[eleventh year of publication.]
THE
IJatixrttal
tmhx %mt\%^
ALMANACK
I?'OI^ 1380,
EDITED BY
CHARLES BRADLAUGH & ANNIE BESANT.
CONTENTS.
Stamps and Taxes
Calendar
Intestates' Estates ...
Anthropometrical Measurements
The Story of 1879 ...
Humanity and its Teachers
A Holiday Musing I
The Path of Progress
Laws of Nature... f
Mark Twain in the " Hol^ Land"
Prospects of Freethought in France
An Episode of the "Cinque Giornate"
PAGE 1
2
3
15
16
17
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19
21
23
25
26
30
PAGE
Natura Naturans and Natura Naturata .w
False Witness ...
National Secular Society ... ... .,,
Branches of the National Secular Society
Work of the National Secular Society ...
National Liberal LeagTxe ... ...
Federated Rationalistic Societies of Belgium
List of Agents for the Sale of the National
Reformer and Freethought Literature ... 48
List of Premiers and Chief Ministers of
State from 1702 to 1879 52
Emma Martin on Prayer '56
32
34
36
39
42
43
47
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PRICDE SIXiPE:NrCE.
LONDON: FREETHOUGHT PUBLISHING COMPANY,
28, STONECUTTER STREET, E.C.
THE
ft
ALMANACK
FOR 1880.
EDITED BY
CHARLES BRADLAUGH AND ANNIE BESANT.
FREETHOUGHT PUBLISHING COMPANY
28, STONECUTTER STREET, E.G.
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WAGES TABLE.
Pr.Yr
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Per.Qr. jPr.Mnth.; Per Week. Per Day.
/^ s. d.\ £ s. d.
5
10
15 O; O 5
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3 6
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4 3
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DISCOUNT TABLE.
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2^ per cent, is o 6 per £
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INTEREST TABLE.
For ;^ioo at 2i, 3, 4, and 5 per cent.,
for one to 365 days.
3
4
5
6
71
ID
12?,
15
20
25
10 11^
13 Si
27 4i
54 9i
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
JANUARY -31 DAYS.
B. Telesio, of Cosenza. Materialist, d. 1588. Quakers of Philadelphia
emancipated their slaves, 1788. John Frost, Chartist, sentenced to
death, 1840. Maria Edgeworth b. 1767.
R. Franklin convicted of seditious libel, 173 1. Athenccum established,
1828. Slaves emancipated in United States, 1863.
Cicero b. B.C. 106. The five Members impeached, 1642.
R. Ascham d. 1568. Peace declared between America and England, 1784.
J. B. Say b. 1767.
Ben. Franklin, Freethinker, b. 1706. Daille, French Controver-
sialist, b. 1594.
Fenelon d. 17 15. Book of Common Prayer established, 1549.
Baskerville, Freethinker, buried in his own garden, d. 1755. Galileo dis-
covered Jupiter's satellites, 1610. Viscount Amberley, Freethinker, d.
1876.
First wShot from Fort Sumter, 1861. Bombardment of Paris by the Ger-
mans, 1871. Napoleon III. d. 1873. Sorcery made a capital ofifence
by James I., 1603.
Dr. Birkbeck b. 1776. Penny post established, 1840.
Carlile sentenced for publishing PrompteVy 1831. J. Hampden, at Great
Kimble, refused to pay ship money, 1635.
A. CoMTE b. 1798. A. Tennyson b. 1810. E. Burke b. 1730. Alva d.
1582. Lavater d. 1801. Mary Smith executed for witchcraft, 1616.
Margarot transported for 14 years for advocating reform, 1794. Daily
Universal Register, afterwards Times, published, 1785.
J. P. Brissot, Girondist, b. 1754. E. Halley d. 1742. Sir T. Lawrence
d. 1830. Walcot d. 1819. Statue to Grattan unveiled in Dublin, 1876.
C. Southwell sentenced for blasphemy, 1842. British Museum opened,
1759. Moliere b. 1622.
Gibbon, Freethinker, d. 1794. Union sanctioned between England and
Scotland, 1707.
P. Marechal, Materialist, b. 1803. Mozart b. 1756.
Mealmaker transported for 14 years for advocating reform, 1798. Mon-
tesquieu b. 1689. Paganini b. 1784.
Copernicus b. 1472. Jane Carlile tried for publishing Paine's works,
1821. J. Watt b. 1736.
First House of Commons met, 1265. Garrick d. 1789. W. Tunbridge
tried for publishing " Principles of Nature," 1823. Wieland d. 181 3.
D'Holbach, Materialist, d. 1789. Louis XVI. guillotined, 1793. Hallam
d. 1859.
Bacon b. 1561. Gassendi b. 1592. Byron b. 1788.
First Royal Exchange opened, 1570. French Commercial Treaty signed,
i860.
Matilda Roalfe imprisoned for blasphemy, 1844. Beaumarchais b. 1732.
Ernest Jones b. 1819. R. Burns b. 1759. Hogg b. 1772.
Ernest Jones d. 1869. Dr. Jenner d. 1823.
Schelling, Pantheist, b. 1775. Strauss, Freethinker, b. 1808. Woolston,
Deist, d. 1733. Fichte d. 1814. Three men hanged at Bristol for riot-
ing, 1832. T. Paterson sentenced for profane placards, 1843.
Helvetius, Atheist, b. 17 15. Anti-Corn Law riots in London, 181 5.
Francis Deak, Hungarian Patriot, d. 1876.
T. Paine, Deist, b. 1737. Raspail b. 1794- Woolner's " Black Dwarf '*
published, 1817. Lamennais d. 1854. C. Bradlaugh and A. Besant
before the Court of Appeal, 1878.
Charles I. beheaded, 1649. W. S. Landor, "Pagan," b. 1775. First
lifeboat launched, 1790.
Ben Jonson b. 1574. Argument in Court of Appeal concluded, judgment
reserved.
The people of England, renowned all over the world for their great virtue and
discipline, can they yet suffer an idiot without courage, without sense, nay, without
ambition, to have dominion in a country of liberty ? — Henry Vane.
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THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
FEBRUARY.-29 DAYS.
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Mary Woolstonecraft Shelley d. 1851. J. Lempriere d. 1793. J. P. Kemble
b. 1757. E. Truelove tried for Malthusianism, 1878.
First Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, 1801. Ledru Rollin b.
1808. Jury in Truelove case disagreed.
Volney b. 1757. Wilkes expelled from Parliament for publishing No. 45
of the Aorth Briton, 1769.
Shaftesbury, Freethinker, d. 17 13.
Galvani d. 1799. Sir R. Peel b. 1788. Garibaldi embarked to free Sicily
and Naples, i860.
Jeremy Bentham, Utilitarian, b. 1747. House of Lords abolished,
1649. A. Trevelyan, Freethinker, d. 1878.
Monarchy abolished, 1649. C. Dickens b. 1812. Royal Decree suppressing
the two first volumes of French Encyclopaedia as hostile to royalty and
religion, 1752. Rev. R. Taylor sentenced for blasphemous libel, 1828.
S. Butler b. 161 2. T. Chubb, Deist, d. 1746. R. Burton b. 1576. Crabbe
d. 1832.
Roman Republic proclaimed, 1849. G. Vallee, Deist, burned for heresy, 1574.
Richard Carlile, Freethinker, b. 1790. Montesquieu d. 1755.
Galileo imprisoned by Inquisition, 1632. Privy Council abolished the
devil, 1876.
W. Shenstone d. 1763. Great reform meeting in Trafalgar Square, 1867.
London University founded, 1826.
C. Darwin b. 1809. C. Bradlaugh and A. Besant reversed judgment
against them, 1878.
H. Hunt d. 1835. C. J. Fox d. 1806. Sir R. Knightley and others fined
and imprisoned for pamphlet attacking Church and Parliament, 1588.
Malthus b. 1766. Sir W. Blackstone d. 1780.
Galileo b. 1564. Trial of Warren Hastings began, 1788.
Lindley Murray d. 1826.
Giordano Bruno, Pantheist, burned for Atheism, 1600. Self-
government granted to Plungary, 1867.
C. Lambb. 1775. Home Tooke d. 1812. Luther d. 1546. G. Peabody
b. 1795.
J. C. Vanini, Heretic, burned for Atheism, 1619.
Voltaire, Deist, b. 1694. J. Hume d. 1855.
Peltier found guilty of libelling Napoleon, 1803.
G. Washington b. 1732. Trial of John and Leigh Hunt for seditious
libel, 1811.
Handel b. 1684. Sir J. Reynolds d. 1792. Cato Street Conspiracy, 1820.
Gutenberg d. 1468. D. I. Eaton tried for seditious libel, 1794.
C. Wren d. 1723.
Proclamation of French Republic, 1848. V. Hugo b. 1802. W. Sautre,
Heretic, condemned to death, 1600.
H. W. Longfellow b. 1807. E. Renan b. 1823.
Corn Laws repealed, 1847. Montaigne, Sceptic, b. 1533.
If disagreements happen between king and people, why is it a more desperate
opinion to think the king should be subject to the censures of the people, than the
people subject to the will of the king ? Did the people make the king, or the king
make the people ? Is the king for the people, or the people for the king ? Nations
have a right to make their own laws, constitute their own magistrates, and such as
are so constituted owe an account of their actions to those by whom and for whom
they are appointed. No nation being justly subject to any, but such as they set up,
nor in any other manner than according to such laws as they ordain, the right of
choosing and making those that are to govern them must wholly depend upon their
will. Whilst tyrants with their slaves, and the instruments of their cruelties, were
accounted the dregs of mankind, and made the objects of detestation and scorn,
those men who delivered their countries from such plagues were thought to have
something of divine in them, and have been famous above all the rest of mankind
to this day. — Algernon Sydney.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
MARCH.-31 DAYS.
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Williams pilloried for publishing North Briton^ 1769. First number of
Spectator^ 171 1. John Badby, Heretic, burned, 1409.
Speaker of the House of Commons held in chair while the House passed a
resolution condemning the King's policy, 1629.
W. Finlay sentenced for blasphemy, 1843. W. Godwin b. 1756.
A. Lincoln elected President U.S.A., 1861. Jews admitted to freedom of
City of London, 1828. G. Odger, Radical, d. 1877.
La Place d. 1827. Mesmer d. 1815.
D. L Eaton tried for publishing Paine's works, 181 2. Michael Angelo b.
1474.
Slave trade in negroes abolished, 1807.
Freret, Freethinker, d. 1749. Sir W. Hamilton b. 1788.
W. CoBBETT b. 1762. Mirabeau, Sceptic, b. 1749. B. Leggatt and E.
Wightman, Heretics, condemned to death, 161 1.
J. Mazzini d. 1872. J. Gerrald transported for sedition, 1794.
J. Toland, Freethinker, d. 1722. First committee meeting of Sunday
League, 1854. Charles Sumner d. 1874.
J. Cashman hanged for treason, 181 7. Bp. Berkeley b. 1684.
Dr. Priestley, Unitarian Materialist, b. 1733.
Reform Bill read a first time, 1831.
D. I. Eaton imprisoned for publishing "Age of Reason," 1812. Julius
Ccesar assassinated B.C. 44.
H. Hunt and nine others tried for conspiracy, 1820.
Ebenezer Elliott b. 1781. Mdme. Roland b. 1754. Trellipath, poet,
d. 1876. A. Davy and R. Cullender executed as witches, 1665.
Commune in Paris, 187 1. Completion of the Suez Canal, 1869. B.
Legatt, Unitarian, burnt, 16 1 2.
Reform Bill read third time, 1832.
Sir J. Newton d. 1727. J. Mitchell, Irish patriot, d. 1875.
J. S. Bach b. 1685. J. P. Richter b. 1763.
T. Campanella, Freethinker, d. 1639. Lambert and Perry committed to
Newgate, 1779. Strafford impeached, 1641.
Law against witchcraft repealed, 1736. SirF. Burdett tried for protesting
against Manchester massacre, 1820. Slaveiy abolished in Porto Rico,
1873.
First sale of " Knowlton " after police attack, 1877.
Lady Day. Brad shaw, English patriot, b. 1586. Republican movement
in Italy, 1870.
Clarkson b. 1760.
American War of Abolition, 1861.
Easter Day. Condorcet d. 1794. La Place b. 1749.
E. Swedenborg d. 1772.
Negro Suffrage in America, 1870.
C. Bronte d. 1855. Beethoven d. 1827. Haydn b. 1732.
According to our authorised version, the world was created B.C. 4004. But : —
B.C. 12500 the Delta of the Nile was already partially formed, it having taken, at
the very least, 14,400 years to reach its present state.
B.C. 12053 settled government seems to have been established in Egypt. When
Herodotus visited that country, B.C. 450, the Egyptian priests told him that 345
generations, estimated at 11,340 years, had passed away between the first king and
B.C. 713.
