of the death of any reasonable creature, which is forfeited to the
King, to be applied to pious uses, and distributed in alms by his high
almoner' (Jacob: V. Spelm.: Chitty, Prerog. 153: 3rd Inst. cap. 9).
For two curious examples in which a horse and a tree were deodands, F.
Y.B.30 &31 Edw. L; Record Publ. App. II, 528, 529" (Elph. 572).
Vf, B. V. Broivnlow, 11 A. & E. 119: R, v. Eastern Counties Ry, 10 AL
& W. 58: 1 Bl. Com. 300-302: Termes de la Ley. Cowel says, " *Deo-
dand' is a thing given, or rather forfeited as it were, to God for the paci-
fication of his wrath, in case of Misadventure whereby any Christian man
cometh to a violent end, without the fault of any reasonable creature."
Deodands were abolished by 9 & 10 V. c. 62.
DEODORrZE. — Quk Metrop Man. Act, 1858, 21 & 22 V. c. 104, " deo-
dorize " includes " any process whereby the solid suspended matters in
Sewage may be precipitated, or separated, from the liquid before the dis-
charge thereof, — or whereby the noxious or offensive properties of Sew-
age may be neutralized " (s. 32).
DEPART 607 DEPENDANT
DEPART- — " To Depart," in a Marine Insurance, means that ** the
ship should not only have broken ground on the day named, but that
she should then be out of the port, or at sea " (1 Maude & P. 502, citing
Moir V. Royal Exchange Assrce, 4 Camp. 84; 3 M. & S. 461; 6 Taunt.
241). In Van Baggen v. Baines (23 L. J. Ex. 213; 9 Ex. 523), the case
just cited was contrasted with that then under consideration in which the
word used was " Leave." Vf^ Sail: Final Sailing: Despatch.
" Depart with Convoy " ; V. Convoy.
"Departs aut of England,'' s. 4 (<£), Bankry Act, 1883; F. Yate
Lee, 44, 45: Wms. Bank. 19 : Robson, 135 : Baldwin, 83. Q), Abscond:
Absent.
" Departs from his dwelling-housej" s. 4 ((f), Bankry Act, 1883; V.
Yate Lee, 46: Wms. Bank. 19: Robson, 136: Baldwin, 83.
V, Departing United Kingdom.
DEPART THIS LIFE F. Die.
DEPARTING UNITED KINGDOM. — A disqualification of
Trustees on " departing the United Kingdom from whatever cause or
motive, or under whatsoever circumstances," does not apply to a tempo-
rary absence abroad {Re Moravian Socy^ 26 Bea. 101 ; 4 Jur. N. S. 703).
DEPARTURE. — " A Departure in Pleading is said to be when the
second plea containeth matter not pursuant to his former, and which
fortifieth not the same, and thereupon it is called decessiis, because he
departeth from his former plea " (Co. Litt. 304 a). Vf Termes de la
Ley.
This Departure is now provided against by R. 16, Ord. 19, R. S. C, on
tthv Ann. Pr.
" Departure in despight of the Court " ; V. Termes de la Ley : De-
fault.
DEPENDANT. — Qu^ Workmen's Comp Act, 1897, « 'Depend-
ants,' means (in England and Ireland) such members of the workman's
family, specified in the Fatal Accidents Act, 1846, 9 & 10 V. c. 93, as
were wholly, or in party dependent upon the earnings of the workman at
the time of his death; and (in Scotland) such of the persons, entitled ac-
cording to the law of Scotland to sue the Employer for damages or sola*
tium in respect of the death of the Workman, as were wholly, or in part,
dependent upon the earnings of the workman at the time of his death "
(subs. 2, 8. 7). As to who is so " dependent " is a question of fact for the
jury (Simmons ▼. Wliite, 1899, 1 Q. B. 1005; 68 L. J. Q. B. 507; 80
L. T. 344; 47 W. R. 513). A father is "in part" dependent on his
child, however young, if the wages of the child form part of the common
fund for keeping up, and are a help to maintain, the Home {S.C.: Davies
V. Main Colliery Co, 80 L. T. 674; affd in H. L. nom. Main Colliery Co
DEPENDANT 508 DEPOSIT
V. Davies, 1900, A. C. 358; 69 L. J. Q. B. 755; 83 L. T. 83; 16 Times
Rep. 460) ; but the Dependants "must be * Dependants ' in the proper
sense of the word, and not merely persons who derive a benefit from the
earnings of the deceased " (per Homer, L. J., Simmons v. White^ sup).
Cp Attendant. K. Child, p. 306: Pabent.
Note I As to the Judge's power to apportion the Compensation, F.
Daniel v. Ocean Coal Co, 1900, 2 Q. B. 250; 69 L. J. Q- B. 567; 82 L. T.
523; 48 W. K. 467.
DEPENDENCY. —V, Retenue.
DEPENDENT. — " The doctrine of Dependent Relative Revocation^
is based on the principle that all acts by which a Testator may physically
destroy or mutilate a Testamentary Instrument are, in their nature, equiv-
ocal. They may be the result of accident, or, if intentional, of various
intentions. It is, therefore, necessary in each case to study the act done
by the light of the circumstances under which it occurred and the decla-
rations of the testator with which it may have been accompanied; for
unless it be done animo revocandi it is no Revocation. What, then, if
the act of destruction be done with the sole intention of setting up and
establishing some other Testamentary Paper for which the destruction of
the Paper in question was only designed to make way ? It is clear that,
in such a case, the animus revocandi had only a conditional existence,
the Condition being the validity of the Paper intended to be substituted "
(per Wilde, J. 0., Powell v. Powell, cited Destroy). V, Revoke.
DEPENDING. — r. Pending.
DEPOSIT. — A " Deposit " is equivalent to an Earnest, and is for-
feited on breach by depositor of his agreement; even when the word is
found in the following common collocation, — " as a Deposit and in part
payment of the purchase money "; so that, on the contract going off, by
reason of such breach, the deposit cannot be recovered back, unless there
be circumstances which render it inequitable for the deposit to be re-
tained by the depositee {Howe v. Smith, 53 L. J. Ch. 1055 ; 27 Ch. D. 89,
wAc— together with Cornwall v. Henson, 1899, 2 Ch. 710; 68 L. J. Ch.
749; 81 L. T. 113; 48 W. R. 42, revd on the facts, 1900, 2 Ch. 298; 69
L. J. Ch. 581 — leaves Palmer v. Temple, 8 L. J. Q. B. 179; 9 A. &E.
508, of but little practical value. Vf, Soper v. Arnold, 14 App. Ca. 429:
Forfeit). Note : V. jdgmt of Fry, L. J., Howe v. Smith, sup, for his-
tory and meaning of " Deposit."
An incurably Bad Title, precluding Specific Performance, will not
entitle a Purchaser to recover his deposit, if the Conditions of Sale are
such that the Vendor has committed no breach of contract {Corrall v.
Cattell, 8 L. J. Ex. 225 ; 4 M. & W. 734 : Scott v. Alvarez, 1895, 2 Ch.
603; 64 L. J. Ch. 821 ; 73 L. T. 43; Is W. R. 694). Note: No action
DEPOSIT 609 DEPRAVE
lies agaiast the Vendor's Solicitor to recover Deposit paid to him (JEllis
y. Goulton, 1893, 1 Q. B. 350; 62 L. J. Q. B. 232). V. Investigating.
Money, or Valuable Thing, " deposited " " to abide the Event " of a
Gaming Contract, s. 18, 8 <& 9 V. c. 109, means, Money, &c, won or
lost on such a contract ; therefore, a Depositor may repudiate and recover
back his own deposit at any time before it has been actually appropriated
to the contract {Varney v. Hickman, 5 C. B. 271; 17 L. J. C. P. 102:
Martin v. Hewson, 10 Ex. 737; 24 L. J. Ex. 174), even though the
Event has gone against him {Hasfelow v. Jackson^ 8 B. & C. 221:
Hampden v. Walsh, 1 Q. B. D. 189 ; 45 L. J. Q. B. 238 : Biggie v. Higgs,
2 Ex. D. 422; 46 L. J. Ex. 721: Trimble v. Hill, 5 App. Ca. 342; 49
L. J. P. C. 49: Universal Stock Exchange v. Straehan, 1896, A. C. 166;
eo L. J. Q. B. 429; 74 L. T. 468; 44 W. R. 497; 60 J. P. 468). But
Money deposited with one of the parties to a Wager becomes appropriated
immediately after the Event, and is irrecoverable whatever be the Event
(Strachan v. Universal Stock Exchange No, £, 1895, 2 Q. B. 697; 65
L. J. Q, B. 178: Sv Cover). V. Illegal: JR. v. Hohbs, cited Event.
V. Loan: Pledge.
A statutory power authorizing a Trustee Company to " deposit " moneys
in its control with any Banking Co, does not authorize a permanent de-
posit by way of investment {Perpetual Exors Assn v. Swan, 1898, A. C.
763; 67 L. J. P. C. 141).
A mere deposit of Deeds is not a Conveyance.
" Accumulation or Deposit " ; V. Accumulation.
" Deposit " Offensive Matter; V. L. B. & S. By v. Hayward^s Heathy
80 L. T. 266.
DEPOSITED.— F. Deposit: Expose.
V, Expressly fob safe custody.
"Deposited Map"; Stat. Def., 62 & 63 V. c. 19, Sch s. 1. F.
Delineated: Plan.
DEPOSITION. — Qui Fugitive Offenders Act, 1881, 44 & 46 V.
c. 69; V. s. 39.
DEPRAVE. — "Common and notorious Depravers of the Book of
Common Prayer," Canons 1603, No. 27; "The terms 'deprave or de-
praver,' in their more ancient signification, are now little used; hut
their meaning in the 16th century may he well collected from 1 Edw. 6,
c. 1, where we find these expressions applied to the sacrament of the
Holy Communion: — * Whatever person shall deprave, dispise, or con-
tempne, the saide moste hlessed Sacrament hy any contemptuouse wordes,
or by anny wordes of depravinge dispisinge or reviling, shall suffer
imprisonment " " (per Cairns, C, delivering jdgmt of P. C. in Jenkins
V. Cook, 45 L. J. P. C. 8 ; 1 P. J). 80). It was in that case held that a
person who had published " Selections from the Old and New Testa-
DEPRAVE 510 DERIVE
ment** (omitting chapters and parts of chapters), as appropriate for
family devotions, was not a ** Depraver " of the Common Prayer within
the Canon. V, Common and Notorious.
DEPRECIATION.— V. Bishop v. Smyrna Bij, cited Profits.
DEPRIVATION. — " 'Deprivation/ is when a Bishop, Parson, Vicar,
Prebend, &c, is deprived or deposed from his Preferment for any matter
in fact or in law " (Termes de la Ley). Vf, Jacob : Phil. Ecc. Law,
838, 1082 : per Cockburn, C. J., MaHin v. Mackonochie^ 3 Q. B. D. 751.
Cj} DiSGRADB.
DEPRIVED. — r. Relinquish.
" Liable to be deprived "; V. Liable.
DEPUTY. — " 'Deputie,' is hee that occupieth in another mans
right, whether it bee Office or any other thing; and his forfeiture or
misdemeanour shall cause the Officer, or him whose Deputy he is, to lose
his Office or thing " (Termes de la Ley). Vf, Cowel: Jacob.
DERELICT. — Derelict Goods; V. Fugitive Goods.
Derelict Land ; Fl Imperceptible.
Derelict Ship, is a Ship abandoned {The Aquila, 1 Rob. C. 40, 41):
and where the Master and Crew leave a ship to save their lives, her legal
character of Derelict is not affected by their intention, if they can, to
obtain assistance to save her {The Coromandely Swabey, 205). FA, The
Magdalen, 31 L. J. P. M. & A. 22 : The Aineriquey L. E. 6 P. C. 468:
The Cleopatra, 47 L. J. P. D. & A. 72 ; 3 P. D. 145. Vf, 4 Encyc
223-226: Castaway: Derelict Vessels (Report) Act, 1896.
" Derelict becomes Wreck of the Sea when it is cast by the sea upon
the land" (Maclachlan on Merchant Shipping, 3 ed., 640). Note^ that
"Derelict" is included in the definition of "Wreck" qui Merchant
Shipping Acts.
That a ship is " Derelict," generally increases the Salvage {The Janet
CouH, 1897, P. 59; 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 34).
DERIVATIVE V. Primary.
DERIVATIVE LEASE. — As to whether "Derivative Lease" and
" Underlease " are convertible terms; V. Brumfit v. Morton, 3 Jur. X. S.
1198; 30 L. T. O. S. 98. V. Underlease.
DERIVE. — In determining that the Sucn Dy Act, 1853 {V. Suc-
cession) does not apply to a bond fide sale, the vendor not being a
Predecessor from whom the interest of the purchaser " is derived "
{V, s. 2), Jessel, M. R., said: — " How can you say that the interest of
the purchaser is * derived from ' the veftdor ? He does not derive his
interest from the vendor ; he derives it from his own money which bought
DERIVE 611 DESCENDANTS
the property. You would not say, if you were talking of a horse you
had bought, that you derived your interest in that horse from the horse-
dealer. You would say you bought it with your money " {JFryer v. Mor-
land, 45 L. J. Ch. 820; 3 Ch. D. 675). In Zetland v. Ld Advocate
(3 App. Ca. 515), Ld Hatherley said that "derived," in the section
cited, " has somewhat of a metaphorical aspect. You have to say that
the donor points to so many fountain heads, but he leaves it to the law
to say which is to ' derive ' the title to the interest under the settle-
ment."
Income is " derived from lands of the Crown, held under Lease or
License," s. 16 (iii). New South Wales Land and Income Tax Assess-
ment Act, 1895, if either of the processes whereby the ultimate money
income is made is derived from the lands, e,g, the extraction of ore from
the soil (Commrs of Taxation v. Kirk, 1900, A. C. 688; 69 L. J. P. C.
87; 83 L. T. 4; over-ruling Re Tindal, 18 (N. S. W.) L. R. 378). In
Kirk's case, the P. G. said, their lordships " attach no special meaning
to the word * derived,* which they treat as synonymous with ^Arising or
accruing.' " On the other hand, the cases on " Carry On " or " £x£r-
ciSE '' a Business were distinguished.
" Derive a Revenue " ; V, Revenue.
DESCEND. — A devise of Fee Simple estates to testator's sons A.
and B. equally, " to descend to the heirs of A. and B. for ever, but in the
event of both dying without issue, then to be equally divided between my
daughters " ; held, that " descend " aptly controlled the devolution to the
lineal heirs or descendants of A. and B., and therefore that A. and B.
took Estates Tail with cross remainders between them, and not estates
in fee with executory devises over (Fat/ v. Fai/j 5 L. R. Ir. 274).
V, Descent.
DESCENDANTS. — " 'Descendants' mean children and their chil-
dren and their children to any degree, and it is diflBcult to conceive any
context by which the word * Descendants ' could be limited to mean chil-
dren only " (per James, L. J., Ralph v. Carrick, 48 L. J. Ch. 808; 11
Ch. D. 873) ; and per Brett, L. J., in the same case, — " The prima facie
meaning of ' Descendants,' in ordinary parlance, is all descendants of
any degree, and not only children, and I know of no authority for saying
that in any legal document the word 'Descendants' is, merely because
it is in collocation with the word 'parent,* to have any other meaning
than it has in ordinary parlance." " Descendants " is, therefore, not in
all respects an exact equivalent for Issue; though, generally speaking
and when unaffected by the context, it is so (2 Jarm. 101: Fa, Re Ei/ton,
W. N. (76) 142: Offspring).
Notwithstanding the strong observation of James, L. J., just quoted,
it had been previously held, under a bequest to " Descendants " of A.
" in such proportions as each may be entitled," under the Statute of
DESCENDANTS 512 DESCRIPTION
Distributions, that a child of A. took in exclusion of grand-children^
" descendants " being there controlled by a context, a thing of which the
L. J. thought it difficult to conceive (Smith v. Pepper, 27 Bea. 86, whc
was not cited in Ralph v. Can^ick, Fa, Craik v. Lamb^ 14 L. J. Ch.
84; 1 Coll. 489: Personal Representatives).
Vfj 2 Jarm. 98-100: Wms. Exs. 976 : Family: Name: Next of Kin.
In the absence of a controlling context, — *' Where there is a gift to
A. for life, remainder to the Descendants of A., it is clear that, if Real
Estate, it is an Estate Tail ; if Personal Estate, it gives him the absolute
interest " (per Kindersley, V. C, Bird v. Webster^ 1 Drew. 340; 22 L. J.
Ch. 484). f/IssuE.
Under the circumstances in Best v, Stonehewer (34 L. J. Ch. 26, 349;
34 Bea. 66; 2 D. G. J. & S.637) it was held (Knight-Bnice, L. J., diss.)
that " Descendants " meant Collateral Descendants. Cp Lineal.
DESCENDIBLE FREEHOLD. — This phrase suffices to include
estates Pur autre vie (Carroll v. Cooke, 1 Jebb & Sy. 33).
DESCENT. — " « I>iscents.* This word commeth of the Latine word
discendere^ id est, ex loco superiorein inferiorem movere; and in legall
understanding it is taken when land, &c, after the death of the ancestor,
is cast by course of law upon the heire, which the law calleth a discent '*
(Co. Litt. 237 a; Vf lb. 13 b).
Note. For the Eules of Descent of lands in Feb Simple prior to
1834, V. 2 BL Com. ch. 14: Jacob, Descent : — In and since 1834, V.
Inheritance Act, 1833, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 106: Wms. R. P., Part 1, ch. 4:
Goodeve, ch. 5 : Challis on Real Property, ch. 16 : 11 Encyc 74. To these
Rules, Borough English, and Gavelkind, were and are exceptions.
Consider also the e£Eect of the establishment of the Real Represent-
ative.
** Descent " is not always used in its strict legal sense; it may mean
''a single step in the scale of genealogy" {Bickley v. Bickley, L. B.
4 Eq. 216; 36 L. J. Ch. 817).
V. Descend : Devolution : Pedigree.
DESCRIBE. — A Provisional Specification of a Patent "must de-
scribe the Nature of the Invention," s. 5 (3), Patents, &c Act, 1883, but
the complete specification " must particularly describe and ascertain the
Nature of the Invention " (subs. 4,. lb.) ; — "It is obvious that the former
may be much more general aud less detailed in its terms than the latter "
(per Ld Herschell, Vickers v. Siddell, 60 L. J. Ch. 105; 15 App. Ca. 496).
DESCRIBED. —r. As Described: Set forth.
DESCRIPTION.— r. Like: Nature: Trade Description.
" Every acknowledged dictionary in the English language would sanc-
tion as an accurate definition of ^Description/ — a representation that
DESCRIPTION 613 DESERTED
gives to another a view of the thing intended to be represented " (per
!Miller, J., Ee Fitzpatrick^ 19 L. R. Ir. 210). From that premiss the
learned judge reasoned to the conclusion that, every Occupation of the
Grantor of a Bill of Sale must be stated.
The ** Description " of a person is that which tells what he is ; and
where a statute requires that the name, place of abode, and description,
of a person be given, and only the name and place of abode are given,
there is a total omission of the " description, " not an " inaccurate descrip-
tion " (R. V. Tugwdl, L. R. 3 Q. B. 704; 37 L. J. Q. B. 275; 9 B. & S.
367); such an omission by an Attesting Witness to a Bill of Sale invali-
dates the document {Sims v. TroUope^ 1897, 1 Q. B. 24; 66 L. J. Q. B.
11; 75 L. T. 351; 46 W. R. 97).
A grantee whether under a Bill of Sale or any other document, may
be described in any way which is capable of subsequent ascertain-
ment (Mauffhan v. Sharpe, 34 L. J. C. P. 19; 17 C. B. N. S. 443: SiM'
mens V. Woodwardy 1892, A. C. 100 ; 61 L. J. Ch. 252). Vf, Address :
Residence: Addition.
Note. The Bills of S. Act, 1878, has no provision requiring the name
of the Grantor to be stated ( Central Bank of London v. Hawkins, 62
L. T. 901: Stokes v. Spencer, 1900, 2 Q. B. 483; 69 L. J. Q. B. 792; 83
L. T. 199; 49 W. R. 13) ; nor, where there is nothing to mislead, does the
Bills of S. Act, 1882, require the full statement of the Grantor's Christian
name {Doums v. Salmon, bl L. J. Q. B. 454; 20 Q. B. D. 775).
As to the Description of the Vendor in a V. & P. contract, V. Pro-
prietor: — of the subject-matter, V. Et Cetera: My: Note: The.
" To limit description of his Workmen "; V. Threat.
The " Description " of the " Situation " of the house or shop, quk
Notice under s. 7, Wine and Beerhouse Act, 1869, 32 & 33 V. c. 27,
will suffice if it be given in such a way that the premises can be iden-
tified; it is very much a question of fact for the Justices. That particu-
larity which is needed where the premises are in a large town, is not
applicable to a small village {B, v. Penkridge Jus., 61 L. J. M. C. 132;
66L. T.371; 56 J. P. 87).
The implied Condition (as distinct from a Collateral Warranty) on a
** Sale of Goods by Description," s. 13, Sale of Goods Act, 1893, " applies
in all cases where the purchaser has not seen the article sold, and relies on
the description g^iyen to him by the vendor. I think it would most fre-
quently apply to unascertained goods, but it does not follow that it may
not, in some cases, apply to specific goods " (per Channell, J., Varley v.
Whipp, 1900, 1 Q. B. 513; 69 L. J. Q. B. 333; 48 W. R. 363).
DESCRI PTI VE. — Descriptive Name ; V. Fancy Word.
DESERTED: DESERTION: DESERT. — These words in the
Matrimonial Causes Act, 1857 (20 & 21 V. c. 85: and F. ss. 16, 27, 31),
83
DESERTED 614 DESERTED
mean continual absence from Cohabitation (or, semble, not commenciDg'
cohabitation, De Laubenque v. JDe LaubenquSy 1899, P. 42; 68 L. J. P. D.
& A. 20), contrary to the will, or without the consent, of the partj cfaarg-
ing it, and without reasonable Cause {Ward v. Ward, 27 L. J. P. & M.
63; 1 Sw. & Tr. 185: Cudlipp v. Cudlippy 27 L. J. P. & M. 64: Thomp-
son V. Thompson, lb. 65: Haviland v. HavUand, 32 L. J. P. M. & A.
65: WUliams v. WilliamSy SS L. J. P. M, & A. 172; 3 Sw. & Tr. 547:
Yeatman v. Yeatman, 37 L. J. P. M. & A. 37; L. R. 1 P. & D.489) : and
there is no such consent if the separation be caused by ill-treatment {Graves
V. Graves, 33 L. J. P. M. & A. 66; 3 Sw, & Tr. 350 : Mackenzie v. Mac-
kenzie, cited Eeasonable Cause), or the false and persistent accusation
of an unnatural offence (Russell v. Russell, 1895, P. 315; 64 L. J. P. D.
& A. 105; 73 L. T. 295; 44 W. R. 213), or adultery {Farmer v. Farmer,
53 L. J. P. D. & A. 113; 9 P. D. 245: Garcia v. Garcia, 57 L. J. P. D.
& A. 101; 13 P. D. 216; 59 L. T. 524; 52 J. P. 584: Edwards v.
Edwards, 62 L. J. P, D. & A. 33), or be obtained by fraud {Crahb v.
Crahb, 37 L. J. P. & M. 42; L. R. 1 P. & D. 601; 16 W. R. 650); but
merely living with another woman and introducing her as wife, but
without ceasing cohabitation with the real wife, is not desertion by a
husband ( Ward\. Ward, sup: Farmer v. Farmer, sup) ; secus, if there is
a separation caused by the husband's refusal to give up an adulterous liaison
{Pizzala v. Pizzala, 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 91, n; 12 Times Rep. 451 : Koch
V. Koch, 1899, P. 221; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 90; 81 L. T. 61). So ab-
sconding, with the wife's consent, to escape a criminal prosecution or
other trouble, is not Desertion {Townsend v. Toumsend, 42 L. J. P.
& M. 71; L. R. 9 P. & D. 129); secus, where there is no such consent
{I>rew V. Drew, 57 L. J. P. D. & A. 64; 13 P. D. 97; 58 L. T. 923;
36 W. R. 927 : Wynne v. Wt/nne, 1898, P. 18; 67 L. J. P. D. & A. 5).
Vf, Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, L. R. 1 P. & D. 694; 38 L. J. P. & M.
14; 17W. R. 264.
** * Desertion * is not to be tested by merely ascertaining which party
left the matrimonial home first. The party who intends to bring the
Cohabitation to an end and whose conduct in reality causes its termi*
nation, commits the act of Desertion; e.g, there is no substantial differ^
ence between the case of a husband who intends to put an end to the
state of Cohabitation and does so by leaving his wife, and that of a hus-
band who, with the like intent, obliges his wife to separate from him "
(per Barnes, J., Sickert v. SickeH, 1899, P. 278; 68 L. J. P. D. & A.
114; 81 L. T. 495 : Vf, Mellows v. Mellows, 31 L. J. N. C. 441).
When husband and wife are living separate under an agreement to
separate, there is no Desertion {CraJbh v. Crahb, sup: Buckmaster ▼.
Buckmaster, 38 L. J. P. & M. 73; L. R. 1 P. & D. 713 : Parkinson v.
Parkinson, 39 L. J. P. & M. 14; L. R. 2 P. & D. 26) ; but it must be
a perfected agreement {Nott v. NoU, 36 L. J. P. & M. 10; L. R. 1 P. & D.
251), and with the real concurrence of the wife, and with some justified-
DESERTED 515 DESERTED
tion {Dagg v. Dagg, 51 L. J. P. D. & A. 19; 7 P. D. 17; 30 W. R. 431).
Non-payment of an allowance under such an agreement will not convert
separation into desertion {Pape v. Pape^ 20 Q. B. D. 76; 57 L. J. M. C.
3; 36 W. R. 125). This last case was on " deserted," as used in s. 1, 49
& 50 V. c. 52; and Stephen, J., said: — " 'Desertion,' at any rate, im-
plies that the parties were living together at the time when the desertion
took place."
Non-compliance with decree for Restitution of Conjugal Rights con-
stitutes Desertion (47 & 48 V. c. 68 : Vth,, Bigwood v. Bigwood, 57 L. J.
P. D. & A. 80; 13 P. D. 89; 58 L. T. 642; 36 W. R. 928: Itussell v.
Bussell, sup).
A wife who, without a justifying cause, refuses sexual intercourse, and
refuses to live with her hushand unless he will undertake to refrain
therefrom, is guilty of Desertion (iSyne/e v. Si/nge, 1900, P. 180; 69
L. J. P. D. & A. 106 ; 83 L. T. 224 ; affd, 1901, P. 317 ; 70 L. J. P. D. & A.
97 ; 85 L. T. 83). V. Reasonable Excuse.
A bond fide offer to resume cohahitation will put an end to " Deser-
tion," if made before the statutory two years have expired, otherwise not
{Cargill v. CargUl, 27 L.J. P. &k. 69 : Harris v. Harrisy 31 lb. 6; 15
L. T. 448: Basing v. Basing, 33 L. J. P. M. & A. 150; 3 Sw. & Tr.
516); but such an offer is nugatory if the husband be actually cohabit-
ing with another woman {Edwards v. Edwards, sup), secus, if such
cohabiting has been discontinued {Lodge v. Lodge, 59 L. J. P. D. & A.
84; 15 P. D. 159). Vf, Martin v. MaHin, 78 L. T. 568.
It was at one time suggested that " deserted," in s. 31, 20 & 21 V. c. 85,
meant something equivalent to leaving the other party destitute {Ifaswell
Y. Haswell, 29 L. J. P. & M. 21; 1 Sw. & Tr. 502). That, qu4 a con-
jugal offence, was obviously unsound, and has not been supported ( Yeat-
man v. Yeatman, sup).
Note, Semble, " Desertion " by a Petitioner is no bar to his or her
obtaining Judicial Separation {Duplany y, Duplany, 1892, P. 53; 61
L. J. P. D. & A. 49 : Synge v. Synge^ sup).
By s. 21, 20 & 21 V. c. 85, "a wife deserted," in order to obtain a
Protection Order, was one who " is maintaining herself by her own in-
dustry or property." Desertion, in that connection, means " not only that
the husband has absented himself, but has left his w^ife unprovided for,
and such desertion must continue at the time of making the Order ; and
a horva fide offer of the husband to return and provide for his wife, would
take away her right to have such an Order made " (per J. 0., in Cargill
v. Cargill, sup: Jones y. Jones, 43 W. R. 424; 11 Times Rep. 317),
even (as it should seem) though the separation had been caused by the
husband's cruelty {Vf, Henty ▼. Henty, 33 L. T. 263: Stickland v.
Stickland, 25 W. R. 114). That ruling is, semble, applicable to " Deser-
tion " in 8. 1, 49 & 50 V. c. 52, repld s. 4, 58 & 59 V. c. 39. To these
sections the doctrine of Cral^ v. Crabb and Pape v. Pope (sup), is ap-
DESERTED 516 DESERVING
plicable (R. V. Leresche, 1891, 2 Q. B. 418; 60 L. J. M. C. 153; 40 W. E.
2; 65 L. T. 602: Sv, Bradshaw v. Bradshawj cited Cohabitation).
But if there has been an agreed temporary separation, — e.g. for the
wife's confinement, — and afterwards the husband refuses cohabitation
and support, that is ** Desertion " within these sections {Ckudley v.
Chydley^ 62 L. J. M. C. 97) ; secuSy if the husband has ofEered such
cohabitation as is within his means for the time being {Jones y. Jones,
sup). Note : It is not necessary to fix the actual date when the Deser-
tion began ( Wilkinson v. Wilkinson, 58 J. P. 415) ; and, so long as it
continues, it is a Continuing Offence, and the time for making the
Complaint does not run from the day the husband left (Heard t. Heard,
18%, P. 188; 65 L. J. P. D. & A. Ill ; 60 J. P. 426). F. Bunking
Away : Cp Pebsistent.
" Desertion, " s. 1, 49 & 50 V. c. 52, is a question of fact for the Jus-
tices, having regard to the legal meaning of " Desertion " (B. v. Bir-
wistle, 58 L. J. M. C. 158) ; who must enquire into all the facts, and
not, e.ff, accept proof of a husband's refusal to take in and proyide for his
wife, and shut out proof of previous facts ( Wassell v. Wassell, 81 L. T.
496; 68 L. J. P. D. & A. 127).
" Desertion " of a wife, in the statutes relating to Poor Law Bemoval,
means no more than living apart. The meaning of the word in s. 3, 24
& 25 Y. c. 55, " is that where the wife has been residing in a different
place from her husband for a prolonged period, she shall be considered
for Poor Law purposes as not being bound by the marriage tie, and as
living apart " (per Cockbum, C. J., B, v. Maidstone, 49 L. J. M. C. 26;
5 Q. B. D. 31). Accordingly a married woman is none the less " de-
serted " by her husband within that section, because he allows and pays
her 2s. 6d. a week (R. v. St. Mary, Islington, 39 L. J. M. C. 137; L. R.
5 Q. B. 445; 34 J. P. 646); nor even if the separation be caused by the
wife's adultery {B, v. Maidstone, sup), unless she take herself off in her
husband's absence and without his consent {B. v. Cookham^ 9 Q. B. D.
522).
Cp Living Apart.
Abandonment or Desertion of a Child ; V. Abandonment.
To " desert " a Ship " is used in the statute (s. 9, 7 & 8 V. c. 112) in a
bad sense, and means abandoning the service without sufficient cause "
(per Crompton, J., Edward v. Trevellick, 24 L. J. Q. B. 12; 4 E. & B.
59). So, if a Mariner has permission to leave but refuses to return,
that is a Desertion {The Bulmer, 1 Hagg. Adm. 163). Vf, McDonald v.
Jopllng, 7 L. J. Ex. 220 ; 4 M. & W. 285: The Pearl, 5 Rob. C. 224:
Ncave v. Pratt, 2 B. & P. N. R. 408 : Abbott, 797-804 V. Wages.
Military or Naval Desertion ; F. 4 Encyc. 228-230.
DESERVING. — A bequest to " Deserving" objects is bad, as being
too indefinite; but one to "Charitable and Deserving" objects is good,
DESERVING 517 DESIRABLE
the sentence being governed by ** Charitable " (Be Sutton^ 54 L. J. Ch.
613; 2S Ch. D. 464; 33 W. K 519). Vfy as to « Deserving," Be Wall,
Pomeroy v. WiUway^ 42 Ch. D. 510 ; 69 L. J. Ch. 172 ; 61 L. T. 357.
V, Relations.