B.C. 8570 is the furthest point to which, according to Plato, the annals of the
city of Sais reached back.
B.C. 7500 saw pottery used in Egypt.
B.C. 5040 is the date of the establishment in Egypt of the first dynasty of kings.
B.C. 5004 crowned the first Pharaoh.
B.C. 4455 united Upper and Lower Egypt into one empire under Menes of Abydos.
As the Bible must, of course, be true, and the above dates are certainly true, it is
clear that Egypt must have been in existence for thousands of years before the world
was created.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
APRIL-30 DAYS.
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1596.
I79I.
Hobbes, Materialist, b. 1588.
1770.
Trial and acquittal of Bernard, 1858.
W. Harvey b. 1578. Descartes b.
R. Cobden d. 1865. Mirabeau d.
Wash. Irving b. 1783.
J. Lalande, Materialist, d. 1807.
C. Desmoulins guillotined, 1794.
J. Mill b. 1773. Raphael b. 1483.
C. Fourier b. 1772. Wordsworth b.
Lord Brougham d. 1868.
Rabelais d. 1553. Bacon d. 1626.
National Gallery opened, 1838.
Grotiusb. 1583. A. Holyoaked. 1874. Great Chartist Demonstration, 1848.
Canning b. 1770.
Phillips imprisoned for selling ** Rights of Man," 1793. First number of
N. R. issued, i860.
Handel d. 1759. Catholic Relief Bill passed, 1829. G. J. Holyoake b. 1817.
A. Lincoln assassinated, 1865.
St. Hilaire b. 1772.
Shakspere b. 1563. Slavery abolished in Columbia, 1862. Buffon d.
1788.
L. JBerquin burnt for heresy, I530'
G. H. Lewes b. 1817. Liebig, chemist, d. 1873.
Byron d. 1824. Ricardo b. 1772. Disendowment Clause of Irish Church
Bill carried, 1869.
Prudhomme d. 1830.
Cromwell proclaimed Protector, 1653. Abelard, Heretic, d. 1142.
Kant b. 1724. Kossuth b. 1802.
Cervantes d. 1616. Shakspere d. 1616. Declaration of war against Turkey
by Russia, 1877.
J. Watson imprisoned for selling " Palmer's Principles," 1823.
Oliver Cromwell b. 1599. Rochdale Pioneers' Society commenced,
1844. Edinburgh University founded, 1582.
David Hume, Sceptic, b. 1711. T. Read b. 1710.
Gibbon, Sceptic, b. 1737. Sir W. Jones d. 1794. Monarchy of England
became an Empire, 1876.
Pitt b. 1759. Thistlewood and others indicted for treason, 1817.
J. Wilkes committed to the Tower, 1763. Test Act repealed, 1829.
French attack on Rome repulsed by Garibaldi, 1849.
Relieve the oppressed ; hear the groans of poor prisoners in England. Be
pleased to reform the abuses of all professions ; and if there be any one that makes
many poor to make a few rich, that suits not a Commonwealth. . . .
Your pretended fear lest error should creep in is like the man who would keep
all the wine out of the country lest men should be drunk. It will be found an unjust
and unwise jealousy to deprive a man of his natural liberty upon a supposition he
may abuse it. When he doth abuse it, judge. — Cro->/i7velL
Who is it that doth not know that every age hath produced some [women] very
excellent in those things for which men most prize themselves ? and yet these grave
fools despise them. It is true that women have not those helps from study and
education as men have, but in the natural powers of the mind arc noways inferior
. . and unto whatsoever they apply themselves, either learning, business,
domestic or public government, show themselves at least equal to our sex. . . .
Let not any man, then, through a fond and impudent presumption in his own merit,
despise that sex. — Algernon Sydney.
Since the evils of society flow from ignorance and inordinate desire, men will
never cease to be tormented till they shall become intelligent and wise, till they shall
practise the art of justice, founded on a knowledge of the various relations in which
they stand, and the laws of their own organisation. — Volney.
Justice is the cement of mankind. A nation or empire which neglects to be
internally just, falls asunder by discord or decay.
Error of opinion may be safely tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. —
Thomas Jefferson .
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
MAY.-31 DAYS.
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Thistlewood and others executed, 1820. Dryden d. 1700. All Roman
Catholic clergy banished from Ireland, 1698.
C. Sumner assaulted in Senate, 1856. Joan Bocher burned for denying
Incarnation, 1550-
R. Cooper, Freethinker, d. 1868. Mandeveld and two others burned for
denying Christ, 1539-
Irish Rebellion, 1799. Livingstone, traveller, d. 1873.
Opening of States-General in France, 1789. Napoleon I. d. 1821.
Reform Demonstration in Hyde Park, 1867. Humboldt d. 1859.
Septennial Bill passed, 17 16. Irish Church Bill through Committee, 1869.
Paper Duty repealed, i860. J. S. Mill d. 1873. E. Truelove tried a
second time for Malthusianism, 1878.
Wedderburn, Unitarian, imprisoned for blasphemy, 1820. E. Truelove
convicted and sentenced.
Turgot b. 1727. Rouget de I'lsle b. 1760.
Landing of the Thousand at Marsala, under Garibaldi, i860. Outbreak of
Lord Straftord beheaded, 1641. [Indian Mutiny, 1857.
T. Cooper, Materialist, d. 1839.
R. Owen b. 1771. H. Grattan d. 1820.
T. Taylor b. 1758. H. Hunt sentenced for presiding at a public meeting,
1820. D. O'Connell d. 1847.
Whitsun Day. Socinius, Heretic, d. 1562. Freethought Conference at
Manchester, 1875. VendOme Column destroyed, 1871.
Dr. Jenner b. 1749. R. Browning b. 1812.
Bp. Butler b. 1692. Trial by Jury instituted 1270. Petition in Chancery
against Mrs. Besant for Atheism and Malthusianism, 1878.
J. G. Fichte, Heretic, 1762. La Fayette d. 1834.
J. S. MiLLb. 1806. Caxton b. 1410. Colenso censured by Convocation,
1863. Freethought Conference at Nottingham, 1877.
Plato b. B.C. 429.
Beccaria d. 1781. A. Pope, poet, b. 1688. Flax Bounties repealed, 1834
Savonarola burned 1498. Mabel E. Besant taken from her home, 1878.
D. O'Connell imprisoned, 1844. Copernicus d. 1543. Toleration Act
passed, 1689.
Paley d. 1850. R. L. Shiel d. 1851. R. W. Emerson b.
Fall of the Commune, 187 1.
Dante b. 1269. Habeas Corpus Act passed, 1679.
T. Moore b. 1779.
H. T. Buckle d. 1862.
Sir H. Davy d. 1829. Voltaire d. 1778 : his Centenary celebrated, 1878.
Irish Church Bill read a third time, 1869.
1803
Though a Republic be barbarous, it necessarily, by an infallible operation, gives
rise to law, even before mankind have made any considerable advances in the other
sciences. From law arises security ; from security, curiosity ; and from curiosity,
knowledge. The latter steps of this progress may be more accidental, but the former
are altogether necessary. A Republic without laws can never have any duration ;
on the contrary, in a Monarchical government, law arises not necessarily from
the forms of government. Monarchy, when absolute, contains even something
repugnant to law. Great wisdom and reflection can alone reconcile them ; but such
a degree of wisdom can never be expected before the greater refinements and
improvements of human reason. These refinements require curiosity, security, and
law. The first growth, therefore, of the arts and sciences can never be expected in
despotic governments. . . . Eloquence certainly springs up more naturally in
popular governments. Emulation, too, in every accomplishment must there be more
animated and enlivened, and genius and capacity have a fuller scope and career.
All these causes render free governments the only proper nursery for the arts and
sciences. — David Hume.
Philosophy, wisdom, and liberty support each other. He who will not reason
is a bigot, he who cannot is a fool, and he who dares not is a slave. — Sir IVilliaw
Driimmond.
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THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
JUNE.-30 DAYS.
Hassell,oneof Carlile's shopmen, sentenced for selling Paine's works, 1824.
Fall of the Girondists, 1793.
R. COBDEN b. 1804. W. Harvey d. 1657. T. Finlay imprisoned for
blasphemy, 1843.
Adam Smith b. 1723. Conference of N.S.S. at Leeds, 1876. A. Leighton
sentenced for libelling the Episcopate, 1630.
Woolner tried for sedition, 1817. First number of North Briton issued, 1762.
Palermo taken by Garibaldi, i860. Comeille b. 1606. Great meeting at
St. James's Hall to demand E. Truelove's release, 1878.
Act of Union with Ireland passed, 1800. First Reform Bill passed, 1832.
W. Campion sentenced for blasphemy, 1793. Church Rates Abolition
Bill, 1858. Georges Sand d. 1876.
G. Stephenson b. 1781. Great Western Railway opened, 1838. T.
Pained. 1809. Conference of N.S.S. at Sheffield, 1878. First Free-
thought Conference in Belgium, 1878.
Defeat of the Irish at Arklow, 1798.
Roger Bacon d. 1292.
Harriet Martineau b. 1802.
Great Social Demonstration at Paris, 1849.
G. Leopardi, Freethinker, 1837. Sir H. Vane, Republican, beheaded, 1662.
Campbell, poet, d. 1844.
Salvator Rosa b. 161 5. Battle of Naseby, 1645. Monster Petition against
Royal Grants presented, 1876.
Trial of the suit of the " King v. John Hampden," commenced, 1637. A.
Kneeland sentenced in Boston for blasphemy, 1838. Mahomet d. 681.
Titles abolished in France, 1790. Action of the Queen v. Charles Brad-
laugh and Annie Besant commenced, 1877.
Lamennais b. 1792. Pascal b. 1623. Magna Charta signed, 121 5.
Tennis Court Oath at Versailles, 1789. Louis XVI. fled from Paris, 1791.
Parisians entered the Tuileries, 1792. Five Jesuits hanged for high
treason, 1679.
A. Collins, Freethinker, b. 1676. C. Bradlaugh and A. Besant found
guilty of publishing "Knowlton," 1877.
J. Mazzini b. 1805.
J. Hampden killed, 1643. [i797-
MiDSUMMER Day. Williams sentenced for publishing "Age of Reason."
J. H. Tooke b. 1736. Victor Hugo's " Les Miserables " added to the
Index Expurgatorius, 1864.
Corn Laws repealed, 1846. Cud worth d. 1688.
Emperor Julian d. 363. Seven Protestants burnt in Smithfiekl, 1555.
Harriet Martineau d. 1876.
C. Bradlaugh and A. Besant sentenced, 1877. P. P. Rubens b. 1557. D.
Taylor, Methodist, fined for not praying for King George, 17 16.
Rousseau b. 17 12. Eliz. B. Browning d. 1861.
First Book printed in England, 1477. Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton
pilloried, cropped, and branded for seditious libel, 1637. Pillory
abolished, 1837.
A CIRCLE in a straight line is the mathematical symbol of miracle. . . . God is the
mirror of man. . . . God springs out of the feeling of a want ; what man is in need
of, whether this be a definite and therefore conscious, or an unconscious need, that i.^
God. . , . What yesterday was still religion is no longer such to-day ; and what
to-day is Atheism, to morrow will be religion. — Fcuerbach.
Nature is the best posture master. An awkward man is graceful when asleep, or
when hard at work, or agreeably amused. The attitudes of children are gentle, per-
suasive, royal, in their games and in their house-talk and in the street, before they
have learned to cringe. 'Tis impossible but thought disposes the limbs and the
walk, and is masterly or secondary. No art can contravene it or conceal it. Give
me a thought, and my hands and legs and voice and face will all go right. And we
are awkward for want of thought. The inspiration is scanty, and does not arrive at
the extremities. — Emerson^
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THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
JULY -31 DAYS.
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6
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7
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8
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3
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4
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6
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7
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8
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9
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0
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T. Pooley sentenced for blasphemy, 1857. First steamboat on the Thames,
1801.
Rousseau d. 1778. F. Huber, Naturalist, b. 1750.
Leibnitz b. 1646. First Jew returned to Parliament (but unable to sit)
1849. H. Grattan b. 1750.
Independence of U.S.A, 1776. R. Taylor imprisoned for blasphemy, 1831.
Mrs. Siddons b. 1755. Georges Sand b. 1804.
John Huss burned, 1373. Malthusian League founded, 1877.
R. B. Sheridan d. 1816. Jacquard, inventor, b. 1752. The Parliament of
Paris ordered t)iderot's '* Philosophical Thoughts " to be burned by the
common hangman, 1746.
Prof. Cairnes d. 1875. Trial of S. Wright for publishing Carlile, 1S22.
Shelley drowned, 1822.
W. Cobbett sentenced for sedition, 1810. E. Burke d. 1797.
E. Truelove prosecuted and acquitted for publishing "Tyrannicide," 1858.
Lalande, Freethinker, b. 1732. Roger Bacon d. 1294.
Erasmus d. 1536. Jewish Disabilities Removal Bill passed 1858.
Marat assassinated, 1793. Thames Embankment opened, 1870. Treaty
of Berlin signed, 1878. Papal Infallibility declared, 1870.
Fall of the Bastile, 1789. Madame de Stael d. 1817.
Patmore tried for possessing Paine's works, 1 793.
The Brothers Shears sentenced for treason, 1798. Beranger d. 1857.
Payne and Waldron indicted for publishing Paine, 1793. Joidon and
Johnson condemned for publishing Paine, 1798. Cobbett tried for sedi-
tious libel, 1 83 1. Capital Punishment for forgery abolished, 1837.
Demonstration in Hyde Park against grant to Prince of Wales, 1875. ^^''
Lardner d. 1768.
Petrarch d. 1374.
J. Sterling b. 1806. H. D. Church, Freethinker, d. 1859.
V. Schoelcher, Republican, b. 1804. Great Reform Meeting in Smithfield,
1819. Execution of William, Lord Russell, for high treason, 1683.
G. Garibaldi b. 1807. First newspaper published in England, 1588.
People went into Hyde Park over the torn-down railings, gates being
closed, 1866. Jenny Geddes threw her stool at the Dean's head, in
St. Giles's, Edinburgh, 1637.
Trial of Carlile's sister for publishing Paine, 1821. Window-tax repealed,
1851.
Brothers Bandiera shot, 1844. Winterbotham sentenced for sedition, 1793.
First Jew admitted to Parliament, 1858. Irish Church Disestablishment
became law, 1869. Three witches executed, 1682.
J. Dalton d. 1844. Robespierre guillotined, 1794. Second French Revo-
lution, 1830.
Atlantic Cable laid, 1866.
Garibaldi entered Messina, i860. The Marseillaise entered Paris, 1792.
Wilberforce d. 1833.
W. Penn d. 17 18. Diderot d. 1784. H. Redhead convicted of conspiracy.
1795-
Holt convicted for selling " Rights of Man," 1793.
According to various editions of the Bible, the world must have been oftimes
created. The authorised English version gives B.C. 4004. The reading adopted by
Josephus differs by 1684 years in excess ; that followed by the Church Council of
Alexandria by 1435 years; that preferred by the Oriental Church by 1505 years;
that of the Septuagint version by 1386 years ; that of the Samaritan text by 241
years ; that fixed on by the Jews by 243 years on the other side.
The oldest tree in the world is the great cypress of Santa Maria del Tule, in
Mexico. It began to grow B.C. 4790, and in 1849 had a diameter of 40 feet.
A CYPRESS was dug up at New Orleans in 1850, which showed from 95 to 120
rings per inch, proving an age of 5,700 years at the time of its burial. Beneath its
roots were human bones. Over its head were the slowly accumulated layers of
soil.
lO
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
AUGUST -31 DAYS.
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17
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Slavery abolished in British Colonies, 1834. Lamarck, Evolution Na-
turalist, b. 1744.
Ban/: Holiday. Eugene Sue d. 1857. Carnot, Republican, d. 1823.
Cartwright tried, 1820. Sir R. Arkwright d. 1792. Rev. S. Johnson
arrested for blasphemous libel, 1683.
P. B. Shelley b. 1792.
Lovett and Collins imprisoned for Chartism, 1839. Colony of Victoria
established, 1850.
D. O'Connell b. 1775. Messrs. Robinson convicted of selling " Rights of
Man," 1793. *
Berzelius d. 1848.
G. Canning d. 1827. W. Lovett, Chartist, d. 1877.
Dryden b. 1631. Arnauld, Jansenist, d. 1694. Moleschott b. 1822. A.
Combe d. 1847.
Attack on the Tuileries, 1792.
A boy imprisoned for being follower of Paine, 1 793.
Peart ancl Belcher convicted of selling Paine, 1793.
Royal Proclamation suppressing Republican works of Milton and Godwin,
1660. New Poor Laws commenced, 1834.
Stamp, Duty on Almanacks abolished, 1834. Street gaslights introduced
in London, 1807.
G. J. Holyoake sentenced for blasphemy, 1842. G. Adams sentenced for
selling the " Oracle of Reason," 1842. First Parliamentary election by
ballot, 1872.
Peterloo massacre, 18 19. McDowall tried for advocating Chartism, 1839.
M. Tindal, Freethinker, d. 1733.
Admiral Blake, Republican, d. 1657. Beranger b. 1780.
R. Taylor b. 1784. Declaration of the Rights of Man at Versailles, 1789.
Nasmyth b. 1808. Pascal d. 1662.
Schelling, Idealist, d. 1854. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Deist, d. 1648.
J. Michelet b. 1798.
F. J. Gall d. 1828. Oliver Cromwell married, 1620.
Execution of W. Wallace, Patriot, 1305. Cuvier b. 1769. Growth of
Tobacco in L-eland prohibited, 1831.
H. Hetherington, Deist, d. {849. Liberty of the French Press decreed,
1789. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572.
Lepeaux, Deist, b. 1753. Chatterton d. 1770. Faraday d. 1867.
Korner fell in battle, 18 13. D. Hume, Sceptic, d. 1776.
Hegel b. 1770. Thomson d. 1748. Abner Kneeland d. 1844.
Goethe b. 1749. Grotius d. 1645.
Locke b. 1632. Colbert b. 1619.
Muir sentenced for sedition, 1793. F. O'Connor, Chartist, M.P., d. 1855.
John Bunyan d. 1688. Irish Peace Preservation Act passed, 1835.
Government has no rights ; it is a delegation from several individuals for the
purpose of securing their own. It is therefore just only so far as it exists by their
consent, useful only so far as it operates to their well-being. , . .
All have a right to an equal share in the benefits and burdens of Government.
Any disabilities for opinion imply, by their existence, barefaced tyranny on the side
of Government, ignorant slavishness on the side of the governed. . . .
A man has a right to thmk as his reason directs ; it is a duty he owes to himself to
think with freedom that he may act from conviction. . . .
A man has a right to unrestricted liberty of discussion. Falsehood is a scorpion
ihat will sting itself to death. . . .
A man has not only a right to express his thoughts, but it is his duty to do so. . . .
Man has no right to kill his brother. It is no excuse that he does so in uniform —
he only adds the infamy of servitude to the crime of murder. . . .
A Christian, a Deist, a Turk, and a Jew, have equal rights — they are men and
brethren. . . .
Every man has a right to a certain degree of leisure and liberty, because it is his
duty to attain a certain degree of knowledge. — Percy B. SJicllcy.
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THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. II
SEPTEMBER -30 DAYS.
Steele d. 1729. Fall of Napoleon III. at Sedan, 1870.
J. Howard b. 1726. Peace between England and America signed, 1783.
Oliver Cromwell d. 1658. Victory of Worcester, 1657. A. Thiers d. 1877.
Third French Republic proclaimed, 1870. Cromwell's 1st Parliament, 1654.
First American Congress assembled, 1774. Meyerbeer b. 1791. A.
Comte d. 1857.
Frances Wright, Freethinker, b. 1795.
Garibaldi entered Naples, i860. Buffon b. 1707. Canada ceded to Great
Britain, 1763.
Ariosto b. 1474. Vermingli, Reformer, b. 1500. R. Fludd, Pantheist,
d. 1637.
Mosheim d. 1755. Alabama claims settled by arbitration at Geneva, 1873.
Mary W. Godwin d. 1797. Mungo Park b. 1771.
America discovered by Columbus, 1492.
Peace Congress at Vienna, 1867. Twenty-two persons charged with high
treason at York, 1820.
C. J. Fox d. 1806.
Von Humboldt b. 1769. Dante d. 1321.
First Balloon ascent in England, 1784.
Pomponazio, Philosopher, b. 1462. Spanish Revolution, 1868.
Condorcet, Materialist, b. 1743. W. S. Landor, " Pagan," d. 1864. Seven
persons imprisoned for selling Carlile's Republican, 18 19.
Dr. S. Johnson b. 1709. Hoche d. 1797.
Trial of R. Emmett for high treason, 1803. First printing press set up by
Caxton at Westminster, 147 1.
Repulse of Charles I., at Newbury, 1643. Rome declared the Capital of
Italy, 1870. R. Emmett executed, 1803.
Louis XVI. dethroned, 1792.
M. Faraday b. 179 1. Six women and two men executed for witchcraft,
1692. Sir W. Scott d. 1832.
London General Post Office opened, 1829, Korner b. 1791.
Paracelsus d. 1541. S. Butler d. 1680. Great Reform Demonstration at
Manchester, 1866.
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Mrs. Hemans b. 1794.
C. Bradlaugh, Atheist, b. 1833.
G. Cruikshank b. 1792.
H. Hetherington convicted of
Electric Telegraphs first used,
1871.
Michaelmas Day. Richard 11.
thinker, b. 1679.
F. Greville, friend of Burns, d. 1628
,) '■'"
Clarkson d. 1S46.
selling unstamped publications, 1831.
1 85 1. Emancipation of Slaves in Brazil,
dethroned, 1399. T. Chubb, Free-
Paper Duty repealed, 1861.
Voltaire was ever in the front and centre of the fight. His life was not a mere
chapter in a history of literature. He never counted truth a treasure to be discreetly
hidden in a napkin. He made it a perpetual warcry and emblazoned it on a banner
that was many a time rent, but was never out of the field. . . ,
To Voltaire, an irrational prejudice was not the object of a polite coldness, but a
real evil to be combated and overthrown at every hazard. Cruelty was not to him as
a disagreeable dream of the imagination, from thought of which he could save himself
by arousing to a sense of his own comfort, but a vivid flame burning into his thoughts
iind destroying peace. Wrong-doing and injustice were not simple words on his lips ;
they went as knives to the heart ; he suffered with the victim, and consumed with an
active rage against the oppressor. . . .
To Voltaire reason and humanity were but a single word, and love of truth and
passion for justice but one emotion. None of the famous men who have fought that
ihey themselves might think freely and speak truly have ever seen more clearly that
the fundamental aim of the contest was that others might live happily. . . . Another
might well have said of him what he magnanimously said of his famous contemporary
Montesquieu, that humanity had lost its title-deeds, and he had recovered them. —
Joi:n Moi'lcy.
12
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, l88o.
0CT0BER.-31 DAYS.
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Annie Besant, Atheist, b. 1847. Lord Bolingbroke, Materialist, b. 1678.
S. Adams d. 1803. Arago d. 1853. London University opened, 1828.
G. Bancroft b. 1800. Lords rejected First Reform Bill, 1831.
First English Bible published, 1535. First part of Bishop Colenso's Pen-
tateuch published, 1862. Hall of Science opened, 1868.
Diderot, Materialist, b. 17 13. Insurrection of women in Paris, 1789.
Jenny Lind b. 1820. Parliament raised army, 1642.
E. A. Poe d. 1849. Archbishop Laud executed, 1645.
Emma Martin, Freethinker, d. 1851. H. Erskine d. 1817.
Cervantes b. 1547. Eddystone Lighthouse commenced, 1659. Smith
O'Brien sentenced to death for high treason, 1848.
Nottingham Castle Burnt, 1831. Trial of Lancashire Rioters, 1842. H.
Marten, Republican, imprisoned for high treason, 1660. Sir J. Oldcastle,
Heretic, hanged and burned, 1433. Twenty-nine of the Regicides con-
demned to death, ten executed, 1660.
Zwingle fell in battle 1531.
Grace Darling d. 1842. H. Miller b. 1802. Elizabeth Fry d. 1845.
C. A. Sainte-Beuve, Materialist, d. 1869. Women first permitted to com-
pete for medical degrees, 1863.
T. Cooper tried for sedition at Stafford, 1842. Curran d. 1817.
R. Carlile convicted of blasphemy, 1819. Kosciusko d. 1817.
C. F. Dupuis b. 1742. J. Hunter d. 1793.
Saint Simon b. 1760. Four Republicans executed, 1660.
J. Day sentenced for distributing Paine's Portrait, 1793. Opening of Free
Library at Liverpool, i86p,
Leigh Hunt b. 1784. Colonels Axtell and Hacker executed for treason, 1660.
S. T. Coleridge b. 1772.
G. Combe b. 1788.
Sir R. Murchison d. 1871. W. Woolaston, Deist, d. 1724.
First Parliament of England and Scotland, 1707. Battle of Edge Hill,
1643.
Rev. R. Taylor convicted of blasphemy, 1827. W. Prynne d. 1669.
Charge of the Six Hundred at Balaclava, 1854. Chaucer d. 1400.
Hogarth d. 1764. Free Reference Library, Birmingham, opened, 1866.
Servetus, Unitarian, burnt, 1553. Margery Gurdemaine burnt for witch-
craft, 1441.