DESIGN. — Qui Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883,
** 'Design/ means, any Design applicable to any article of manufacture,
or to any substance (artificial or natural, or partly artificial and partly
natural), whether the Design is applicable for the Pattern, or for the
Shape or Configuration, or for the Ornament, thereof, or for any two or
more of such purposes, — and by whatever means it is applicable, whether
by printing, painting, embroidering, weaving, sewing, modelling, cast-
ing, embossing, engraving, staining, or any other means whatever,
manual, mechanical, or chemical, separate or combined : — not being a
Design for a Sculpture or other thing within the protection of the
Sculpture Copyright Act of the year 1814, 54 G. 3, c. 56 " (s. 60). " The
object of that Interpretation Clause was to make the word ' Design ' as
extensive as it reasonably ought to be. It was not intended to draw a
hard-and-fast distinction between the Design being < applicable for the
Pattern,' or 'for the Shape, or Configuration,' or «for the Ornament.'
I do not think you can say that ' Pattern ' as it is used in that section,
necessarily and always, excluded the 'Shape' or 'Configuration,' and
that nothing could be included in 'Shape' or 'Configuration' which
might not fail to be considered under 'Pattern'; or, again, that the
' Ornament thereof might not be part of the Pattern and included under
the word ' Pattern.' The words have not a sharply defined meaning, but
the intention is to include ' any Design ' applicable to any class of goods,
and whether 'applicable for a Pattern,' or 'for the Shape, or Configura-
tion, or Ornament,' or some or all of them " (per Ld Herschell, Heath v.
BoUason, 1898, A. C. 499; 67 L. J. Ch. 565; 79 L. T. 1).
r. New Design.
DESIGNATION.— "Designation of a Landlord"; F. Gtrngh v.
Gaugh, cited Landlobd.
DESIRABLE.— r. Opinion.
The statement by a Vendor that the property offered for sale is let to
a " Desirable Tenant," is " not a guarantee that the tenant will go on
paying his rent, but it is a guarantee of a different sort and amounts, at
least, to an assertion, as a specific fact, that nothing has occurred in the
relations between the landlord and the tenant which can be considered
to make the tenant an unsatisfactory one. A tenant who had paid his
last quarter's rent by dribblets under pressure, must be regarded as an
undesirable tenant" (per Bowen, L. J., Smith y. Land, &c Corp, 2&
Ch. D. 15, 16; 51 L. T. 718; 49 J. P. 182).
DESIRE 518 DESTINATION
DESIRE. — r. Precatory Trust: Appropriate.
Bequest of a fund to be distributed among Charitable Institutions,
" but I desire that A. and B. shall benefit most largely ** ; the efEect is
that neither A. nor B. can be left out of the distribution, and that each
must have more than any other of the Institutions, — though it is not
necessary that A. and B. should have equal amounts (Armitage t. Gor-
don, 15 Times Rep. 453).
If a contracting party "shall desire" to terminate contract; F. Sun
Insrce v. ITartj 58 L. J. P. C. 69.
V. View.
DESIROUS OF BEING OISCHARQEO. — Trustees who hare
paid their trust fund into Court thereby retire ( K Ebtiking Trustee),
and cannot afterwards be treated as " desirous of being discharged,"
so as to execute a power of appointing new Trustees (Be Bailey ^
3 W. R. 31).
DESIROUS OF WORKING. — An owner "desirous of working"
minerals, s. 78, By C. C. Act, 1845, means, one who is really so desir-
ous (Mid. By v. Bobinson, cited Mine).
DESK. — In Be Bobson (7 Times Rep. 512), it was conceded, with-
out argument, that a bequest of ** My old mahogany Desk," passed the
testator's Bureau. Vf Contents.
DESPATCH. — V, Possible: Pbompt Despatch: Customary:
Usual Despatch: Due Diligence.
" Despatch Money," meanS| " Money earned by the use of greater
promptitude than the contract provided for " (per Kennedy, J., Mcuxoy
V. West, 15 Times Rep. 84).
Despatch Money at so much per hour " for all time saved," or " for
every hour saved," in a Discharge Clause of a Charter-Party ; F. Laing
V. Holloway, 47 L. J. Q. B. 512; 3 Q. B. D. 437 ; 26 W. R. 769 : The
Glendevon, 1893, P. 269 ; %2 L. J. P. D. & A. 123.
DESPATCHED "The Ship shall be despatched from" A.; —
"despatched," means, "really sailing on the voyage" (per Martin, B.,
Sharp v. Gms^ 1 H. & N. 806). Vf, Sail : Depabt.
DESTINATION. — "Now what is meant by sending goods 'to their
Destination ' ? It seems to me that it means sending them to a particu-
lar place, to a particular person who is to receive them there ; and not,
sending them to a particular place without saying to whom " (per Brett,
M. R., Exp, MUes, 15 Q. B. D. 43).
Ship's " Place of Destination " ; V. Attwood v. Case, 45 L. J. M. C.
20 ; 1 Q. B. D. 134.
DESTITUTE 619 DESTRUCTIVE
DESTITUTE. — A man is not "destitute," in the sense of being
entitled to Poor Law Relief, simply because he has no food or money, if
he is able-bodied and physically well and can get a sufficiency of work for
his maintenance, — but will not work because he is on Strike {A-G. v.
Merthyr Tydvil^ cited Idle and Disorderly Person).
DESTROY: DESTROYING. — The phrase "otherwise destroy-
ing " a Will so as to revoke it, s. 20, Wills Act, 1837, has to be read as
ejusdem generis with the words immediately preceding it, — " burning,
tearing," — that is, there must be " destruction, in the proper sense of
the word, of the substance or contents of the Will, or, at least, complete
effacement of the writing, e.g. by pasting over it a blank paper; and not
a ' destroying ' in a secondary sense, as by cancelling or incomplete ob-
literation. These, unless they prevent the words, as originally written,
from being apparent, — that is, apparent by looking at the Will itself,
— are plainly excluded by the statute. Glasses have been used for dis-
covering what the words attempted to be obliterated originally were "
(1 Jarm. 142. Vh, Cheese v. Lovejoy^ cited Revoke: Margary v. Rob^
insoriy 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 44 ; 12 P. D. 8). V. Tear: Cp Cancel.
When a Will is executed in Duplicate, the destruction of one of them
ammo revocandt, is a destruction of both ; but evidence of declarations
by the testator that he has so destroyed one part is inadmissible (Atkin-
son V. Morris, 1897, P.40j 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 17; 45 W.R. 293; 76
L. T. 440).
A Destruction by Mistake, may be cured by admitting the draft of the
Will to probate {Beardsley v. Lacey, 78 L. T. 26; 67 L. J. P. D. & A.
36).
A Destruction solely with the view to Revive a previous Will, is not
a Revocation of the Will destroyed {Powell v. Powell, 35 L. J. P. & M.
100 ; L. R. 1 P. & D. 209: Cossey v. Cossey, 82 L. T. 203 ; 69 L. J.
P. D. & A. 17). V. Dependent.
V. Demolish : Spoil : Cut Down.
DESTRUCTION To take Estovers " without Destruction," must
have a " reasonable exposition, " so that the grantee may take Estovers
conveniently and sufficiently for his necessary use {Stampe y. Burgesse^
2 Rolle, 73, 74).
" Waste and Destruction " ; V. Waste.
F. Destroy.
DESTRUCTIVE. —Boiling Water held to be " Destructive MaUei^
within s. 5, 1 V. c. 85, repealed (E, v. Crawford, 2 C. & K. 129); but not
a " Destructive Substance " within s. 29, 24 & 25 V. c. 100 {E. v. Martin,
62 Law Times, 372).
" Poison, or other Destructive Thing " ; K E. v. Cluderoy^ cited
Poison.
DETAIL 620 DETENTION. Ac.
DETAII r.NATUBB.
DETAIN- — " Detain " ; in Detinite, means that the defendant with-
holds the goods, and prevents plaintiff from having possession of them
{Clements v. Flight, 16 M. & W. 42 ; 16 L. J. Ex. 11).
V. Lawfully detained.
DETAINER.— F. Forcible Detainee.
DETAINMENTS. — r. Restraints op Kings.
DETENTION. — Hostile "Detention," in a Marine Insurance, is
equivalent to Seizure (Johnston v. Mogg, 52 L. J. Q. £. 343; 10 Q. B. D.
432).
Where a contract for carriage exempts the carrier from damage by rea-
son of ** detention " of the goods, that means something which prevents
the carrier from delivering at the proper time; and does not cover a
wrongful detention by him {Gordon v. G. W. Ey, 51 L. J. Q. B. 58;
8 Q. B. D. 44).
" Eeasonable and Probable Cause " for detaining a Ship; V, Reason-
able Cause.
Fl Detinue: Apprehension: Demurrage.
DETENTION BY DEFAULT F. Default.
DETENTION BY ICE, FROST, &c.—" Detention by Ice not
to be reckoned as Laying Days," in a Charter -Party, means prevention
of " access to the ship by reason of ice from any one of the storing
places from which merchandize is to be conveyed direct to the ship "
(per Willes, J., and adopted by Ex. Cham, in Ifudson v. Ude^ L. R.
3 Q. B. 415) ; and, therefore, where a ship was to proceed to Sulinah and
there load grain or seed with a provision as to laying days for loading,
" Detention by Ice not to be reckoned as laying days," and the port itself
and sea immediately outside were free from ice, yet the River Danube,
down which the grain had to be brought, was impeded with ice; it was
held that there was a " Detention by Ice " within the meaning of the
Exception {Hudson v. Ede, 36 L. J. Q. B. 273; 37 lb. 166; 8 B. & S.
639; 9 lb. 480; L. R. 3 Q. B. 412; " it is no use to say that that was a
very strong decision, — it has been recognized in H. L.," per Esher,
M.R., Smith v. Bosario Nitrate Co, 1894, 1 Q. B. 178: Va, Fumess v.
Forwood, cited AcciDENTy. But Hudson v. Ede rather lays down an
exception than a general rule ; for the general rule is, that the convey-
ance of goods to the place of loading is no part of the loading. Accord-
ingly where a ship had to proceed to Cardiff East Bute Dock, and there
load, " Detention by Frost, " &c, not to be reckoned as lay days ; and the
freighters' agents were prevented from getting the goods to the East
Bute Dock by reason of the freezing over of the canal from their whaif
DETENTION. &c. 521 DETERMINATION
to tbat dock, it was held that tbis time was to be reckoned as lay days
{Kay V. Field, 52 L. J. Q. B. 17; 10 Q. B. D. 241: Ta, Grant v. Cover-
dale, 63 L. J. Q. B. 462; 9 App. Ca. 470 : The Alne Holme, 1893, P. 173;
62 L. J. P. D. & A. 51; 68 L. T. 862; 41 W. R. 672). Cp Strike.
V. ICE-BOUND.
DETENTION BY RAILWAYS An Exception in a Cbarter-
Party of "Detention by Railways," connotes simply, wbetber, in point
of fact, tbere bas been such a Detention; its cause is immaterial, e,g, if
it were imposed on the Charterer by a Ry Co as a legitimate punishment
for bis having kept unloaded at bis works more of the Company's trucks
than their rules allowed (Letricheux v. Dutdopj 19 Sess. Ca. 4th Ser,
209).
DETERIORATE. — "Affect or deteriorate" Water; V. Filthy
Wateb.
DETERMINABLE. — A Demise for, say, 3 years " determinable " on
a prescribed Notice, means, tbat such notice may be given so as to ex-
pire at the end of any year of the tenanc}' ; but if it be added " other-
wise the tenancy to continue from year to year until the term shall cease
by Notice to Quit at the usual times," that connotes a demise for 3 years
certain, determinable then or at the end of some subsequent year by the
prescribed notice (Jones v. Nixon, 31 L. J. Ex. 505; 1 H. & C. 48).
Determinable at 7, 14, or 21 years ; V. Ob.
DETERMINABLE FUTURE TIME A Bill of Ex. (s. 11), or
Promissory Note (s. 89), is payable at a " Determinable Future Time,"
within the Bills of Ex. Act, 1882, "which is expressed to be pay-
able —
(1) At a fixed period after date or sight.
(2) On or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified event
which is certain to happen, though the time of happening may
be uncertain."
DETERMINATION — "Determination" of an Action; V. Bur-
nahy v. Earle, 43 L. J. Q. B. 209; L. R. 9 Q. B. 490.
" Determination " of a Complaint, s. 3, 20 & 21 V. c. 43; V. Diss v.
Aldrich, 46 L. J. M. C. 183; 2 Q. B. D. 179; 41 J. P. 132: JVest v.
Fotts, 34 J. P. 760. Vf, Summary Jur Act, 1879, 42 & 43 V. c. 49,
s. 33.
An Acquittal by Justices is not an " Order, Conviction, Judgment, or
Determination" from which a "person who shall think himself Ag-
GBiKVEO " thereby can appeal to Quarter Sessions, under s. 106, High-
way Act, 1835 (B, V. London Jus., 69 L. J. M. C. 146 ; 26 Q. B. D. 357).
A Letter from the Charity Commrs, to a parish Council, giving their
DETERMINATION 522 DETRIMENT
Opinion on a question submitted under s. 70 (2), Loc Gov Act, 1894, is
a "Determination" by them under that provision (A-G. v. HugJie^
81 L. T. 679).
The " Determination " of a Term or Estate is the same thing as its
" Termination '* ; and does not only mean premature extinction, but the
coming to an end in any way whatever (a%. Aubyny. St, Aiihyriy 30 L. J.
Ch. 920; 1 Dr. & Sm. 611). To the same effect is the statutory inter-
pretation of " Determination of Tenancy" for the purposes of the Agri-
cultural Holdings (England) Act, 1882, which by s. 61, "means the
cesser of a contract of tenancy by reason of effluxion of time, or from any
other cause " ; and where a custom authorizes the retention of part of the
land of a farm for a period beyond the prescribed term of letting, the
" Determination of the Tenancy," qui that Act, is not accomplished till
that further period has expired {R, v. Maconochie, 34 S. J. 64: BeFaul,
59 L. J. Q. B. 30; 24 Q. B. D. 247; 61 L. T. 835; 54 J. P. (yU):
But where such a custom only extends to the farm-house and buildings,
the time for the Determination of the Tenancy under that Act is not ex-
tended {Black V. Clay, 1894, A. C. 368; 71 L. T. 446: Morleyy, Carter,
1898, 1 Q. B. 8; 66 L. J. Q. B. 843; 77 L. T. 337; 46 W. R. 77). lli,
Beavan v. Delahay, 1 Bl. H. 5 : Knight v. Bennett, 3 Bing. 366, 367.
F. End : Expiration.
" Determination of Tenancy " ; Other Stat. Def., 50 & 51 V. c. 26, s. 4.
— Scot. 46 & 47 V. c. 62, s. 42.
" Sooner Determination," rejected as insensible; V. Tebh.
DETERMINE. — V. Determination: Hear.
Notice of the death of the Obligor to a running Guarantee, is not a
notice to " determine " the obligation, within a proviso enabling its de-
termination {Re Silvester, 1895, 1 Ch. 673; 64 L. J. Ch. 390; 72 L. T.
283; 43 W. R. 443).
As to what is a sufficient Notice to determine a Lease; V. Bury y.
Thompson, 1895, 1 Q. B. 696; 64 L. J. Q. B. 500; 72 L. T. 187; 43
W. R. 338; 11 Times Rep. 267: and what sufficient quk a mere Ten-
ancy, V. Farrance v. Elkington, 2 Camp. 591 : Gardner v. In^am,
61 ii. T. 729: General Assrce v. Worsley, 64 L. J. Q. B. 253; 72 L. T.
358 : Redman, 384-386.
V. Cease.
DETINUE. — Detinue (now generally phrased, Detention of Goods)
is an Action " that lies against him who having goods and chattels
delivered to him to keep, refuses to re-deliver them: Fitz. Nat. Brev.
138 " (Termes de la Ley). F. Detain.
Vh Rose. N. P. 981-984. Cp Trover.
V. Detention.
DETRIMENT. — V. Material Detriment.
DETRIMENTAL 523 DEVIATE
DETRIMENTAL. — Carrying on a Business which is only danger-
ous, is not a breach of a Lessee's covenant against carrying on a busi-
ness which is " Detrimental or a Nuisance to surrounding occupiers "
(per Hawkins, J., Lepla v. Bogers, 37 S. J. 11).
DEVASTAVIT. — A Devastavit is a Mismanagement of the Estate
of a deceased person by his Legal Ebpkesentativbs " in squandering
and misapplying the Assets, contrary to the duty imposed on them ;
for which they shall answer out of their own pockets as far as they had,
or might have had, Assets of the deceased " (Wms. Exs. 1690 et seq,
whv).
DEVELOP. — Development of Tbafficj V, Beman v. Buffordy
1 Sim. N. S. 570.
" Convey Traffic in a proper and convenient manner, and so as fairly
to develop the Traffic of the District," in a contract between two Ry
Companies; V, Clomviel Traders v. Waterford & Limerick By, 4 B,j &
Can Traffic Ca. 92: Mid. G. W. By v. Dublin & Meath By, lb. 145.
DEVIATE. — To "deviate in any respect" from the Certified Plan
of an old domestic building, s. 43 (ii), London Bg Act, 1894, is not
confined to the Ground-plan of the building but includes any alteration
in the character or outline of the building, and any alteration which will
impose a greater burden upon anybody who is affected by the building,
— e,g, an alteration of the height of the building, or of the cubic space
or dimensions of its rooms {Faynter v. Watsoriy 1898, 2 Q. B. 31;
67 L. J. Q. B. 640; 46 W. R. 655; 62 J. P. 467).
^^ Deviation,** as used in Railway Acts, means, shifting the work in
its integrity from one site to another which may be deemed more suit-
able; it does not imply a right, not only to alter the situation of the
work but in doing so, to dispense with a half or two-thirds of it {Herron
V. Bathmines Commrs, 1892, A. C. 498). V, Lateral.
Line of " Deviation," qu4 Ry Acts, " and particularly 8 & 9 V. c. 20,
8. 15, is to be taken with reference to the Line of Railway only, i,e. that
the Line of Ry actually laid down shall not deviate more than 100 yards
from the line laid down and Delineated in the parliamentary plans, —
the medium filum vice of each being the commencement and termination
in measuring those 100 yards " {Doe d. Armistead v. N. Staffordshire By,
16 Q. B. 537; 20 L. J. Q. B. 253, condensing and giving force to jdgmt
of Alderson, B., in Doe d. Payne v. Bristol & Exeter By, 6 M. & W. 345,
346).
In a Marine Insurance, or Charter Party, " Deviation " is any un-
excused departure from the usual course of proceeding towards the
terminus of the voyage (1 Am. 452) ; or, in other words, ** a voluntary
departure, without necessity or any reasonable cause, from the regular
and usual course of the specific voyage " (Park, ch. 17). Vk^ Hammond
DEVIATE 624 DEVISE
V. Beidf 4 B. & Aid. 73, on wJicv, Gambles v. Ocean Insrce, 1 Ex. D. 8,
141 ; 45 L. J. Ex. 366: Solli/ v. WJiitmore, 5 B. & Aid. 45: Harrower
V. Hutchinson, 10 B. & S. 469; 39 L. J. Q. B. 229; L. R. 5 Q. B. 584 ;
22 L. T. 684 : Glynji v. MargeUon and Coffin v. Aldridge cited Liberty
TO call: The Dunbeth, 1897, P. 133; 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 66:
Hyderabad Co v. WtOougUy, 1899, 2 Q. B. 530; 68 L. J. Q. B. 862:
Fhelps V. Hill, 1891, 1 Q. B. 605; 60 L. J. Q. B. 382: Abbott, 406-
410: 4 Encyc. 24^247.
Change of Voyage and Deviation, contrasted; V. 8 Encyc. 178.
DEVICE.— To catch fish; V. To Place: Rod and Line.
V. Distinctive.
DEVISE. — "The words 'Devise' and 'Bequeath' are terms of
known use in our law, the former from Glanville's time and earlier.
In their ordinary sense they signify the declaration of a man's will
concerning the succession to his own property after his death. Such a
' devise ' or ^ bequest ' operates (on subjects which either by common, or
statute, law or custom can so be disposed of) by virtue of the Will, and
of that alone. On the other hand, an Appointment under a Limited
Power operates by virtue of the instrument creating the Power; the
executioD, when valid, is read into, and derives its force from, that in-
strument. If the execution of the Power must, or may, be by Will, it
must be a Will duly executed and attested as such according to law, and
the word ' Will ' in the statute (Wills Act, 1837) extends to such a
testamentary appointment. But, that condition being complied with,
the execution operates in the same way after the death of the appointor
as if the instrument were not testamentary. Before the Wills Act, the
law as to General Powers was the same. ^ A mere general devise or
bequest, however unlimited in terms, would not comprehend the subject
of the power unless it referred to the subject or the power itself, or gen-
erally to any power vested in the testator (1 Sug. Pow-, 6 ed., 385).'
" It follows, we think, legitimately from these premises that the words
* devise or bequest ' when used in the Wills Act without any indication of
any intention that they should apply to Appointments under Powers,
ought, prima facie, to be understood in their ordinary sense, namely, as
referring to a gift by Will of the testator's own property and nothing
else " (per Selborne, C, in delivering the jdgmt of the Court of App. in
Holyland v. Leioin, 53 L. J. Ch. 530; 26 Ch. D. 266). It was accord-
ingly held in that case (in approval of the rule in Griffiths v. Ga/e,
13 L. J. Ch. 286; 12 Sim. 354) that a testamentary exercise of a Limited
Power of Appointment was not saved, by s. 33, Wills Act, 1837, from
lapsing as regards children or issue of the appointor dying in his or her
lifetime; but the Court pointed out that the case would have been differ-
ent had the power been a general one, because s. 27 of the Wills Act
DEVISE 525 DEVISEE
makes the subject of a testamentary execution of a General Power part
of the property of the testator. Vf^ Ecdes v. Cheyne, 2 K. & J. 676:
Freme v. Clement^ 50 L. J. Ch. 801; 18 Ch, D. 489: but Freme v.
Clement was disapproved in Holyland v. LewiUj 26 Ch. D. 266.
A " * Devise ' is where a man in his testament giveth or bequeatheth
his goods or his lands to another after his decease " (Termes de la Ley).
" A Devise, or Legacy, is where a man in his testament doth give any-
thing to another; the first of these terms is properly applied to the gift
of lands and the last to the gift of goods or chattels; and therefore a
devise strictly is said to be where a man in his testament doth give his
lands to another after his decease ; and a legacy is said to be where a
man in his testament doth give any chattel to another to have after the
death of the testator; but the word is promiscuously applied to the one
and to the other" (Touch. 400. Notei The word "Bequeath" does not
seem to have been in use when the Touchstone was written; and where
we should now write "Bequest," the Touchstone gives the word
"Legacy"). It is still true that "Devise" and "Bequeath" may be
used promiscuously, and that if a testator ** Devise " goods they will
pass, and so he may " Bequeath " lands or houses : that is to say, where
the property dealt with is clear, the intention will not be defeated
because the wrong verb is used {V. Whicker v. Jffume, 14 Bea. 518;
1 D. G. M. & G. 506; 21 L. J. Ch. 406: Gi/ett ▼. WUltams, 2 J. & H.
436: Barrington v. Ltddell, 2 D. G. M. & G. 500: 0' Toole v. Browne,
cited Estate: Jackson v. Hosie, 27 L. R. Ir. 450). But when the
subject of the gift is expressed ambiguously the meaning will be aided
by the verb. Thus, where a testator " gave, devised, and bequeathed "
everything to A. for life, and after her death " gave, devised, and be-
queathed the whole of his Effects which might be then remaining " to
B., it was held that the realty passed (Phillips v. BecU, 26 Bea. 25 :
Hall V. HaUy 1892, 1 Ch. 361; 61 L. J. Ch. 289; 40 W. R. 277. Sv,
Camfield v. Gilbert^ 3 East, 516: Be Williams, Williams v. Acton,
35 S. J. 24). And on the other hand, where the testator " gave,
bequeathed, and disposed of" all his residuary "estate, effects, and
property," — words large enough to comprise realty, — yet there it was
held that the realty did not pass, and in arriving at that conclusion the
Court (int. al.) strongly relied on the absence of the word " devise "
from the operative words (Coard v. Holdemess, 24 L. J. Ch. 388; 20 Bea.
147: F. IJarm. 736, 737).
V, Bequeathed.
Qu4 Small Holdings Act, 1892, b& & 56 V. c. 31, " Devise," in Scot-
land, " means. Mortis causa disposition " (s. 21).
DEVISED.— F. As Devised.
DEVISEE. — Ordinarily, a Devisee is one to whom Realty is given
by Will ; and Legates is one to whom Personalty is so given.
DEVISEE 626 DIE
Qui Trustee Act, 1850, " 'Devisee' shall, in addition to its ordinary
signification, mean the heir of a devisee, and the devisee of an heir, and
generally any person claiming an interest in the lands of a deceased
person, not as heir of such deceased person but, by a title dependent
solely upon the operation of the laws concerning Devise and Descent "
(8. 2).
Qnk Trustee Act, 1893, " ' Devisee ' includes the heir of a devisee, and
the devisee of an heir, and any person who may claim right by devolu-
tion of title of a similar description " (s. 50).
DEVOIRE. — " ^ Devoire,' is as much to say as a Duty " (Termes de
la Ley, referring to its use in 2 Bich. 2, c. 3).
DEVOLUTION. — " Devolution of estate by operation of law," R. 2,
Ord. 17, R. S. C; V. Wallis v. SmUh, 51 L. J. Ch. 577; 46 L. T. 473.
" Devolution by Law," in Sucn Dy Act, 1853; V. Disposition.
V. Devolve: Descent.
DEVOLVE. — "To * devolve ' means to pass from a person dying to a
person living; the etymology of the word shews its meaning " (per Leach,
M. R., Parr v. Parr, 1 My. & K. 648; 2 L. J. Ch. 167). Vh, Swan v.
Holmes, 19 Bea. 476: Fazakerley v. Ford, 1 A. & E. 897; 2 L. J. 0. S.
K. B. Ill; 4 Sim. 390: Cope v. De la Warr, 42 L. J. Ch. 870; 8 Ch.
982.
" To devolve to her Issue at her death "; F. Stonor v. Curwen, 5 Sim.
264.
A Bankrupt's discharge was suspended until he had paid the Trustee
enough to pay his Crs 55. in the £, on which being done his Discharge
to become operative; before such payment he, as a residuary legatee,
became entitled to a sum more than enough to pay the balance then un-
paid of the composition ; held, that the Trustee was entitled to the whole
of such sum for the benefit of the Crs, because even that portion of it
which was in excess of the balance of the composition had " devolved "
upon the bankrupt " before his Discharge," within s. 44 (i), Bankry Act,
1883 (Be Hawkins, 1892, 1 Q. B. 890; 61 L. J. Q. B. 458; 66 L. T.
737; 40 W. R. 484, Fry, L. J., diss.).
V. Devolution.
" Devolve upon " ; F. Acquire.
DIAGONAI "Diagonal Line"; V. s. 41, London Bg Act, 1894.
DICTIONARY. — As to a document furnishing its own dictionary,
F. Hill V. Crook, and other cases, cited Child.
DIE. — In the leading case of Edwards v. Edwards (21 L. J. Ch. 324;
15 Bea. 357), Romilly, M. R., propounded, from the prior decisions, four
rules of construction for determining the meaning of a gift over in case
of death: —
DIE 527 DIE
1. Where there is an immediate gift, — (as to a future gift, F. 2 Jarm.
766), — to A., and if he shall die, then to B., — that means, if A. shall
die during the life of the testator (Va, Re Luddy^ 53 L. J. Ch. 21; 25
Ch. D. 394: Re RosSj 32 S. J. 289): and the consequence is, that on
surriving the testator, A. will take an ahsolute interest, and not a life
interest with remainder to B.
2. Where there is a gift to A., and if he shall die without leaving a
child or without leaving issue (as the case may he) then to B., — that
means, if at any time^ whether hefore or after the death of the testator,
A. shall die without leaving a child, &c, the gift over to B. will take
effect.
3. Where there is a gift to A. for life, and after his decease to B., and
if B. shall die, then to C, — that means, if B. shall die before the death
of A., the tenant for life, the gift over to C. will take effect, otherwise
not : and if the tenant for life and B. should have died in testator's life-
time, then it would seem to follow that the gift over to C. will take effect
on the death of the testator.
4. Where there is a gift to A. for life, and after his decease to B., and
if B. shall die without leaving a child^ or without leaving issue (as the
case may be) then to C, — that also means, if B. shall die before the
death of A., the tenant for life, the gift over to C. will take effect,
otherwise not.
These canons of construction, after having been followed for upwards
of 20 years in a number of cases and pronounced by so high an authority
as Lord Justice James as "very simple, intelligible, and beneficial,"
came under review in the H. L. in O^Mahoney v. Burdett (44 L. J. Ch.
66 n; L. R. 7 H. L. 388), and in Ingram v. Soutten (44 L. J. Ch. b^-,
L. R. 7 H. L. 408). Their Lordships practically confirmed the first
three propositions of Edwards v. Edwards^ but disapproved of the fourth.
Lord Hatherley in 0 ^Mahoney v. Burdett^ said, — " It seems to me that
there is no reason for distinguishing the fourth rule from the second."
That sentence, when the reasoning is closely followed, seems to sum up
the ratio decidendi of the two cases in the House of Lords, with the result
that the 2nd and 4th Rules of Edwards y. Edwards should be blended
together into the following proposition: —
Where there is a gift to A. (whether preceded or not by a life
estate) and if he shall die witJiout leaving a child or without leaving
issue (as the case may be), then to B., — that means, if, at any timcj
A. should die without leaving a child, &c, the gift over to B. will take
effect.
Vfy Die Without Issue: Olivant v. Wright^ 1 Ch. D. 346: Besant
v. CoXy 6 Ch. D. 604: Re Hayward, 61 L. J. Ch.613; 19 Ch. D. 470 :
Re Parry, b6 L. J. Ch. 237; 31 Ch. D. 130; 64 L. T. 229; 34 W. R.
363: and as to Rule No. 1, Re Elliott, 22 Ch. D. 236; 62 L. J. Ch.
222 : Wms. Exs. 1126 : 2 Jarm. ch. 48 : and as to the Rules relating to
DIE 628 DIE WITHOUT ISSUE
words referring to Death coupled with a contingency, 2 Jarm« ch. 49.
Cp Payable.
As to supplying the complement to such elliptical phrases as " If I
die," " If A. dies," or " In the event of A. dying "; V. Abbott v. Middle
ton, 28 L. J. Ch. 110; 7 H. L. Ca. ^^\ 21 Bea. 143: JEastioood v. JLoch-
woody 36 L. J. Ch. 673; L. R. 3 Eq. 487 : 1 Jarm. 488; 2 Ih. 21.
Annuity to wife, and '' in the event of her death " to he continued to
the children ; the wife died in testator's lifetime ; held, that the phrase
did not only provide against a lapse, hut also that the annuity was pay-
able to the children, — i.e. the phrase meant, '* if she shall be dead at
my decease, or on her death afterwards" {Wilkins y. JodreU^ cited
Maixtexaxce).
In the event of A. (a woman) " not marrying or dying ^ " means if she
shall die unmarried (Hawkins v. Hawkins^ 4 L. J. Ch. 9).
"Dying," held not to import futurity; secus, of "shall die" (Cauit-
hurst V. Carter, 15 Bea. 421; 21 L. J. Ch. 555).
V. Dead : Death.
As to what is a " Die," qui Gold and Silver Wares Act, 1844; 7 & 8
y. c. 22, V. s. 14; — qui Stamp Duties Management Act, 1891, 54 & 55
V. c. 38, r. s. 27.
DIE BY HIS OWN HANDS A life policy contained a proviso
avoiding it (int. cU,) in case the assured should " die by his own hands."
The assured threw himself into the Thames and was drowned. The jury
found that he intended to destroy his life and knew that he should
thereby do so, but that, at the time of committing the act, he was not
capable of judging between right and wrong ; held, that he had died
by his own hands, and that the policy was avoided (Borrodaile v.
Hunter, 12 L. J. C. P. 225; 5 M. & G. 639).
F. Suicide.
DIE WITHOUT CHILDREN. — Read "without having had a
child" (Be Hambleton, W. N. (84) 157); but in Be Booth (1900, 1 Ch.
768; 69 L. J. Ch. 474; 48 W. R. 566) a gift to a married woman " for
her own absolute use, but should she die without child or children," then
over; " without " was construed " without Leaving," so that, the devisee,
instead of taking absolutely on her giving birth to a child, took abso-
lutely subjeot to the Executory Gift over, in the event of her not having
any child who should survive her or ( V. s. 10 (1), Conv Act, 1882) who
should attain 21 in her lifetime. VfT^rm without issue.
DIE WITHOUT HAVING BEEN MARRIED. — F. Without
HAVTNQ BEEN HARRIED.
DIE WITHOUT ISSUE.— "In any Devise, or Bequest, of Real
or Personal Estate the words * Die without Issue,* or ^Die withoitt leav-
DIE WITHOUT ISSUE 529 DIE WITHOUT ISSUE
ing Issue^^ or ^ Have no Issue^* or any other words which may import
either a want, or failure, of Issue of any person in his lifetime or at the
time of his death, or an indefinite failure of his issue, shall be construed
to mean a want or failure of issue in the lifetime or at the tinie of the
death of such person) and not an indefinite failure of his issue, unless
a contrary intention shall appear by the Will, by reason of such person
having a prior estate tail, or of a preceding gift; being, without any im-
plication arising from such words, a limitation of an estate tail to such
person or issue, or otherwise : Provided that this Act shall not extend to
cases where such words as aforesaid import if no issue described in a pre-
ceding gift shall be born, or if there shall be no issue who shall live to
attain the age or otherwise answer the description required for obtaining
a vested estate by a preceding gift to such issue " (s. 29, Wills Act, 1837,
which Act came into operation on 1st Jan 1838).
" Thus, if (in a Will since 1837) Real Estate be devised to A. and his
heirs, or to A. indefinitely, with a limitation over to take effect on the
death of A. without issue, or without having or leaving issue, — A. will
not (as before) take an estate tail with remainder over, but an estate in
fee, with an executory devise over in the event of his death without
issue living at his detith,
" So, if the devise be to A. for life, with a limitation over on his death
without issue, — A. will not (as before) take an estate tail but an estate
for life only, with the like executory devise over.
" Again, if Personal Estate be given to A., with a bequest over to B.
upon the death of A. without issue, — the gift over will not (as before) be
void for remoteness, but will take effect as a contingent executory bequest
upon the death of A. without issue living at his death " (Hawk. 215; Fl
p. 216, lb., as to whether such expressions as '' In Default, " or " On
Failure of Issue " are within s. 29, Wills Act : Fa, Neville v. Thacker^
23 L. R. Ir. 344, 369. Vf as to effect of the section, 2 Jarm. 493-496,
532-^5).
S. 29 of the Wills Act includes the phrase ** die without leaving Male
Issue" {Upton y. Hardman, Ir. Rep. 9 Eq. 167: Ee Edwards^ 1894,
3 Ch. 644; 64 L. J. Ch. 179 ; 43 W. R. 169 : Vh Theobald, 620).
Prior to the Wills Act, just cited, the words " Die without issue " did
not for all purposes mean the same as " Die without leaving issue." As
applied to Beal Estate these phrases were synonymous ; and imported
an indefinite failure of issue (Hawk. 205, 213, and cases there cited), and
were "exactly equivalent to *on the extinction of the heirs of his body,'
and that is held by implication to express an intention that the heirs of
the body of the devisee for life shall take, and therefore these words give
the devisee for life an Estate Tail " (per Ld Blackburn, Bowen v. Leuns,
64 L. J. Q. B.68; 9 App. Ca. 890, whv as to the susceptibility of this
construction to contextual variation, and for an application of such rule
of construction). Vf Andrew v. Andrew, cited Default.
84
DIE WITHOUT ISSUE 530 DIFFERENCE
But in regard to Personal Estate a wide practical difference obtains,
in Wills made prior to the Wills Act, as regards the phrases under con-
sideration. Thus if in such a Will, Personalty be given to A. with a
limitation over in the event of A. dying " Without Issue," that would
mean an indefinite failure of issue, and A. would take the absolute inter-
est, the gift over being void for remoteness {Candy v. Campbelly 2 CI. & F.
421 : 8 Bligh, N. S. 469 : Hawk. 206) ; whilst if the words were " without
leaving Issue " they would import a failure of issue ai ike death of the
person spoken of and A. would take, subject to a contingent executory
bequest over in the event of his dying without issue living at his death
{Forth V. Chapman^ 1 P. Wms. 663, and notes thereon, Tudor, L. C.
R P., 3 ed., 682).
For a minute discussion of the construction of words importing
failure of issue; V. Jarm. chs. 40, 41: Theobald, chs. 41, 42. Va
Watson Eq. 1400.
V, Die : Die withoxtt children : Leaving : On.
" Where a Remainder is limited in « default,' or * for want ' of the
object or objects of the preceding limitation, these words mean, ' on the
failure or determination of the prior estate or estates ' ; and do not (as
literally construed they would) render the ulterior estate contingent on
the event of such prior object or objects not coming into existence. In
short they signify all that is comprehended in the word 'Kemainder,' —
being merely an expression employed by the testator in carrying on the
series of limitations " (1 Jarm. 800).
Observe that s. 29, Wills Act, stated at length at the commencement
of this definition, relates only to Wills, As regards Deeds, and docu-
ments other than Wills, the following are the rules, —
1. ^ The words ' Die without Issue ' are construed to mean, the death
of the Propositus, and the failure of his Issue, at any time, either before,
at, or after his death " : —
2. " A limitation * to A. and his heirs,' followed by a gift over if A.
dies 'without Issue,' or ' without Heirs of his Body,' confers an Estate
Tailou A.": —
3. ** An estate in Fee Simple is not cut down to an Estate Tail by a
gift over * in default of such Issue,' or * without Leaving Issue ' " (Elph.
247-250, whv for the authorities: Va, Arthur v. Walker, 1897, 1 I. R.
83, where the last two rules are adopted, and the last one applied).
Vh, Chitty Eq. Ind. 8056-8077.
DIFFERENCE. — A "Difference," in a contract, is a contention
over a question of truth or fact or law, as distinguished from a non-agree-
ment over a question of valuation (Collins v. Collins, 28 L. J. Ch. 184;
26 Bea. 306: Boss v. Helsham, 36 L. J. Ex. 20; L. R. 2 Ex. 72 ; 4 H. &
G. 645: F. Arbitration: 'Adjustment). ■
A question of construction is a '' Difference," within Arb Act, 188S^
t
\
DIFFERENCE 681 DIGNITY
( Van Eeghen ▼. Jones^ Times, 22nd Feb 1890). So, a refusal in toto
to pay a Ky Co's charge on the ground that it is unjust, is a " Differ-
ence," within an Arbitration clause (Lond, & N. W. Ry v. Donellan^
1898, 2 Q. B. 7; 67 L. J. Q. B. 681; 78 L. T. 575: Mid. By v. Loseby,
1899, A. C. 133; 68 L. J. Q. B. 326; 80 L. T. 93) ; but in order to oust
the jurisdiction of the Court to enforce such a charge, there must have been
a real dispute before action brought (Lond, & iVl W. Ry v. BUlingtonj
1899, A. C. 79; 68 L. J. Q. B. 162; 79 L. T. 503). Vf, Required.
*^ Differences^" b. 11, Com L. Pro Act, 1854, includes a question of law
{Randegger v. Holmes^ L. B. 1 C. P. 679 : Seligman v. Le Boutillierj lb.
681). Vh, RandeU v. Thompsony 1 Q. B. D. 748; 45 L. J. Q. B. 713 :
Deutsche Springstnff Gesellscha/t v. Briscoe^ 57 L. J. Q. B. 4.
Consent Order of Eef erence of ** all Matters in Difference " ; V, Dar*
lington Wagon Co v. Harding, cited Equitalent.
Vff Cause : Consent.
" Difference," s. 33, Tramways Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 78; F. R. v.
Croydon TramvHiys Co, 56 L. J. Q. B. 125; 18 Q. B. D. 39 ; 56 L. T. 78;
35 W. R. 299; 51 J. P. 420; 3 Times Rep. 32 : Bristol Trams Co v.
Bristol, 59 L. J. Q. B. 441 ; 25 Q. B. D. 427 ; 63 L. T. 177; 38 W. R.
693; m J. P. 53.
** Difference" whereby the making an Award is "hindered"; F.
Hinder.
" Difference ... or any other Question " ; F Question.
V, Dispute.
Stock Exchange ** Differences " ; F. Gaming Contract.
Dl FFERENT. — " Different Tenements " ; F. Divide.
DIFFERENTIAL DUES. — Harbour ''Differential Dues" are de-
fined by 8. 2, 24 & 25 Y. c. 47; by s. 10 lb. they were abolished on and
after Ist January 1862.
DIFFICULT. — F. Inexpedient : Impartialitt.
" Difficult point of law," s. 119, Co. Co. Act, 1888 ; F. Hunt v. Goldhy,
40 S. J. 405.
DIFFICULTY. — ** In case any difficulty shall arise in the execution "
of a Resolution for an Insolvent's Arrangement with Creditors, s. 351,
20 & 21 V. c. 60 ; — such a clause does not include an Impossibility, e.g.
where a proposal for arrangement is rendered abortive by the death of the
Insolvent {Re J/., Ir. Rep. 11 Eq. 46).
" Financial Difficulty " ; F. Notice of Suspension, sub Notice.
DIG. — F. Seaech.
DIGNITY. — Dignity means, "Honour and Authority: reputation,
&c. Dignities may be divided into Superior and Inferior : as the titles
DIGNITY 532 DIOCESE
of Duke, Earl, Baron, &c, are the highest names of dignity; and those
of Baronet, Knight, Serjeant at Law, &c, the lowest" (Jacoh). F/*,
3 Cru. Dig. Title 26 : Cruise on Dignities.
An hereditary dignity is an Imcorpobeal Hereditament. V. Honour.
A Dignity in the Church is where a Spiritual Person hath a Function
which hath also a Jurisdiction, e,f]f. Bishop, Dean, &c (Boughton v. GotLs-
ley^ Cro. Eliz. 663). Therefore, neither a Parson, Vicar, Chaplain, Pro-
vost, Precentor, or a Gospeller holds a Dignity {Ih.), In that case it
was said that " an Archdeacon is not a name of Dignity" : Sv Arch-
deacon.
V. Tenement.
DILAPIDATION.— Dilapidation is "a wastful destroying, or let-
ting of Building run to mine and decay, for want of reparation " (Cowel).
An Ecclesiastical Dilapidation '' is where an Incumbent of a Bene-
fice suffers the Parsonage House or Outhouses to fall down, or be in
decay, for want of necessary reparation ; or, it is the pulling down, or
destroying, any of the houses or buildings belonging to a Spiritual Liv-
ing, or destroying of the Woods, trees, &c, appertaining to the same ; for
it is said to extend to the committing, or suffering, any Wilful Waste
in or upon the Inheritance of the Church" (Jacob, citing Degge's Par-
son's Counsellor, 89). FA, Phil. Ecc. Law, Part 6, ch. 5: Cripps Law
of the Church and Clergy, Book 2, ch. 1, s. 7 : 4 Encyc. 249-251.
Dilapidations as between Landlord and Tenant ; V. Woodl ch. 16,
s. 9 : Gibbons on Dilapidations.
DILIGENCE. — F. Due Diligence : Reasonable Diligence.
DILIGENTLY.— r. Faiblt.
DILUTE. — To ''dilute'' a drink means to make it less strong,
whether by adding thereto a weaker drink or by adding water; and there-
fore a Beer Retailer is (under s. 8 (2), 48 & 49 V. c. 61) guilty of " dilut-
ing" strong beer by mixing therewith a weaker beer {Crofts v. Taylor,
66 L. J. M. C. 137; 19 Q. B. D. 624; 67 L. T. 310 ; 36 W. R. 47; 61 J. P.
632, 789). Cp. Adulteration.
DINNER.—" Public Dinner " ; V. Public Ball.
DIOCESE. — A Diocese is the limited territorial space assigned to a
Bishop, as especially that in which he is to exercise his functions:
"probably, the word *See' has strictly a more confined meaning than
'Diocese.' The primary reason why a Diocese, — in other words, a
limited territorial space, — was originally assigned to a Bishop was, not
because his functions or duties were confined to that space but, because
as the superintendence of the Bishop was found to be more effectual when
exercised principally oyer a limited extent, a territorial district (termed
DIOCESE 533 DIRECT TAXATION
a Diocese) was assigned to bim as the limits within which he should
principally exercise his authority " (per Komilly, M. R., Natal Bp. v.
Gladstone, L. R. 3 Eq. 30 ; nom. Colenso v. Gladstone^ 36 L. J. Ch. 16).
Stat. Def. — Church Discipline Act, 1840, 3 & 4 V. c. 86, s. 2 (on whv
B. v. Cantffrbury, ArcJibp,, 25 L. J. Q. B. 346; 6 E. & B. 546); Church
Building Act, 1861, 14 & 15 V. c. 97, s. 29 ; 33 & 34 V. c. 91, s. 2 ; Pub-
lic Worship Regn Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V. c. 85, s. 6.
DIPLOMA Medical "Diploma"; Stat. Def., 49 & 60 V. c. 48,
8.27.
DIRECT. — r. Precatory Trust.
" ^yhere a testator directs his dehts to be paid, that imposes upon his
Exors or Trustees a Duty to pay them, which enables them to sell the
Real Estate for that purpose " (per Cotton, L. J., Be Head and Mac-^
donald^ 59 L. J. Ch. 606, 607) ; secus, if the words are " to adjust and
pay all claims made upon my estate " (S, C. 59 L. J. Ch. 604 ; 46 Ch. D.
310; 63 L. T. 21; 38 W. R. 657). Vf, Charge op Debts.
A limitation to A., her heirs, exs, ads, and assigns '' for her own
use and benefit, or otherwise as she shall direct" does not give A., a
Power of appointment distinct from the ordinary power of disposition
incidental to ownership {Fozwell v. Van Grutten^ 44 S. J. 377). Vf^
Crockett v. Crockett^ 6 Hare, 326: 2 Phill. 663: Goodtitle v. Ottoai/y
2 Wils. K. B. 6.
By 8. 18, Transfer of Land Act, 1874 (Western Australia), the Commr
of Titles, on an application, " shall direct " the Registrar to register a
Certificate of Title if he (the Commr) finds no transaction affecting the
land on the Register, and thereupon s. 19, provides that the Commr
" shall direct " Notice of Application to be advertised, and, if there be
no Caveat within the time prescribed in the advertisement, the land is to
be brought under the operation of the Act ; — Admittedly, under s. 18,
the Commr must have some power of enquiry respecting, and some dis-
cretion as to accepting or rejecting, an Application ; a similar rule ap*
plies as to s. 19, for the Commr is " not a mere Machine, as the literal
force of the words would make him " (Manning v. Commr of Titles, 69
L. J. P. C. 59; 15 App. Ca. 195). Vf Shall.
DIRECT COMMUNICATION. — The question whether a pro-
posed New Street will "afford Direct Communication" between two
streets, s. 9 (4), London Bg Act, 1894, is one of fact for the London
County Council whose determination, unless perverse, will not be over-
ruled (Woodham v. London Co. Co,, 1898, 1 Q. B. 863; 67 L. J. Q. B.
707; 78 L. T. 553; 62 J. P. 342).
DIRECT TAXATION.— If, at the time of payment, the ultimate
incidence of a tax is uncertain, the imposition is not " direct," but indi-
DIRECT TAXATION 534 DIRECTLY
rect taxatioD ; and therefore a Stamp Duty on exhibits to be used in
an action, is not '' Direct Taxation " within s. 92 (2), British North
America Act, 1867, and its imposition, by Act of Quebec, 44 V. c. 9, i»
ultra vires (A-G. Quebec v. Reedj 54 L. J. P. C. 12; 10 App. Ca. 141).
But a tax on Banks and Insurance Companies situate out of, but carrying
on business in, the Province, is "Direct Taxation" (^Toronto Bank v.
Lambe^ 12 App. Ca. 575; 56 L. J. P. C. 87); so, of a License Fee on
Brewers or Distillers {Brewers Assn. v. A^G, Ontarto, 1897, A. C. 231;
66 L. J. P. C. 34 ; 76 L. T. 61 ; 13 Times Rep. 197). In the two latter
cases the P. C. adopted the following definition by John Stuart Mill, —
" A Direct Tax, is one which is demanded from the very person who it is
intended or desired should pay it. Indirect Taxes are those which are
demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he shall
indemnify himself at the expense of another; such as the Excise, or
Customs."
K Civil Eights.
DIRECTED. — " Directed and required "; F. Eequiked.
" Duly directed " ; V. Duly.
DIRECTION. — " By his direction "; V. Refusal.
Qnk Notice of Action, a Contractor executing works under, and having
to Conform to, the orders of a Surveyor to a Local Authority, is " acting
under the Direction " of such Authority {Newton v. EUiSy 24 L. J. Q. B.
337j 5E.&B.115).
" Special Directions " ; F". Spbcial.
Policy on Ship to " sail to and touch and stay at any Ports in any
Direction "; V. Leathly v. HuiUer, 7 Bing. 617 ; 9 L. J. 0. S. Ex. 118.
Cp, Liberty to call.
DIRECTION IN WRITING As used in s. 76,24 & 25 V.c 96;
r. R. V. Christian, 43 L. J. M. C. 1 ; L. R. 2 C. C. K 94 : R. v. Broivnlow,
39 L. T. 479. JVote: the section is repealed by Larceny Act, 1901.
DIRECTLY. — This word, as applied to the time of doing an act,
would seem synonymous with Immediately ; — " It does not mean i«-
stanter" (per Cresswell, J., Duncan v. Topham^ 8 C. B. 231; 18 L. J.
C. P. 310 ; but " ' directly ' clearly means something different from a
contract to be performed within a reasonable time " (per Coltman, J., lb.,
8 C. B. 230). Fa, Add. C. 126 : Benj. 678 : Blackb. 226 : Foethwith :
Possible.
The addition or omission of the words " Directly or Indirectly," to the
offence of an Officer of a Corporation being " Interested in " a contract
with his Corporation, seems to be immaterial {Todd r, Robinson, 54
L. J. Q. B. 47; 14 Q. B. D. 739).
" Directly or Indirectly " carry on Business; V. Carry on.
DIRECTLY AFFECT 685 DIRECTOR
DIRECTLY AFFECT. — An Agreement "not to trade, act, or deal
in any way, so as either directly or indirectly to affect " A., is personal
to A. and cannot be assigned (Davies v. Davies, 36 Ch. D. 359; 56 L. J.
Ch. 962; 36 W. K 86).
" Parties directly affected by the Appeal," R. 2, Ord. 58, R. S. C. ; V.
Re Salmouy Priest v. Upplebyy 42 Ch. D. 351; 61 L. T. 146; 38 W. R.
150; 5 Times Rep. 478. It is doubtful whether an Official Receiver is
a party " directly affected " by a Bankry Appeal (Re Webber^ 59 L. J.
Q. B. 581; 24 Q. B. D. 313; 62 L. T. 485; 38 W. R. 195).
Person or Body Corporate " directly affected " who may appeal under
8. 39, Endowed Schools Act, 1869, 32 & 33 V. c. 56 : V. Re Shafto^s
Charity, 3 App. Ca. 872; 47 L. J. P. C. 98; 38 L. T. 793: Re Hatjdon
Bridge School, 3 App. Ca. 872 : Re Sutton Coldfield Grammar School,
7 App. Ca. 91; 51 L. J. P. C. 8; 45 L. T. 631; 30 W. R. 341: ReHem^
woHh Grammar School, 12 App. Ca. 444; 56 L. T. 212; 35 W. R. 418;
3 Times Rep. 439: Re Chrisfs Hasp., 15 App. Ca. 172; 59 L. J. P. C.
52: Re Colchester Grammar School, 1898, A. C. 477; 67 L. J. P. C. 86;
78 L. T. 509. Vf, Tudor Char. Trusts, 628-630 : Educational Endow-
ment.
r. Affect.
DIRECTOR. — The Directors of a Co, are "the persons having the
direction, conduct, management, or superintendence," of its affairs
(7 & 8 V. c. 110, s. 3). " The term « Board' has two meanings : — the
'Board' consisting of all the memhers; or, a 'Board' consisting of a
Quorum " (Barker v. Allan, 5 H. & N. 72). In Norman v. Mitchell
(2 W. R. 447) " Board of Directors " was held to include a provisional
board.
" A Director is simply a person appointed to act as one of a Board,
with power to bind the Co when acting as a Board, — but having other-
wise no power to bind them " (per Hellish, L. J., Re Marseilles Exten^
sion Ry, 41L. J. Ch. 348; 7 Ch. 161; 25 L. T. 858; 20 W. R. 254).
Therefore a Company's Articles, providing that " the Directors, whenever
they may think fit, may call an extraordinary general meeting, " do not au-
thorise any of the directors, of their own authority, to call such a meeting ;
but mean that the Directors at a Board Meeting may do so (Browne v.
XaTrt»t^a<£,57L.J.Ch.292; 37Ch.D. 1; 58L.T.137; 36W.R.289:
Vf, Re Haycrafi Co, 1900, 2 Ch. 230; 69 L. J. Ch. 497; 83 L. T. 166;
following UArcy v. Tamar Ry, 36 L. J. Ex. 37; L. R. 2 Ex. 158;
4 H. & C. 463). V. Quorum.
As to a Co being estopped from saying that transactions were
not done by the "Board"; Fl Bargate v. Shortridge, 6 H. L. Ca.
297.
A Promissory Note by " We, the Directors," &c, binds the makers
personally (Button v. Marsh, L. B. 6 Q. B. 361 ; 40 L. J. Q. B. 175) ; so
DIRECTOR 686 DISABLED
of a Building Society Deposit Note (^Richardson v. WUliamsan, Xi. K.
6 Q. B. 276; 40 L. J. Q. B. 145). Cp, Secretary.
A Director is hardly a Trustee; F. Trust.
"Director," s. 7, Comp Winding-up Act, 1890; V. Be New I^ar
Consols, 1898, 1 Q. B. 673; 67 L. J. Q. B. 695.
" Any Directors " ; F. Isle of Wight By v. Tahourdin, cited Any.
"Vacating Directors," Art. 62, Table A, Comp Act, 1862, refers to
Directors validly appointed, as distinguished from merely de fa^cto
Directors {John Morley Bg Co v. Barras, 1891, 2 Ch. 386; 60 L. J. Ch.
496; 64 L. T. 866; 39 W. R. 619). F. Casual.
Stat. Def. — Comp C. C. Act, 1846, s. 3 ; 30 & 31 V. c. 108, s. 1 ; 46 &
47 V. c 47, s. 2. — Scot. 8 & 9 V. c. 17, s. 3.
DISABILITY. — " 'Disabilitie ' is when a man by any act or thing,
by himself or his ancestor done or committed, or for or by any other cause,
is disabled or made incapable to doe, to inherit, or to take benefit or advan-
tage of, a thing which otherwise he might have had or done" (Termes de
la Ley). Vf, Cowel: Jacob: Legal Disability: Cannot.
Quk Naturalization Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 14, "Disability," means,
** the status of being an Infant, Lunatic, Idiot, or Married Woman "
(8. 17).
DISABLE. — In an indictment for shooting, wounding, &c, "with
intent to Maim, disfigure, or disable," " ' disable ' is to do something
which creates a permanent disability, and not merely a temporary injury "
(Arch. Cr. 806: B. v. Boi/ce, 1 Moody, 29). Q), Disfigure.
" Wholly disabled " ; F. Wholly.
" Injury which does not disable " Workman from earning FtUl Wages^
a. 1 (2 a), Workmen's Comp Act, 1897; F. Chandler v. Smith, 1899,
2 Q. B. 606; 68 L. J. Q. B. 909; 81 L. T. 317; 47 W. R. 677: Fomphreg
V. Southwark Press, cited Partial Incapacitt.
DISABLED FROM ACTING. — A Member of a Local Board who
ceases to be a Member for either of the causes mentioned in K. 64, Sch 2^
P. H. Act, 1875, will, until his re-election, remain ^ disabled from act«
ing," within R. 70 of the same Sch {Fletcher v. Hudson, 51 L. J. Q. B.
48; 7Q. B. D. 611).
But acting after becoming " disqualified " (s. 53, Mun Corp Act, 1835;
s. 41, Mun Corp Act, 1882), does not comprise a case where a Member
had been concerned in a contract with his Board but which Contract has
come to an end at the time of his acting {Lewis v. Carr, 46 L. J. Ex.
314; 1 Ex. D. 484; herein, semble, over-ruling Nicholson v. Fields, 31
L. J. Ex. 233; 7 H. & N. 810,— F. jdgmt Bramwell, L. J., Fischer
V. Hudson, sup). Lewis v. Carr seems, however, one of those cases
which when cited are distinguished; F. Fletcher v. Hudson,
F. Disqualified. Q?, Incapable: Incapacitated.
DISADVANTAGE 687 DISBURSEMENTS
DISADVANTAGE. — r. Undue Pbeferskob.
DISAFFOREST. — To disafforest is to deprive a Foekst of its pe-
culiar character and privileges. Vh. 4 Encjc. 265.
DISAGREEABLE. — A Boys' School is likely to cause a ''disagree-
able " noise, even if not an " injurious or offensive " noise or a Nui-
sance, within a restrictive covenant as to user {Wanton v. Coppard^
1899, 1 Ch. 92; 68 L. J. Ch. 8; 79 L. T. 467; 47 W. R. 72). Vfy Doe
d. Biah v. Keeling ^ cited Business : Annoyance.
DISBOSCATIO. — " A conversion of Wood Grounds into Arable or
Pasture; an Assarting" (Cowel). F. Assart.
DISBURSEMENTS. — An unpaid liability, for Necessaries, in-
curred by a master of a Ship^ is a '' Disbursement " within s. 10, Admi-
ralty Court Act, 1861, 24 V. c. 10 {The Fairport, 62 L. J. P. D. & A.
21; 8 P. D. 48); for which ** Disbursement " he had no maritime Lien
(T?ie Sara, 58 L. J. P. D. & A. 57; 14 App. Ca. 209; over-ruling The
Mary Ann, 35 L. J. Adm. 6; L. B. 1 A. & E. 8, and the cases following
it), but that ruling was rectified by s. 1, Mer Shipping Act, 1889, on
vhw^ Morgan v. Castlegate S. S. Co, cited Lien, sub " Maritime Lien."
The Disbursements referred to in s. 1, Mer Shipping Act, 1889, 52
& 53 V. c. 46 (repld s. 167, Mer Shipping Act, 1894), mean, " Dis-
bursements which the Master makes in respect of things necessary for
the ship for the purpose of the Voyage which he as Master is bound to
carry out, where the owner is not present and cannot be communicated
with, and which the Master therefore is, necessarily, himself obliged
to procure in order to discharge his duty" (per Esher, M. B., ITie
OrierUa, 1895, P. 49; 64 L. J. P. D. & A. 33; 71 L. T. 711; 7 Asp.
529 : Vh, Morgan v. Castlegate S. S. Co, sup : The Eipon City, 1897,
P. 226; 66 L. J. P. D. & A. 110; 77 L. T. 98).
" Disbursements " in a Marine Policy, frequently means, OaTnr
{Roddick v. Indemnity Insrce, 1895, 2 Q. B. 380; 64 L. J. Q. B. 733;
72 L. T. 860). '' ' Disbursements,' is well understood at Lloyd's to be
a compendious term used to describe any interest which is outside the
ordinary and well-known interests of 'Hull,' 'Machinery,' 'Cargo,' and
'Freight ' " (per Bigham, J., Buchanan v. Faher, 4 Com. Ca. 226, 227).
" Disbursements warranted free from all Average " ; F. Lawiher v.
Black, 17 Times Rep. 8.
A payment of Probate Duty, and a fortiori one of Estate Duty, is not a
" Disbursement ^ by a Solicitor within s. 37, Solrs Act, 1843 {Re King-
don & Wilson, 46 S. J. 502, over-ruling Re Lamh^ 23 Q. B. D. 5; 58
L. J. Q. B. 455); but a payment as an agent, -^e^g. hostile Costs, — is
not {Re Remnant^ 11 Bea. 603; 18 L. J. Ch. 874). The principles for
determining what are a Solicitor's ** Disbursements " were admirably laid
DISBURSEMENTS 538 DISCHARGE
down in the joint certificate of the Taxing Masters in Re Remnant
(sap), as follows : —
1. " Such payments as the Solicitor, in due discharge of the duty that
he has undertaken, is hound to make so long as he continues to act as
Solicitor, whether his client furnishes hin^ with money for the parpose
or with money on account, or not, as, — e,g. Fees of the Officers of the
Court, Fees of Counsel, Expenses of Witnesses, — And also such pay-
ments in general husiness, not in suits, as the Solicitor is looked upon
as the person hound hy custom and practice to make, as, — e,g. Coun-
sel's Fees on Ahstracts and Conveyances, Payments for Registers in
proving pedigree. Stamp Duty on Conveyances and Mortgages, Charges
of Agents, Stationers or Printers employed by him — are by practice,
and we think properly, introduced into the Solicitor's Bill of Fees and
Disbursements.
2. " But payments which the Solicitor is not either by law bound to
make, or by custom looked upon as the person to make, as, — e.g. Purchase-
Moneys, or Interest thereon. Moneys paid into Court, Damages or Costs
paid to Opponent parties. Bills due to the Solicitors of Trustees Mort-
gagees or other parties. Legacy or Besiduary Duties ( Fa, Re Haigh^ 12
Bea. 307; 19 L. J. Ch. 79), — or other payments of a like description,
which the Solicitor makes as Agent on the order of the client and not in
discharge of his own duty or liability as Solicitor^ are hy practice, and
we think properly, charged in the Cash Account.
3. " We also think that the question, whether such payments are Pro-
fessional Disbursements or otherwise, is not affected hy the state of the
cash account between the solicitor and the client, and that, for instance.
Counsel's Fees would not the less properly be introduced into the Bill of
Costs as a Professional Disbursement, because the client may have given
money expressly for paying them ; and that Purchase-Money or Damages
would not be properly so introduced, notwithstanding the Solicitor may
have advanced the money out of his own funds."
The charges of a Country Solr's London Agent for work done in
London are not Disbursements; qu4 the client, the work done by the
London Agent is as though it was done by the Country Solicitor him-
self, and must be set forth in detail in the Bill {Re Pomeroy and
Tanner, 1897, 1 Ch. 284; 66 L. J. Ch. 158; 75 L. T. 625; 45 W. K,
245).
V. Actual Costs and Expenses.
Dl SCENT. — V. Descent.
DISCHARQE. -— Master or Mistress is not^ without Justices' consent,
to Put away or " in any way to discharge " a Parish Apprentice, s. 9,
66 O. 3, c. 139; but a mere agreement to discharge the Indentures on
payment of a sum of moneys is not a " Discharge " within the section,
DISCHARCE 589 DISCLAIMER
until actual payment {E, v. Gwinear, 3 L. J. M. C. 81; 1 A.& E. 152;
3 N. & M. 297).
" In Discbarge " ; V. For : Ix Discharge.
Discharge of Cargo; V. Carver, Part 3, ch. 13: Customary. .
Port of Discbarge ; V. Port : Final Port.
" Discbarge of Duties "; V, Accident.
" Attempt to discbarge Loaded Arms " ; V. Attempt.
V. Release : Prevent : Full Discharge.
DISCHARGED. — Seaman " discbarged," s. 167, Mer Shipping
Act, 1854, repld s. 162, Mer Shipping Act, 1894; V. Tindtey, Davison^
61 L. J. M. C. 107; 66 L. T. 372.
Qui 8. 10, Militia Act, 1882, 45 & 46 V. c. 49 (by its subs. 3), " 'rfw-
charged with Disgrace, ' means, discharged with ignominy, discharged as
incorrigible and worthless, or discharged on account of a conviction for
felony or a sentence of penal servitude."
DISCHARQINQ V. Load.
DISCIPLINE. ^The discipline of School Children is not confined
to school hours ; therefore, a schoolmaster's delegated power to administer
reasonable corporal punishment, extends to act done by a pupil out of
school (Cleari/ v. Booth, 1893, 1 Q. B. 465; 62 L. J. M. C. 87; 68 L. T.
349; 41 W. R. 39). V. Assault.
Qui Grammar Schools Act, 1840, 3 <& 4 V. c. 77, " * Discipline ' or
'Management' of a School, shall mean and include, all matters respect-
ing the conduct of the Masters or Scholars, the method and times of
Teaching, the Examination into the proficiency of the Scholars, of any
school ; ayd the ordering of Ke turns or Reports with reference to such
particulars, or any of them " (s. 25).
DISCLAIMER. — "Disclaimer diselamare, is compounded of de and
clamOf and signifieth utterly to renounce " (Co. Litt. 102 a) : F/> Termes
de la Ley: Doe d. Gray v. StanioUy 5 L. J. Ex. 253; 1 M. <& W. 695.
The conduct of the parties may (even quk the Legal estate in realty)
work a Disclaimer, though a Deed is, generally, desirable {Re Grordorij
46 L. J. Ch. 794; 6 Ch. D. 531 : Re Birchall, 40 Ch. D. 436) ; so of a
release though it could not convey any interest ( Wellesley v. Withers^
cited Release).
A Trustee's Disclaimer cannot be partial, — he must accept for all in
all or not at all; e.g, he cannot accept quk land in America and disclaim
qui land in England {Re Lord and FuUerton, 1896, 1 Ch. 228; 65 L. J.
Ch. 184).
To amend Specification of a Patent " by way of Disclaimer," connotes
its renunciation; therefore^ in an action for Infringement or Bevocation
of a Patent, there cannot be a " Correction or Explanation ** by way
DISCLAIMER 540 DISCONTINUANCE
of Disclaimer, for those words (which are in subs. 1, a. 18) are absent from
8. 19, Patents, &c Act, 1883, which, qu4 such an action, is the section
applicable (Re Owm, 1899, 1 Ch. 157; 68 L. J. Ch. 63; 79 L. T. 458;
47 W. R. 180).
Vh. 4 Encyc. 272--275.