J. Wilkes b. 1727. L. Blanc b. 1813.
D'Alembert, Encyclopediste, d. 1793. J. Keats b. 1796. E. Halley b. 1656.
Carra, Materialist, guillotined, 1792. J. Matthews sentenced to death for
treasonable pamphlet, 17 19.
J. Watts, Materialist, d. 1866.
The importance of free inquiry extends to our whole manner of thinking and even
acting. He who is accustomed to judge of truth and error without regard to
external relations, either as affecting himself or others, and to hear them so discussed,
is able to realise principles of action more calmly and consistently, and with more
exclusive reference to loftier points of view, than one whose reflections are constantly
influenced by a variety of circumstances not essential to the subject under investiga-
tion. Inquiry, as well as conviction, the result to which it leads, is spontaneity,
while belief is reliance of some foreign power, some external perfection, moral or
intellectual. Hence it is that firmness and self-dependence are such striking cha-
racteristics of the thoughtful inquirer, while a corresponding weakness and inaction
seem to mark the confiding believer. . . . Doubt is torture to the believer only, and
not to him who follows the results of his own inquiries ; for to the latter results are
in general far less important. During the process of inquir}' he becomes conscious
of his soul's activity, its inherent strength ; he feels that his perfection, his happiness,
depend upon this strength, and instead of being oppressed by his doubts concerning
the principles he conceived to be true, he congratulates himself that his increasing
force of thought enables him to see clearly through errors that had till now remained
hidden. — fV. Von Htimboldt^
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
13
NOVEMBER -30 DAYS.
The death of Boudin, who fell at the
in Paris, 1868. Cromwell's statute
M Lettres de cachet abolished, 1 789.
barricades in 185 1, celebrated
unveiled at Manchester, 1875.
Tu Massacre of British at Cabul, 1 84 1.
W J. Huss tried for heresy, 1414. Long Parliament met, 1640 ; finally dis-
solved, March 16, 1660.
Th Garibaldi defeated at Mentana, 1867. G. Peabody d. 1869.
F Gunpowder Plot, 1605.
S H. Hunt b. 1773. First number of Oracle of Reason^ 1841. First number
of the Test^ 1756. J. Hampden tried for refusing to pay ship money, 1637.
S First English Gazette published, 1665. Last person burned alive for
witchcraft, a woman, in Spain, 1781. Ship money declared illegal,
1640. Algernon Sydney tried for high treason, 1663. Three of the
Nottingham rioters hanged for high treason, 18 17.
8 M Paterson sentenced for blasphemy, 1844. Mdme. Roland guillotined, 1793.
Milton d. 1674.
Tu Lord Mayor's day. Capo d'Istria assassinated, 1 831.
W Martin Luther b. 1483. O. Goldsmith b. 1728.
Th Schiller b. 1759. Bichat b. 1771. Strafford impeached by Pym, 1640.
La Mettrie, Atheist, b. 1751.
F General Fairfax d. 1671.
S Telegraph from Dover to Calais completed, 1851. William Etty, painter,
d. 1849.
S Leibnitz d. 17 16. ' Sir C. Lyell b. 1797. J. de Solcia condemned for
heresy, 1459.
M Romney d. 1802.
Tu Carlile sentenced for publishing "Age of Reason," 18 19. Ewald b. 1803.
John Bright b. 181 1.
W R. Owen d. 1858. Erskine d. 1823.
Th J. H. Tooke tried for treason, 1794.
F Thorwaldsen b. 1770.
S T. Davidson sentenced for blasphemy, 1820.
S Sir T. Gresham b. 1519. Napoleon IH. elected Emperor after the Coup
cTEtat, 1852.
M Rochefort, Arago, and Cremieux returned for Paris, 1869. Henry Wilson,
Vice-President of United States, Abolitionist and Shoemaker, d. 1875.
Tu Fenians executed at Manchester, 1867. Irish Rebellion, 1641.
W Spinoza b. 1632. H. T. Buckle b. 1824. Pope fled to Gaeta, 1848.
Th Rossa elected M.P., 1S69, while a political prisoner.
F Washington Irving d. 1859. Hall of Science reopened, doubled in size, 1869.
S Sir J. Eliot died in the Tower, 1632. Trial of Redhead York for seditious
libel, 1795. Baron Bunsen, philosophical Freethinker, d. i860.
S Wolsey d. 1530. C. Beccaria d. 1797.
M Swift b. 1667. Republican Demonstrations at Madrid, 1868. Times first
printed by steam, 18 14.
Tu J. Toland, Freethinker, b. 1670. Destruction of the Turkish fleet by the
Russians, at Sinope, 1853.
Sisters and brothers — ye more especially who, knowing the least of things,
believe the most in doctrines ... on ye, more especially, do I call, to arouse the
faculties which superstition may have benumbed, and to put the question to your
reason, if all the doctrines of the servants of religion are not inconsistent with their
own assumed first premises? Could a Being of wisdom demand of ye to spend your
time and torture your faculties in imagining things which ye never saw — worlds
beyond the reach of human ken, and existences of whose nature ye can form no
conception ? Could a Being of justice command ye to prostrate the reason he
should have given, and swear credence to doctrines which they even who preach
pretend not to understand ? Could a Being of beneficence visit in anger the errors
•of the children of his hand, and delight in the torment of those whose ignorance he
could enlighten, and whose sorrows he could heal ? — Frances Wright.
M
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
DECEMBER -31 DAYS.
25
26
27
28
29
Ebenezer Elliott d. 1849. Rev. S. Johnson whipped from Newgate to
Tyburn, and pilloried for blasphemy, 1683.
Coup (fEtat in France, 1851.
John Brown, Abolitionist, hanged, 1859.
Hobbes, Materialist, d. 1671. T. Carlyle b. 1795.
Morgagni b. 1682, Mozart d. 1792. Thelwall acquitted 1794. Rome de-
clared capital of Italy, 1870.
Slave trade prohibited by French Convention, 1794.
Cicero killed, B.C. 43. Algernon Sydney, Republican, beheaded, 1683.
Father Matthew, the great teetotal advocate, d. 1856.
R. Carlile b. 1790. T. de Quincey d. 1859. Hetherington imprisoned
for publishing Haslam's Letters, 1840.
John Milton b. 1608. John Pym d. 1658. J. and Leigh Hunt con-
victed of writing against Regent, 1812.
Luther burned the Pope's Bull, 1520. Royal Academy founded, 1768.
Flight of James II., 1688.
Averroes, Philosopher, d. 1198.
H. Heine, Freethinker, b. 1799. Ireland permitted by England to export
woollens, 1779.
Tycho Brahe b. 1546. Lord Cobham burned for heresy, 1417.
J. B. Carrier executed, 1794. I. Walton d. 1683.
J. Selden b. 1584. Cromwell first styled "Lord Protector," 1653.
Beethoven b. 1770. wSir H. Davy b. 1778. Home tried for publishing
Wilkes' "Catechism," 181 7. J. Nayler convicted of blasphemy, 1656.
Thomas Paine found guilty of writing "Rights of Man," 1792.
Hone tried for publishing " Political Litany," 181 7.
Hone tried for publishing *' Sinecurist's Creed," 1817. La Rochefoucault
b. 1613.
Boccaccio b. 1 3 13. Kepler b. 1571. Ranke b. 1795. Lord Beaconsfield,
Prime Minister and Empress Maker, b. 1805.
Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in America, 1620.
Arkwright b. 1732. J. Bronterre O'Brien, Chartist, d. 1864.
W. M. Thackeray d. 1863. Hugh Miller, Geologist, author of the
" Testimony of the Rocks," d. 1856. T. Aikenhead condemned to
death for blasphemy, 1595.
Christmas Day. Sir I. Newton b. 1642. Completion of Mont Cenis
Tunnel, 1870.
Helvetius, Atheist, d. 1771.
Boxing Day. J. Wilkes d. 1797. Charles Lamb d. 1834.
P. Bayle d. 1706. Lord Macaulay d. 1859.
T. R. Malthus d. 1834. W. E. Gladstone b. 1809.
Royal Society instituted, 1660.
Spurzheim b. 1776. D. Forbes d. 1868. Wycliffe d. 1384.
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If there were not a secret pleasure in embracing a good cause, when it seems
utterly lost, to take a stand against all-powerful authority, to exhkust, without per-
ceptible advantage, all the resources of one's mind, and all the energies of one's soul,
would history have been crowded with men who have preferred to submission and to
silence exile, persecution, death, and, worse than all these, the indifference of the
multitude and the contempt of pretended sages, always disposed to say, *' What use
is there in it?" and, " Why not resign yourself?" But to be able to resign oneself,
to be sensible to something else besides that which one may touch, and to consent
to yield to an inexplicable charm for a struggle on unequal terms, for efforts long
barren, these all tell us of the nobility of our nature, and if we lose them what
remains to distingu'-jh us from the vile ? But we experience in maintaining these titles
a deep and sufficient satisfaction.
Be persuaded that when we speak to you of liberty we are recompensed for our
pain by that very pain itself, and it is for others rather than for ourselves that we so.
ardently desire to convince you. — Prcvost Paradol,
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
15
INTESTATES' ESTATES:
Rules hy which the Personal Estates of Per so jis Dying withottt Wills are
Distributed, pursuant to the Statute 22 a?id 23 Charles II., Cap. 10.
If the hit estate die, leaving
Wife and child, or children
Wife only, no blood relations
Wife, no near relations ...
No wife or child ...
No wife, but child, children, or represen-
tatives of them, whether such child or
children by one or m®re wives
Children by two wives
If no child, children, or representatives
of them ...
Child, and grandchild by deceased child...
Husband ... •.«dfifr)rt«rui^!*RK' ' i.f<
Father, and brother or sister
Mother, and brother or sister
Wife, mother, brothers, sisters and nieces
Wife, and father ...
Wife, mother, nephews, and nieces
Wife, brothers, or sisters, and mother ...
Mother, but no wife, child, father, brother,
sister, nephew, or niece
Wife, and mother ...
Brother or sister of whole blood, and
brother or sister of half blood
Posthumous brother or sister, and mother
Posthumous brother or sister, and brother
or sister born in lifetime of father
Father's father, and mother's mother ...
Uncle or aunt's children, and brother's or
sister's grandchildren
Grandmother, uncle, or aunt
Two aunts, nephew, and niece ...
Uncle, and deceased uncle's child
Uncle by mother's side, and deceased
uncle or aunt's child
Nephew by brother, and nephew by half-
sister ... ... ... ... ...
His repj-esentatives fake in the proportion
following.
One-third to wife, rest to child or children ;.
and if children are dead, then to the
representatives (that is, their lineal de-
scendants), except such child or children,
not heirs-at-law, who had estate by settle-
ment of intestate, or were advanced by
him in his lifetime, equal to other shares.
Half to wife, other half to the Crown.
Half to wife, rest to next of kin in equal de-^
gree to intestate, or their legal represen-
tatives.
All to next of kin and their legal represen-
tatives.
All to him, her, or them.
Equally to all.
All to next of kin in equal degree to in-
testate.
Half to child, half to grandchild, who
takes by representation.
W^hole to him.
Whole to father.
Whole to them equally.
Half to wife, residue to mother, brothers,,
sisters, and nieces.
Half to wife, and half to father.
Half to wife, one-fourth to mother, and
other fourth to nephews and nieces.
Half to wife, half to brothers or sisters^
and mother.
The whole to mother.
Half to wife, half to mother.
Equally to both.
Equally to both.
Equally to both.
Equally to both.
Equally to all.
All to grandmother.
Equally to a|l.
All to uncle.
All to uncle.
Equally per capita.^'
"' That is, taking individually and not by representation. Thus, if A die, leaving
three brothers or sisters, they each take an equal part of his effects in his or her own
right. But if either of them die, leaving children, his children would take his share
per stirpes — that is, through him, and not in their own rights.
1 6 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
Nephew by deceased brother, and nephews
and nieces by deceased sister ... ... Each in equal shares per capita y and not
p^r stirpes.
Brother and grandfather ... ... ... Whole to brother.
Brother's grandson, and brother or sister's
daughter... ... ... ,. ... All to daughter.
Brother, and two aunts ... ... ... All to brother.
Brother, and wife .. ... ... ... Half to brother, half to wife.
Mother, and brother ... ... ... Equally.
,^TT tt- J u-ij r J ^ i Half to wife, a fourth to mother, and -a
W ife, mother, and children of a deceased \ r ^, ^ • j. ^ i 1 u ..u '
,'.,/..» -( fourth ^^r j-r/r/d?j- to deceased brother s
brother (or sister) \ . . -^j ,.,<
^ ' y ox sister s children.