DISCLOSE: DISCLOSURE To ''disclose" an Offence, s. 6,
5 & 6 Y. c. 39, is not to state it or confess to it; but to make the offence
known for the first time (-R. v. Skeen^ 28 L. J. M. C. 91; Bell, C. C. 97 :
E. V. Gunnelly 16 Cox, C. C. 157; 55 L. T. 786; 51 J. P. 279).
" Disclose a Defence upon the merits," s. 27, Com. L. Pro. Act, 1852,
means not merely to say there is a Defence, but to show what the nature
of it is ( Whilei/ v. WUet/, 27 L. J. C. P. 305; 4 C. B. N. S. 653 : War-
rington V. Leake, 25 L. J. Ex. 27; 11 Ex. 304).
F. Full Disclosure.
" A Disclosure of the Alteration " in an article of Food, s. 9, Sale of
Food and Drugs Act, 1875, need not ** disclose the precise character or
extent of the alteration " (per Russell, C. J., Spiers & Fond v. Bennett,
1896, 2 Q. B. 65; 65 L. J. M. C. 144; 74 L. T. 697; 44 W. R. 510; 60
J. P. 437 : Vthc, for an example of a sufficient Disclosure). V. Abstrac-
tion: Skimmed Milk.
DISCOMFORT. — A covenant against doing anything to the " Dis-
comfort " of a neighbourhood, semhle, connotes the same as " Axnoy-.
ANCE " : V. per O'Brien, C. J., Pembroke t. Warren, cited Offexsite.
DISCONTINUE. — Lessee's covenant to afford no ground for '^ dis-
continuing " the License of the premises; V. Bryant v. Hancock, 1899,
A. C. 442; 68 L. J. Q. B. 889.
DISCONTINUANCE. — '' « Discontinuance ' is an ancient word in
the law " (Litt. s. 592). " A discontinuance of estates in lands or tene-
ments is properly (in legall understanding) an alienation made or suf-
fered by tenant in taile, or by any that is seized in auter droit, whereby
the issue in taile, or the heire or successor, or those in reversion or
remainder, are driven to their action, and cannot enter" (Co. Litt.
325 a). Vf, Termes de la Ley : 3 Bl. Com. 171.
" Discontinuance " of an Action, had, at one time, a much more
limited meaning than as used in Ord. 26, R. S. C, where the word is used
in a broad sense; under !R. 1 of that Ord. a pit is not entitled, as of
right, to take a Nok-suit at any time before verdict, but must " discon-
tinue " as there provided, and, if he goes to trial, he will have to sub-
mit to jdgmt against him, and can only bring a new action by leave of
the Judge {Fox v. Star Newspaper, 1898, 1 Q. B. 636; 67 L. J. Q. B.
454; 78 L. T. 311; 46 W. K 340; affd in H. L., 1900, A. C. 19; 69
L. J. Q. B. 117; 81 L. T. 662; 48 W. R. 321). F. Without day.
DISCONTINUANCE 641 DISCRETION
Note : That in the County Court it is in the power of the Judge to direct
a Nou-suit (88. 88, 90, 93, Co. Co. Act, 1888).
" Discontinuance of Possession," s. 3, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27; V. Leigh y.
Jack, 5 Ex. D. 264; 49 L. J. Ex. 220 : LiUledaZe v. Liverpool College^
1900, 1 Ch. 19; 69 L. J. Ch. 87; 81 L. T. 564; 48 W. R. 177.
V, Dispossession.
DISCOUNT. — In an agreement to " underwrite " Shares at so much
" Discount," " Discount " means " Commission," and the agreement does
not mean that the shares are to be issued at a discount (Re Licensed
Victuallers^ Asm,, 58 L. J. Ch. 467; 42 Ch. D. 1; 5 Times Rep. 369).
F. Underwrite : Otherwise.
A Commercial arrangement to accept a pre-payment ** under Discount "
at so much per cent per annum, means a rebate of Interest at that rate,
and not a true or mathematical discount (Be Lands Securities Co^ 1896,
2 Ch. 320; 65 L. J. Ch. 587; 44 W. R. 514; 74 L. T. 400).
DISCOVERED. — "Discovered or Opened," in a Lease of Mines;
F. Quarrington v. Arthur, 11 L. J. Ex. 418; 10 M. & W. 335.
DISCOVERT. — For the purposes of the Statute of Limitations re-
specting a personal tort, married women became " discovert " (s. 7, 21
Jac. 1, c. 16) by the operation of the M. W. P. Act, 1882 (Lowe v. Fox,
15 Q. B. D. 667; 54 L. J. Q. B. 561; affd 12 App. Ca. 206; 56 L. J.
Q. B. 480). Vfj as to the effect of this word as used in that section, Hich-
ards V. Richards, 2 B. & Ad. 447.
F. Coverture.
DISCOVERY F. Offence.
Discovery of Documents, in the possession of the Opposite Party to an
Action ; Vh, Ord. 31, R. S. C, on whv Ann. Pr. : Bray on Discovery :
4 Encyc. 275-279.
DISCREET. — An " honest Discreet Person " for Weigh-master, s. 3,
4 Anne (Ir), c. 14, '' means a person come to years of Discretion, in the
legal sense of the term " {Honan v. Vereker, 10 Ir. L. R. 74).
DISCREETEST. — F. Chiefest and Discreetest.
DISCRETION. — " Discretion, is the herb of grace that I could wish
every Commissioner of Sewers well stored withal. But note that " (in 23
H. 8, c. 5) " the word * Wisdom ' is coupled with it, and the word * Good '
is annexed to them both, as best shewing of what pure metal they should
be made of, — after your good wisdom and discretion. There be several
degrees of Discretion, — Discretio generalise Discretio legalis, Discretio
specialis, —
DISCRETION 542 DISCRETION
" Discretio generalis, is required of every one in everything that he is
to do, or attempt;
" Legalis Discretion is that which Sir E. Coke meaneth and setteth forth
in Rooked s and Keighlejfs Cases (inf), and this is merely to administer
justice according to the prescrihed rules of the law;
" The third Discretion is where the laws have given no certain rule . . .
and herein Discretion is the absolute judge of the cause, and gives the
rule"(Callis, 112, 113).
" Discretion/^ as to the Fines under 23 H. 8, c. 5, is I>iscretio legalis
{Hetley v. Boyer, 2 Bulst. 197, 198; Cro. Jac. 336).
" Where something is left to he done according to the Discretion of the
authority on whom the power of doing it is conferred, the discretion must
be exercised honestly and in the spirit of the statute, otherwise tlie act
done would not fall within the statute. * According to his Discretion,'
means, it is said, according to the rules of reason and justice, not private
opinion (Bookers Case, 5 Rep. 100 a : Keighley^s Case^ 10 Rep. 140 b :
JSastwick v. Citt/ of London^ Style, 42, 43 : per Willes, J., Lee t. Bade Bf/y
L. R. 6 C. P. 676; 40 L. J. C. P. 288) ; according to law and not humour;
it is to be not arbitrary, vague, and fanciful, but legal and regular (per
Ld Mansfield, B, v. WUkeSy 4 Burr. 2839); to be exercised not capri-
ciously, but on judicial grounds and for substantial reasons (per Jessel,
M. R., Be Taylor, 4 Ch. D. 160; 46 L. J. Ch. 400; and per Ld Black-
burn, Doherty v. Allmariy 3 App. Ca. 728). And it must be exercised
within the limits to which an honest man competent to the discharge of
his office ought to confine himself (per Ld Kenyon, Wilson v. Bastall,
4 T. R. 767) ; that is within the limits and for the objects intended by
the legislature " (Maxwell, 147, 148, whv to 151 for cases in illustra^
tion). V. May: Opinion.
You cannot lay down a hard-and-fast rule as to the exercise of Judicial
Discretion, for the moment you do that " the discretion of the Judge is
fettered " (per Brett, M. R., The Friedeberg, 64 L. J. P. D. & A. 75 ; 10
P. D. 112: Vf, per Bowen, L. J., Jones v. Curling, 63 L. J. Q. B. 373;
13 Q. B. D. 262).
The wide " Discretion " as to Costs given by R. 1, Ord. 65, R. S. C,
and to the Ry Commrs by s. 28, 36 & 37 V. c. 48, does not authorise an
Order on the defendant to pay any part of the plaintiff's costs when the
defendant has succeeded absolutely (Foster v. G, W. By, 61 L. J. Q, B.
233; 8 Q. B. D. 615: Dicks v. Yates, 60 L. J. Ch. 809; 18 Ch. D. 76:
Witt V. Corcoran, 45 L. J. Ch. 603; 2 Ch. D. 69: Vh, notes to R. 1,
Ord. 65, Ann. Pr.).
An Order to " allow Costs," under s. 116 (2), Co. Co. Act, 1888, is one
which is " left to the Discretion of the Court," within s. 49, Jud. Act,
1873 (Bazett v. Morgan, cited Allow).
The ** free and unqualified discretion " to refuse or grant Licenses,
which is given to Justices by the Beer Dealers Retail Licences (Amend-
DISCRETION 543 DISCRETION
ment) Act, 1882, 45 & 46 Y. c. 34, is absolute as well as regards the
renewal of an old, as the grant of a new, license (B, v. -Kay, 52 L. J.
M. C. 90; 10 Q. B. D. 213) • so of their " discretion " under the Alehouse
Act, 1828, 9 G. 4, c. 61, s. 1 (Sharps v. Wakefield^ 1891, A. C. 173; 60
L. J. M. C. 73; 64 L. T. 180; 39 W. R. 561; 65 J. P. 197). Vf,
Legal Peoceedings.
V, At discretion : Pleasure.
The Court will not, in the absence of misconduct, interfere with a
" discretion " given to Trustees, as regards the mode of Investment of
Trust Funds {Brophy v. Bellamy, 43 L. J. Ch. 183; 8 Ch. 798, and
cases there cited : Lewin, 728) ; but during actual administration by the
Court it may exercise a control {Bethel v. Abraham^ 43 L. J. Ch. 180;
L. R. 17 Eq. 24: Brophy v. Bellamy, sup: Re Gadd, 52 L. J. Ch. 396;
23 Ch. D. 134).
A mere " discretion " as to investments will not authorise an invest-
ment on personal security (Pocock v. Reddington, 5 Ves. 794 : Potts v.
Britton^ L. R. 11 Eq. 433 : Bethel v. Abraham, sup; Lewin, 335). Nor,
semble, will a mere " discretion " justify Trustees in investing in un-
authorised securities (Bethel v. Abraham, sup) ; seeus, if the power were
exercisable in their " uncontrolled discretion " (Re Brovm, 54 L. J. Ch.
1134; 29 Ch. D. 889). Where the words authorised investments "in
such stock, funds, or shares, as the trustees in their absolute discretion
may think fit," the Court, acting for the protection of infants, refused to
sanction an appropriation of securities for the satisfaction of a legacy,
such securities being partly in Preference Stocks which were liable to
be paid off, and were accordingly not of a permanent character (Stewart
V. Sanderson, 39 L. J. Ch. 337; L. R. 10 Eq. 26).
Income, to be applied by Trustees, " in their uncontrolled and irresponr
sible discretion," for the Maintenance of a husband or wife, or one of
them, may, in the absence of mala fides, be all paid by them to the hus-
band, though the wife is unable to live with him in consequence of his
intemperate habits (Tabor v. Brooks, 48 L. J. Ch. 130; 10 Ch. D. 273).
So, where income was to be applied by trustees, " in their discretion, and
of their uncontrollable authority ^^^ to or for the benefit of the testator's
lunatic wife, the H. L. held that, in the absence of nuda fides, the trustees
had an absolute discretion as to whether or not they would so apply any,
and if any what, part of the income ; and that the Court could not inter-
fere with, and ought not to express any opinion on, the exercise of such
discretion (Gisbome v. Gisbome, 46 L. J. Ch. 556; 2 App. Ca. 300).
Vf, Re Bullock, cited Apply.
Cp, Think fit,
A direction to Trustees to sell " at their absolute and unfettered discre-
tion " " is not equivalent to a direction that the trustees may sell, or not,
at their absolute discretion. In the first case, the time and mode of sale
are in their discretion; but it is not open to them to take into consideration
DISCRETION 544 DISHONOURED
the reduction in income of the Tenants for Life and to decide that thr
will abstain from following the directions, because the tenants for le
will then get a better income " (per North, J., Be Atkins, 81 L. T. i^).
" A Devise of property to the discretion of A. passes the fee, and does
not merely confer a power; so a devise at the disposition of A. carries the
fee. It is equivalent to a devise to A. to give and sell at his pleasure.
There is no difference between a devise that A. shall do with the land at
his discretion, and a devise of the land to K. to do with it at his discre-
tion " (Sug. Pow. 104).
" The Age of Discretion, is called the age of 14 yeares; for at this age
the Infant which is married within such age to a woman may agree^ or
disagree, to such marriage " (Litt. s. 104).
V. Discreet.
DISEASE. — For the purpose of furnishing an excuse for what would
otherwise be a crime, " Voluntary Drunkenness is not regarded as a Dis-
ease affecting the mind*, but Involuntary Drunkenness, and diseases
caused by voluntary drunkenness, fall, so far as they affect the mind,
within that term " (Steph. Cr. 22).
V. Ill : Infirmity : Ikjurt : Sickness : Contagious : Infectious :
Caused by.
Stat. Def. — Diseases of Animals Act, 1894, 57 & 58 V. c. 57, s. 59.
DISFIGURE. — In an indictment for an assault (24 & 25 V. c. 100,
s. 18), to " disfigure " is to do some external injury which may detract
from the personal appearance (Arch. Cr. 804).
Cp, Disable: Maim.
DISFRANCHISEMENT. — " 'Disfranchisement,' signifies taking
a Franchise from a man for some reasonable cause " (per Mansfield,
C. J., Symmers v. The King, 2 Cowp. 502).
DISGRACE. — '' Discharged with disgrace " ; V. Discharged.
DISGRADE. — ** *Disgrading/ is when a man having taken upon
him a Dignity, Temporall or Spirituall, is afterwards thereof deprived "
(Termes de la Ley). Vh, Phil. Ecc. Law, 1086. Q?, Deprivation.
DISHERISON. — This is an old synonym for Disinheriting (Cowel :
Jacoh) .
DISHONESTY.— V. Fraud.
DISHONOURED. — A Bill of Exchange is dishonoured by Non-
Acceptance —
" {a) When it is duly presented for Acceptance, and such an Acceptance
as is prescribed by this Act is refused, or cannot be obtained; or
DISHONOURED 545 DISPENSARY
(b) Wlien presentment for Acceptance is excused^ and the Bill is not
accepted "
(s. 43, Bills of Ex. Act, 1882).
A Bill, or Note, is dishonoured hy NorirPayment —
" (a) When it is duly presented for payment, and payment is refused
or cannot be obtained: or
(b) When presentment is excused and the Bill (or Note) is overdue
and unpaid "
(ss. 47, 89, lb.).
In a Notice of Dishonour to say that a Bill of Exchange has been
** dishonoured," implies a due presentment and that it has not been paid
by the Acceptor (Lewis v. GompertZj 9 L. J. Ex. 182; 6 M. & W..399 :
Shelton v. Braithwaite, 7 M. & W. 438). Cp, Hoxourbd.
For the Rules as to Notice of Dishonour; V. ss. 48, 49, 50, Bills of Ex.
Act, 1882; and as to s. 49 (12 ft), V. Fielding v. Carry, 1898, 1 Q. B.
268; 67 L. J. Q. B. 7; 77 L. T. 463; 46 W. R. 97.
V. Days of Grace.
DISMES. — " Dismes are Tithes " (Elph. 573).
DISORDERLY. — Disorderly ^ot«c«; — " The following houses are
Disorderly Houses, that is to say, common bawdy houses, common gam-
ing houses, common betting houses, disorderly places of entertainment "
(Steph. Cr. 122). A house kept as a Brothel is none the less a Dis-
orderly House because no indecency or disorderly conduct is perceptible
from its exterior (B. v. Bice, 35 L. J. M. C. 93; L. R. 1 C. C. R. 21).
Vf, Arch. Cr. 1138, 1139. Vh. Eligible.
In a Notice of Objection to the Renewal of an Alehouse License, *' Dis-
orderly House " refers to the character that has attached to the house,
and not to that of the applicant who, if a new tenant, may be irreproach-
able (B. V. Miskin Higher Jus., 1893, 1 Q. B. 275; 67 L. T. 680; 41
W. R. 252; 57 J. P. 263) ; and it is good proof that a house is of a
" Disorderly " character that there are against it three convictions of
former occupiers {B, v. Glamorganshire Jus,, 9 Times Rep. 81).
Disorderly Inn; — ''A Disorderly Inn is an Inn kept in a disorderly
manner and suffered to be resorted to by persons of bad character for any
improper purpose " (Steph. Cr. 125). Vf, Rose. Cr. 702.
Disorderly Person; V. Idle and Disorderly Person.
Disorderly Places of EnteHainmmt ; V. 25 G. 2, c. 36, ss. 2, 4 ; 21 G. 3,
c. 49, ss. 1, 2; stated Steph. Cr. 124, 125.
DISPARAGEMENT.— Vh, Co. Litt. 80a; Termes de la Ley.
DISPATCH.— F. Despatch: Despatched.
DISPENSARY. — ''The main purpose of a 'Dispensary' is the dis-
tribution of Medicine " (per Ld Watson, Dilworth v. Commr of Stamps, •
1899, A. C. 107; 68 L. J. P. C. 4). V. Hospital.
86
DISPENSARY 546 DISPOSAL
Qnk Dispensary Houses (Ir) Act, 1879, 42 & 43 V. c. 25, " 'Dispen-
sary,' means, a dispensary house for the Medical Officer of any Dispensary
District appointed under the Medical Charities Acts " ; and " * Dispensary
Besidence,' means, a dvrellinghouse for any such Medical Officer" (s. 2).
DISPENSE. — Medicine dispensed; V. Medicine.
DISPLACE. — If a master agrees to make compensation if he '' dis-
place " his servant, he will be liable thereon if he voluntarily does anything
that puts it out of his power to continue the employment, — e.g. transfers
his business {Stirling v. Maitland^ 34 L. J. Q. B. 1; 5 B. & S. 840).
DISPONE. — As to the importance of "dispone" in the operative
words of a Scotch Conveyance; V, Alexander v. Kirkpatnckj L. R.
2 H. L. Sc. 397.
In the prohibitory clause of a Scotch Entail " dispone " has the same
meaning as " alienate " {Re Queensberry Leases^ 1 Bligh, 339). V.
Alienation.
DISPONEE.— Stat. Def., Scot. 10 & 11 V. c. 48, s. 22; 31 & 32
V. c. 101, 8. 3.
DISPONER.— V. Settlor.
Stat. Def. — iSco^ 10 & 11 V. c. 48, s. 22, c. 49, s. 12; 31 & 32 V.
c. 101, s. 3.
DISPOSAL. — " Disposal " frequently, if not generally, is ufied in the
sense of regulating, ordering, conducting, and government {Baggett t.
Meux, 13 L. J. Ch. 232).
A direction that a fund is to be at the " Disposal " of its donee, will
generally negative the notion of a trust which might otherwise be gathered
from the terms of the Will {Lambe v. Eames, 40 L. J. Ch. 447; C Ch.
697: Ee Adanis and Kensington, 54 L. J. Ch. 87; 27 Ch. D. 394 : Mor-
rin V. Morrin^ 19 L. R. Ir. 37 ; but see these cases distinguished in Re
Haly, 23 L. B. Ir. 130: FA, 1 Jarm. 402). Vf, Precatory Trust.
So, this word will sometimes cut down, or help to cut down, what,
without it, might be an absolute gift. Thus where a testator gave his
residue to his wife " for her own absolute use and benefit and disposal^"
with a gift over of what should " remain undisposed of " by her; it was
held that the wife took a life interest with power of disposal by act inter
vivos {Re Founder, 56 L. J. Ch. 113; 56 L. T. 104). In the course of
his jdgmt in that case, Kay, J., said, '' If he meant her to take absolutely
there was no use in referring to * Disposal.' " But in Re Jones (1898,
1 Ch. 438; 67 L. J. Ch. 211 ; 78 L. T. 74; 46 W. R. 313), Byrne, J., dis-
tinguished the gift there from that in Re Founder, and held, that a gift
to a wife " for her absolute use and benefit, so that, during her lifetime
for the purpose of her maintenance and support, she shall have the fullest
DISPOSAL 647 DISPOSE OF
power to sell and dispose of my said estate absolutely, " with a gift over
of ** such parts of my said estate as she shall uot have disposed of, as
aforesaid," was an absolute gift, and that the gift over failed. But can
the two cases be distinguished ? Vf, Espinasse v. Luffingham, 3 J. &
LaT. 186: Anon.^ Kelynge, W. 6: Dispose of: Disposition: Left.
A bequest to a wife " to and for her own absolute use and di8|>osal
during her life,** is an absolute gift and not one merely for life {Be Bushy
W. N. (85) 61).
V. Sole.
The ^Disposal " of Chattels may be perfected by gift and manual de-
livery {Farington v. Parker, L. R. 4 Eq. 116).
DISPOSE OF. — A devise to A. "to dispose of," or "give," at
pleasure passes the fee (Jennor and Hardiest Case^ 1 Leon. 283: Time-
well V. Perkins, 2 Atk. 103: Bridgetcater v. Bolton, 6 Mod. Ill: Doed.
Herbert v. Thomas, 3 A. & E. 123).
. A Power enabling a woman " to dispose of " property " as she thinks
fit," when following a life interest to her which she is restrained from
alienating, would seem only exercisable by Will and not by writing
inter vivos {Archibald v. Wright, 7 L. J. Ch. 120; 9 Sim. 161). F.
Leave.
But a gift of real and personal estate to a wife, " for the term of her
natural life, to be disposed o/* as she may think proper for her own use
and benefit, according to the nature and quality thereof," and " in the
event of her decease, should there be anything remaining of the said
property or any part thereof, " then, as to " the said part or parts thereof,"
over; held, that the wife had no power of disposition by Will; and that
on her death the gift over took effect : the Court of Appeal also expressed
a strong opinion that the wife took only a life estate in the property, with
the power of enjoying the property in specie (Re Tfiomson, Herring v.
Barrow, 49 L. J. Ch. 622; 14 Ch. D. 263: Sv, Re Mortlock, 26 L. J.
Ch. 671; 3 K. & J. 456; 30 L. T. O. S. 90).
Where there is a gift in fee, but in case the donee shall die " and shall
not have disposed of and parted with " the property, then over; the limi-
tation over is valid and will take effect in opposition to any testamentary
disposition by the donee, because those words connote a conveyance that
' would have its complete effect and operation in his lifetime: — that
would bo so if " parted with " were the sole phrase used, and its apposi-
tion to " dispose of " colours that latter phrase which, probably, without
such colouring, would mean, a perfect disposition in the donee's lifetime,
especially when the phrase is "shall not have disposed of," which,
semhle, means " shall not already have disposed of " {Doe d. Stevenson v.
Gl<rver, 14 L. J. C. P. 169; 1 C. B. 448).
"Dispose of" lands, ss. 127, 128, Lands C. G. Act, 1845, means
" Tbaxsfeb " ; and does not relate to the mere application of the lands
DISPOSE OF 648 DISPOSITION
to a purpose other than that for which they were acquired {Agtleyy. Man"
Chester, S. & L. Ry, 27 L. J. Ch. 478 ; 2 D. G. & J. 453).
V, Negotiate.
Not " to grant away, assign, or let, charge, or dispose of/ in a covenant
in a Lease; V, Croft v. Lumley, 25 L. J. Q. B. 73, 223, 27 lb. 321;
6 H. L. Ca. 672.
"Assigning ... or disposing of the land leased"; V, Assigk.
'' Absolutely sell and dispose of ''; V, Absolutely sell.
r. Alienation : Disposition: Hereinbefokb : Transfeb.
Hiding the Dead Body of a child between the bed and the mattress,
was to " dispose of " it, within s. 14, 9 G. 4, c. 31 (B, v. Goldtharpe,
2 Moody, 244).
Attempt to sell or dispose of; F. Attempt.
DISPOSING POWER. — Wliere an obligation is Charged on
property over which a person, e,g. a Jdgmt Debtor, has " any Disposing
Power," (s. 13, Judgments Act, 1838), the meaning is that the prop-
erty to be charged is confined to such as the person could honestly,
and without breach of duty, have charged {Kinderley v. JerviSy 25 L. J.
Ch. 638; 22 Bea. 1 : Beavan v. Oxford, 25 L. J. Ch. 299; 6 D. G. M.
& G. 492: per Kay, L. J., Re Leavesley, 1891, 2 Ch. 1; 60 L. J. Ch.
385; approving jdgmt of Erie, J., WaUs v. FoHer, 23 L. J. Q. B. 34o;
3 E. & B. 743). Therefore, a Charging Order under the section cited
" puts the Creditor who has obtained it precisely in the position of an
ordinary Execution Cr, as defined in Whit worth v. Gaugain,** 13 L. J.
Ch. 288; 15 lb. 433; 3 Hare, 416; 1 Phill. 728 (per Kay, L. J., Re
Leavesley^ sup), and his priority is not displaced by want of Notice to
trustees or other holders of the property {Beavan v. (htfordj sup : Kin-
derley v. Jervis, sup: Pickering v. Ufracombe Ry, 37 L. J. C. P. 118;
L. K. 3 C. P. 235) ; nor is the Order invalidated by the lunacy of the
person against whom it is obtained {Re Leavesley, sup).
The power which a settlor had to defeat his voluntary settlement by a
sale, 27 Eliz. c. 4, was not a ** Disposing Power " {Beavan v. Oxford,
sup) ; such a power was taken away by 56 & 57 V. c. 21.
V. A.GREED.
DISPOSITION. — "A devise at the disposition of A. carries the fee *^
(Sug. Pow. 104: Fjf Discretion).
" Sale, Mortgage, or other Disposition " of heritable estate, so as to
attract Legacy Duty under 48 G. 3, c. 149, Sch, Part 3; F. A-G. y.
Wyndham, 1 H. & C. 663; 32 L. J. Ex. 1: Cp, Denn v. Diamond,
cited Sale.
"Sale, Pledge, or other Disposition," s. 9, Factor's Act, 1889; V.
Kitto V. BUhie, cited Delivery: Taylor ▼. Kymer, 3 B. & Ad. 320:
Shenstone v. Hilton, cited Buy.
DISPOSITION 549 DISPOSSESSION
A mere Declabation of Trust is Dot a '' Disposition " within s. 40,
Fines and Recoveries Act, 1833 {Green, v. Faterson, 32 Ch. D. 95;
56 L. J. Ch. 181; 54 L. T. 738 ; 34 W. R. 724), because by that section
a Disposition to bar an Entail must be one ^ effectual to pass a Legal
Estate in fee simple " (per Stirling, J., Carter v. Carter, 65 L. J. Ch.
90; 1896, 1 Ch. 62). But a Declaration of Trust by a Married Woman,
by deed acknowledged and her husband joining, is a sufficient Disposi-
tion to give her a Separate Estate in her Freeholds (Pride v. BiM,
41 L. J. Ch. 105; 7 Ch. 64; 25 L. T. 890; 20 W. R. 220), and such a
Declaration is a valid Disposition, in Equity, of Copyholds, under s. 77,
Fines and Recoveries Act, 1833 {Carter v. Carter, sup).
Generally, a Declaration of Trust is a Disposition of property, at least
in Equity (per Jessel, M. R., BicJuirds v. Dellnidge, 43 L. J. Ch. 459;
L. R. 18 Eq. 11). V. Dispositions.
" Disposition " and " Devolution by Law " are contrasted in s. 2, Sucn
Dy Act, 1853 ( V. Succession), and the Predecessor is determined by
considering whether the Succession is by " Disposition " or by '* Devolu-
tion by Law " (Zetland v. Ld Advocate, 3 App. Ca. 505), in which case
(p. 520) Selborne, C, said, that '^ Devolution by Law, takes place when-
ever the title, is such that an heir takes under it by descent from an
* Ancestor ' according to the rules of law applicable to the descent of
heritable estates." Vf, on " Disposition, " A-G. v. Sibthorp, 28 L. J.
Ex. 9: Bmj/brooke v. A-G., 9 H. L. Ca. 150; 31 L. J. Ex. 177: A-G.
V. Montefiore, 21 Q. B. D. 461; 59 L. T. 534; 4 Times Rep. 668.
. *• Disposition," s. 21 (1), Finance Act, 1894; V. A-G. v. Dodington^
cited Settlement.
" Disposition of Property " ; Fl Dispositions : Evasion.
** Disposition " of Realty, s. 4, 6 Anne (Ir), c. 2\ V. Re & Byrne,
15 L. R. Ir. 189, 373.
Qu4 Local Registration of Title (Ir) Act, 1891, 54 & 55 V. c. 66,
** * Disposition,' includes, Transfer and Charge" (s. 95).
F. Voluntaby Disposition: Possession, Order, or Disposition.
DISPOSITIONS. — As to meaning of " Dispositions " of property
within s. 153, Comp Act, 1862; V. Re Oriental Bank, 54 D. J. Ch. 322;
28 Ch. D. 634; 52 L. T. 167.
" Dispositions of Lands," s. 47, Fines and Recoveries Act, 1833 ; F.
Bankes v. Small, 36 Ch. D. 716; 66 L. J. Ch. 832; 57 L. T. 292; 35 -
W. R. 765; 3 Times Rep. 740: Disposition.
DISPOSSESSION. — " Dispossession, or Discontinuance of Posses-
sion," s. 3, Real Property Limitation Act, 1833, means the Abandon-
ment of possession by one entitled to it (Rimington v. Cannon, 22 L. J.
C P. 153 ; 12 C. B. 18), followed by actual possession by another (Smith
v. Lloyd, 23 L. J. Ex. 194; 9 Ex. 562: McDonnell v. McKinty, 10 Ir.
DISPOSSESSION 550 DISPUTE
L. R. 614) ; ignorance on the part of the rightful owner that such adrerse
possession has heen taken making no difference {Rains v. Buxton^ 49 L. J.
Ch. 473; 14 Ch. D. 537; 28 W. R. 954).
Acts of user which do not interfere, and are consistent, with the pur-
pose to which the owner intends to devote the land, do not amount to
Discontinuance of Possession by him (Leigh v. Jack, 5 Ex. D. 264 ; 49 L. J.
Ex. 220); Dispossession " involves an aninvus possidendi with the inten-
tion of excluding the owner as well as other people " (per Lindley, M. R^
Littledale v. Liverpool College^ 69 L. J. Ch. 89, cited Discontixuaxce).
Small acts by the rightful owner will disprove ** Dispossession or Dis-
continuance," — e.g, small repairs {Leigh v. Ja^ck^ sup), or, as regards a
boundary wall, an inscription claiming it (Phillijpson v. (ribbon^ 40 L- J".
Ch. 406; 6Ch.428).
Vh^ Watson, Eq. 574, 575; and for a full examination of the cases on
" Dispossession " and " Discontinuance," F. 35 S. J. 715, 742, 750.
V. Disseisin: Discontinuance.
DISPUTE. — A clause providing for an Arbitration "should any
Dispute arise," includes Disputes of law as well as of fact {Forwood v.
Watneg, 49 L. J. Q. B. 447) ; and also a non-feasance, e.g. the withhold-
ing a certificate {Re Hohenzolhm Co, 54 L. T. 596; 2 Times Rep. 294,
470). So, in a contract of services, qua a claim for wrongful dismissal
{Renshaw v. Queen Anne Mansions Co^ 1897, 1 Q. B. 662; 66 Hi. J. Q. B.
496; 76 L. T. 611; 45 W. B. 487; explaining Davis v. Starry 58 L. J.
Ch. 808; 41 Ch. D. 242: Renshaw v. (?. A. M,, followed in rarrt/ v.
Liverpool Malt Co, 1900, 1 Q. B. 339; 69 L. J. Q. B. 161 ; 81 L. T. 621).
V/t, s. 4, Arb Act, 1889.
So, the recovery by a Local Authority of Expenses summarily, " or'
(in case of dispute) by Arbitration," s. 150, P. H. Act, 1875, means
that if there is a dispute of any kind (and it is duly notified) the Local
Authority must go to arbitration and cannot otherwise recover the ex-
penses {Sandgate v. Keene, 1892, 1 Q. B. 831; 61 L. J. Q. B. 775:
Vthc, West HaHlepool v. Robinson, 77 L. T. 387; 46 W. R. 218; 62 J. P.
35) ; and the amount of the Award must be recovered summarily under
8. 150, or (if* under ^50) in the Co. Co. under s. 261 {Re WUlesden and
Wright, 1896, 2 Q. B. 412; 65 L. J. Q. B. 567; 75 L. T. 13; 44 W. R,
676; 60 J. P. 708). Notei As to what is a suflficient written Notice of
such Dispute, under s. 257, F. Folkestone v. Brooks, Same v. Ladd, 1893,
3 Ch. 22; 62 L. J. Ch. 863; 69 L. T. 403. S. 268, P. H. Act, 1875,
gives Appeal against these Expenses to the Loo Gov Board, and thereon,
and as to that being the only Appeal, V. Derbg v. Grudgings, cited
Apportion: Walthamstowx, Staines, 1891, 2 Ch, 606; 60 L. J. Ch.