-MT-r T, i.u -4. A. u-ij c ( Half to wife, one-fourth to brother or
V\ ife, brother, or sister, and children oi \ . ^ ^ ! . , r ^u *. j a
J 1 i. ^u • 4. \ sister Per capita, one-iourth to deceased
a deceased brother or sister ... ... i , ,, -^j ^- . , ,-^j . .- .
\ brother s or sister s children per stirpes.
^., .. JU-1J t A fHalf to brother or sister per capita, half
Brother or sister, and children of a de- ] ^ , ., , . a 1 1 4.1, -4^^
J , ^, * . , ^ to children of deceased brother or sister
ceased brother or sister... ... ... | . ...
l^ per stirpes.
Grandfather, no nearer relation ... ..." All to grandfather.
By the Act 19 and 20 Vict, all special local customs relating to intestates' estates
are abolished.
ANTHROPOMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS.
The department of Anthropometry, of so much importance to the
science of anthropology, has recently been carried to great perfection
and its method extensively applied. Some very curious and very inter-
esting results have thus been obtained : some of the most interesting of
these have been recently published by Dr. A. Weisbach, chief physician
to the Austro-Hungarian Hospital in Constantinople, who, Dr. von
Scherzer tells us, has probably taken more measurements of living men
than any other anthropologist. Dr. Weisbach's measurements refer to
19 different peoples and more than 200 individuals from the most various
parts of the earth. As to height, the smallest among the various
peoples measured are the Hottentots (1,286 millimetres); this is far
behind any other people, as the next, the Tagals, are 1,562. Then
follow the Japanese (1,569), the Amboinese (1,594), Jews (1,599),
Zingani (1,609), Australians (1,617), Siamese (1,622), Madurese (1,628),
South Chinese, (1,630), Nikobars (1,631), Roumanians (1,643), S^^'
danese (1,646), Javanese (1,657), Magyars (1,658), Bugis (1,661),
North Sclaves (1,671), North Chinese (1,675), ^^<i Congo Negroes
(1,676). The longest measurements, however, are found among the
Sandwich Islanders and Kanaks (1,700 millimetres), Caffres (1,753),
and the Maoris of New Zealand (1,757). To compare these with the
stature of European peoples, we find that that of the English and Irish
is 1,690 millimetres; the Scotch, 1,708; Swedes, 1,700; Norwegians,
1,728; Danes, 1,685; Germans, 1,680; French, 1,667; Italians, 1,668;
and lastly Spaniards and Portuguese, 1,658. The greatest circumference
of the head is found among the Patagonians (614 millimetres) and
Maoris (600). Following these are the Caffres (575), Nikobars (567),
North Sclaves (554), Congo Negroes, South Chinese, and Kanaks (553),
Tagals, Sundanese, and Roumanians (552), Japanese (550), Bugis and
Jews (545), Amboinese (544), Javanese (542), Hottentots (540), and,
lastly, the Zinganis and Siamese (529). Stature and circumference of
head generally stand to each other in opposite relations, although
there are exceptions, as in the case of the Siamese with small stature
and small head, and the Patagonians with great height and large head.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 1 7
THE STORY OF 1879.
The progress made in this country in previous years has — notwith-
standing the depression of trade and general hard times — been more
than maintained during the past twelve months. There have been each
week steady additions to the ranks of the National Secular Society, and as
this Almanack is being prepared for the Press the organised societies of
Freethinkers of America, known as Liberal Leagues, and those of
Belgium, described as Federated Rationalist Societies, are taking steps, in
conjunction with the Executive of the National Secular Society, towards
mutual affiliation, with the view to ensure ultimately the international
federation of Freethinkers throughout the civilised world. Two
debates in which Mr. Bradlaugh has taken part, one with a Unitarian
minister at Nottingham, the other with a Congregational minister at
Burnley, have been very widely reported and extensively read. More
work has been done in lecturing than in 1878; Mrs. Besant, Messrs.
Bradlaugh, Parris, Slater and Symes, have all been very active, and
a new name of great promise, that of Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc, is now
added to the list of our platform workers. In Edinburgh a step in
advance has been taken by securing a respectable and permanent place
of meeting. Professor Flint, of the University of Edinburgh, has
published a thick volume in attack on the Atheistic position, to which
reply is now being made by Mr. Bradlaugh.
Since the publication of the Almanack tor 1879, ^^^ Lords Justices
of Appeal have, despite a most eloquent pleading for Freethought,
confirmed the decree of the Master of the Rolls depriving Mrs. Besant
of the custody of her infant daughter, but an order has been made in a
collateral suit by which much-extended access has been gained by Mrs.
Besant to both her children. In the prosecution by the Vice Society
against Mr. Edward Truelove, an appeal is now pending to the Queen's
Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. Mr. Bradlaugh having
succeeded in rescuing the seized copies of the Knowlton pamphlet from
the custody of the Vice Society, Mr. CoUette, as appears by his own
letter, applied to the Treasury to again prosecute Mrs. Besant and Mr.
Bradlaugh for their continued sale of the pamphlet, but the Govern-
ment refused to repeat what the Lord Chief Justice had previously
characterised as a " most ill-advised prosecution." The right to sell being
thus vindicated, the Knowlton pamphlet will, when the present edition
is exhausted, be superseded by " The Law of Population," so far as Mr.
Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant are concerned.
A new step in the enfranchisement of women has been taken by the
London University in throwing its degrees open to all qualified
persons without regard to sex, and taking advantage of this, Mrs. Annie
Besant in July matriculated in the first class, after a preparation of less
than six months, interrupted alike by litigation and by her lecturing and
literary duties. We hope in our next year's Almanack to record further
distinction of this kind won for the cause, and to he able to add other
names of Freethought women in this most honorable endeavour.
The Freethinkers' Benevolent Fund is now entirely under the direction
and responsibility of the National Secular Society, and by the additional
l8 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, l8So.
subscriptions Jwhich are being paid into the hands of the treasurer we
believe that this change meets with general approval.
The reports of Freethought progress from the colonies are most
encouraging, and there is great hope that the proposed international
Freethought federation may find active and organised assistance in New
Zealand and Australia.
As we are now on the eve of a great political struggle in connection
with a general election it is specially necessary to call the attention of
Freethinkers to the influence they possess and ought to use as a political
organisation. With its many branches and increased strength the
National Secular Society ought to make itself felt in the contest, giving
its support to such candidates as are likely to promote the growth of
civil and religious liberty. 1880 will, we trust, see a Criminal Code en-
acted which shall sweep away the present barbarous blasphemy laws, re-
placing these by more liberal legislation ; but to ensure this the presence
of wide-minded and Liberal members will be needed in the House of
Commons. Charles Bradlaugh.
HUMANITY AND ITS TEACHERS.
A LITTLE child lay on the shore of an island in a mighty ocean, an
ocean which stretched far away towards the east, and into whose arms
the sun sank nightly for his rest. The child was very young, and she
was all alone ; in her eyes was a look of wonder, of inquiry, of fear ;
her unclosed lips were bent in a curve that was half smile, half droop ;
she was gazing over the vast plain of shimmering water, where the
waves were chasing each other, and where the foam-flakes were kissed
by the sun. And presently the child turned from the sea to the land
behind her, and she saw the pine forests dark in the distance, and the
blue mountain ranges beyond to the north, snow-tipped against the
bluer sky ; but nearer to her stretched meadows studded with flowers,
and groves whose shady alleys were sweet with scent-laden blossoms
and musical with song of birds, and the child laughed as she looked,
and the wistful wonder left her hazel eyes, and she sprang to her feet
and ran to the flowers that beckoned her, and played till she was
weary, and sank to sleep on the turf in the sunlight.
As she slept the weather changed, dark clouds rolled out from behind
the snow-tipped mountains, and sullen rolls of thunder growled from
• the northern sky ; the clouds spread till they hid the blue heavens and
blotted out the sun, and the sea grew black in sympathy, and grey
waves scolded away the blue ripples and broke surlily on the shore ;
soon the storm broke over the island, and lightning flashed and thunder
rolled, and angry leaping sea met angry scowling sky. The child woke,
and her eyes were wild with fear, and she screamed aloud in her terror ;
so she fell on her knees and cried to the bright sun to come back and
to send away the storm to the dark mountains, and as she prayed there
was a rift in the clouds, and a sun-ray broke through them ; and the
child thought the great sun had heard her, and was living like herself.
And ever after, when the sun sank to rest at evening, she prayed him to
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 1 9
return, and in the dawning she thanked him that he had heard her
prayer, and she thought that he sent the moon and the stars to
lighten her darkness while he was compelled to journey round beneath
the sea from west to east.
As the child grew a little older, not sun and moon and stars alone,
but all things fair and strange and terrible, were to her living friends or
foes ; she loved or feared them all. As she lay in the shade of the
trees, sweet human faces bent over her from the branches, and soft
voices whispered her to sleep ; she would garland the trees for love
of the wood-nymphs, and she learned to reverence all life around her,
lest her woodland goddesses should be angered. And she gave names
to these dream-friends, and called her beloved sun Apollo, and her
moon Diana, and the rolling sea was Neptune her father, and the earth
was Ceres her mother ; so the child was no longer lonely, for all
nature lived to her. And the child grew, and new forms gathered
around her: Athene made wisdom divine to her, and Aphrodite
moulded her limbs to beauty, and she became strong, and wise, and
lovely, but yet was proud and oft cruel and selfish in her strength.
One day a new teacher came to her, and taught her strange new
things ; grey he was, and dull and unbeautiful ; he scorned her pleasant
dreams and trampled on her garlands of flowers ; he wreathed thorns
instead of roses for a crown, and chased away wisdom, and beauty, and
love. True, he promised beauty and joy hereafter, but told her they
could only be won by suffering and sacrifice here ; and the child, who
was now almost a woman, grew pale, and sad, and stern, and secretly, from
time to time, bewailed her lost friends of sea, and earth, and sky. Yet
she learned some useful lessons of work and sacrifice, and grew strong
in endurance of pain, learning obedience to a will mightier than her
own.
Gradually this master also faded away, and took his place with the
older teachers, for the child was now a woman, and had outgrown her
time of pupilage ; but she was lonely at first, and stretched her hands
backward to their fading forms, crying : " Leave me not alone, alone in
the world ! " From the shadows came back answering voices, from
which she learned, as their last lesson, that she had lost nothing in them
that was good; for Athene said : "Wisdom is ever with you;" and
Aphrodite : " I was love and beauty, and leave you not ; " and Christ :
" I was God in man to teach you that Man is god."
And the woman stood by the sea where the child had played ; the
wonder, the awe in her eyes had deepened, but the fear had passed
^^^^y- Annie Besant.
A HOLIDAY MUSING.
There is a quaint old stone bridge in North Wales. It was built in the
fifteenth century, across a wild, turbulent stream. For half a thousand
years the water has throngedj through its arches with a voice as of
thunderings. The stream, in Tts tossing and struggle at this point in
its career, reminds one of the time of turmoil through which all true
20 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
hearts pass in their striving after that which is right, and here also, as
in the mind-contest, there is a fierce delight in the struggle. If yon
look up towards the mountains whose union with the clouds has given
birth to this fair stream-child, you will see the silver thread upon the
dark mountain side, and know that there the water is slipping down
between the pine trees, with a longing to know what there is in the
world beneath ; and looking up the glen close to you, you can see
little waves of white foam tossing up into the air, and peering over the
heads of their fellows to see what means that roar beyond, growing
louder and louder every moment ; and when the fall is near, with what
a wild joy the river rushes, hurrying onwards, swirling round rocks or
dashing impetuously over them ; wave on wave sweeps along clattering
to its fellow, " See, the fall is near ; " then with a headlong swing the
last rock is cleared, and down the water leaps from ledge to ledge into
the depths below. Some miss the track, and go eddying out into quiet
little pools at the side, where they find long, green grasses waiting to
be bathed by them. And there they lie still and make a calm little
water-nook, wherein the grasses sway lazily to and fro, and the tiny
hands of children dip, while their voices make a music in the air.
In one place the water has found a new way, and some of the quieter
waves come trickling down in more sedate fashion than the riotous
main body, and stealing soberly over the slanting rocks, slip into the
main stream far below. In the midst of the stream, at its wildest, stands
a little island of bright green, with a few bronze-stemmed pines, that
look in dignified wonderment at the noisy water rushing past them, and
intensify its wild uproar by their stately calm. One leafy tree on the
edge of the green isle leans out over the rushing water and says :
'^Kiss me."