738; (^ L. T. 430.
A claim based on a non-agreement, as well as one based on an actual
conflict ad idem, is a "Dispute" {Clemson v. Ifulbard, 45 L. J. M. C.
DISPUTE 551 DISPUTE
69; 24 W. R. 312; 40 J. P. 725; followed in Charles v. Plymouth Worls
Mtgeesy inf : Grainger v, Aynsley^ 60 L*. J. M. C. 51; 6 Q. B. D. 182;
29 W. R. 242; 45 J. P. 142 : decided on bs. 3 and 4, 38 & 39 V. c. 90).
Where such a ** Dispute " relates to a Workman absenting hiraself, the
whole absence up to proceedings brought is but one Dispute and cannot
be split up so as to recover before Justices two amounts of damages
{James v. Evans, 1897, 2 Q. B. 180; 66 L. J. Q. B. 742; 77 L. T. 78;
45 W. R. 654; 61 J. P. 631).
As to meaning of " Dispute " for the purpose of the Building Socie-
ties Acts; V, 47 & 48 V. c. 41, s. 2, interpreted by Western Sulmrban
and Notting Hill Bg Socy v. Martin, 55 L. J. Q. B. 382 ; 17 Q. B.
D. 609, 54 L. T. 822; 34 W. R. 630; 2 Times Rep. 672: Municipal
Permanent Bg Socy v. Richards, 39 Ch. D. 381; 58 L. J. Ch. 8. V.
Capacity.
For the Building Society cases apart from legislative interpretation;
V. as regards Societies Incorporated under the Act of 1874, Wright v.
Monarch Bg Socy, 46 L. J. Ch. 649; 5 Ch. D. 726: Hack v. London
Prov. Bg Socy, 52 L. J. Ch. 541; 23 Ch. D. 106; 31 W. R. 392: Mu-
nicipal Bg Socy v. Kent, 53 L. J. Q. B. 290 ; 9 App. Ca. 260: and, as
regards Unincorporated Societies, Mulkem v. Lord, 48 L. J. Ch. 745;
4 App. Ca. 182; 27 W. R. 510: Morrison v. Glover, 19 L.* J. Ex. 20;
4 Ex. 430 : B. v. Trafford, 24 L. J. M. C. 20 ; 4 E. & B. 122 : Farmer
V. Giles, 30 L. J. Ex. 65; 5 H. & N. 753.
A ^' Dispute," within those Acts or the Friendly Societies Acts and a
Society's Rules, must be one relating to the internal affairs of a Society
arising between the Officers and its Members; and, therefore, does not
include a controversy as to whether a person is a Member or not (Pren-
tice V. London, L. R. 10 C. P. 679; 44 L. J. C. P. 353; 33 L. T. 251 :
Willis V. WelU, 1892, 2 Q. B. 225 ; 61 L. J. Q. B. 606 ; 67 L. T. 316;
41 W. R. 64; 56 J. P. 775: Vthc, Stone v. Liverpool Marine Socy, 63
L. J. Q. B. 471); in this respect s. 10 (1), Friendly Soc Act, 1895,
repld s. 68, Friendly Soc Act, 1896, makes no difference (Palliser v.
Dale, 1897, 1 Q. B. 257; 66 L. J. Q. B. 236; 76 L. T. 14; 45 W. R.
291).
" Dispute " seems not to have received any statutory interpretation for
the purposes of the Friendly Societies Acts: Vh, Be United Patriots
Socy, 48 L. J. M. C. 55; 4 Q. B. D. 29; 27 W. R. 339; 39 L. T. 622:
Huckle V. WiUon, 2 C. P. D. 410; 26 W. R. 98: Ex p. Wooldridge,
26 J. P. 469: Jones v. Slee, 32 Ch. D. 585; 55 L. J. Ch. 908; 55 L. T.
129; 34 W. R. 692; 2 Times Rep. 625: Stone v. Liverpool Marine Socy,
sup : R. V. Richardson, 1894, 2 Q. B. 323 ; 63 L. J. M. C. 212 ; 58 J. P.
640.
" Dispute," ss. 3, 4, Employers and Workmen's Act, 1875, 38 & 39 V.
c. 90; V, Charles v. Plymouth Works Mtgees, 60 L. J. M. C. 20; 64
L. T. 466; 39 W. R. 122; hh J. P. 469.
DISPUTE 652 DISTANCE
" Dispute," 8. 48, Savings Bank Act, 1863, 26 & 27 V. c. 87; F. Be
Cardiff Savings Bank, 4 Times Rep. 10.
** Sum in Dispute " ; V. Sum Claimed.
F. Diffsbexcb: Decision.
DISPUTE AS TO THE AMOUNT A statutory direction to
refer to arbitration any " Dispute as to the Amount," will be confined to
questions of amount only, and will not embrace a case where the liability
is in dispute (JB. v. Metropolitan Commrs of Sewers j 22 L. J. Q. B. 234 ;
1 £. & B. 694: Bradby v. Southampton, 24 L. J. Q. B. 239 ; 4 £. & B.
1014: R. V. Burslem, 29 L. J. Q. B. 242; 1 E. & E. 1077: and V. per
Willes, J., in thlo for obs on Bradford v. Hopwood, 6 W. R. 818).
DISQUALIFICATION V. House of Commons.
F. Qualification.
DISQUALIFIED. — A person is "disqualified " for an Office if per-
sonally ineligible, or he may be so disqualified if some condition prece-
dent to his election or appointment has not been fulfilled {Howes v.
Turner, 45 L. J. C. P. 550 ; 1 C. P. D. 670).
''Become disqualified"; F. Disabled from acting.
The Disqualifications of Municipal Councillors are prescribed by ss. 12
and 39, 45 & 46 Y. c. 50 ; and as to Penalty, V. s. 41, lb. A person dis-
qualified for Election is Disqualified for Nomination {Harford y. Lyns-
key, cited Candidate).
" Disqualified by Sex "; V. Sex.
V. Qualified to elect: Duly.
DISRAELI'S ACT. — The Representation of the People Act, 1867,
'30 & 31 V. c. 102.
DISSEISIN. — ** Disseisina is a putting out of a man out of seisin,
and ever implyeth a wrong. But dispossessing or ejectment, is a putting
out of possession, and may be by right or by wrong" (Co. Litt 153 b;
Va, lb. 181 a : 3 Bl. Com. 169: Taylor v. Horde, 1 Burr. 108-111 : Doe
d. Atkyns v. Horde, 2 Cowp. 701).
" Ee-Disseisin " is a repetition of the offence (Cowel).
Cp, Defo&cemekt: Dispossession: Ouster: Abate. V. Resti-
' TUTION.
DISSENT. — Notice of Dissent, s. 161, Comp Act, 1862; T. Notice.
DISSENTER.— r. Recusant: Protestant.
DISSOLUTE. — Dissolute Person; F. Inferior Tradesman.
DISSOLUTION. — F. Instrumknt of Dissolution.
DISTANCE By the Parliamentary Voters Registration Act, 1843,
6 V. c. 18, s. 76, distances for the purposes of that Act are to be " measured
DISTANCE 553 DISTINCT
in a straight line on the horizontal plane." That rule is now applicahle
to all Acts of Parliament passed since the 31st Dec 1889 (s. 34, Interp
Act, 1889). Indeed, without enactment, it would seem a universal rule
for all Acts, without distinction (XaA;0 y. ^B^i^Zer, 24 L. J. Q. B. 273;
25 L. T. 0. S. 128; 19 J. P. 692: Jewdl v. Stead, 26 L. J. Q. B. 294;
6E. &B. 350).
A similar, though more amplified, rule obtains for the general measuiv
ing of distance. This rule was laid down by the Exchequer Chamber in
Mouflet V. Cole (42 L. J. Ex. 8; L. R. 8 Ex. 32), wherein the prior
authorities, somewhat conflicting, were cited; and it is now established
that, where there are no special controlling words, distance is not to be
measured by the nearest available mode of access, but '' as the crow flies,"
i.e. by the shortest line that can be drawn from one place to another on
a map without regard to the curvature or inequalities of the surface of
the earth; and where the distance is to be ascertained between houses,
the measurement is to be taken from the nearest point of the one house
to the nearest point of the other, without regard to where the doors are
situated. Vfy Dui^an ▼. Walker, 28 L. J. Ch. 867 ; Johns. 446. Sv,
Myers v. Land. & S, W. By, cited Mile.
So, qu^ an Agreement not to practise as a Solicitor within a stated
distance of a Town, the measurement has to be taken from the stipu-
lator's office to the nearest part of the town, and not to its centre {Cattle
V. Th<yrpe, W. N. (1900) 83).
Where, in order to secure proper Ventilation of Buildings, a Distance
from buildings is prescribed which is to be left clear, that means that
every part of each bg must have that distance left clear, although in
some other way an open space which might be regarded as sufficient may
have been provided (Anderton v. Birkenhead, 32 L. J. M. G. 137; 13
C. B. N. S. 603).
For an example of a special provision for measuring distance; V.
Athyns v. Kinniery 19 L. J. Ex. 132 ; 4 Ex. 776 : Travblleb.
F. Prescribed.
DISTILLER. — Stat. Def., Spirits Act, 1880, s.3: " 'Distiller's Ware-
house,' means an approved Warehouse on the premises of a Distiller "
(lb.).
DISTI NOT. — " Distinct PropeHies, " qui Inhabited House Duty ; V.
A'G. v. Westminster Chambers Assn, cited House. Each Flat sepa-
rately used as a dwelling, is a " Separate Dwelling " within the exemption
I)rovided by s. 26 (2), 53 & 54 V. c. 8, though its access is by a common
front door, entrance hall, and staircase {Seaman v. Lee, 68 L. J. Q. B. 593 ;
63 J. P. 499). Vf, Lee v. Gansel, Cowp. 8 : Yorkshire Insrce v. Clayton,
cited Divide.
" Distinct " Trusts, s. 5, Conv Act, 1882 ; V. Be Hetherinytan, 56
L. J. Ch. 174; 34 Ch. D. 211 ; 55 L. T. 806; 35 W. R. 285.
DISTINCT 654 DISTINCTIVE
" Separate and Distinct Building," 59 G. 3, c. 60 ; V. R. v. Henley-
upon-ThameSy 6 L. J. M. C. 76; 6 A. & E. 294 ; 1 N. & P. 445. C>,
" Every Building/' sub Buildiko.
'' Se[)arate and Distinct Dwelling^Ifotisey " qu4 Pauper Settlement,
6 G. 4, c. 57, 8. 2; V. R. v. Usworth, 5 L. J. M. C. 139; 6 A. & E. 261 ;
6 N. & M. 811: R. v. Wootton, 3 L. J. M. C. 98; 1 A. & E. 232: R. v.
RipoTiy 14 L. J. AL C. 102 ; 7 Q. B. 225: R. v. HusthwaUcy 21 L. J. M. C.
189: R. V. CaverwaZ/, 8 L. J. M. C. 57; 10 A. & E. 270 : R. v. St Late-
rencey 14 L. J. M. C. 66; 6 Q. B. 842: R.y.Elstmck, 3 E. & E. 437; 30
L. J. M. C. 66.
" As a distinct Covenant " ; V. Separate Covenant.
** Distinct Occasions," s. 603 (3), Mer Shipping Act, 1894; V. The
Schwan, cited Inevitable.
DISTINCTION. — r. Mark.
DISTINCTIVE. — A " Distinctive " Device, Mark, &c, to constitute
a Trademark (s. 10, Trade Marks Registration Act, 1876, 38 & 39
V. c. 91 ; V. now Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1883, ss. 64,
67, but s. 64 is amended by s. 10, 61 & 52 V. c, 60) ** must be a Mark or
Device of such kind as, in case of infringement, it shall be clear what it is
that is being infringed, and that the mark is something distinct from all
other marks used in the same class of goods " (per Lopes, L. J., Janies v.
Farn/y 55 L. J. Ch. 916 ; 33 Ch. D. 392 ; 55 L. T. 416; 36 W. R. 67) ;
and that case establishes that a device or mark is none the less distinctive
because it is a pictorial representation of the article ; but Colour alone will
not make a device " distinctive " (Re Hansauy 51 L. J. Ch. 173 ; 37 Ch. D.
112 ; 67 L. T. 869 ; 36 W. R. 134). So, a portrait of the owner of a
Trade-Mark is "distinctive" {Rowland v. Michelly 1897, 1 Ch. 71; 6%
L. J. Ch. 110) ; but a Word or combination of Letters is not a " Device "
{Ex p, Stephens, cited Figures). Vf, Re AndersoUy 64 L. J. Ch. 1084 ;
26 Ch. D. 409 : Re Hudson, 55 L. J. Ch. 531 ; 32 Ch. D. 311 : Re Bryant
and May, 59 L. J. Ch. 763: Re Wright & Co, 1900, 2 Ch. 218; 69
L. J. Ch. 589; 83 L. T. 160.
" Special and Distinctive Word " in same sections ; V, Re Palmer,
21 Ch. D. 47; 24 lb. 604; 51 L. J. Ch. 673 : Re Leonard and Ellis, 26
Ch. D. 288; 63 L. J. Ch. 603; 32 W. R. 630 : Re Wood, 32 Ch. D. 247;
55 L. J. Ch. 377 : Burland v. Broxburn Co, 68 L. J. Ch. 816; 42 Ch. D.
274; 61 L. T. 618; 6 Pat. Ca. 482 : Bodega Co v. OwenSy 23 L. R. Ir.
371 : per Lds Halsbury and Morris, Perry-Davis v. Harhord, 15 A pp.
Ca. 316; 60 L. J. Ch. 16: Richards v. Butchery 1891, 2 Ch. 622; 60
L. J. Ch. 630: Re Hopkinson, 1892, 2 Ch. 116; 61 L. J. Ch.387: Re
Smokeless Powder Co, 1892, 1 Ch. 690; 61 L. J. Ch. 391 ; 40 W. R. 607.
V. Fancy Word : Word : Name : Individual.
Name printed, &c ''in some Particular and Distinctive Manner,"
DISTINCTIVE 555 DISTRESS
s. 64 (1 a), Patents, &c Act, 1883, amended as above, does not connote
that it is to be done in a precise and distinct manner ; the manner indi-
cated is one that is distinctively peculiar (Be Holt, 1896, 1 Ch. 711 ; 65
L. J. Ch. 142, 410; 74 L. T. 225; 44 W. R. 369).
DISTRESS. — ''A distress is one of the most ancient and effectual
remedies for the recovery of rent. It is the taking, without legal process,
cattle or goods as a pledge to compel the satisfaction of a demand, the
performance of a duty, or the redress of an injury. The act of taking,
the thing taken, and the remedy generally, having been called a Distress ;
an inaccuracy which the older text-writers usually avoided" (Woodf.
442): Vh, Bullen on Distress: Redman ch. 6: Fawcett 217 et seq:
4 Encyc. 290-309: Damage Feasant: Day: Levy: Outer Door.
A power in gross (apart from statute) to recover interest, gas rent, or
other sum by " Distress " will not confer the peculiar powers of a Land-
lord's Distress, which, in bargains inter partes, must be based on a ten-
ancy (Jb% V. Arbuthnot, 28 L. J. Ch. 547; 4 D. G. & J. 224). And if
a statute merely gives power to levy, e,g, gas or water rent, by " Dis-
tress," that will not give a Landlord's Distress {Exp, Hill, 46 L. J. Bank.
116 ; 6 Ch. D. 63) ; seeus, if the statutory power is to levy " by the same
means as landlords may recover rent in arrear " {Ex p, Birmingham and
Staffordshire Gas Co, 40 L. J. Bank. 52; L. R. 11 Eq.615: RePeake,
53 L. J, Ch. 977; 13 Q. B. D. 753), or if a like phrase is made applicable
to a Rent Charge {Johnson v. Faulkner, 2 Q. B. 925; 11 L. J. Q. B.
103).
In the power to levy for Poor Rate "by Distress and sale of the
offender's goods " (43 Eliz. c. 2, s. 4), " Distress " means " Execution ";
and accordingly Beasts of the Plough may be taken thereunder {Hutchins
V. Chambers, 1 Burr. 579) ; but the postponement of a Bill of Sale to a
" Distress under a warrant for the recovery of Taxes, and Poor and other
Parochial Rates," s. 14, Bills of S. Act, 1882, does not apply to an
Execution under a jdgmt for a General District Rate, e.g, under s. 261,
P. H. Act, 1875 (Wimbledon v. Undenvood, 1892, 1 Q. B. 836; 61 L. J.
Q. B. 484; 67 L. T. bb\ 40 W. R. 640; m J. P. 633).
The bailiff, and not the landlord, is the ** person making any Distress "
within s. 49, Agricultural Holdings (England) Act, 1883, 46 & 47 V.
c. 61, and is therefore entitled to the percentage prescribed by the statute
(PhUlips V. Rees, 59 L. J. Q. B. 1; 24 Q. B. D. 17; 38 W. R. 53;
overruling Coode v. Johns, 55 L. J. Q. B. 475; 17 Q. B. D. 714; bo
L. T. 290; 35 W. R. 47). F. Agist.
" By any Distress, Action, or Suit;* s. 42, 3 & 4 W. 4, c. 27; V. By.
The power to recover Tithe Rent Charge under a contract made prior
to the Tithe Act, 1891, " by Distress and not otherwise " (subs. 3, s. 1),
is by distress alone; no action therefor can be maintained (Church v.
Maxsted, 67 L. J. Q. B. 823).
DISTRESS 556 DISTRICT
The New South Wales statute, 5 V. No. 17, s. 41, which provides that
'' no Distress for rent shall he made, or levied, or proceeded in," after an
Insolvency Order or Sequestration, only applies qua the assets in the
Insolvency, and not to goods belonging to third parties, e»g. goods in a
Bill of Sale given by the Insolvent and claimed by the Holder (Railton
V. Wood, 69 L. J. P. C. 84; 16 App. Ca. 363; over-ruling Cohen v.
Slade, 12 New S. Wales Rep. 88). Cp. All intents and purposes.
V. Public Trade: Sufficient Distress.
Stat. Def. — Scot. 37 & 38 V. c. 16, s. 4. — /r. 61 & 62 V. c. 47, s. 3}
66 & 67 V. c. 36, 8. 3.
DISTRESSED.— Where the rules of a Friendly Society limit
its benefits to members who are in " Distressed Circumstances, " that
phrase, though capable of many interpretations, means, that a recipient
must be one who has no sufficient independent means of livelihood (Be
Buck, 1896, 2 Ch. 727; 66 L. J. Ch. 884; 76 L. T. 312; 46 W. R. 106).
F/* Public Charity.
" Distressed Seamen ** ; V, Passenger.
DISTRIBUTE. — "Amount distributed in Dividend," s. 72 (1),
Bankry Act, 1883, semble, means, the amount distributed in dividend
out of Assets realized by the trustee (per Wright, J., Be Christie^ cited
Kbalized).
"Distributing Main"; Stat. Def., Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act,
1899, 62 & 63 V. c. 19, Sch s. 1.
DISTRIBUTION. — Period of Distribution; V. Class.
Statute of Distribution, 22 & 23 Car. 2, c. 10.
DISTRICT.— r. Be HoUon, 31 L. T. O. S. 187: Blackpool v.
Bennetty V, Ply.
" District," in a Pleading alleging a Custom; F. Edwards v. Jenkins^
1896, 1 Ch. 308; 65 L. J. Ch. 222.
" District " in which Notices are to be posted pursuant to s. 7 (1), Land
Law (Ir) Act, 1887, 50 & 51 V. c. 33, includes, but is not confined to,
the Civil-Bill District {Bermingham v. Turner^ 24 L. R. Ir. 336).
"District" in an Agreement between Kailway Cos; — "We under-
stand the word * District, ' — in the expressions * Each Co's own District,'
and * the District of the other Co,' — to mean, the district adjacent to a
Line from which Traffic is drawn to that line; and if both Cos draw a
traffic from the same district, such a district belongs to them both, and
is as much the district of one as it is of the other " {Caledonian By v.
N, B. By, 2 Ry & Can Traffic Ca. 289, 290).
F. Pabish.
. Stat. Def. — 12 & 13 V. c. 50, 8. 10; 13 & 14 V. c. 52, s. 76; Me-
tropolis Gas Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V. c. 125, s. 4; 28 & 29 V. c. 42, s. 2;
DISTRICT 657 DISTRICT
29 & 30 V. c. 2, 8. 4; 33 & 34 V. c. 70, s. 2, c. 78, e. 3; Metropolis
Water Act, 1871, 34 & 35 V. c. 113, b. 3; 48 & 49 V. c. 23, s. 23, c. 72,
8. 1 (4); 53 & 54 V. c. 70, 8. 92; 54 & 55 V. c. 22, s. 14; 55 & 66
V. c. 57, 9. 6; 57 & 58 V. c. 57, a. 59. — Scot. 26 & 27 V. c. 108, 8. 30;
30 & 31 V. c. 37, 8. 2; 41 & 42 V. c. 43, s. 1; Criminal Procedure
(Scot) Act, 1887, 60 & 51 V. c. 35, s. 1 ; 66 & 66 V. c. 54, s. 16; 60 &
61 V. c. 38, 8.3.— /r. 26 & 27 V. c. 88,8. 3; 30 &31 V. c. 94, s. 2; 45
6 46 V. c. 25, 8. 20; 61 & 62 V. c. 63, 8. 2; 62 & 63 V. c. 72, 8. 18.
" District Assessment "; Stat. Def., Scot. 25 & 26 V. c. 101, b. 3. —
Ir. 17 & 18 V. c. 103, 8. 1.
"District Asylum"; Stat. Def., Lunacy Act, 1890, s. ^1. — Scot.
20 & 21 V. c. 71, s. 3. — /r. 38 & 39 V. c. 67, s. 2. V. Lunatic. •
District Auditory V. District Auditors Act, 1879, 42 V. c. 6; 60 &
61 V. c. 72, 8. 2.
" District Authority "; Stat. Def., 63 & 54 V. c. 68, s. 10.
"District Borough"; Stat. Def., 31 & 32 V. c. 46, s. 3; 35 & 36
V. c. 33, Sch.
V. Central Criminal Court.
" District Church "; Stat. Def., 28 & 29 V. c. 42, n. 2.
"District Committee"; Stat. Def., Scot. 41 & 42 V. c. 61, n. 3;
Loc Gov (Scot) Act, 1889, ss. 77-82; 55 & 56 V. c. 54, a. 16; 60 &
61 V. c. 38, 8. 3.
Corporate District; F. Corporate.
" District Council "; Stat. Def., Loc Got Act, 1888, s. 100. — Scot.
60 & 61 V. c. 43, 8. 8. —Ir. 61 & 62 V. c. 37, s. 22 (3).
" County District " ; V. County.
" District of England " ; Wales is such, qui the Endowed Schools
Act, 1869 (BeMeyricke, 41 L. J. Ch. 187, 553; L. R. 13 Eq. 269;
7 Ch. 600). V. England.
English Channel District ; V. English.
"Highway District"; Stat. Dei, 2o & 26 V. c. 61, s. 3; 41 & 42
V. c. 77, 8. 38.
** Improvement Act District"; Stat. Def., 36 & 36 V. c. 79, s. 60,
c. 94, 8. 74; 38 & 39 V. c. 65, s. 4; 39 & 40 V. c. 56, s. 37.
" Library District "; Stat. Def., 53 & 64 V. c. 68, s. 10.
V. Licensing.
Local Government District; V. R. v. Barnes^ 13 Times Rep. 26:
Middlesex Co. Co. v. Willesden^ 12 lb. 437. Stat. Def., P. H. Act,
1875, 8. 4; 39 & 40 V. c. 56, s. 37; 48 & 49 V. c. 23, s. 23.
V. London District: Metropolitan: Municipal.
" Non-Corporate District "; Stat. Def., 11 & 12 V. c. 63, s. 2.
"District O/^cc," and "District Registrar^'' of Probate, in Ireland;
V. 20&21V. c. 79,8.2.
r. Parliamentary: Petty Sessions: Police: PoLLnro: Port,
at end : Prescribed.
DISTRICT 558 DIVES' COSTS
*' Proclaimed District"; Stat. Def., Ir. 33 & 34 V. c. 9, b. 4.
''Riparian Nuisance District"; Stat. Def., Ir. 36 & 37 V. c. 78,
s. 4, repld Part 1, P. H. Ireland Act, 1878, V. s. 8.
" Rural District "; Stat. Def., 60 & 51 V. c. 48, s. 17; 51 & 52 V.
c. 10, 8. 14.
''Rural Sanitary District"; Stat. Def., P. H. Act, 1875, s. 5; 41
&42 V. c. 77, s. 38; 50 &51 V. c. 32,8. 1; 53 & 54 V. c. 59, s. 11 (3) ;
55 & 56 V. c. 57, s. 5. — /r. 46 & 47 V. c. 60, s. 21.
" Sanitary District"; Stat. Def., 48 & 49 V. c. 72, s. 13; 53 & 54
V. c. 70, 8. 93. —Ir, 47 & 48 V. c. 59, s. 9; 48 & 49 V. c. 39, s. 9;
56 & 57 V. c. 13, 8. 7.
District Surveyor; V. Part 13, London Bg Act, 1894.
" Urban District " ; Stat. Def., 50 & 51 V. c. 48, s. 17; 51 & 52 V.
c. 10, 8. 14; 55 & 56 V. c. 53, s. 27. — Ir. 57 & 58 V. c. 38, s. 12.
" Urban Sanitary District"; Stat. Def., 38 & 39 V. c. 17, s. 108;
P. H. Act, 1875, s. 5; 41 & 42 V. c. 77, s, 38; 50 & 51 V. c. 32, s. 1 ;
53 & 54 V. c. 59, s. 11 (3) ; 55 & 56 V. c. 67, s. 5, c. 59, s. 9. — 7r.
37 & 38 V. c. 93, ss. 2, 3; 57 & 58 V. c. 38, s. 12.
" Ventilating District "; Stat. Def., Coal Mines Regn Act, 1887, s. 49,
K. 12 (k).
DISTRINGAS V. Stop Order, aub Stop.
DISTURB.— V. Molest.
DISTURBANCE. — The " Disturbance "of a Right, e.g. of Fishery,
or of Market, " is a very general phrase;" and may be effected " either
by Trespass or by Nuisance, or in any other substantial manner " (per
Rigby, L. J., Fitzgerald v. Firbank, 1897, 2 Ch. 96; 66 L. J. Ch. 529).
Vfy Holford V. FrUchardj 18 L. J. Ex. 315; 3 Ex. 793.
V. Interruption: Annoyance: Political.
DISUSED BURIAL GROUND V. Burial.
DITCH. — F. Drain: Pond': Pool.
As used in 23 H. 8, c. 5, semhle, a Ditch ** is a kind of current of
waters in infimo graduy^ useable for small boats in winter, but generally
dry in summer (Callis, 81). Cp, Pond : Pool. FA, Fence : 4 Encyc 319.
As to the ownership of ditches between fields; F. Eedman, 240, 241:
Woodf. 655: Marshall y. Taylor, 1895, 1 Ch. 641; 64 L. J. Ch. 416.
DIVERT.— F. Illegally.
DIVES' COSTS. — These were costs paid voluntarily by a suc-
cessful pit suing in forma pauperis, and which he was allowed to tax
against his defeated opponent {Carson v. Fickersgill^ 54 L. J. Q. B.
484; 14 Q. B. D. 859). Pauper Costs are now substituted: on whv
R. 31, Ord. 1(5, R. S. C.
DIVEST 559 DIVIDE
DIVEST. — " 'Devest,* is a word contrary to 'Invest'; for as an
Invest signifieth to deliver the possession of a thing, so Devest signifieth
the taking away of the possession " (Termes de la Ley). But, probably,
it is more accurate to say that *' Divest '* is the antithesis of " Vest "
when that latter word is used in the sense primarily of giving the prop-
erty in the subject-matter, — such vesting attracting the possession, or,
at least, the right of possession of the subject-matter; the change of pos-
session, even coupled with the right to possession, not necessarily work-
ing a divesting. Thus, when a Sheriff seizes goods under a Ji. fa,^ the
property in the goods remains in the Execution Debtor though the pos-
session of them is held by the SherifiP; so, of a Bailment (per Ld
Tenterden, Giles v. Grovevy 9 Bing. 280); those observations being
prefaced by this remark, — " Property cannot be divested out of one per-
son without being vested in another."
As to what is an Agreement to ** divest or alienate " the right of the
Occupier to kill Ground Game, or to give him an ** Advantage " for
forbearing to exercise the right, s. 3, 43 & 44 V. c. 47; V. Sherrard v.
Gascoigne, 1900, 2 Q. B. 279; 69 L. J. Q. B. 720; 82 L. T. 850; 48
W. R. 567 : Void, towards end.
DIVIDE : DIVIDED A testamentary gift " tobe divided " between
two or more, means an equal division and creates a Tenancy in Common
(^Chapman v. Peat^ 1 Ves. sen. 542: Ackerman v. Burrows, 3 V. & B.
54), a fortiori of the phrase " Equally to be divided " {Bidden v. Valr
lier, 2 Ves. sen. 252; 3 Atk. 731). The word "Divide " is so strong
in this connection that where the direction' was " to pay, assign, and
divide" a sum to certain legatees " as joint tenants,*' yet Stuart, V. C,
held that a tenancy in common was created (Booth v. Alington, 27 L. J.
Ch. 117; 5 W. R. 811). But for a consideration of the cases where the
word " Divide " or " Divided ** has itself been otherwise controlled by a
context, F. 2 Jarm. 260-262. To be " divided " amongst Charities,
" by no means, necessarily, infers equality " (per Eldon, C, Mills v. Far-
mer, 19 Ves. 490).
"To be divided," is of no value as a context to prevent "Effects'*
from including Realty (per Kay, L. J., Hall v. Hall, 61 L. J. Ch. 293;
1892, 1 Ch. 361).
A testamentary direction to " divide " realty, does not per se give an
implied power of sale (Comick v. Fearce, 7 Hare, 477).
" To pay and divide "; F. Pay.
Shall not " divide any Cause of Action," s. 81, Co. Co. Act, 1888; F.
Cause op Action.
"Divided Parish"; F. Boberts v. Aulton, 2 H. & N. 432; nom.
Attlton V. Boberts, 26 L. J. Ex. 380.
The qualified exemption from Inhabited House Duty, given by s. 13 (1),
41 V. c. 15, where a house is " divided into and let in different tene-
DIVIDE 660 DIVIDEND
ments," only applies where the house is structurally divided (A-G, v.
Westminster Chambers Assn, on whv Grant v. Xfangston, both cases
cited House: Yorkshire Insrce v. Clayton, 61 L. J. Q. B. 82; 8 Q. B. D.
421) ; but, semble, " a carpenter's division may be just as effectual as a
bricklayer's " (per Wright, J., Hoddinott v. Home & Colonial Store»y
1896, 1 Q. B. 169; 65 L. J. Q. B. 294; 74 L. T. 79; 44 W. R. 285).
The decision, however, in thlc was that ** let in different tenements,"
means, wholly so let, and that the exemption does not apply where part
of the house is retained by the general lessor for his own use, and cer-
tainly not to the part so retained. V. Dwelling-House : House.
DIVIDEND. — '' 'Dividend,' is a word used in the Statute of Rut-
land, 10 Edw. 1, where it is provided that the Chamberlaines of the
Exchequer shall not make to the Sheriffes, or any of their Baylifes,
Dividends, — unlesse they first receive of them particulars, in which
particulars he would have such Dividends parted " (Termes de la
Ley).
" The word * Dividend ' carries no spell with it. Applicable to various
subjects, it is not intelligible without knowing the matter to which it is
meant as referring " ; but its ordinary meaning is, share of profits (per
Knight-Bruce, L. J., Henry v. G. N. By, 27 L. J. Ch. 1; 1 D. G. & J.
606). A " Preference " Dividend is substantially interest, to this ex-
tent, that the failure of profits wherewith to pay it in one year will prima
facie be made good out of any profits that may be made in a subsequent
year {Henry v. G. N. By, siip. : Sturge v. Eastern Union By, 7 D. G.
M. & G. 158 : Crawford v. N. E. By, 3 K. & J. Z23 : Matthews v.
G, N, By, 28 L. J. Ch. 375; 5 Jur. N. S. 284; 7 W. R. 233; 32
L. T. 0. S. 355: Webb v. Earle, L. R. 20 Eq. 556; 44 L. J. Ch. 608).
F. Cumulative: Profits.
Profits in a private trading partnership, the deed of which provides
that " Dividends " shall be made from time to time as the managing
partners shall direct, are not " Dividends " within the Apportionment
Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 35, s. 5 {Jones v. Ogle, 42 L. J. Ch. 334; 8 Ch.