Beneath the water as it falls you can see the rocks washed smooth
by countless generations of waves, and in some parts there is an
underfoam half seen under the pellucid wave, as a maiden's love half
reveals itself under her pure glance. A ceaseless shower of diamond
drops and spray rises into the air, and therein the sunlight makes
delicate rainbows. Over the stream flutters a detached fragment of
exquisite color that is a butterfly, and birds sweep backwards and
forwards, cooling their hot wings in the wave crests. When the
time of struggle, with its toil and its tumult, is over, and the river has
crashed down its many feet into the bed below, it flows on serene and
strong. For a little while there may be a toss here and an eddy there,
that are memories of the time of strife, but even they pass, and the
free, deep stream moves in its majestic strength towards the sea. And
lo ! from hills far asunder from those that had given it birth, another
stream has been struggling its way to meet this. It also has had its
seasons of wild fighting, with for comfort and support, none but divine
nature. It also has triumphed. For both the season of doubt and
struggle is over now, and these twain, the stronger and the more
beautiful for the difficulties they have vanquished, flow into each other
— as two noble lives — and move onwards to the sea, making a new
gladness and beauty in the earth.
Edward B. Aveling.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 21
THE PATH OF PROGRESS.
Human progress is the passage from a state of complete bondage to an
ever increasing state of freedom. All men, individually and collectively,
are spending life in preserving or bursting the bonds of servitude. If
the former, its secret spring is personal or class interest in some
monopoly. If the latter, it arises either from a condition no longer
bearable, leading to wild and often useless attempts at redress, or being
guided by knowledge, inspirited with the unselfish enthusiasm of grand
ideas, and embodied in organised endeavours, it quietly and surely
clears the path of progress.
In the necessities and helplessness of childhood we find the reasons and
causes of all governments ; and in the physical and intellectual develop-
ment of man we find the source of increasing repugnance to autocratic
rule ; thence the germ and growing love of liberty, inducing a constant
and ever more increasing strife against all forms of paternal domination.
The first all-absorbing question of life is the attainment of a sufficient
and constant supply for the demands of the stomach. And this con-
tinues even now, and seems likely to remain for a very long period, the
sum and substance of the hopes and fears of by far the largest number
of bipeds, whose development, through some untoward circumstance,
seems to have been arrested just at this point. If so, all hope of
further development for them is entirely out of the question. But
there are some to whom, when the certainty of physical life is well
assured, comes the opportunity for mental development, for the genera-
ting and fructifying of noble and far-reaching ideas. Then it is that the
true use of the arts and sciences is manifest, in lifting thought and
mind out of the coarser selfish elements of being on to a higher plane.
For we must not suppose the essential difference between vulgarity and
refinement is that the one is common and the other rare, though this
is too true, but that the former looks at everything from the selfish
point of view — what shall we gain in food or drink, in clothes or
position ? what power shall we wield ? — whilst refinement is unobtrusively
manifest in self-forgetfulness. The special glory of the arts and
sciences, therefore, is, not that they are instruments for making money
or position, but for taking us unconsciously, for only thus can it be
done, out of self, and filling us with delight in the study or work
itself in which we may be engaged. There are others who, having got
beyond the first stage and the first question of existence, have developed
mentally just sufficiently to be absorbed in the next dominant question,
which widely obtains in this world, " How they may save their own
souls ? " These, though undoubtedly in a more advanced and hopeful
stage, still retain in a large measure the selfish elements of the lowest
life. Nevertheless, such persons may, and frequently are, lifted out of
the narrowness of a selfish religion in varying degree by the diviner
truths and beauties with which the arts and sciences permeate the
minds of their votaries. Thus, in fact, do truth and beauty acquire
dominion ; thus alone has selfishness been conquered, or will be con-
quered ; and thus is indicated to us the only possible path of progress.
Not for one moment would we disparage self-knowledge, but merely
guard against the false notion current that it can be acquired alone by
2 2 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
constant introspection, and would place by contrast in the strongest
light the greater truth, that the completed self-knowledge can only be
attained from the standpoint of other and the widest knowledge
possible. The habit of seeing all things only with our own eyes,,
through our own spectacles, must give place to the contemplation of
self from other standpoints, from that of the race and the world.
The nature of this progress of the race is shadowed forth in the change
from entire absorption in the search of food to unbounded delight in
ideas. A passage from the concrete to the abstract. See how men
will lie, steal, and kill for food for the belly, to satisfy the more selfish
elements of their nature. But when they are filled with love of truth,
they pass to the acme of self-forgetfulness, and will even die for the same.
The essence of all tyrannies is selfishness. And it might be thought-
lessly affirmed that all resistance to tyranny springs from self-love at
least, if not selfishness. But whenever this is so, and it is successful,
you will always find an attempt to enthrone some other tyranny in the
place of the one destroyed. For the resistance which tends to liberty,
being absorbed in some grand idea, is self-forgetful, seeks only
otherness, the greater truths, the diviner beauties, held not in one, but
in all. Whatever the amount of freedom won in past ages, in Persia,
Egypt, Greece, or Italy, it was won under the inspiration of great ideas,
embodied either in art or philosophy, lifting their disciples out of the
valley of the customary into the fuller and clearer vision of the
mountain top. Art, science, and philosophy may at first only attempt
to expound and illustrate the religious and political life of the past and
present, but ere long they begin to question, then develop, and at last
remodel these into better forms, which gradually supplant the old.
Freedom of thought ever precedes freedom of action. Fresh thought,
new ideas, press forward to ultimate embodiment. To counteract this
tendency of human nature, those who tyrannised over the outward life
sought to carry their rule to the inmost recesses of the mind, sought to
make their dominion absolute. Religious imperialism Vv^as allied to
political imperialism. And for ages men never for a moment doubted
their absolute necessity to society. Even now the bulk of mankind are
under the twin delusion that kings and gods are necessary to prevent a
return to primitive chaos, hating with all the intensity that ignorance
and prejudice can yield any and every attempt at change which seeks
to put these on one side. Our work is clearly to diffuse artistic,
scientific, and philosophic ideas, thus to liberate the mind, so that men,
rising superior to superstition and prejudice, may become so imbued
with thoughts of freedom that they cannot rest till they enjoy their
fullest realisation.
In conclusion, we must not forget that all collective progress lies-
incipiently in individual development. Not that any one individual,
any particular government, any special code of laws, can yield us
immediate liberty. Only as individual progress is multiplied into the
whole race, is true, universal, and complete progress possible. Liberty
cannot be bestowed ; only as it is wrought out in us can we enjoy it.
Only as each individual cultivates the love of truth, the enjoyment of
the beautiful, does he really help to free others, does he desire the
freedom of others, does he participate in this, the highest aspiration,
individual freedom by universal liberty. Touzeau Parris.
'JHE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 23
LAWS OF NATURE.
Was ever a more useful and at the same time more unfortunate combina-
tion of words? Most civilised people have some conception of a
municipal law — that is, a law of a state — and few persons are altogether
wrong in that conception. A law, thus regarded, is an enactment, an
order, a wish or determination, promulgated by the legislative power
for the guidance of the people. But there is no conceivable resem-
blance between a law of this sort and a law of nature.
" Laws of Nature " is a phrase used by some writers to denote the
unwritten, unformulated principles that govern human actions before
any really formal laws have been laid down. But such a use of the
phrase is very incorrect. An Act of Parliament is a " Law of Nature " as
much as any merely understood principle that regulates human life.
No sooner does man become a society, be it family, clan, tribe, or
nation, than he needs municipal law, formally expressed or tacitly agreed
upon. No matter how rude, how instinctive, how unreasoning, how
merely elementary such laws may be, they exist and sway human con-
duct wherever society exists.
The phrase " Laws of Nature '^ is also used to denote natural phe-
nomena and their changes, and very often, among unphilosophical persons,
to express their conceptions of the causes of the phenomena oi nature.
Here it is that we find many otherwise sensible people falling into most
egregious blunders. Speak to the next man you meet respecting a lav/
of nature, and at once there starts up before his vision the idea of
government, subjects, and the whole apparatus, more or less distinct, of
a legislative power. "A Law of Nature ! " he' soliloquises, " that im-
plies a XdL^'giver ; and this law regulates unerringly the particular branch
of nature on which it has been imposed. Here, then, is positive proof
of a divine ruler. The whole of nature is governed by unalterable laws,
and they were given and must be executed by a God. How blind, then,
the atheist must be to admit that there are Laws of Nature, and yet to
doubt the existence of him who framed them ! "
If we admit^'the premisses the reasoning is good enough. If nature
has laws, in the same sense as society has them, then they must have
been given, or formulated, or imposed by some one.
But, in truth, nature has no laws, obeys no orders, is not restrained
by any prohibitions, nor does sh« recognise any ruling' authority. To do
so, nature must be everywhere alive and intelligent, and her aptitude
for submission must be perfect. Where is the man who really believes
that the river flows because commanded to do so ; that the tree grows
for similar reasons ; that a wave breaks in obedience to an order from
high quarters ; or that a planet moves in an elliptical orbit in conscious
submission to the will of a mathematical superior ? To talk of nature's
materials and forces obeying laws is to confess that as yet you have not
passed beyond fetishism or childhood. The fetish worshipper ascribes
consciousness and will to the clod, the stone, or bit of wood he fears
and serves. The child attributes thought and conscious action to his
ball, his stool,' or doll; and so the grown-up child, the greatest of all
babies, the theologian, ascribes to the changing phenomena of nature
an obedience to laws.
24 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY S ALMANACK, 1880.
The '' Laws of Nature" do not exist except in human brains and
books. They form part of the sum and substance of human knowledge,
not the external objects of our knowledge. They are purely subjective,
not objective. A Law of Nature is merely the statement of an ascertained
natural fact, or, better, the knowledge of the fact expressed in words.
When such a statement is exact, it becomes a formula which for ever secures
to posterity the results of a given discovery, and helps to lead us in
many cases to other facts previously unknown. A Law of Nature, that
is, an exact statement of fact, shows also the relation between two or
more events. The flow of a river, for example, is due to excess of water
at its fount, and the rapid or gradual slope of the ground forming the
river bed. Given the quantity of water in a measured space of time at
the fount, given the breadth of the river bed and its rate of decline,
we can calculate how deep the water will be at a given spot and how
fast it will flow ; and the process of reasoning may easily be reversed,
for the Laws of Nature will guide us to correct conclusions.
So, again, if I am told that a stone is let fall from a balloon a mile
above the earth, I can calculate the time of its descent, how long it will
take to fall 20 feet, a quarter of a miie,&c. If I also know its weight, I can
calculate, too, the momentum with which it will strike the earth. Further,
it is easy to calculate, on the same grounds, how great a force would be
needed to hurl that stone a mile high, how long it would take it to rise to
that height, and how fast it must travel when leaving the earth in order
to mount so high. But this calculation was an utter impossibility until
experiments had been made, and the results formulated; and the
formulae in question are *' Laws of Nature."
Many people use the phrase "Laws of Nature" to denote the causes
of physical phenomena. They speak of the laws of gravitation causing
the revolutions of planets ; of the laws of chemical combination uniting
difl'erent elements into new compounds, &c. But they speak as
unphilosophically as a man would who should ascribe the formation of
an island to a scientific map of it ; for a natural law is but the image
of a physical fact, as the map is of the island. And just as a correct
map of any country is a good guide for an educated traveller, so is a
law in physical science a guide to the student in his investigations of
nature. As no correct map can be made without a survey — that is,
one or more men must first explore a region, then chartographically
describe it — so must one or more men ascertain the facts of physical
science and their invariable relations before there can be any natural
laws ; for natural laws are but verbal maps of recurrent and fixed
phenomena.
All the talk, therefore, about nature's laws having an author is mere
wind, unless that authorship be ascribed to men who have discovered
nature's phenomena and formulated the facts. The phrase I criticise
is exceedingly convenient ; but there is none that requires greater care
in the using.
J. Symes.
*&•
A TRAVELLER, going to bed, was surprised to see a ghost, which — or who — in a
sepulchral tone, began : "I am the spirit of one who was foully murdered here."
"That's no business of mine," said the traveller, turning round on his pillow.
"Apply to the proper quarter. Good night."
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 25
MARK TWAIN IN THE "HOLY LAND."
Samuel L. Clemens, popularly known by his pseudonym of " Mark
Twain," is one of the most delightful humorists that America— land of
freedom and of wit — has produced. His works are well known in
this country, and the exuberant drollery which abounds in their pages
has secured for them a wide-spread popularity. When the fit is upon
him, Mark does not hesitate to satirize and ridicule religious matters :
not " blasphemously," as Dod Grile occasionally treats them, but in a
spirit of pure, irresistible fun and " cussedness." In proof whereof,
witness the wonderful dialogue between the rough miner and the
** gospel sharp " {Anglice parson) anent the burial of Buck Fanshawe.
Some few years ago, Mark Twain, in company with a large number of
excursionists, journeyed over the greater part of the globe. His ex-
periences during the trip are narrated in his happiest style in two
volumes, '*The Innocents Abroad" and "The New Pilgrim's Progress."
In the latter occur the chapters describing his impressions of the " Holy
Land," and it is with some incidents in connection with this that I
propose to bore the gentle reader.