192; 21 W. R. 239). From the language of the L. C. in that
case, it would seem that no profits, except those arising in respect
of a Public Company, can be " Dividends " within the meaning
of the Act, or otherwise apportionable thereunder. Vh, the obs of
Malins, V. C, in Capron v. Capron, 43 L. J. Ch. 677; L. R. 17 Eq.
288; Va, Be Cox, 47 L. J. Ch. 735; 9 Ch. D. 159: Pollock v. Polhck,
44 L. J. Ch. 168; L. R. 18 Eq. 329, correcting Whitehead v. Whiter
head, L. R. 16 Eq. 528. Bonuses in a Public Co are "Dividends"
within the Act, though only occasional and not strictly periodical
{Be Griffith, 12 Ch. D. 655). Where on death of a Tenant for Life,
Stock is sold " Cum Div,*' generally, there is no apportionment; to
effect that, there must be special circumstances {Bvlkeley v. St^hensy
DIVIDEND 561 DIVORCE
1896, 2 Ch. 241 J 65 L. J. Ch. 597; 74 L. T. 409; 44 W. R. 490). Vf,
FixKD Period: Pbbiodigal: Accbue.
Stat. Def . — 32 & 33 V. c. 102, s. 46 ; 35 & 36 V. c. 44, s. 3 ; Lunacy
Act, 1890, 8. 341. — /r. 34 & 35 V. c. 22, s. 2.
"Dividends"; F". Annual Proceeds: Rents and Profits.
" An indefinite gift (by Will) of the Dividends, gives the absolute
property of the Stock " (Wms. Exs, 1058, citing Pa^e v. Leapingwell, 18
Ves. 463 : Haig v. Swiney, 1 Sim. & St. 487, 490 : Southouse v. Bate,
16 Bea. 132).
A Bequest, for life, of " Dividends " will not pass unreceived Divi-
dends {Shore Y. Weekly, 3 D. G. & Sm. 467; 18 L. J. Ch. 403: Con^
stable V. Bull, 18 L. J. Ch. 302; 3 D. G. & S. 411); nor will " Dividends "
pass capitalized Diviflends (Bicketts v. Harling, 23 L. T. 760). Vf,
Archibald v. Hartley, 21 L. J. Ch. 399.
Societies not making to its members " any Dividend, Gift, Division,
or Bonus in Money," s. 1, 6 & 7 V. c. 36; V. Royal Coll, of Music v.
Westminster, cited Science.
DIVINE SERVICE. — ''Here note, that the almes and reliefe of
poor people, being a worke of charity, is accounted in law divine service;
for what herein is done to the poor for God's sake, is done to Gt>d him-
self " (Co. Litt. 96b). Cp, Alms: Aumone: Christian Service.
But the Collection of the Offertory in Church, is not a " Divine Ser-
vice, Rite, or Office," for disturbing a Clergyman in which a person is
punishable under s. 2, 23 & 24 V. c. 32 (Cope v. Barber, 41 L. J. M. C.
137; L. R. 7 C. P. 393; 26 L. T. 891).
DIVISION SUt. Def., 34 & 35 V. c. 88, s. 2 ; 43 & 44 V. c. 19,
8. 5. — Ir. 2 & 3 V. c. 74, s. 4; 21 & 22 V. c. 100, s. 3.
" County, Riding or Division "; V. Evans v. Stevens, 4 T. R. 224,459.
" Division of a County," '' Divisions of Lincolnshire "; Stat. Def., Loc
Gov Act, 1888, s. 100.
" Division of Manchester"; Stat. Def., 17 & 18 V. c. 20, s. 2.
"Division or Place"; Stat. Del, Beerhouse Act, 1830,8. 32; Mun
Corp Act, 1882, s. 246.
Gift over in case of death " before the division of my estate " ; V,
Re Collison, 12 Ch. D. 834; 48 L. J. Ch. 720.
V. Dividend: Petty Sessions.
DIVISIONAI "Provisional Business"; Stat Def., 17 & 18 V.
c. 20, s. 2.
" Divisional Justice " ; T. 5 & 6 V. c. 24, s. 79; 6 & 7 V. c. m, s. 38.
DIVORCE. — Divorce was (1) a Vinculo, or (2) a Mensa et Thoro:
1 Bl. Com. 440. Since 20 & 21 V. c. 85, these are called (1) Divorce,
or (2) Judicial Separation. V. Bigamy.
DO 662 DOCK
D O. — r. Done : Put.
DO AWAY.— r. Assign.
DO OR MAKE. — The words "Do or make Waste," Statute of
Marlbridge, 52 H. 3, c. 23, s. 2, in legal understandiDg in this place, as
well as in the Statute of Gloucester, 6 £dw. 1, c. 5, includes as well per-
missive Waste, which is waste by reason of omission or not doing, as
Waste by reason of commission, as to cut down timber, trees, or prostrate
houses, and the like; for he that suffereth a house to decay, which he
ought to repair, doth the Waste (2 Inst. 300, cited Woodhouse y» Walker,
49 L. J. Q. B. 611 ; 5 Q. B. D. 404). 6>, Done.
V. Without Impeachment of Waste. ,
DO OR SUFFER T. Permit.
DO THE NEEDFUL. — As to the authority conferred by these
words; V. Dawson v. Lawley^ 4 Esp. ^,
DOCK. — Was a Workman engaged " Isr or about" a "Dock"
(within the def of " Factory," s. 23, 58 & 59 V. c. 37; s. 7, Workmen's
Comp Act, 1897) if employed upon a Vessel in a Dock ? V. Flowers v.
Chambers^ 1899, 2 Q. B. 142; OS L. J. Q. B. 648; viith whc Cp MerrUl
V- WUson, 1901, 1 K. B. 35; 70 L. J. K. B. 97: Raine v. Jobson^ 1901,
A. C. 404; 70 L. J. K. B. 771. Sembhy the question is now answered
in the affirmative by s. 104, 1 Edw. 7, c. 22.
He is so engaged if he be unloading a Vessel on to the Quay of a Dock
{Woodham v. Atlantic Transport Co, 1899, 1 Q. B. 15; 6S L. J. Q. B.
17; 79 L. T. 395; 47 W. R. 106: Lawson v. Atlantic Transport Co, 82
L. T. 77: Merrill v. Wilson, sup). Semble, it should be borne in mind
that "Dock, Wharf, Quay, Warehouse" (in the def of "Factory"
in Workmen's Comp Act, 1897) only includes a locality of that kind
which (not being, per se, a Factory) is affected by some of the provisions
of the Factory Acts (Hall v. Snowden, 1899, 2 Q. B. 136; 6S L. J. Q. B.
645; 80 L. T. 554; 47 W. R. 486), e.ff. one having dangerous machinery
upon it (lb.). Quk all those Acts, " Dock," includes the land bounding
the water, as well as the water itself (Flennessi/ v. McCahe, 1900, 1 Q. B.
491 ; 69 L. J. Q. B. 173 ; 81 L. T. 575; 48 W. R. 231 ; 64 J. P. 4). Cp,
Wharf.
Qua the limitation of liability of a Harbour Conservancy Author-
ity, " Dock," includes, " wet docks and basins, tidal docks and basins^
locks, cuts, entrances, dry docks, graving docks, gridirons, slips, quays,
wharves, piers, stages, landing-places, and jetties" (s. 2 (4), 63 & 64
V. c. 32).
Running Powers over " Docks " ; held, not to be a definition of the
terminus ad quem but, as giving the right to run over and use the whole
DOCK 563 DOING
of the railwa3r8 iu the Docks and all the appurtenances thereto (G. uV.
Ry V. G. Central By, 10 Rj & Can Traffic Ca. 266).
Building " used for the purposes " of a Dock; F. Pubposes.
Arrival in Dock; V. Actual abbival.
DOCKYARD PORT Stat. Def., 28 & 29 V. c. 125, s. 2.
DOCUMENT. — A Ledger, — including a Partnership Ledger, —
is a " Document," within R. 191, Divorce Court Rules (Carewv. CareWf
1891, P. 360; 61 L. J. P. D. & A. 24; 65 L. T. 167).
An avouchment, whether written or printed, of the character or quality''
of a Chattel, is not a Document which, if false, would be a Forgery, —
e./^. the false signature of an artist's name to a picture (E. v. Crossy
Dears. & B. 460), or enclosing spurious goods in a wrapper imitating
a trade-mark (B. v. Smith, 21 L. J. M. C. 22h\ Dears. & B. 566).
" Other Documents," Sch 2, Solrs Rem Ord; " Notice, Order, or other
Document/* s, 128^ P. H. London Act, 1891; V, Otheb, sub Ejusdem
Generis.
A Tithe Apportionment and Parish Map, are " Documents directed by
Law to be kept with the public books, writings, and papers " of a Parish,
within 8. 17 (8), Loc Gov Act, 1894 {Lewis v. Poole, 1898, 1 Q. B. 164;
67 L. J. Q. B. 73).
Qui Factors Act, 1889, " Document of Title " is defined in s. 1 (4).
A Pledge of "Documents of Title to Goods," to be operative under
8* 3, Factors Act, 1889, must be by a " Mercantile Agent " (Jnglis v.
Bobertson^ cited Mebcantile Agent).
Qui Sale of Goods Act, 1893, " 'Document of Title to Goods ' has the
same meaning as it has in the Factors Acts " (subs. 1, s. 62).
Quk Larceny Act, 1861, " Document of Title to Goods," and " Docu-
ment of Title to Lands," are defined in s. 1.
As to " Pebfect " Documents of Title ; F. Be Salomon arid Naudszvs^
81 L. T. 325.
V. Public Documext : Shipping Documents.
DOQ. — V, Gbeyhound: Setting Dog: Chattels: Goods:
Conteol.
To write of a person that he is a " Dog in the Manger," is, probably,
actionable (per Denman, C. J., Hoare v. SUverlock, 12 Q. B. 628).
DOG-DRAW. — " Is an apparent deprehension of an Offender against
Venison in the Fobest .... where any man hath stricken or wounded a
wild Beast by shooting at him either with Cross-bow, Long-bow, or
otherwise, and is found with a hound, or other dog, drawing after, him to
recover the same " (Cowel, citing Manwood, c. 18).
DOING. — "Doing" may create a covenant, — e.ff, "Doing suit"
( Vyvyan v. Arthur, 1 B. & C. 410), so of the phrase " Doing. Fulfilling,
and Performing " {Boone v. Eyre, 2 Bl. W. 1312).
DOLE 564 DOMESTIC
DOLE. — *^ 'Dole/ a Saxon word signifying as much as Pars, or
Portia, in Latine : it hath of old been attributed to a Meadow, and still
80 called as 'Dole-Meadow,' 4 Jac. c. 11, because divers persons had
shares in it " (Cowel). Again, " Dole " is defined as, ** The share of any
man in a lot meadow, or common meadow which is divided yearly and
distributed by lots among the owners; F. Co. Litt. 4a: Spelm., Doi^ei
Pratt V. Groame, 15 East, 235 : Elton on Commons, 31 : Wms. on Rights
of Commons, 90. The owner of a dole may have a freehold in the soil
(Co. Litt. 4a, 343 b); or he may have only vestura terras {Tenants of
Owning' s Casey 4 Leon. 43). Va^ as to lot meads, Wms. R. P., App. C **
(Elph. 573).
" Doles " for the poor are a Charity, but the old administration of
which is very liable to be varied by a Charity Commissioners' Scheme;
for they tend '^ to demoralize the poor, and benefit no one. The exten-
sion of Doles is simply the extension of mischief '' (per Jessel, M. K., He
Campdm Charities, 50 L. J. Ch. 650; 18 Ch. D. 32T)-
DOLQ-BOTE. — V. Bote.
DOLI CAPAX r. Capable.
DOMAIN. — r. Demesne.
DOMESTIC. — A " Domestic " is one who resides in the house with
the master he serves {Wakefield v. The State, 41 Texas, ^oS), Cp^
Domestic Servant : Menial Sebvant: Servant: Workman.
Books are articles of " domestic Use and Enjoyment " {Cornwall v.
Cornwall, 10 L. J. Ch. 364; 12 Sim. 303). Articles of " Domestic Use
or Ornament ** ; V. Household, towards end.
Watering private horses, or washing private carriages, is using the
water for a " domestic Use or Purpose,^* within a W^ater Rating Act
{Bushy V. Chesterfield W. TT. Co, 21 L. J. M. C. 174; E. B. & E. 176).
Indeed it may be broadly laid down that '' water used for the amenities
of the house, — e,g, watering a pleasure-garden attached to and occupied
with the house, — may be legitimately held to be used for domestic pur-
poses," within the meaning of such an Act (per Smith, J., in delivering
the jdgmt of the Court, Bristol W. W. Co v. Uren, 54 L. J. M. C. 103 ;
15 Q. B. D. 637 : Vf, Cooke v. New River Co, 14 App. Ca. 698 ; 59 L. J.
Ch. 333: Walker v. Lambeth W. W. Co, 63 L. J. Ch. 874; 71 L. T. 75;
58 J. P. 736: W^est Middlesex W. W. Co v. Coleman, and Grand Junc-
tion W, W, Co V. Davies, cited Annual Value).
V. Bath : Water Rate.
Boiler " used Exclusively for Domestic Purposes," s. 4, 45 & 46 V.
c. 22, s. 2; 53 & 54 V. c. 35, includes one used partly for heating the
Office of a non-resident merchant and partly for the Household Purposes
of a resident care-taker {Smith v. MuUer, 1894, 1 Q.* B. 192; 70 L. T,
170; 58 J. P. 167).
DOMESTIC ANIMAL 665 DOMESTIC SERVANT
DOMESTIC ANIMAL. — An Animal (whether a quadruped or
not, 17 & 18 V. c. 60, s. 3, and not absolutely /er« nattirce) which either
by habit or special training lives in association with man, is a " Domestic
Animal." Thus, linnets trained as decoy birds are domestic animals
{Colam V. Fagett, 53 L. J. M. C. 64; 12 Q. B. D. 66; 48 J. P. 263; 32
W. R. 289), and so is a cock (Bridge v. Parsons^ 32 L. J. M. C. 96;
3 B. & Ss 382; 11 W. E. 424; 7 L. T. 784; 27 J. P. 231 : Bates v. McCor-
mickj 9 L. T. 175). Parrots may become, but young unacclimatized par-
rots are not, " Domestic Animals " (Swan v. SaiiderSy 50 L. J. M. C. 67;
29 W. R. 538; 45 J. P. 522; 44 L. T. 424) ; nor, senible^ is a performing
bear a " Domestic Animal " (2^ S. J. 746). Neither a performing ele-
phant {FUbum V. People's Palace Co, 59 L. J. Q. B. 471; 25 Q. B. D.
258), nor a caged lion (Harper v. Marcks, 1894, 2 Q. B. 319; 63 L. J.
M. C. 167; 42 W. R. 605; 70 L. T. 804; 58 J. P. 527), nor a bagged
fox, or a rat, kept for the purpose of being destroyed, nor wild rabbits
caught for coursing and confined and fed for 5 or 6 days before the cours-
ing meeting (Aplin v. Porritt, 1893, 2 Q. B. 57; 62 L. J. M. C. 144;
69 L. T. 433; 42 W. R. 95; 57 J. P. 456), nor a tame sea-gull, used in a
photographer's business (Yates y. Higgins, 1896, 1 Q. B. 166; 65 L. J.
M. C. 31; 44 W. R. 335; 60 J. P. 88), is a " Domestic Animal." Is a
monkey a " Domestic Animal" ? Vh, May v. Burdetty 16 L. J. Q. B.
64; 9 Q. B. 101.
V. Wild Animals in Captivity Protection Act, 1900, 63 & 64 V. c. 33.
DOMESTIC BUILDING. — Qu^ London Bg Act, 1894, ''Domes-
tic Building" " includes a Dwelling-house, and any other Building
not being a Public Building or of the Wabehouse class " (subs. 26,
8. 5). C>, 8. 39, lb., quk Part 5 of the Act.
V, Inhabited.
DOMESTIC ESTABLISHMENT F. Servant.
DOMESTIC FACTORY. — "Domestic Factory" and "Domes-
tic Workshop " ; Stat Def., Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, s. 115.
DOMESTIC PURPOSES. — r. Domestic.
DOMESTIC REFUSE. — r. Refuse,
DOMESTIC SERVANT. — A "Domestic Servant'' (Vaughan v.
Booths 16 Jur. 808), or a Servant on testator's "Domestic Establish-
ment " ( Ogle V. Morgan, 14 Jur. 801 ; 16 lb. 277 ; 1 D. G. M. & G. 359),
is one who sleeps in the dwelling-bouse of his master ; in other words,
an Indoor Servant: a Gardener who gives his whole time to, and whose
separate house and the furniture therein and whose house services are
provided by, his master is not a Domestic Servant (lb.), Vf House-
hold Servant.
DOMESTIC SERVANT 566 DOMICIL
An Hotel Page-boy, whose basiness is dusting the reception-rooms in
the morning but who is principally employed as a messenger and in
sending off telegrams and messages for the guests, is not ** Wholly
employed as a Domestic Servant," within s. 10, 55 & 56 V. c. 62 {Savoy
Hotel Co V. London Co, Co,y cited Shop).
A Custom-house Land Waiter, who is sometimes employed by an
Ambassador as his messenger, is not " the Domestic, or Domestic Ser-
vant " of such Ambassador, within s. 3, Diplomatic Privileges Act, 1708,
7 Anne, c. 12 {Masters v. Manhy, 1 Burr. 401).
A Condition, in defeasance of a gift, if the donee marries a Domestic
Servant, is good {Jenner v. Turner, 50 L. J. Ch. 161; 16 Ch. D. 188;
43 L. T. 468; 29 W. R 59; 45 J. P. 124).
V. Domestic : Me]^ial Servant : Servant : Workman.
DOMESTIC WORKSHOP. — r. Domestic Factory: Workshop.
DOMICIL: DOMICILED.— A person's ""Domicir' means, gen-
erally speaking, the place where he has his permanent home ( Whicker v.
Hume, 2S L. J. Ch. 396, 400; 7 H. L. Ca. 124: A-G. v.^owe, 31 L. J.
Ex. 314, 320; 1 H. & C. 31); and in that aspect "the Roman law still
holds good that * it is not by naked assertion but by deeds and acts that
a Domicil is established"* (per P. C, McMullen v. Wadsworth, inf).
But " the word 'Domicil ' has many meanings, according as it is used
with reference to Succession, or for determining Rights of Belliger-
ents, or ascertaining Trading Privileges" (per J. 0., Yelvertonr* Yel^
verton, 29 L. J. P. & M. 40; 1 Sw. & Tr. 574): TA, Dicey on Domicil,
App. Notes 1, 2, and 3: Phillimore on Domicil : Foote on Private Inter-
nationalJurisprudence, ch. 2: Westlake on Private International Law,
ch. 14: 4 Eucyc. 339-345: Ee Craignish, 1892, 3 Qi. 180: De Nicols
V. Curlier, 1900, A. C. 21; 69 L. J.Ch. 109: Re Martin, 1900, P. 211;
69 L. J. P. D. & A. 75.
" I would venture to suggest that the definition of an acquired Domi-
cile might stand thus : — * That place is properly the domicile of a person
in which he has voluntarily fixed the habitation of himself and his family,
not for a mere special and temporary purpose, but with a present inten-
tion of making it his permanent home, unless and until something (which
is unexpected, or the happening of which is uncertain) shall occur to in-
duce him to adopt some other permanent home ' " (per Kindersley, V. C,
Lord V. Colvln, 4 Drew. 376; 2^ L. J. Ch. 366: Vfy per same learned
judge, Cockrell v. Cockrelly 25 L. J. Ch. 732, cited by Stirling, J., Re
Grove, 40 Ch. D. 226 ; 58 L. J. Ch. 60).
Art. 63, Civil Code of Lower Canada provides that a Marriage shall
be solemnized at the place of the " Domicil," of one of the parties, to be
established by a six months' residence; there "Domicil," means Resi-
dence, and does not refer to International Domicil {McMullen v. Wads-
worth, 59 L. J. P. C. 7 ; 14 App. Ca. 631).
DOMiCIL 567 DONATIO M. 0.
As to Domicil of an Infant ; V. Potinger v. Wightman, 3 Mer. 67 :
Be Beaumont, 1893, 3 Ch. 490 ; 62 L. J. Ch. 923.
The words " Domiciled in England,*' s. 6 (1 <£), Bankry Act, 1883,
mean, domiciled in England as distinguished from Scotland or Ireland
as well as from foreign countries {Ex p. Cunningham, Re Mitchell, 53
L. J. Ch. 1067). Vf, Obdinaky Residence.
A Joint-Stock Company is only "Domiciled or ordinarily Resident
within the jurisdiction," R. 1, Ord. 11, R. S. C, where its head office is
{Jones V. ScoUish Ace. Insrce, 55 L. J. Q. B. 415; 17 Q. B. D. 421). Vf,
Reside. As to the Domicil of a Co, generally ; F". A-G. v. Jewish Colo-
nization Assn, 1900, 2 Q. B. 556 ; 69 L. J. Q. B. 692 ; affd 70 L. J. Q. B-
101.
DOM I N ANT. — Dominant Tenement ; V, Easement.
DOMINICALES TERR>E T. Demesne.
DOMINIONS.— r. British Dominions.
DOM US — F. House.
DON. — By the law of Quebec no gift beyond "Dons Modiques" is
sustained from a Husband to a Wife. The Q. B. in Quebec held that
gifts of jewels, and like personal matters, amounting in value to between
(5000 and $6000 are *' modest " ones when referable to a married life of
more than 40 years' duration, and attended for a large portion of that
time by great prosperity ; — the P. C. refused to dissent from that con-
clusion, reached as it was by " those who dwell in the society which the
law affects " {Eddt/ v. Eddy, 1900, A. C. 299; 69 L. J. P. C. ^).
DONATIO MORTIS CAUSA.— "A Donatio Mortis Causd is
thus defined in the Civil Law from which both the doctrine and the
denomination are borrowed: — Mortis caus4 donatio est, qua propter
mortis fit suspicionem ; cum quis ita donat, ut si quid humanitds ei con-
tigisset, haberet is, qui accepit ; sin autem supervixisset is, qui donavit,
reciperet; vel si eum donationis poenituisset; aut prior decesserit is, cui
donatum sit " (Wms. Exs. 681, citing Inst. lib. 10, tit. 7); or, in other
words, " Where a man lies in extremity, or being surprised with sick-
ness, and not having an opportunity of making his Will, but, lest he
should die before he could make it, he gives with his own hands his
goods to his friends about him; — this, if he dies, shall operate as a
legacy, but, if he recovers, then does the property thereof revert to
him " (per Cowper, C, Hedges v. Hedges, Pr. Ch. 269).
Observe, (1) The Donor must be in his last illness {Meredith v.
Watson, 23 L. J. Ch. 221) : (2) The Gift must be (a) conditional on the
donor's death by his existing disorder, {b) of Goods, (c) delivered.
DONATIO M. C. 568 DONATIVE
2 (b) The Goods which may be so given comprise^ of course, ordinary
Chattels; but the phrase, in this connection, also includes a Bank
Note (Ashtan v. Dawson, 2 ColL 363, n), a Bond (lb,: Snellgrove v.
Baily, 3 Atk. 214 : Meredith y. WataoUy sup), an acknowledgment of
indebtedness {Moore v. Darton, 20 L. J. Ch. 626; 4 D. G. & S. 517),
a Mortgage Deed (Duffield v. Eltves, 1 Bligh, N. S. 497), a Life Policy
( Witt V. Amiss, 30 L. J. Q. B. 318; 1 B. & S. 109), a Promissory Note,
though not endorsed (Veal v. Veal, 29 L. J. Ch. 321; 27 Bea. 303), a
Banker's Deposit Note {Be Taylor, 56 L. J. Ch. 597 : Re Farman, 57
L. J. Ch. 637), even though such Note purports to be '* not transferable "
and the deposit has to be drawn by a cheque which is not presented until
after the donor's death (Be Dillon, 59 L. J. Ch. 420 ; 44 Ch. D. 76; 38
W. R. 369; 62 L. T. 614). In thU Lindley, L. J., said, "T think it
may some day require consideration whether a man cannot make such a
gift of his own cheque ": Vth, Bromley v. Brunton, 37 L. J. Ch. 902;
L. R. 6 Eq. 275; 16 W. R. 1006: Re Beaumont, 50 W. R. 389: 46 S. J.
446.
2 (c) The Delivery may be antecedent to the gift {Cain v. Moon,
1896, 2 Q. B. 283; 74 L. T. 728; 65 L. J. Q, B. 587> But "there
must be an actual tradition, or delivery, of the thing to the Donee him-
self, or to some one else for the Donee's use " (Wms. Exs. 684). Thns,
a delivery to A. of the keys of a dressing-case with directions that, on
donor's death, the keys and case are to be delivered to B., is not such a
delivery as is required to make a Donatio Mortis Caus& {Powell v. Hel-
Hear, 28 L. J. Ch. 355 ; 2% Bea. 261). Yet, semhle, that there may be
symbolic delivery where the thing is not capable of immediate actual
delivery {V. Gift: Mustapha v. Wedlake, W. N. (91) 201). Still the
delivery must not be of a kind as really to amount to a Nuncupativs
Will {Hills v. Hills, 8 M. & W. 401; 10 L. J. Ex. 440: Treasury
Solrv. Lewis, 69 L. J. Ch. 833; 1900, 2 Ch. 812; 48 W. R. 694).
Note. — Where there is a Donatio Mortis CausA, the Real and Per-
sonal Representatives of the Donor are trustees for the Donee, and bound
to complete the gift {Duffield v. Elwes, sup) ; " no doubt that is anomalous
and would not be so in the case of a voluntary gift inter vivos. The
Court does not give any assistance to mere volunteers in such latter
cases, and would not compel either the donor or his representatives to
perfect " an imperfect gift other than a Donatio Mortis Caus4 (per Cot-
ton, L. J., Re Dillon, sup). K Volunteer.
Vf, Wms. Exs., Pt. 11, Bk. 11, ch. 11, s. 4: 1 White & Tudor, 390-
413: 4Encyc. 347.
DONATION. — F. Voluntary Contributions.
DONATIVE.— " 'Donative,' is a Benefice meerly given and col-
lated by the Patron to a man without either a Presentation to the Ordi-
DONATIVE 569 DONE
nary, or Institution by his Ordinary, or Induction by his Commandment,
F. N. B. So c." (Termes de la Ley), fj Jacob.
"A Donative, is a Spiritual Preferment, — be it Church, Chapel, or
Vicarage, — which is in the free gift, or collation, of the Patron, without
making any Presentation to the Bishop ; and without Admission, Insti-
tution, or Induction by any mandate from the Bishop, or other; but the
donee may (by the Patron, or other authorised by him) be put into pos-
session" (Phil. Ecc. Law, 252, 253: Vf Co. Litt. 344 a). Vh, B. v.
Foley, 16 L. J. C. P. 108; 2 C. B. 664. Cp Presentative.
DONE. — " Act Done," s. 2, 35 G. 3, c. 101 ; V, B. v. St. John, Hack-
ney, 4 L. J. M. C. 51; 4 N. & M. 336 ; 2 A. & E. 548.
The rejection of a Proof of Debt by a trustee in Bankry, is an " act
done " by him, within s. 35 (2), Bankry Act, 1883, and, if unappealed,
will bind the claimant even though, before the rejection, he have obtained
a jdgmt for the amount of his claim (Brandon v. McHenrt/, 1891, 1 Q, B.
638; 60 L. J. Q. B. 448).
An omission to do something which ought to be done in order to
complete performance of a duty imposed upon a public body under an Act
of Parliament, or the continuing to leave any such duty unperformed,
amounts to " an act done or intended to be done " within the meaning of
a clause requiring a Notice of Action (Jolliffe v. Wallasey^ 43 L. J. C. P.
41 ; L. R. 9 C. P. 62 ; cited by Privy Council as laying down above def, in
B. V. Williams, 63 L. J. P. C. 71 : Fa, Butler v. Bray, Ir. Rep. 11 C. L.
181: Wilson v. Halifax, L. R. 3 Ex. 114; 37 L. J. Ex.44: per Cole-
ridge, J., Newton v. Ellis, 5 E. & B. 123; 24 L. J. Q. B. 337). Su, Act:
Cp, Do OR Make.
The distinction seems fine, but when a statute prescribes Notice of
Action " for anything done " and that the action is to be brought within
a stated time " after the fact committed " or (as in s. 8, 11 & 12 V. c. 44)
" after the act complained of shall have been committed," then an action
founded on an Omission to do something does not require previous
Notice, " there must be some positive act done " to necessitate that
( Umphelby v. McLean, 1 B. & Aid. 42 : Boyal Aquarium v. Parkinson,
1892, 1 Q. B. 431; 61 L. J. Q. B. 409 ; 66 L. T. 513; 40 W. R. 450:
66 J. P. 404). Sv Committed.
Slanderous words are not '' anything done " within such provisions
{Boyal Aquarium v. Parkinson, sup).
Observe, that the rule in Jolliffe v. Wallasey (sup) is not applicable to
a clause of Forfeiture in a Lease; therefore, an Omission by a Lessee
to repair, is not " an Act, Matter, or Thing done, or caused to be done,"
by him, within such a clause (Doe d. Abdy v. Stet^ens, 3 B. & Ad. 299);
nor will the non-observance of negative covenants work a Forfeiture under
the words " make default in Psrfobmance " (Doe d. Palk v. Marchetti,
1 B. & Ad. 715; 9 L. J. 0. S. K. B. 126).
DONE 670 DOWER
A thing " done or suffered^^ working Forfeiture; V, Would.
As to what is " done or intended to be done " under P. H. Act, 1875,
B. 264; r. Ongley v. Chatham, 3 Times Rep. 706; 4 lb. 6: — under
8. 106, Metiop Man. Act, 1862; V. Edwards v. St. Mary, Islington^ 5S
L. J. Q. B. 165.
Notice and proceedings by a Local Authority under s. 150, P. H. Act,
1875, to make-up a street, &c, is something " Duly done or suffered "
under that enactment, within s. 38 (2 6), Interp Act, 1889, even though
no actual work have been done on the land by the Authority who, not-
withstanding s. 2^f 55 & 56 V. c. 57, may proceed with the work and
recover the expenses under s. 150 {Heston & Isleworth v. Chrout, 1897,
2 Ch. 306; 66 L. J. Ch. 647; 77 L. T. 118; 45 W. R. 697). V. Begin.
r. Pursuance.
DONE BY. — An act to be " done by " a person is, in general, well
done by his agent {R, v. Middlesex, 20 L. J. M. C. 42; 1 L. M. & P.
621: Charles v. Blackwell, 46 L. J. C. P. 368; 2 C. P. D. 151), unless
it has to be done by Himself.
F. By: Caused by: Damage.
DONEC— V. QuAMDiu.
DONEE. — Is a person to whom property is given; Donor, the giver.
"Donee," s. 11 (1), 52 & 53 V. c. 7; V. per Channell, J., A-G. v.
Dohree, cited Purchase.
DOSSER. — V. Logsdon v. Trotter, cited Common Lodging-house.
DOUBLE. — Double Costs; F. Hashers, Wood, cited Indemnity.
In pre-Rowland Hill days when the use of envelopes for postal letters
was costly, a " Double Letter, " meant a letter consisting of two pieces
of paper, e.g. " Double letters bring cash for the box " (Hood's Miss
Kilmansegg) ; and so in 1 V. c. 36, s. 47, it is defined as " a Letter
having one enclosure."
IdouhXt Portions \ V. Portion: Loco Parentis.
Double Rent, s. 18, 11 G. 2, c. 19; V. Redman, 600: Fawcett, 517,
518.
Double Value, s. 1, 4 G. 2, c. 28; V. Redman, 498-500: Fawcett,
514-516.
DOUBT. — " I do not doubt "; V. Precatory Trust.
DOWAQER. — "A Widow endowed: but chiefly an Addition,
applyed in general to the Widows of Princes, Dukes, Earls, and Per-
sons of Honour " (Cowel).
DOWER. — " Tenant in Dower, is where a man is Seized of certaiue
lands or tenements in Fee Simple^ Fee Taile Generall, or as Heire in
DOWER 671 DRAIN
Speciall Taile, and taketh a wife and dieth, — the Wife, after the de-
cease of her husband, ehall be endowed of the third part of such lands
and tenements as were her husband's at any time during the Coverture,
for terme of her life, whether she hath issue by her husband or no, and
of what age soever the wife be, so as she be past the age of 9 yeares at
the time of the decease of her husband '* (Litt. s. 36). Vth^ Co. Litt.
30 b-41 a: per Lindley, M. R., Ee Hocking, 1898, 2 Ch. 567 j 67 L, J.
Ch. 664: Vf, Wms. R. P. ch. 11: Goodeve, 135-141.
By s. 3, Dower Act, 1833, Seizin is not now necessary to give title to
Dower, and, by s. 2, a Widow is dowable out of Equitable estates; but
by s. 4 she is only dowable out of lands not " absolutely disposed of by
her husband in his lifetime, or by his Will."