The follies and stupidities of the guides and sight-mongers of the
"Holy Land" are dwelt upon with good-humoured exaggeration by this
genial author, who is never weary of laughing at the simple credulity of
the believers. For example, he mentions that near Calvary a large
stone, built into the wall of a house, was exhibited to the party as
*' one of the very stones of Jerusalem " which Christ mentioned when
he was reproved for allowing the people to shout " Hosannah," on his
triumphal entry into Jerusalem. One of the pilgrims said: " But there
is no evidence that the stones did cry out. Christ said that if the
people stopped from shouting ' Hosannah,' the very stones ivould do
it." The guide was perfectly serene. He said, calmly, " This is one of
the stones that would have cried out." " It was of little use," adds
Mark, *' to try to shake this fellow's simple faith — it was easy to see that."
Many instances of a similar nature might be quoted. The colossal
credulity, the " simple " stupidity of these out-and-out believers, Mark
Twain lashes with unsparing hand. But when his own less powerful
and less grotesque religious sympathies are touched, when he approaches
any object recalling to his mind the pious teachings of his childhood,
Mark himself becomes a maudlin sentimentalist, and gushes about the
*' holy places " like a romantic school-girl. He can laugh at the
believers in St. Veronica's handkerchief or the blood of St. Januarius ;
but set him down in front of the '^ Holy Sepulchre," and he twaddles
forthwith of " the most sacred locality on earth to millions and millions
of men and women and children ; the noble and the humble, bond and
free," and so on, ad nauseam. He ridicules the story of Helena finding
the crown of thorns, the nails, and the copper plate with the inscription
which was affixed to the cross ; but when he stands in front of Galilee
he feels impressed, and gushes religiously.
This may be inconsistent, but it is only natural. The Protestant
sneers at the "mummery" of the Roman Catholic; and, on returning
to his own conventicle, he goes with solemn visage through a slightly
modified version of the same " mummery." The superstition of our
26 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
neighbours is repulsive and degrading ; our own superstition is a sweet
and holy thing ; and, if any philanthropist endeavours to reason it out of
us, we indignantly ask, '' What will you put in its place ?'^ Mark Twain
should cease to laugh at the superstitious follies of others, or he
should rise above his own weaknesses in that way, and poke his
delightful fun at all creeds alike !
George Standring.
PROSPECTS OF FREETHOUGHT IN FRANCE.
If it be true, as is asserted by Ernest Renan in his "Histoire Generale
et Systeme Compare des Langues Semitiques," that Monotheism, theocracy,
and intolerance are the distinctive marks of the Semitic nations, whilst
the spirit of individual search after truth, Freethought, and tolerance
are the no less distinctive marks of the Indo-European race, I dare
afifirm that actually the most intensely Indo-European nation in the
world is the French, and the most intensely French are France's
philosophers and their disciples the French Republicans.
This does not suit our Catholics, who would gladly shut every one's
eyes to a fact so inglorious, in their opinion, for the nation they liked
to style the eldest daughter of the Church. If the world would only
believe that the Church's statistics are the expression of the reality, and
that out of 36 millions of French some 34 or 35, having been born and
baptised in the Catholic religion, are to be reckoned among the faithful,
they would be pleased enough. Every one, however, knows this is not
the case, and it was not necessary that so high a functionary as the
Prefect of the Seine, M. Senator Herold, should lose a son of his and
give him a secular burial, for every one, in and out of France, to be
convinced that very large numbers of Frenchmen have long ago parted
with the Church, never to return to it. The eiiierreinent civil of the
Prefet de la Seine's son was nevertheless a capital example; for there
are, among the thousands of employes de la ville^ a great number of
famihes that till now seldom or never dared allow their inmost feelings
full play, from fear of ruining their worldly interests and prospects of
advancement. And so it is through all France. But now that the
Prefet de la Seine has given the example, who is the unbeliever among
the civil servants of the Seine who will not feel enboldened to go and
do likewise? In this respect the faithfulness of the Prefect to his own
anti-clerical opinions cannot be over-praised. He has, so to speak,
taken the clerical yoke off the necks of all his subordo?i7ieSj which was
the more to be desired, as the Prefect himself, it is true, has been
changed, M. Herold having replaced M. Ferdinand Duval, who,
though a sceptic, was a tool in the hands of Churchmen ; but the heads
of the various administrative of^xes have not been removed, and
though they, to pay their court to M. Herold, just now affect not to
blame him, but, on the contrary, paraded their presence at his son's
funeral, as if they too had been consistent Freethinkers, they are not
at all to be relied upon, and would gladly avenge themselves and their
former masters on the heads of the poor employes under them. You
see what the situation is, and all over France it is more or less the
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 27
same. What will the end of it be ? I don't think I am mistaken in
foreboding that the end of it shall be the triumph of Freethought. The
strength of the theocratic spirit is apparently very great. It shows itself
able to keep at bay the powers that be, and has been lately so successful
as to enlist the services of such a man as Jules Simon, who has under-
taken to prevent the passing of Article 7 of the Ferry Bill before the
Senate. But this enlisting of Jules Simon is perhaps a proof of weak-
ness rather than strength, for it shows that the clericals had nobody in
their own ranks to oppose to Jules Ferry, Paul Bert, and their numerous
friends. There is, besides, an enormous difference between enlisting
soldiers and enlisting a chief Soldiers do your bidding, you do the
bidding of the chief; and be sure that such a chief as Jules Simon has
aims of his own that he will consider before everything else. I don't
think the clericals have struck a very good bargain in allying themselves
with Jules Simon, and as regards the latter, I think he is very actively
engaged in undoing himself and ruining his ovvn prospects. He, no
doubt, is a believer in his own skill and good luck ; but as the proverb
says, " Tant va la cruche a I'eau qu'a la fin elle se casse," and M. Jules
Simon has so often brought his pitcher to the fountain of popular
favour, that the day is not distant when he may find, to his intense
and very disagreeable surprise, that he went to it once too often.
The battle, besides, is not to be won by one man, but by the whole
nation, for the field of battle is everywhere ; in every family, in every
home, in every school, in every club or cafe, in every municipal or
departmental council, the struggle is going on, and every one, from the
President of the Republic to the last beadle and gamekeeper, from the
oldest to the youngest, is engaged in it.
It is true none of us is to be broken on the wheel, or beheaded by
the hangman, or burnt on the pile, but if the Church could not conquer
its enemies when it had at its service the wheel, the axe, the pile, and all
the instruments of torture it long relied upon, is it likely to conquer
them now that it has been disarmed, and is compelled to fight a nearly
equal, though still very unfair, fight ?
Often has the tide turned, it is true, but vv'hen a nation has been able
to recover from such wholesale massacres as were perpetrated after the
days of June, 1848, and the Commune of 187 1, it can safely be predicted
that even if they kept united, the army, the magistracy, and the clergy
would have much to do to keep such a nation in fetters. What is it to
be when the army, the magistracy, and the clergy are divided, as they
are now, and are likely to be still more in times to come ?
The note of interrogation at the end of the foregoing sentence mighty
I think, be dispensed with.
Is there then no threatening cloud to be taken notice of in the rose-
coloured sky of French Freethought ? Far be it from me to indulge in
such a fanciful dream, or to under-estimate the strength of the Catholic
spirit. The battle of Freethought against Jesuitism is one ever to be
fought, ever to be won again. The Church of Rome, both led and
served as it is by the Jesuits, has lost none of its gigantic powers, and
our Opportunist friends are, I am afraid, unwittingly, and very foolishly,
playing into the Jesuits' hands, by endeavouring to set up a kind of
Galilean against the Ultramontane Church. Nothing in this respect is
28 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
more curious and instructive than the discussion on the budget des cultes
that has just taken place in the Chamber of Deputies. The question
was about bringing down the salaries of archbishops and bishops from
2o,ooofs. and i5,ooofs. respectively to i5,ooofs. and io,ooofs., on one
side, and on the other increasing the salaries of 2,000 poor
curates by loofs., which entails a charge of 2oo,ooofs. on the budget of
the next and following years. It is plain that the bishops and arch-
bishops are irreconcilable enemies of the Republic, and that it is very
absurd to give them larger salaries than they are entitled to by the
very letter of the Co?tcordat, This is simply paying for the rod we are
to be beaten with. On the other side it is quite true that the low clergy, as
the poor vicars and curates are called, though they are generally bound
body and soul to the modern doctrines of the Church of Rome, pre-
cisely because they are fearfully lorded over by the bishops, are much
less hostile to the Republic than their lords and masters ; and nothing
could be more to the point than the letter of a poor curate, of a village
of the Tarn, that was read to the Chamber by a deputy of that depart-
ment, M. Bernard Navergne. " I have the honour, M. Depute," wrote
the poor curate, " to send you a copy of the decree just levelled at me
by my bishop. As you will see, the cause of my troubles is my denying
the legitimacy of the Vatican Council, and my not believing in the in-
fallibility of the Pope. I used to keep these sentiments to myself, but
on seeing the consequences that are being drawn from the dogma of
Papal infallibility, on seeing that the aim pursued was the temporal
domination by means of Ultramontanised youth, in the same way that
this very end has been already attained in the Church by the Ultramon-
tanising of our young clergy in our seminaries, I could no longer stand
it, and I gave vent to my sentiments. I refused to contribute for the
universities called Catholic ; I refused to sign the petitions against the
Jules Ferry laws. I?ide ira, &c."
To sum it up, the poor curate was deprived of his humble functions
by a decree of his lord, f Etienne Emile, Archbishop of Albi. There is
little doubt the number of vicars and curates thus treated by their
bishops is legion, and it might not be very difficult to set up a kind of
schism between the low and the high clergy. But what is the result of
such a policy likely to be ?
According to our Opportunists, nothing more clever could be done.
They don't want to disestablish the Catholic Church, they want to lay
their hands upon it and make it a tool, u?i inoyen de gouvernement.
I cannot conceive of a more dangerous policy. There never was a
really Galilean Church in France, and I hope there never will be a
French national Church. It has from time to time been the dream of a
few statesmen. Napoleon I., at the very time he drew up the Concordat,
thought he could with a stroke of his pen have turned France Protestant.
This idea, if I am not mistaken, has been mostly entertained by English
Protestants, but it is all bosh, and it proves only that neither the
Napoleons nor the English know the nation that gave birth to Rabelais,
Voltaire, Diderot, and our modern Freethinkers. With very few excep-
tions, like Father Hyacinthe, and the poor curate just spoken of, the
whole clergy of France, high and low, are equally pledged to the most
absolute Ultramontanism. Even M. de Pressensse, a Protestant of note.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 29
avers that " from this doctrinal point of view all difference between
the secular and regular clergy is obliterated." Why should we not profit
by the advantage thus given us to part with the Church, high and low,
cut off their supplies, and once and for ever make a reality of the
French Revolution's governing idea, the secular opposed to the religious
state ?
Suppose our moderate and bamboozled friends succeed in investing,
through a feud between bishops and curates, the low clergy with a new
prestige, the ^ar between Freethought and religion shall simply be post-
poned, and our forces scattered.
Is it not a queer way to conquer one's foe to refuse him a little
money to gild the coronets of a few princes of the Cliurch, and supply
him largely with funds to feed the ranks of his army ? Yet such is the
policy that has just prevailed in the Chamber of Deputies, and I can't
help seeing the danger, and calling your attention to it. This danger,
besides, has been clearly pointed out in the Chamber by my good friend
Maigne, but I am sorry to say he was not listened to, and his amendment
was lost.
You see that, as regards the Church, the policy of the Opportunists
and that of the Intransigeants are as fundamentally different as it is
possible to be.
Ours is the policy of complete disestablishment, and our friend M.
Boysset has just laid down on the table of the House a Bill, signed by
most of the Extreme Left deputies, and a few of the Union Republicaine^
to carry out the repeal of the Concordat, and the abolition of the
budget des cultes. This is the truly Republican policy ; for suppose
the Concordat repealed and the Church disestablished, we can then
safely enter on the policy of full liberty to all. We, however, have not
the slightest hope of seeing our Bill voted by the Chamber ; but it must
be discussed in order that it should become the main plank in our plat-
form at the general election of 1881. We have, as you well know, to
fight against tremendous odds. Only remember what Macaulay said
of our enemies in his fine essay on Ranke's " History of the Popes :" " With
what vehemence, with what policy, with what exact discipline, with what
dauntless courage, with what self-denial, with what forgetfulness of the
dearest private ties, with what intense and stubborn devotion to a single
end, with what unscrupulous laxity and versatility in the choice of
means, the Jesuits fought the battle of their Church, is written in every
page of the annals of Europe during several generations." We know
it, and we know too that we should not deserve the victory if we were
not able to show as much vehemence, policy, discipline, courage, self-
denial, all the qualities just enumerated, except the unscrupulous laxity
in the choice of means that has made the name of Jesuit a synonymous
term with social immorality, political depravity, and religious hypocrisy.