Note, As to how Dower might have been barred or prevented, V.
2 Bl. Com. 136 : and for the Conveyancing device of Uses to Bar Dower,
V. Wms. R. P. 252, 263.
V, Fbeebench: Elope: Jointure.
DOWN. — V. Dunum: Take Down.
DRAIN. — The power which a Highway Authority has, under s. 67,
5 & 6 W. 4, c. 50, to make and cleanse " Ditches, Gutters, Drains, or
Watercourses," does not extend to a dumbwell or shaft into which surface-
water is conducted by pipes, and from which it percolates away through
the subsoil (Croft v. Bickmansworth, 68 L. J. Ch. 14; 39 Ch. D. 272;
4 Times Rep. 706). It was there conceded that such a dumbwell was
not a " Ditch " or " Gutter " ; but the contention was that it was a " Drain
or Watercourse"; but in deciding in the negative Cotton, L. J., said,
" I do not think the verb * to drain ' has anything to do with it." Fry,
L. J., said, " I think * a Drain or Watercourse ' is applied to that sort of
conveyance by which you direct the course of the water, and where you
can follow the course of the water, and where you can correct any mis-
chief which arises from an impediment to a flow of the water, where
you can do the repairs"; and Lopes, L. J., said, "I undei'stand by a
' Drain * something conducting liquid away, and into and through which
liquid may continuously pass " ; Vf^ Croysdale v. Sunbury-on- Thames,
cited Own Profit. F. Watercourse.
Broadly speaking, ''Drain," as contrasted with ** Sewer," means, the
duct that drains only one house ; " Sewer " means the duct that serves
more houses than one (Holland v. Lazarus, 66 L. J. Q. B. 2S5', 61 J. P.
262: Green y. Newington, 1898, 2 Q. B. 1; 67 L. J. Q. B. 557; 46
W. R. 624; 62 J. P. 564).
The definitions (adopted from the P. H. Act, 1848, s. 2) of the P. H.
Act, 1875 (V. s. 4), are; —
'' 'Drain,' means, any drain of, and used for the drainage of, one
building only, or premises within the same Curtilage, and made merely
DRAIN 672 DRAIN
for the paq)08e of commanicating therefrom with a cess-pool^ or other
like receptacle for drainage, or with a sewer into which the drainage of
two or more hiiildings or premises, occupied hj. different persons, is con-
vej'ed : —
"'Sewer/ includes, sewers and drains of erery description, except
drains to which the word ' Drain ' (interpreted aA aforesaid) applies, and
except drains vested ( V. Vest) in or under the control of any Authority
having the management of roads and not heiug a Local Authority under
this Act."
Vh, Acton V. Batten, 54 L. J. Ch. 261; 28 Ch. D. 283; 52 L. T. 17;
49 J. P. 357: Ferrand v. Hallas Bg Co, 1893, 2 Q. B. 135; 62 L. J.
Q. B. 479; 69 L. T. 8; 41 W. R. 580; 57 J. P. 692: Travis v. UtUy,
1894, 1 Q. B. 233; 63 L. J. M. C. 48; 70 L. T. 242; 42 W. B. 461;
58 J. P. 85: Lond. & N. W. Ry v. Runcorn, 1898, 1 Ch. 561; 67 L. J.
Ch. 28, 324; 78 L. T. 343; 46 W. R. 484; 62 J. P. 643.
For a District which has adopted s. 19, P. H. Act, 1890, that section
provides, —
*' (1) Where two or more houses, belonging to different owners, are
connected with a Public Sewer by a Single Private Drain, an application
may be made under s. 41 of the P. H. Act, 1875 (relating to complaints
as to nuisances from drains) and the Local Authority " may recover tlie
expenses from the owner :
" (3) For the purposes of this section, the expression < Drain ' includes,
a drain used for the drainage of more than one building."
This alteration only applies to cases under s. 41, P. H. Act, 1875,
" relating to complaints as to nuisances from drains " which arise in
respect of houses " belonging to different owners " {Eastbourne v. Brad-
ford, 1896, 2 Q. B. 205; 65 L. J. Q. B. 571; 74 L. T. 762; 45 W. R.
31; 60 J. P. 601: n 64 L. J. Q. B. 220). Where that state of things
exists a "Single Private Drain," means, one that does not serve the
Public generally, and each of the " different owners " is liable to rectify
nuisances arising from the drains to his house up to their. junction with
a Public Sewer {Eastbourne v. Bradford, sup; approving Self v. Hove,
1895, 1 Q. B. 685; 64 L. J. Q. B. 217; 72 L. T. 234; 43 W. R. 300;
69 J. P. 103, and disapproving Hill v. Hair, 1895, 1 Q. B. 906; 64
L. J. M. C. 164; 72 L. T. 629; 43 W. R. 651; 59 J. P. 374: V. these
cases cited R. v. Hastings, 1897, 1 Q. B. 46; 66 L. J. Q. B. 80; 75
L. T. 377; 45 W. R. 109; 60 J. P. 759. In Seal v. Merthyr Tydfil,
1897, 2 Q. B. 643; 67 L. J. Q. B. 37; 77 L. T. 303; 61 J. P.'^551,
Cave, J., the senior judge who decided HUl v. Hair, practically aban-
doned it). Note: The Notice may be to the owners jointly {Lancaster
V Barnes, 1898, 1 Q. B. 855; 67 L. J. Q. B. 744; 78 L. T. 355; 46
W. R. 623; 62 J. P. 405).
With a slight addition to " Drain," " Drain " and " Sewer " are defined
in 8. 250, Metrop Man. Act, 1855, in the same way as in s. 4^ P. H. Act,
DRAIN 573 DRAMATIC
1875; Vth, Bateman v. Poplar, 56 L. J. Ch. 149; 33 Ch. D. 360; 55
L. T. 374: Ferrand v. Hallos Bg Co, sup: PUbrow v. St, Leonard,
Shoreditch, 1895, 1 Q. B. 33, 433; 64 L. J. M. C. 29, 130; 72 L. T. 136;
43 W. R. 342; 69 J. P. 68: St. MaHin in the Fields v. Bird, 1895,
1 Q. B. 428; 64 L. J. Q. B. 230; 71 L. T. 868; 43 W. R. 194. As
used in this section, '' Drain " includes a rain-water pipe {Holland v.
Lazarxis, sup).
"Drain," s. 2 (16), P. H. London Act, 1891, does not include a
Public Sewer (Fulham v. Lond, Co. Co, cited Nuisance).
Other Stat. Def. — Metrop Man. Act, 1862, s. 112; P. H. Act, 1890,
ss. 11 (3), 19; 66 & 56 V. c. 57, s. 5. — Ir. 41 & 42 V. c. 62, s. 2.
V. Public Drain: Sewisk: Make.
DRAINAGE. — " The Drainage and Improvement of Lands (Ir) Acts,
1863 to 1892," "The Drainage and Navigation (Ir) Acts, 1842 to
1857 "; V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 18%.
" Drainage Board "; Stat. Def., 61 & 52 V. c. 39, s. 6 (4).
"Drainage Charge"; Stat. Def., 61 & 52 V. c. 39, s. 6 (4); Land
Law (Ir) Act, 1887, 50 & 61 V. c. 33, s. 34; 64 & 55 V. c. 66, s. 96.
DRAM. — A Dram, Avoirdupois, is ^th of an Ounce (s. 14, 41 &42
V. c. 49).
DRAMATIC — By s. 2, Copyright Act, 1842, a " Dramatic Piece"
means, " every tragedy, comedy, play, opera, farce, or other scenic, mu-
sical or dramatic entertainment." " These words comprehend any piece
which could be called dramatic in its widest sense; any piece which, on
being presented by any performer to an audience, would produce the
emotions which are the purpose of the regular drama, and whi<ch consti-
tute the entertainment of the audience " (per Denman, C. J., Bussell v.
Smithy 17 L. J. Q. B. 225; 12 Q. B. 217). Scenes and dresses are,
perhaps, not absolutely essential to a " dramatic piece " ; and such a
composition as Mackay's Song of " The Ship on Fire " when sung with
considerable expression was, in the case quoted, held to be a " dramatic
piece." But in Wall v. Taylor, a composition called " Will o' the Wisp,"
the part of which that was called " dramatic " being averse in which the
performer departs from ordinary melody, and, in the words of the com-
position, " laughs, ha ! ha 1 and laughs, ho ! ho ! " at which parts of the
song some risibility by the performer ought to be indulged in, the learned
judge (Day, J.), said that whether it was a " Dramatic Piece " was a
question for the jury, but that that phrase would probably not include a
performance where the performer merely exerted his vocal powers and did
not resort to gesture or facial expression to endeavour to move the emo-
tions of his audience : — there the jury found that " Will o' the Wisp "
was not a "dramatic piece" {Times, 10 June 1882): But it was ob-
viously a " Musical Composition," and, being copyright, its unauthor-
DRAMATIC 574 DRAWER
ised performance gave a right to the penalty provided by s. 2, 3 & 4
W. 4, c. 15, though it was not performed at a " place of Dramatic Enter-
tainment " ; for that condition attaches only to the representation of a
dramatic piece and not to the performance of a musical composition (Wall
V. Taylor, 51 L. J. Q. B. 547; 52 lb. 558; 11 Q. B. D. 102: Duck v.
Bates, 53 L. J. Q. B. 97, 338; 12 Q. B. D. 79).
A Song, as generally understood, can, indeed, hardly ever be a " Dra-
matic Piece." In Clark v. Bishop (25 L. T. 908), " Come to Peckham
Kye" was held a dramatic piece; and so in Roberts v. Bigjiell (3 Times
Rep. 552) of " Oh ! Jenny Dear." But in Ftdler v. Blackpool Winter
Gardens Co (1895, 2 Q. B. 429; 64 L. J. Q. B. 699; 73 L. T. 242),
Kay, L. J., said, he could scarcely believe that the report of Roberts v,
Bignell was accurate, and Smith, L. J., threw doubts on both Clark v.
Bishop and Roberts v. Bignell. In Fuller v. Blackpool Co the Court of
Appeal decided that " Daisy Bell " was not a dram.atic piece, but was
only a Musical Composition, — Esher, M. R., observing that a thing
may be " Dramatic " without being a " Dramatic Piece "; and said that
if a Song is to be a " dramatic piece " it must, at its publication, be
made dramatic by its author, and that that character cannot be given to
it " by the mode in which the particular performer deals with it." The
Song must be inherently " dramatic, " — "I think that to constitute a
Song a ' Dramatic Piece ' it must be such a song as, for its proper repre-
sentation, acting and, possibly, scenery form a necessary ingredient;
and that if neither of these be requisite to the efficient representation of
the song, it is not a dramatic piece.' It is an entire misnomer to call
a mere common, ordinary, Music Hall Song, a ' dramatic piece ' " (per
Smith, L. J., lb.).
''An Opera is a Musical Composition, and is also a 'Dramatic
Piece' " (per Esher, M. R., Fuller v. Blackpool Co, sup). It is, how-
ever (by s. 4), excluded from 51 & 52 V. c. 17.
A Pantomime is a "Dramatic Entertainment** within s. 2, 3 & 4
W. 4, c. 15 {Lee v. Simpson, 16 L. J. C. P. 106; 3 C. B. 871 ; 4 Dowl.
& L. 666).
V. Place: Entebtainment : Stage Plat: Part.
DRAPER. — V. Hosier; Ladies' Gittfitter.
DRAW OVER THE COUNTER. — V. Modlen v. SnawbaU,
4 D. G. F. & J. 145; 31 L. J. Ch. 44.
DRAWBACK. — Qu^ Customs Consolidation Act, 1876, 39 & 40 V.
c. 36, "Drawback," includes Bounty (s. 284).
DRAWER. — Drawer of a Bill of Exchange ; V. Bill of Exchange:
and as to the liability of a Drawer, V. s. 55 (1), Bills of Ex. Act,
1882.
DRAWING 575 DRINK
DRAWING. — "A 'Drawing' (qui a Debenture Sinking Fund),
properly so called, can only take place among several debentures of even
date " (per Charles, J. , Finlay v. Mexican Investment Corp, 1897,
1 Q. B. 517; 66 L. J. Q. B. 161; 76 L. T. 267).
Drawings ; V. Book : Pbobationary Dba wings.
DRAWN. — Guarantee of all Bills of Ex. " drawn " by A., construed
by Pollock, C. B., and Martin, B. (diss. Bramwell, B.), as referring to
future Bills (Broom v. Batchelor, 25 L. J. Ex. 299; 1 H. & N. 255).
V. Given.
DREDGE.—" Dredge," s. 87, Thames Conservancy Act, 1894, " neces-
sarily involves raising the gravel, sand, and other matter, dredged, — for
otherwise, what is the use of dredging?" (per Smith, L. J., Uiames
Conservators v. Smeed, 66 L. J. Q. B. 721). Cp Get.
DRENCH. — " Drenchs/' in Domesday, '' signifieth free tenants of a
mannor" (Co. Litt. 6 b).
DRIED CHICORY. — Quk Excise Act, 1860, 23 & 24 V. c. 113,
" * Dried Chicory* shall be construed to mean, Chicory which shall have
been kiln-dried, or dried by any other means whatever, and not com-
pletely roasted to a state fit for grinding to powder ; * Roasted Chicory,*
shall be construed to mean. Chicory which shall have been completely
roasted to such state as last mentioned, whether the same shall have
been ground or reduced to powder or not; * Dryer of Chicory^* shall be
construed to mean and include. Any person who shall kiln-dry, or dry by
any other means, any Chicory, or other such vegetable matter as afore-
said; ^Roaster of Chicory,* shall be construed to mean and include,
Any person who shall carry on, or continue, the process of drying
Chicory, or other vegetable matter, to a state in which it shall be fit for
grinding to powder " (s. 21).
DRIFT. — " * Drift of the Forest,' is an exact view, — taken once,
twice, or oftener, in a yeare as occasion shall require, — what Beasts there
are in the Forest ; to the intent that the Common in the Forest bee not
overcharged, that the Beasts of Forreyners that have no Common there
may bee avoided, and that Beasts that are not commonable may bee put
out " (Termes de la Ley, citing 32 H. 8, c. 35 ; Man wood, c. 15).
Drift, or Hang, Net; V. Net.
DRIFTWAY. — A Drift Way is " a Right of Way, restricted to foot
passengers, or restricted to foot passengers and horsemen or cattle " (per
Jessel, M. E., Cannon v. Villars, 8 Ch. D. 421). Vf Way: Bridle-
path.
DRINK. — " Article of Food or Drink " ; V. Food : Article.
DRIVE 676 DRUG
DRIVE: DRIVER: DRIVING. — To "drive" means "to make
move "; e.g. to drive an ox, a steam-en gine, or a nail (per arg. of coun-
sel in Taylor v. Goodwin^ inf), or a train (McCord v. Cammell, cited
Charge or Coxtrol).
A " Eider " of a horse or beast is included in the word " Driver," in
the penal clause of the Highway Act, 1H35, s. 78 (WUliams v. Evans,
I Ex. D. 277; 41 J. P. 151; 35 L. T. 864: over-ruling R, v. Bacouj
II Cox C. C. 540). Q?, Ride: Over-drive.
The propulsion of a Bicjcle by a person seated on, and carried by it,
is "driving a Carriage" within the same section (Taylor y, Goodwin^
4 Q. B. D. 228 ; 48 L. J. M. C. 104; 27 W. R. 489; 43 J. P. 653).
Driving Cattle; F. Conducting.
Qu4> Markets and Fairs Clauses Act, 1847, " Driver, " includes " the
Carter, or other |>erson having the care of any Cart " (s. 3).
Quk Town Police Clauses Act, 1847, " Driver," or " Drivers," includes
" every Conductor of any Omnibus" (s. 4 (2), 52 & 53 V. c. 14).
Quk Dublin Carriage Act, 1853, 16 & 17 V. c. 112, " Driver," includes
" Proprietor or any person engaged at the time in driving a Hackney,
Job, Stage Carriage, Cart or Job Horse " (s. 80).
DRIVE AWAY.— V. Take and carry away.
DROG. — Drog Fishing; V. Aberdeen Arctic Co v. Sutter, cited
Fast and Loose.
DROITS. — To constitute Wreck of the Sea, goods must have touched
the ground though they need not have been left dry ; goods afloat on the
high sea (though within low water mark) if they have not touched the
ground are Droits {R. v. Forty-Nine Casks of Brandy ^ 3 Hagg. Adm.
257: Vf, R. v. Two Casks of Tallow, lb. 294). Vf Sea-Coast.
DROUGHT. — " It has been held in America that an Exception of
' Drought,' in a Charter-Party for a Timber Cargo, does not excuse a
charterer who has been prevented by want of water from bringing his
timber down to the usual place of storage" (Carver, 292, 293, citing
Sorensen v. Keyser, 52 Fed. Rep, 163).
DROVER. — A Drover, not only signifies a Factor of Cattle but,
includes one who buys and sells cattle for himself (Mills v. Hughes,
Willes, 588).
DRUF, or DRU.— F. Dene.
DRUG. — What is a "Drug," within s. 6,Sale of Food and Drugs
Act, 1875, is, to a great extent, a question of the circumstances, — e.g.
Beeswax is sometimes used in the preparation of medicines, but when
sold by a small country grocer, not as a drug but, in the ordinary way
DRUG 577 DUBLIN
or his trade, it is not a " drug " within the section (Fowle v. Fowle^ 16
L. T. 614; 60 J. P. 758; 13 Times Rep. 12). By s. 2 of the Act
" *Drug,' shall include Medicine for internal or external use." Cp^ Poisox.
Compounded Drug; F. Compound.
DRUGGIST. — Chemist and Druggist ; V, Apothecaey : Chemist.
DRUMMER. — Qu^ 38 & 39 V. c. 69, " * Drummer,' includes a Mu-
sician of any kind receiving pay in the Militia" (s. 2).
DRUNK. — V. Drunken Person: On the Premises.
" Found drank " ; V. Found.
Drunkenness in a Sailor, justifying a forfeiture of wages, does not
mean being on one or two occasions the worse for liquor but, means
intoxication so repeated or in such excess as to disqualify him from the
discharge of his duties {The Lady Campbell, 2 Hagg. Adm. 5: The Roe-
hick, 31 L. T. 274: The Macleod, 50 L. J. P. D. & A. 6; 5 P. D.
254: FA, Abbott, 806: Ths Highland Chief, 1892, P. 76; 61 L. J. P. D.
& A. 51).
DRUNKEN PERSON. —The offence of selling intoxicants to a
" drunken person " under s. 13, Licensing Act, 1872, is committed by a
sale to a person who is drunk, although he show no indications of inso-
briety, and neither the license-holder nor his servants notice that he is
drunk {Cundy v. Le Cocq, 53 L. J. M. C. 125; 13 Q. B. D. 207; 32
W. R. 769; 51 L. T. 265; 48 J. P. 599: Sv, Somerset v. Wade, cited
Suffer); and, qu^ this offence, a publican is responsible for his bar-
man, even though he have no knowledge of it and the barman has been
expressly ordered not to sell to a drunken person (Metrop Police v.
Cartman, 1896, 1 Q. B. 655; 65 L. J. M. C. 113; 44 W. R. 637; 74
L. T. 726; 60 J. P. 357). F/ Knowingly.
Where two, — one sober and one drunk, — enter Licensed Premises
together and the sober man orders and pays for intoxicants for both, that
is a Sale to a " drunken person," within the section {Scatchard v. Johru
son, 57 L. J. M. C. 41 ; 52 J. P. 389).
" Habitual Drunkard " ; V. Habitual.
DRY. — " Dry," e.g. " Dry Arsenic Acid," in a Patent Specification;
F. Simpson v. Holliday, 5 N. E. 340; L. R. 1 H. L. 315; 36 L. J. Ch.
811.
" Dry Cleaning Works " ; V. Non-Textile Factories.
DRYER. — " Dryer of Chicory " ; V. Dried Chicory.
DUBLIN.— r. County.
Dublin Mean Time; V. Time.
" Port of Dublin Corporation " ; V, Port, towards end.
87
DUE 578 DUE ALLOWANCE
DUE. — A Debt is "due * when it is payable (per James^ V. C,
Re European Life Assrce, 39 L. J. Ch. 326; L. R. 9 Eq. 122).
A debt is still " due " notwithstanding that the Statute of Limitations
may have run against it, for that statute only bars the remedy and does
not extinguish the debt; and in an Account asked for by the debtor he
cannot avail himself of the statute (Ex p. Cawley, 34 S. J. 29).
Notwithstanding the Apportionment Act, 1870, 33 & 34 V. c. 35, s. 2,
a testamentary direction to forgive a tenant "all rent or arrears of rent
which may be due and owing from him at the time of my decease," only
extends to the rent due at the quarter-day immediately preceding the
testator's death {Re Lucas, 55 L. J. Ch. 101; 54 L. T. 30). Q?, Re
Mo welly cited Accrur.
Gift over in event of death before a Share becomes " due and payable " ;
V. Re Willmott, 38 L. J. Ch. 275; L. R. 7 Eq. 532.
On a weekly hiring, wages are not " due " to a child, young person, or
woman, within s. 11, Employers and Workmen Act, 1875, until the end
of the week; seats, of piece-work to be paid for weekly: " due " in this
section means "earned" (Warburton v. Heyworthy 50 L. J. Q. B. 137;
6 Q. B. D. 1; distinguishing Gregson v. Watson, 34 L. T. 143).
But where Articles give a Company a lien upon a shareholder's shares
for any moneys "due" from him, that means "presently payable," and
gives no lien for a current Bill (Jte Stockton Iron Co, 45 L. J. Ch. 168 ;
2 Ch. D. 101) ; so the right to refuse transfer if shareholder is " indebted "
to the Co, cannot be exercised qu^ a Call made after the receipt by the
Co of the transfer instrument (Re Cawley & Co, 58 L. J. Ch. 633; -12
Ch. D. 209).
Policy insuring principal money " due under the Debentures " of a
Co; V. Finlay v. Mexican Investment Corp, cited Drawing.
Rext is " due " "at the beginning of the day on which it is payable,
though the tenant has the whole of that day in which to pay it " (psr
Erie, J., Dibble v. Bowater, 2 E. & B. 570) ; therefore, a seizure by a
landlord on that day to prevent a fraudulent removal of goods to avoid a
Distress, is justified by s. 1, 11 G. 2, c. 19, because there is then rent
" reserved or due," although not then in arrear (S. C. 2 E. & B. 564; 22
L. J. Q. B. 396).
Rent " due and payable in advance, if required "; V. Advance.
Bequest of " Rent, and Arrears of Rent, due "; V, Rent, towards end.
F. Debt: Debts due: Found: Money due: Owing: Payable:
Final DrscHARGE: Dues: Now.
DUE ATTESTATION F Attest.
DUE ALLOWANCE. — An Agreement to make "a Due Allow-
ance," from interest on a loan, if tbere should be a deficiency of profits
in the trade for which the loan is made, is so vague that it is inoperative
DUE ALLOWANCE 679 DUE DILIGENCE
as a contract for " a Rate of Interest varying with the Profits," s. 1, 2iS
& 29 V. c. 86, repld s. 2 {3d), Partnership Act, 1890; and the Lender
is not to he postponed to the other creditors of the Borrower (Ee Vlnce,
1892, 2 Q. B. 478; 61 L. J. Q. B. 836; 67 L. T. 70; 41 W. R. 138).
DUp CAUSE. — The " Due Cause " which has to he shown for the
removal of an Official Liquidator (s. 93, Comp Act, 1862), is not confined
to ohjections personal to the liquidator, hut extends to any cause which
renders it desirahle, in the interest of the Company or the creditors,
that the liquidator should he removed and another person substituted ;
and, therefore, a duly secured offer b}' a disputed creditor to pay in full
the undisputed creditors of an insolvent Co if his nominee be appointed
official liquidator, is "due cause" for removing an official liquidator
already apjwinted, and appointing such nominee instead (Re Adam
Ui/ton, Lim.y 36 Ch. D. 299; 57 L. J. Ch. 127; 3 Times Rep. 738: Ee
British Nation Assrce, 20 W. R. 651).
And, probably, that rule would be applied to the interpretation of
"due cause" as used in s. 141 of the same Act. No doubt Sir John
Moore Co. (12 Ch. D. 325; 28 W. R. 203) decided that, under the latter
section, " due cause shown " was not equivalent to " if the Court shall
think," and pointed to some unfitness of the liquidator to be removed
thereunder; yet the Court there said that they used the word " unfitness "
" in a wide sense of the term." And as it seems difficult to read " due
cause" differently in s. 141 from the way in which it is used in s. 93, it
would seem that there would be an unfitness — a personal unfitness, —
in retaining a liquidator under s. 141 if so doing would be inimical to
the interests of the Co or its creditors. In that way, it is submitted,
the two cases cited will stand together, and that both are applicable for
determining what is " due cause " under each of the sections referred to
{Sv Buckl. 358). F. Ee Sunlight Incandescent Co, 69 L. J. Ch. 873;
1900, 2 Ch. 728.
V. Cause: Good Cause: Special.
DUE COURSE.. — F. Holder in due course: Payment in due
COURSE.
DUE COURSE OF ADMINISTRATION. — A direction in a
Will that on the death of a life tenant without children, a fund is to be
disposed of " in a Due Course of Administration " does not, on the event
happening, give the fund to the next-of-kin according to the statute, but
the fund falls into the residue {Scott v. Moore, 13 L. J. Ch. 283; 14 Sim.
36: Wms. Exs. 988, 989).
DUE DILIGENCE. —A covenant to do a thing " with all due and
reasonable Diligence and Despatch," is not excused from performance
if it can be done; even though the jury find that it cannot be done by
DUE DILIGENCE 580 DUE TIME
any reasonable application of labour, diligence, skill, money, or other
means {Jervia v. Tomkinson, 26 L. J. Ex. 41 ; 1 H. & N. 195).
There is no general time rule as to what is " Due Diligence " in " com-
mencing " litigation after a Threat respecting a Patent, within the
proviso to s. 32, 46 & 47 V. c. 57; each case will depend on its own
circumstances {Barrett v. Bay, 43 Ch. D. 435; 38 W. R. 362: Colley
V. Hart, 59 L. J. Ch. 308; 44 Ch. D. 179; 62 L. T. 424; 38 W. R.
501) ; but an action is not commenced with ** due diligence," within
that proviso, if not commenced till 9 months after the threat (John-
son V. Ed^e, 1892, 2 Ch. 1; 61 L. J. Ch. 262; 66 L. T. 44; 40 W. R.
437). F. Prosecute.
" Shall with Due Diligence prosecute " proceedings to jdgmt, s. 4,
Poor Law (Payment of Debts) Act, 1859, 22 & 23 V. c. 49 ; V. Ehodes
V. Pateley BHdge, 51 L. T. 235; 48 J. P. 168.
" Due Diligence " by owner to make ship Seaworthy, connotes the
obligation, not only on the owner, but also on his agents {Dobell v.
Rossmore Co, 1895, 2 Q. B. 408; 64 L. J. Q. B. 777; 73 L. T. 74; 44
W. R. 37).
"Due Diligence" in transshipping, qui a Bill of Lading; V. Carali
V. Xenos, 2 F. & F. 740.
F. Reasonable Diligence.
DUE INQUIRY. — F. Inquiry.
DUE NOTICE. — Qui Thames Preservation Act, 1885, 48 & 49 V.
c. 76, " *Due Notice,' means, a Notice In Writing given by the Con-
servators, or any person duly authorised in Writing by them to act in
theirbehalf"(s. 29),
V. Notice.
DUE REGARD. — '' Due Regard '' to educational interests of persons
entitled to privileges, ss. 11, 39 (4), Endowed Schools Act, 1869, 32 &
33 V. c. bQ) r. Re Sutton Coldfield Grammar School, 7 App. Ca. 91 j
61 L. J. P. C. 8; 45 L. T. 631; 30 W. R. 341: Re Hodgson's School,
3 App. Ca. 857; 47 L. J. P. C. 101; 38 L. T. 790: Rosa v. Charitf/
Comrnrs, 7 App. Ca. 463 ; 51 L. J. P. C. 106; 47 L. T. 172: Re Hems-
worth Grammar School, 12 App. Ca. 444; 56 L. T. 212; 35 W. R. 418;
3 Times Rep. 439 : Re Christ's Hospital, cited Educational Endow-
MfiNT. Vf, Tudor Char. Trusts, 605, 606.
DUE TIME. — After consecration of the Elements and before and
during their Reception (in the Communion Office), is a " Due Time " for
singing a Hymn, within s. 7, 2 & 3 Edw. 6, c. 1 (Read v. Lincoln Bp.,
1892, A. C. 644; 62 L. J. P. C. 1; 67 L. T. 128).
Bequest to such of testator's Nephews and Nieces as should Be living
at his decease, " or Born in Due Time thereafter, as and when they shall
DUE TIME 681 DULY
severally attain the age of 21 years " ; held, by Kay, J., that those to
take were all his nephews and nieces (attaining 21) who were living at
his decease, or should be born thereafter before any of them attained 21 ;
and that, this being a case of a gift to children of third persons, " due "
could not refer to the period of gestation, but had reference to the terms
of the gift, and meant ''born in time to participate in its benefit" (Be
Wass, W. N, (82) 168>
DUES. — In a Lessee's covenant "Dues'* has, probably, the same
meaning as "Duties"; thus, where a lessee covenanted "to pay all
!Eates, Taxes, and Dues, whatsoever," he was held liable to the expense
of curing defective drainage under P. H. London Act, 1891 (per
Stonor, Co. Co. J., WaggeU v. Armytage^ 100 Law Times, 40). Vf
Taxes.
Quit, and by, s. 7, Rating Act, 1874, 37 & 38 V.c. 54, " «Dues,' means.
Dues, Royalty, or Toll, either in Money or partly in Money and partly
in Kind; and the amount of Dues which are reserved in Kind, means
the Value of such dues."
Shipping Dues; Stat. Del, 30 & 31 V. c. 15, s. 3. V. Pilotage.
DUFFINQ. — To charge a Pawnbroker with " Duffing," t.e. replenish-
ing or doing up damaged pledges, and re-pledging them, — is actionable
{Hicklnhotliam v. Leach, 11 L. J. Ex. 341; 10 M. & W. 361; 2 Dowl.
N. S. 270).
DULLNESS.— "Dullness of Intellect"; F. Unsound Mind.
DULY. — The addition of the adverb " duly " to a verb will not, gen-
erally speaking, supply the omission of a material fact which ought to be
stated, and which may or may not exist independently of that which is
averred to be " duly " done {R, v. Lyme Regis, 1 Doug. 79: Everard v.
Paterson, 6 Taunt. 645; 2 Marsh. 304: Williams v. Germaine, 7 B. & C.
468 : Brazier v. Jones, 8 lb. 124) ; but it does signify that the action
has been done legally, in due course, and according to the provisions
of the law (Nightingale v. WUcoxson^ 10 B. & C. 202: Dudlow v.
Watehom, 16 East, 42).
" Duly administered " ; V, Perjury.
" Duly and legally appointed " ; V, B, v. Anderson, cited Served.
Sheriff "duly Arrested," means that the Sheriff duly acted under
authority enabling him, and was not a trespasser (Butcher v. Steuart,
12 L. J. Ex. 391; 11 M. & W. 857).
" Duly attested " ; V. Attest.
Company " duly constituted " ; V. Constituted.
•' When the statute, 6 V. c. 18, s. 100, speaks of a Document to be
transmitted by the l*ost 'duly directed' to the person to whom it is to
be seut^ it can only contemplate a direction in the ordinary way, ue.
DULY 582 DUM
written on the outside" (per Coltman, J., Birch v. EdwardSj cited
Duplicate).
** Things duly doney" within a saving clause of a repealing Act; F. R.
V. West RidUig Jus., 45 L. J. M. C. 97 ; 1 Q. B. D. 220: Doxk.
Will " duly Executed "; V. Writing.
A clause in a Liease provided for its forfeiture if the lessee should be
" duly found and declared a bankrupt "\ the lessee committed an act of
bankruptcy and was found and declared a bankrupt, but the petitioning
creditors were A. and B., whereas they should have been A., B,, and C. ;
held, by Pollock, C. B., and Piatt, B. (Parke, B., diss.), that the lessee
was not " duly " found and declared bankrupt (Doe d. Lloi/d v. Inglebf/y
15 M. & W. 465).
" Duly honoured " ; V. Honoured.
Rents " duly In Charge ") V. In Charge.
Person " duly licensed " ; V. Licensed Person: Renewal.
" Having first duly paid rent and 2^^^'formed covenants " ; F. Having.
" Duly ^atVi'," is not the equivalent of " Punctually paid"; the first
phrase is satisfied if the payment is made soon enough to amount to a
Satisfaction (Betiabo v. James^ 109 Law Times, 408).
An applicant for an Off License under s. 8, 32 & 33 V. c. 27, need not
reside in the premises and personally conduct the business there, in
order that the house be " duly qualified as by law is required " within
subs. 4, lb. {R, V. De Riitzen, 1 Q. B. D. bo\ 45 L. J. M. C. 57; 24
W. R. 343 J 33 L. T. 726; 40 J. P. 150).
" Duly qualified " ; V. Qualified : Ixfamous Conduct.
Apprentice to " duly and truly serve " ; F. Serve.
A Cheque is not " duly stamj>edy*^ s. 54, Stamp Act, 1870, repld s. 30,
Stamp Act, 1891, unless it is stamped when drawn ; and if that be not
done, no one else, except the Banker, can affix an adhesive stamp on
it (Hohhs V. Cathicy 6 Times Rep. 292). "Properly stamped"; V.
Properly.
A Coroner's Inquisition "duly taken," s. 2, 25 G. 2, c. 29, "implies,
not only care and diligence in the taking but, the taking under such cir-
cumstances as muke it proper that it should be taken " (per Denman,
C. J., R, V. Carmarthenshire Jus,,, 10 Q. B. 800: R. v. Gloucestershire
Jus., 7 E. & B. 805; 27 L. J. M. C. 16).
DUM. — " Du?n also maketh a limitation; as if a lease be made,
dum sola fuerit^ or dum sola et ca^ta vixerit. Diimmodo is also a
word of limitation; as dummodo solveret talem redditum** (Co. Litt.
234 b).
As to the insertion, or not, of the Dum sola et casta Clause in Separa-
tion Deeds, or in an Order for Permanent Alimony in Divorce Proceed-
ings; F. Usual, towards end: Wasteneys v. WasteT%eijSy 1900, A, C.
446i 69L. J. I*. C.83.
DUNCE 583 DURESS
DUNCE. — To say of a lawyer that "he is a Dance, and will get
little by the Law," is Slaxdek; for " * Dunce,' in common intendment
and speech, is taken for one of dull capacity and apprehension^ and not
fit for a Lawyer " (Peard v. Johnes^ Cro. Car. 382).
DUNUM. — " Dunum or e^Mnasignifieth a hill or higher ground, and
therefore commonly the townes that end in dum^ have hills or higher
grounds in them which we call downs. It commeth of the old French
word dun " (Co. Litt. 4 b). Vf Cowel.
DUPLICATE. — A "Duplicate " is a document which is essentially
the same as some other document, having precisely the like operation
and effect {Toms v. Cuming y 7 M. & G. 88; 14 L. J. C. P. 67, espy
jdgmt of Maule, J.); it was, accordingly, there held that an Examined
Copy of a Notice of Objection to a Voter was not a " Duplicate " of the
Notice, within s. 100, 6 V. c. 18. There is no Duplicate Notice within
that section if it has not the external address of the person objected to
{Birch V. Edwards, 5 C. B. 45 ; 17 L. J. C. P. 32: Vf, Lewis v. RohertSy
11 C. B. N. S. 29; 31 L. J. C. P. 52).
" The Countei'parts, or Counterpanes, of an Indenture, are the two
pieces of one entire parchment (or paper) on which the contract between
the parties is engrossed in duplicate, — the piece sealed by one party
being delivered to the other. The two parts put, or considered as put,
together constitute the contract by deed. In common parlance, however,
the Counterpart or Counterpane, sealed by the party from whom the
estate, &c, moves, is called the Original, and the Counterpart or Counter-
pane, sealed by the party accepting the estate, &c, is called the Coun-
terpart When both Counterparts, or Counterpanes, are sealed and deliv-
ered by each party (which of late years has been frequently done) they
are commonly spoken of as * Duplicate Originals * *' (2 M. & G. 518, n b).
^ySEncyc. 521.
In the Schs to the Stamp Acts of 1870 and 1891, " Duplicate or Coun-
terpart " of an Instrument is used as distinguished from the " Original."
DURESS. — As to what is Duress at Common Law; V. Cuvimings
V. luce, 17 L. J. Q. B. 105; 11 Q. B. 117, and authorities there cited:
Edward v. Trevellick, 4 E. & B. 63 : Biffin v. Bignell, 31 L. J. Ex. 189;
7 H. & N. 877: Williams v. Bayley, L. E. 1 H. L. 200; 14 L. T. 802:
2 lust. 482: Termes de La Ley: Jacob: 1 Bl. Com. 131: Dart, 1175.
€}> Intimidate : Pkkssube.
The Duress that will invalidate a Maritime Salvage Agreement is
less than the Duress required at Common Law to Invalidate an ordinary
agreement; if the remuneration demanded is so exorbitant as to be in-
equitable, that will be Duress sufficient to invalidate a Salvage agree-
ment {The Bialto, 1891, P. 175; 60 L. J. P. D. & A. 71: The Mark
DURESS 584 DURING
Laney 15 P- D. 135 : The Medina, 45 L. J. P. D. & A. 81; 1 P. D. 272 :
The Silesia, 50 L, J. P. D. & A. 9; 1 P. D. 177).
Marriage under Force, Fear, Terror, or Duress; V. Clarke v. Clarke,
65 L. J. P. D. & A. 13; 1896, P. 1; 73 L. T. 632: ScoU v. Sebright, 96
L. J. P. D. & A. 11; 12 P. D. 21 ; 35 W. K 258: Cooper y. Cran^, 1891,
P. 369 ; 61 L. J. P. D. & A. 35; 40 W. R. 127 : Mice v. Eice, 72 L. T.
122.
DURHAM.— "The Durham County Palatine Acts, 1836 to 1889";
V. Sch 2, Short Titles Act, 1896.
DURING. — A contract for goods to be shipped " during " specified
months, implies a continuous act of shipping (per Ld Hatherley, Bowes
V. Shandy 46 L. J. Q. B. 561; 2 App. Ca. 455).
** If both or either of the parties happen during " the 6 months for
commencing proceedings to be out of the Jurisdiction, s. 525 (1), Mer
Shipping Act, 1854, repld s. 683 (2), Mer Shipping Act, 1894, "cannot
mean during the whole of the time but, means, during the cutTenei/ of
the 6 months " (per Blackburn, J., Austin v. Olsen, 9 B. & S. 52; 37
L. J. M. C. 34) ; and " Parties " means, " the person committing the
offence, and the person aggrieved " (i^.).
As to meaning of " during " in s. 28, Municipal Corp Act, 5 & 6 W.
4, c. 76; V. jdgmt of Bramwell, B., Lewis v. Carr, 46 L. J. Ex. 314;
1 Ex. D. 484.
"During Business Hours "; F". Business Houbs.
" During the Continuance "; V, Continuance.
" ' During the Coverture ' : That is, during the continuance of the
marriage. For to cover in English is tegere in Latine\ and it is so
called, for that the wife is sub potestate viri " (Co. Litt. 112 a; Va lb.
32 a ; 234 b). A consideration of this reason seems to establish the
proposition that coverture does not necessarily, and always, continue
during the period that a wife retains her status of a married woman.
She is only under Coverture whilst she is sub potestate viri. Thus a
covenant to settle a wife's property acquired " during the Coverture " is
not operative upon property acquired after a Judicial Separation (He
Insole, 35 L. J. Ch. 177; L. R. 1 Eq. 470: Be Coward and Adams,
44 L. J. Ch. 384; L. E. 20 Eq. 179: Dawes v. Crei/ke, 54 L. J. Ch.
1096; 30 Ch. D. 500; 53 L. T. 292; 33 W. R. 869: Watte v. Morland,
38 Ch. D. 135; 57 L. J. Ch. 656; 59 L. T. 185; 36 W. R, 484); and
on such a separation a restraint on alienation ceases, qud. property
acquired after it, but not qu^ property acquired before it (Muntv. Glynes,
41 L. J. Ch. 639; 20 W. R. 823: Waiter. Morland, sup), and the
wife's choses in action, unreduced into possession, revert to her (John-
son V. Lander, 38 L. J. Ch. 229; L. R. 7 Eq. 228). Similar results
follow whilst a Protection Order, under s. 21, Matrimonial Causes Act,
DURING 585 DURING
1857, is in operation {Cooke v. Fullevy 26 Bea. 99; on whcv^ Waite v.
Morland, sup. Vf, Hill v. Cooper, 1893, 2 Q. B. 85; 62 L. J. Q. B.
423). But it may be said that the results of the cases cited in this
])aragraph flow from the language employed in ss. 21, 25, Matrimonial
Causes Act, 1857. Vf Fbme.
There is frequently great difificulty in construing the words " during
the Coverture " when those words occur in a covenant to settle contained
in an ante-nuptial Marriage Settlement and the wife, at the time of the
marriage, is possessed of other property than that mentioned in the Settle-
ment. The question whether such other property is or is not comprised
in the words is one the determination of which depends very much on
the circumstances of each case and especially on the context. **The
authorities seem to be such, upon the whole, as tend to show that the
Settlement should be taken to apply only to property which should come
infuturo to the wife, and not to that which was hers before " (per Ld
Blackburn, Williams v. Mercier, 54 L. J. Q. B. 154; and his lordship
there points out how easily a word or two may make all the difference).
But in the same case (p. 152, lb.) Selborne, C, makes the following obser-
vations : " Then — i.e. where the covenant comprises property which the
husband shall become entitled to ' in her right ' — the question would
be, whether the words, * at any time during her now intended coverture
would apply. Surely you cannot exclude from the duration of the
coverture the first moment of its inception any more than you can the
last moment of its continuance. The moment that 'the marriage is com-
plete by the performance of that which makes the* parties husband and
wife, that moment the Coverture begins; and if at that moment he
becomes entitled as her husband, in her right, I am totally unable to
say that it is not during the intended coverture in a sense which the
words will rightly, grammatically, and reasonably bear " ( Williams v.
Mercier, 54 L. J. Q. B. 148; 10 App. Ca. 1; 52 L. T. 662 ; 33 W. R.
373; 49 J. P. 484, whv for a discussion of the cases on this point; V,
Williams v. Mercier distinguished, Re Gamett, 33 Ch. D. 300. Vf, He
lyEstampes, 53 L. J. Ch. 1117).
In Re Edwards (9 Ch. 97; 43 L. J. Ch. 265 : Va, Re Coghlan, 1894,
3 Ch. 76; 63 L. J. Ch. 671; 71 L. T. 186; 42 W. E. 634) the phrase
" during the said intended Coverture " was read into a covenant contained
in a Marriage Settlement to settle all property to which the wife should
become entitled after the marriage ; herein adopting Dickinson v. I>ill-
wyn (39 L. J. Ch. 266; L. R. 8 Eq. 546) and Carter x. Carter (39 L. J.
Ch. 268; L. R. 8 Eq. 551), and over-ruling Stevens v. Van Voorst
(17 Bea. 305).
"During Any Coverture"; F. Re Harrison, 1894, 1 Ch. 561; 63
L. J. Ch. 385; 70 L. T. 868.
It is very difficult for a context to control " during their Joint Live^ "
to mean, " during the intended Coverture," in a Covenant to Settle
DURING 586 DURING
future property contained in a Marriage Settlement {Hamilton v.
Hamilton, 1892, 1 Ch. 396; 61 L. J. Ch. 220; 66 L. T. 112; 40 W. R.
312, applying the principle of Re Tredwdl, cited Death).
V, Entitled.
Will " made during Coverture "; V. Made.
It has been said that ** a Lease to one generally during the Coverture
of X, and B., would create but a tenancy at will, by reason of the uncer-
tainty of the duration of the coverture " (Woodf. 167, citing Bac. Abr.,
Leases, L. 3: Sq,).
"During the JSngagement " -, V. Kelly v. London Pavilion, cited
Engagement.
" During her Life '* ', Where on a, Separation Arrangement, property
is settled on, or an allowance is made to, the Wife " during her life, ^
that means, generally, during her life if the separation shall last so long
(Nicol V. Nicol, 54 L. J. Ch, 1042; 55 lb. 437; 31 Ch. D. 624; 54 L. T.
470; 34 W. E. 283; 50 J. P. 468; 2 Times Rep. 280; u;hv for a review
of the previous cases, and especially for those in which the context has
shown that the wife was to take during the whole period of her natural
life, whether co-habitation be resunted or not). So of a Separation
Order under s. 4, 41 & 42 V. c. 19 {Haddon v. Haddon^ 18 Q. B. D.
778). But no such condition will be implied qu^ a Separation Arrange-
ment between a man and his Concubine (Re Ahdy, 1895, 1 Ch. 455;
64 L. J. Ch. 465; 72 L. T. 178; 43 W. E. 323); and if such a condi-
tion were there expressed it would, probably, be void (Ex p, Naden,
43 L. J. Bank. 121; 9 Ch. 670).
A bequest to a wife " during such time as she may live apart from her
husband " is void altogether; for the words quoted are part of the limi-
tation of the gift and fixes its duration in an illegal way (Re Moore,
51 L. J. Ch. 936; 39 Ch. D. 116; 59 L. T. 681; 37 W. E. 83).
" During their Lives") The bequest of an annuity to more than one
" During their natural lives " is joint, and does not Lapse by the death
of one in the lifetime of the testator, and the survivor will take the
annuity for his own life (Alder v. Lawless, 32 Bea, 72: Vf Joint
Lives).
A devise to " A. and his heirs, during their Lives," gives A. the Fee
Simple, the words italicised being repugnant (Doe d. Cotton v. Sten-
lake, 12 East, 515).
A gift of Income of Eesiduary Estate " during the Lives of my Chil-
dren " ; construed as " so long as any of my children are alive '* (per
Kekewich, J., Re Clayden, 43 S. J. 76).
" During the Pleasure " ; V, At Discretion.
Distress " during the Possession of the Tenant," where he holds over,
8. 7, 8 Anne, c. 18; V, Wilkinson v. Peel, 1895, 1 Q. B. 616; 64 L. J.
Q. B. 178; 72 L. T. 151; 43 W. E. 302; distinguishing Nuttall v.
Staunton, 4 B. & C. 51.
DURING 587 DURING
Shipment '* during the Season"] V, Shipment.
•* During the Term," V, 2 Piatt, 91-95; Woodf. 627, 722, 167. In a
covenant in a Lease, " * During the said term ' means, during the whole
term expressed to be granted, and not merely during the actual continu-
ance of the term (Evans v. Vaughan, 4 B. «& C. 261 ; 3 L. J. 0. S. K. B.
213; 6 D. & R. 349: Williams v. Burrelly 1 C. B. 402; 14 L. J. C. P.
98 ; 9 Jur. 282) ; although it is otherwise where the covenant is implied
bylaw" (Woodf. 722).
An Annuity, charged on the testator's Leaseholds " during the Term
of the said Lease," extends to, and is charged upon, every Renewal ob-
tained by the legatee of the leaseholds (IVinslow v. Tighe, 2 Ball &
Beatty, 195); for "whoever has a Lease has an interest in the Renewal;
and though the Lessors are not bound to renew yet, when done, it is a
continuation of the old lease " (per Bathurst, C, Bawe v. Chichester^
Amb. 719).
A covenant that lessee shall " during the Term " hold discharged from
tithes and to recoup him if same " recovered agiiinst him during the
terra," covers tithes for which action is brought against the lessee after
the term (Lannlng v. Loveringy Cro. Eliz. 916).
Where Partnership Articles prescribe for events happening *' during
the Term," or "during the Partnership," that means, during the speci-
fied term, or (generally) during the time the partners may continue in
partnership without coming to any fresh agreement (s. 27, Partnership
Act, 1890: Essex v. Essex, 20 Bea. 442: Nellson v. Mossend Iron Co,,
11 A pp. Ca. 298: Cox v. WUlonghhy, 13 Ch. D. 863 ; 49 L. J. Ch. 237:
Vh, Clark V. Leach, 32 Bea. 14; 32 L. J. Ch. 290: Lindley, ^' 412).
So, of something to be done within a specified time after the Expiration
of the Partnership, if that thing be not inconsistent with a Partnership
at Will {Daw v. Herring, 1892, 1 Ch. 284; 61 L.J. Ch. 5; 65 L. T.
782; 40 W. R. 61). But where the partnership has expired and is only
continued for winding-up purposes, a clause providing for the purchase
of a deceased partner's share is no longer binding {Myers v. Myers^ 60
L. J. Ch. 311).
A statement that a person has Served an Office, or resided in a
Place, " during " a stated Tme, does not mean that iie has served or
resided " in the course of " that time but, means " in strict legal lan-
guage, 'throughout the whole' " time (per Denman, C. J., R. v. Ander*
son, 16 L. J. M. C. 26 ; 9 Q. B. 663).
During Vacation ; F. Vacation-
An Exception in a Charter-Party of Restraint, &c, " during the said
Voyage," was held not to apply at the Loading Port {Crow v. Falk, 15
L. J. Q. B. 183 ; 8 Q. B. 467) ; but that case was disapproved in Bruce
V. Nirolopulo (24 L. J. Ex. 321; 11 Ex. 134), and, probably, it is now
settled that, qu4 the Exception, a Ship's Voyage begins when she starts
from her Berth to go to the Loading Port and continues during her pre-
DURING 588 DUTY
liminary transit thither and whilst loading there {The Carron Park, 59
L. J. P. D. & A. 74; 15 P. D. 203), but, semblcy does not continue
whilst she is engaged in discharging her cargo {The Accomac, cited
Navigation). Vf Voyage.
DUST. — A power to make a Bye Law for the removal of "Dust,
Ashes, Rubbish, Filth, Manure, Dung, and Soil," does not extend to un-
trodden and unsunned Snow (B. v. Woody 5 E. & 6. 49). Semblej that
Snow may be " Filth " (lb,). Vf Rubbish.
DUTCH TERMS F. On Dutch Terms.
DUTIES. — Where a lessee covenants to bear and pay all *' Duties "
respecting the premises demised, that word will comprise the expense of
curing defective drainage, and such like work, under s. 96, P. H. Act,
1875 (Thompson v. Lapworthj Budd v. Marshall, and Brett v. Rogers^
all cited Taxes). Cp, Dues : Rate : Taxes.
A direction in a Will to pay " all Estate and other Duties, other than
Settlement Estate Duties," includes only Duties on Property passing
under the Will ; and does not include the duty on a gift made by a tes-
tator within twelve months of his death (Re Baxter^ 42 S. J. 611).
The right to make Deduction from Income of " Duties, or other sums,
paj'able or chargeable on the same By virtub of any Act of Parliament,"
s. 146, Sch E, R. 1, Income Tax Act, 1842, includes compulsory annual
contributions to a Superannuation Fund under ss. 12 and 13, 59 & 60 V.
c. 50 (Beaumont v. Bowers, 1900, 2 Q. B. 204; 69 L. J. Q. B. 600 ; 83
L. T. 126; 48 W. R. 557; 64 J. P. 552),
" If A. be accountable to B. and B. releaseth him all his Duties, this is
no barre in an action of Account, for duties extend to things certaine,
and what shall fall out upon the account is incertaine ; and albeit the
Latine word is debita, yet duties doe extend to all things due that are
certaine, and therefore dischargeth judgments in personall actions, and
executions also " (Co. Litt. 291 a).
" Duties," qak Taxes Management Act, 1880, 43 & 44 V. c. 19; F. s. 5.
Quh Loc Gov Act, 1888, " * Duties,' includes Responsibilities and
Obligations" (s. 100), —a def adopted for the London Gov Act, 1899
(V, 8. 34), for Loc Gov (Ir) Act, 1898 (V. s. 109), for 62 & 63 V. c. 50
(V. s. 30), and for Loc Gov (Scot) Act, 1889 (V, s. 105). Cp, Power.
" Ecclesiastical Duties "; Stat. Def., 61 & 62 V. c, 48, s. 13 (2, 3).
V. Duty.
DUTY. — "Duty," s. 22 (2), Coroner's Act, 1887, is not confined
to a strict legal Duty ; it also comprises a Duty of imperfect obligation,
e.g. that of an Honorary Medical Officer (Horner v. Lewisj cited Public
Hospital).
V. Sthict Duty: Accident.
DUTY 689 DWELLING-HOUSE
Qui Stamp Duties Management Act, 1891, 54 & 65 V. c. 38, '* < Duty,'
means, any Stamp Duty for the time being chargeable by law " (s. 27).
V. Estate Duty: Probate Duty: Duties.
DWELL. — To "dwell," "dwelling," are expressions nearly, but not
quite, equivalent to " Reside," " Residence "; for to " dwell " connotes,
more definitely than " reside, " a place where a person lives and Bleeps
(K per Pollock, C. B., A-G. v. McLean, 1 H. & C. 761).
A person may " dwell " in two or more places (Butler v. Ableivhite, 28
L. J. C. P. 292) ; and a member of parliament residing in London for
about 3 months in the year would " dwell " there, as well as at his coun-
try seat (Bailey v. Bryant, 28 L. J. Q. B. 86; 1 E. & E. 340). A man
can, however, scarcely be said to " dwell " at his place of business (Ke?^
V. Haynesy 29 L. J. Q. B. 70: Shields v. Rait, 18 L. J. C. P. 120; 7 C. B.
116) ; still less in a prison in which he may be temporarily incarcerated
(Dunston v. Faterson, 28 L. J. C. P. 97; 5 C. B. N. S. 267). But a Cor-
poration can only " dwell " where it carries on business (Taylor v. CroW'
land Gas Co, 24 L. J. Ex. 233; 11 Ex. 1 ; 3 W. R. 368); but that
means the principal place where the business of the Corporation is
carried on, — e,g, the Great Western Ry Co " dwells " at Paddington,
and not at every station on its lines of railway (Adams v. G, W. By, 30
L. J. Ex. 124 ; 6 H. & N. 404 ; 9 W. R. 254. Va, Shiels v. G. N. Ry,
30 L. J. Q. B. 331 ; 9 W. R. 739 : Carry on) ; so, of a Pier Co (Aberyst-
with Pier Co V. Cooper, 35 L. J, Q. B. 44; 14 W. R. 28; 13 L. T.
273). But a mannfa^turing joint-stock Company " dwells and carries
on business " within s. 74, Co. Co. Act, 1888, at its place of manufacture
and sale, and not at the registered office of the company (Keynsham Lime
Co v. Baker, 33 L. J. Ex. 41; 2 H. & C. 729: Baillie v. Goodwin, 33
Ch. D. 605; 55 L. J. Ch. 849; 65 L. T. 56; 34 W. R. 787).
A person having no permanent place of abode "dwells," within the
section just cited, at the place where he may temporarily be (Alexander
V. Jones, 35 L, J. Ex. 78; L. R. 1 Ex. 133).
V, Dwelling-house: Carry On: Inhabit.
DWELLI NQ. — " Occupied as a Dwelling " ; F. Dwelling-housk.
DWELLINQ-HOUSE. — A "Dwelling-house" is obviously a House
with the super-added requirement that it is dwelt in or the dwellers in
which are absent only temporarily, having animus revertetidi and the
legal ability to return (Ford v. Barnes, 55 L. J. Q. B. 24: Vf Outer
Door). " House " and " Dwelling-house " are used in their respective
meanings in the Acts conferring the parliamentary franchise, — " House "
in s. 27, Rep People Act, 1832, and "Dwelling-house" in s. 3 (2), Rep
People Act, 1867. The latter Act gives the franchise to one who for the
prescribed time has been an " inhabitant occupier, as owner or tenant) of
DWELLING-HOUSE 590 DWELLINC-HOUSE
any Dwelling-house." The word " Inhahitant " here would seem to bring
out more fully the meaning of the word " dwelling-house."
The difficulties experienced in determining the meaning of " Dwelling-
house " as used in the Rep People Act, 1867 {Ellis v. Burch, Thomjysryn
V. Ward, 40 L. J. C. P. 169; L. R. 6 C. P. 327: Boon v. Howard, 43
L. J. C. P. 115 ; 9 C. P. 277), are now, to some extent at least, set at
rest by s. 5 (2), 41 & 42 V. c. 26, which provides that " 'Dwelling-house,'
shall include, any Part of a House where that part is Separately occu-
pied as a Dwelling." But even that does not include a Cubicle, — e.g,
in a Police Station, — not completely severed from a Common Dormi-
tory, and sharing in the light, air, warmth, or ventilation thereof {Bar-
nett V. Hickmott, 1895, 1 Q. B. 691; 64 L. J. Q. B. 407; 72 L. T. 236;
43 W. R. 284; 59 J. P. 230). In that case Russell, C. J. (in opposition
to Strihling v. Halse, bo L. J. Q. B. 15; 16 Q. B. D. 246), said, he
shared the doubt of Esher, M. R., as to ** whether a person could be said
to separately occupy a Bedroom as a Dwelling-house where he dwelt
partly in the bedroom and partly in other rooms for recreation, for meals,
and other purposes, in common." The learned C. J. also significantly
remarked on the dissent to Strihling v. Halse expressed in the Irish case
of Hasson v. Chambers (18 L. R. Ir. (yS). Bamett v. Hickmott was
affd by Esher, M. R., and Lopes, L. J. (Rigby, L. J., diss.), in Clutter-
buck V. Taylor (1896, 1 Q. B. 395; 65 L. J. Q. B. 314; 74 L. T. 177;
44 W. R. 531 ; 60 J. P. 278), whlc was followed and applied to the case
of Nuns in a Convent in Ba'nnon v. Hanrahan (1900, 2 I. R. 4o5).
Premises used as a Corn-store and Kiln but in which the occupier
occasionally slept and where he always kept a bed; held, to be a
" Dwelling-house," within s. 25, Towns Improvement (Ir) Act, 1854,
17 & 18 V. c. 103, although the occupier's usual residence was just out-
side the boundary of the town (Laivson v. Fraser, 8 L. R. Ir. 55). Cp,
R, V. Exeter, cited Inhabitant.
"One Messuage or Dwelling-house"; V. Rogers v. Hosegood, cited
House: — " A Private Dwelling-house " ; F. A.
A Covenant prohibiting user otherwise than as a ^^ private dwelling-
house," would be broken by keeping the premises as an hotel or lodging-
house ; because although either would be a dwelling-house after a fashion,
neither would be private {Rolls v. Miller, 53 L. J. Ch. 682, espy jdgmt
of Lindley, L. J.). V, Private Dwelling-house.
Substantially to add to an existing dwelling-house, is a breach of a
lessee's covenant not to build any dwelling-house, edifice, cabin, farm,
or other building {Domvile v. Colville, Ir. Rep. 7 C. L. 68).
In Burglary, a "Dwelling-house," means a permanent building in
which the owner, or the tenant or any member of the family, habitually
sleeps at night" (Steph. Cr. 247; for the cases, F. Arch. Cr. 593-596:
Fa- 24 & 25 V. c. 96, s. 53). Lord Coke thought that Burglary might
be committed in a church, " for ecclesia est domus mansionalis omnipo-
DWELLiNC-HOUSE 591 DWELLING-HOUSE
teiitis Dei " (3 Inst. 64) ; but Lord Hale thought — (lie might possibly have
spoken more decidedly) — that that opinion was only a quaint turn with-
out any argument (1 Hale P. C. 556: V, Sacrilege), fj Mansion.
" Dwelling-house " in s. 9, 18 & 19 V. c. 128, means, the building^ so
that the 100 yards therein mentioned have to be measured from the walls
of the dwelling-house itself (Wright v. Wallasey, 53 L. J. Q. B. 259;
18 Q. B. D. 783; 52 J. P. 4; 3 Times Kep. 525).
A Public-house in which a man has taken up his temporary abode (he
having no other place of abode) is, semhle, his " Dwelling-house " within
s. 6 (1 d)y Bankry Act, 1883 {Holrogd v. Gwynne, 2 Taunt. 176), and
certainly, for the purpose of this section, a "Dwelling-house" need not
be an entire house, or a dwelling self-contained, or on a vertical pliiiie
as distinguished from a horizontal; — rooms which furnish a 8e;ara:G
dwelling and are not mere lodgings, will suffice {Re Ilecqnard^ 24
Q. B. D. 71). But if a man has abandoned his house as his residence,
it is no longer his Dwelling-house {Ee Nordenfelt, 1895, 1 Q. B. 151;
64 L. J. Q. B. 182). Cp Dwell.
In a case of old-fashioned Pleading, proof that plaintiff was a lodger
occupying two rooms in a house, was held not to support the averment
that he was possessed of a " Dwelling-house " (Monks v. Dykes, 4 M. & W.
567 ; 8 L. J. Ex. 73).
In Rule 1, to the First and Second Cases of s. 100, Income Tax Act,
1842, " Dwelling-house " means, a house in which the person liable to
]pay Income Tax personally dwells; and therefore though a servant, —
e.g. a Bank Manager, — for the purposes of a business, lives in a part
of the business premises, nevertheless the value of the whole premises
maj' be deducted in ascertaining the profits of the business liable to tax
(Russell V. Town & County Bank, 58 L. J. P. C. 8; 13 App. Ca. 418:
Vf, Tennant v. Smithy cited Income). V, Profits.
But a Bank having a Care-Taker living in it, is an *^ Inhabited
Dwelling-house " qu^ House Duty, s. 1, 14 & 15 V. c. 36; s. 11, 32 &
33 V. c. 14; 48 G. 3, c. 55 (ChaHered Mercantile Bank of India v. Wil-
son, 47 L. J. Ex. 153; nom. Bank of India v. Wilson, 3 Ex. D. 108);
secus, of a Club not slept in at night (Riley v. Read, 48 L. J. Ex. 437;
4 Ex. D. 100), and so of School Buildings (Clifton College v. Thompson,
1896, 1 Q. B. 432; (jo L. J. Q. B. 231; 74 L. T. 168; 44 W. Pv. 410;
60 J. P. 599; disagreeing with Glasgow v. Inl Rei\, 18 Sc. L. R. 1).
Clifton College case was followed in Charterliouse v. Gayler (1896,
1 Q. B. 437; (jo L. J. Q. B. 233; 74 L. T. 171).
F. House: Cottage: Divide: Servant, at end: Occupied.
Qui London Bg Act, 1894, " Dwelling-house," " means, a Building
used or constructed, or adapted to be used, Wholly or principally for
Human Habitation " (subs. 25, s. 5).
" Dwelling-house to be inhabited by the Working Class " ; V.
Inhabited.
DWELLING-HOUSE 592 DYING
" Dwelling-house " in New River Go's Act, 1852, s. 35, means " any
house which is so far adapted for the purposes which a dwelling-house is
usually adapted to, as to require water for domestic purposes; and it is
not necessary that all the house should be so adapted " (per Cotton, L. J.,
Cooke V. New River Co, 57 L. J. Ch. 385; 38 Ch. D. m\ 58 L. T. 830;
affd in H. L. 14 App. Ca. 698).
'Goods of a Lodger may, qu^ an Insurance, be stated as in his
** Dwelling-house " (Friedlander v. London Assrce, 1 Moo. & R. 171),
" Dwelling-house, Workshop, or other Building " ; V. Buildikg.
V. Dwell: Live In.
"Dwelling-house," qui the last Census Act, V. 63 V. c. 4, s. 4 (4);
qui Housing of the Working Classes, F. 53 & 54 V. c. 70, s. 29 : — qui
Rep. of People, in Scotland, T. 48 & 49 V. c. 3, s. 7 (4) : — qui Land
Law (Ir) Act, 1896, F. s. 48.
Other Stat. Def. — Scot 44 & 45 V. c. 22, s. 13. — Ir. 29 & 30 V.
c. 44, s. 2.
DWELLING PLACE.— "Own Dwelling-place or Shop," s. 13,
Markets and Fairs Clauses Act, 1847, 10 V. c. 14; V. Llandaff Co r.
Lyndon, 30 L. J. M. C. 105; 8 C. B. K. S. 515 : Ashworth v. HeywoHh,
L. R. 4 Q. B. 316; 38 L. J. M. C. 91 : Fearon v. Mitchell, 41 L. J. M. C.
170 ; L. R. 7 Q. B. 690 : McHole v. Davies, 45 L. J. M. C. 30 ; 1 Q. B. D.
69: Hooper t. Kenshole, 46 L. J. M. C. 160; 2 Q. B. D. 127. V. Shop.
DYE. — " «To dye Seeds,' means, to give to seeds, by any process of
colouring, dyeing, sulphur-smoking, or other artificial means, the appear-
ance of seeds of another kind " (s. 2, 32 & 33 V. c. 112) ; but that does
not include sulphur-smoking old clover seeds so as to make them look like
young clover seeds, for the seeds do not thereby resemble another " kind "
of seeds : secuSf had the expression been " quality," or " kind, or sort "
(Francis v. Moos, 47 L. J. M. C. 83; 3 Q. B. D. 341). V. Adulteb-
ation: Natuke.
D YEI N Q. — " Bleaching and Dyeing Works " ; V. Bleaching. *
DYINQ. — F. Die and following phrases: Death.
"Dying after the passing of this Act," s. 9, Mortmain Act, 1891,
makes the Act applicable to a Will made before the Act if the testator's
death is after the Act (Be Bridger, 1894, 1 Ch, 297; 63 L. J. Ch. 186;
70L.T.204; 42 W. R. 179).
"Dying Intestate," s. 13, 23 & 24 V. c. 38; V. Be Johnson, cited
Pbesent Right to bbceiye.
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