The struggle is much harder for us. We are not associated. When we
succumb, either for a time or for ever, our wives and children are not
provided for, raised up again, and this makes an awful difference between
the clerical and the Freethinker, as regards the virtue necessary to forget
the dearest private ties.
This reminds me of another great mistake of Gambetta. He more
than once said that heroic times were over, and made a sort of contempt
30 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
for heroism part of his poUcy. This is, both in fact and theory, a great
error. StruggUng against poverty, and against that sort of social excom-
munication under which the well-to-do and respectable classes hold
those who dare to attack their interests and prejudices, require as much
courage and self-denial as a fight on a field of battle ; and only such as
have gone through it can know what a fiery ordeal this is, and what kind
of heroism it calls for. The number of those who dare to have an
opinion of their own, and dauntlessly stand by it, grows larger and larger
every day. Heroic times are not over at all, and let us hope won't
soon be over ; for it is a moral revolution we want. Old ideas and lax
morals will never carry us over the fearful crisis, Freethought must go
through. If we rightly value the strength of our enemies, I think they
are greatly mistaken in the way they undervalue ours. They do not
believe in morality. They think we are as lax and as corrupt as they
are, and would have us be. In this, I think, they are deceived, and
this too is what makes me believe we shall, in the long run, get the better
of them. Our immediate prospects, however, are not, though fair,
exceedingly pleasant, and what makes them the more unpleasant is that
our greatest difficulties are due to our Opportunists' lack of vigour and
decision at a moment when the decisive battle of disfranchisement
might have been won, if they had only remained faithful to their own
principles.
A. Talandier.
AN EPISODE OF THE "CINQUE GIORNATE."
*' The artificial noble slirinks into a dwarf before the noble of nature." — Thomas Paine.
The ''Five Glorious Days " were drawing towards their close; the people
of Milan, after a death-struggle in which men, women, and children-
armed, for the most part, with such weapons as clubs, stones, and
household implements — had all borne their part, began to hope for
victory ; for the trained soldiers of Austria, though at least twenty
thousand in number, and provided with cannon and all other appur-
tenances of modern war, gave way everywhere, yielding street after
street, position after position, whilst barricades arose as if by enchant-
ment in all directions, and the citizens — whose numbers and daring
increased at every moment — rained a deadly fire from behind them
and from their windows and roofs upon the hated Tedeschi, who now
saw themselves made the target of their own abandoned weapons.
Women who had never fired a gun in their lives might now be seen
loading those of their fathers, husbands, and brothers, or assisting in
the work of hurling down furniture and stones upon the soldiery. In
many and many a house delicate ladies and women of the people
might be seen working together at the manufacture of cartridges, or
casting their plate into bullets. From time to time the door of one of
these houses would open to admit men bearing a bleeding human form ;
some of the workers would then leave their task to help that of the
surgeon. The rest of these women^ — ^worthy descendants of the matrons
of old Rome — -would continue as before ; from a hundred steeples
the clang of the tocsin bell might be heard, and mingled with cannon-
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 3:
thunder, that sound pealed far away across the level plains of Lombardy,
summoning peasants from their labour to the aid of the struggling
city.
Oh ! it was a glorious time — a time of wild, fierce enthusiasm — a time
of triumph and vengeance, of hope and despair, of exultation and
mourning ; when a down-trodden people rose at last upon its oppressors,
and showed an astonished world that noblest courage could still dwell
within an ItaUan breast. For centuries the world had mocked and
spat upon captive Italy ; but now not one son of Italy worthy the name
but would show that world how —
" . . . L'antico valore
Negli italisi cor non Rancor morto."
For the cannon of the " Cinque Giornate " will be echoed from Alp to
sea, and Italia's sons will awake at that voice of thunder from the sleep
of ages, and drive forth the crowned and cowled oppressor.
And whilst the people were thus fighting the battle of freedom, what
were the deeds of the aristocracy ? That chivalrous body had, with few
honourable exceptions, fled away into Piedmont, or was hiding in holes
and dens within its palaces. And it is this same aristocracy, allied with
the worse half of the middle class, that now pretends to govern the
people who were the liberators of Italy !
The greater portion of the city has been won, but the ramparts on its
eastern side are still held by the Teuton. So also are many buildings
adjoining them. The cannon and the musket continue to belch forth
death, a dim cloud of sulphurous smoke broods above the city ; beneath
that cloud a thousand tragedies are taking place at once — wild charges,
despairing rallies, deeds of noblest personal daring.
Before the vast Palazzo del Gento, or Engineers' Barrack, a surging
crowd has assembled, and dashes itself repeatedly against the massive
gate. In vain ! the place has been strongly fortified, and from window
and loophole a deadly fire rains upon the assailants, who at length with-
draw behind the shelter of their barricades.
But look ! a halting, crooked form — a form so uncouth as at any other
moment to excite aversion — steps forward bearing a faggot upon its
crooked shoulders, and advancing to the door of the palace, there
deposits its burthen. Again and yet again the scene is repeated ;
slowly, painfully, the cripple toils on, unmindful of the shower of balls ;
the blood flows from more than one wound, but he seems not to heed
it. The people look on with stupid wonder at first, then divining his
object, they rush to the pile of firewood from which the first faggots
had been taken, and pile others up against the door, which is soon
burned down ; they rush in, putting to the sword or making prisoner
the whole of the defenders. A leader demands the name of the hero
to whom the victory is due. *' Pasquale Gottocorno, the Hunchback,"
answer a number of voices in the crowd.
Yes, reader, the man whose heroism caused the fall of one of the
most important positions in Milan, thereby hastening the triumph of
his fellow-citizens, was a poor, ignorant, despised hunchback, who, too
infirm for hard work, gained a scanty living as a sweeper. That poor.
32 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALIMANACK, 1880.
suffering creature was willing to lay down his life for his country, and
yet, what had been the gifts of that country ? — Brutal insult, the jests and
mockery daily heaped upon him by the thoughtless and unfeeling !
For some years after the events above narrated, Pasquale Gottocorno
dragged on a wretched existence, his wounds rendering him still less
capable of exertion than nature had already made him. A small
pension was, it is true, assigned him by the municipality ; this was of
course stopped on the return of the Austrians, though it was, I believe,
renewed after the revolution of 1858.
The noblest mind may dwell within the rudest body, and it is to
hearts like that of the poor Milanese cripple that Italy owes her partial
regeneration. I say partial, for, alas ! into what hands has she not fallen ?
" But time at last sets all things even.
And if we do but watch the hour,
There never yet was human power
Which could evade, if unforgiven.
The patient search and vigil long
Of him who treasures up a wrong.
R. H. Dyas.
NATURA NATURANS AND NATURA NATURATA.
THE NATURE OF THINGS AND CAUSE.
' ' Philosophy is not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose, but musical as is Apollo's
lute." — Milton.
" Truth is the body of God, as light is his shadow." — Plato.
That is, when truly discerned and logically followed out ; but there
is nothing so unreasonable as reason, out of season, or reason misap-
plied, and nothing more often misleading than reasoning from analogy,
except in the case of ascertained truth in a general application, as when
Newton, by the law of gravitation which he had discovered, was
enabled to give an explanation of the motion of the tides. But the
fundamental reason of the motion of gravitation, or of any motion,
must be referred to first principles, seeing that the cause or nature of a
thing is in what it does, and there is nothing more to know about it ;
or you must press on and enquire the reason or cause of the supposed
cause or nature, and so on ad infinitum.
Professor Blackie, of Edinburgh, has written a very clever and learned
work, *'The Natural History of Atheism," referring chiefly to Mr.
Bradlaugh, the late Harriet Martineau, Professor Tyndall, and myself.
Not content with our asserting that as a matter of course there must be
a sufficient cause or reason in nature, or in the nature of the material,
for all that occurs in an eternal chain and sequence of action and events,
in which perpetual flow and interaction are involved, we must act in
accordance therewith and accept the consequences, though knowledge is
power and gives us a certain command over nature and over ourselves.
Hence, the uniformity of law and the sense of being in all things the
creatures of circumstances, is not fatalism in a philosophical sense, but
allows the ability to choose and act for the best as determined by know-
ledge and reason. Now, Professor Blackie in his restless mind wants a
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 33
cause for the first principles of nature, and supposes a somebody, or
some unintelligible abstract mind in nature designing and working the
designs out like a common carpenter, and this assumed " intelligence "
he calls God, and Professor Blackie does me the honour to quote
largely from my " Letters " to Miss Martineau. Now Professor
Tyndall, in a reply in an article in the Contemporary Review,
refers to his boyhood, when he would lie awake in the night puzzling
his inquisitive brains as to *' Who then made God ? " And if you omit the
personality, as Dr. Carpenter and Professor Blackie seem to do, and
refer to an " intelligence " in all natural action, we must press on the
question what caused the intelligence, since all we know of or can con-
ceive as intelligence is an educated function of a complex intesselated
organism in its relation to external circumstances, in one aspect as a
mirror, in another aspect as an instrument working by imitation with an
application, which is Bacon's definition of design. And Professor
Fowler, of Oxford, in his new work on " Bacon's Novum Organum," in
a note p. 218, says : *' The restless ambition of the intellect is one of the
impediments to the attainment of truth. The mind ever desires to
penetrate further and further into the nature and causes of things, but
in vain. And hence, feeling its helplessness, it falls back upon itself,
and supposes the processes of nature to be carried on with the same
ends and in the same manner as the works of man." Now, art must be
acquired by the observation of what is, and the works of art may be
termed a second nature, just as habit is so called, using condi-
tions in placing matter beside matter, but matter doing all the work, as
Professor Playfair well said. Hence, to refer the primary cause to mind is
simply absurd. The real analogy from animate to inanimate nature is
in instinct, the blind action to an end or " purpose " without acquired
knowledge or education, as when the spider weaves that marvellous
and most symmetrical web in order to get its living in catching flies,
as we throw out nets to catch fish and birds. We all allow that
there must be some such blind formative principle at work, so to speak,
throughout nature, either for the development of the spider's body or
the beautiful crystalline formations on the frosted windows. The cause,
or nature, is exhibited in the effect, and to suppose a somebody or a
something acting with conscious, determining intelligence behind and
besides the substance itself is only making a mystery of plain facts, and
uttering transcendental nonsense — the sort of stuff dreams are made of.
Then after what I have written, I can hardly be misunderstood in
saying that true philosophy, in an emotional or poetic sense, may be
termed an affection of the mind, obedient to the highest reason of
enlightened and educated intellect, as the basis of pure and natural
emotions. But this can hardly be entertained, or even comprehended,
by those who, as Plutarch says, " retain the foolish and frightful
opinions they received in infancy." My opinion then is, that philosophy
rightly felt and understood is deeply reverential, as in the words of
Plato and Milton, and, in fact, a profoundly pure and elevating religion —
if we must retain that word — indeed, the only high and effective
religion, the only religion completely discarding idol-worship and
selfish principles. It seems to me that nothing can be higher or more
" spiritual " than philosophy founded on true science, and united with
34 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY S ALMANACK, 1880.
emotion and poetic aspirations and sentiments, which each must be
inspired with according to his genius and character. But we must learn
philosophy in ** the garden of the Muses and the house of charity,"
and discard all superstitious notions and anthropomorphisms for
realities ; let Apollo take the place of Pan in making all things more
musical and beautiful, and more in conformity with our highest senti-
ments, needs, and desires, but ever yielding to the inevitable, for, as in
" Julius Caesar," " of your philosophy you make no use if you give place
to accidental evils." In a word, take things philosophically, courage,
fortitude, and true magnanimity crowning the edifice.
Henry G. Atkinson.
FALSE WITNESS.
"/ know that my Redeemer liveth^ and that he shall stand at the
latter day upon the earth.
" And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh
shall I see God.
" Whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another ^'^
The above words contain the very nucleus and kernel of the Christian
faith. The Divinity of Christ, the Resurrection, the Judgment, the
Immortality of the human race, all these cardinal doctrines are accepted
and declared in a few verses translated from an ancient Chaldean poem^
wTitten ages before the occurrence of the events chronicled in the New
Testament, ages before the ideas embodied in this outburst of Oriental
eloquence had been conceived by the Jewish mind.
With reference to a rising from the dead and a living again, it may
truly be said that all Christendom has rested with more confidence upon
the declarations of Job than upon the narrative of the Gospels or the
exhortations of the Epistles.
"/ know that my Redeemer livethf^^ How swells and peals the
Easter music, proclaiming the victory of the risen Saviour over death
and the grave !
" I know that my Redeemer liveth .^" How solemnly triumphant rings
out that undaunted prophecy over the coffined remains of " this our
brother," or "this our sister," committed to the earth in the sure and
certain hope of a glorious resurrection !
And yet Job, or whoever was the author of the Chaldean epic, never
wrote any such words, never had any such ideas. The whole of that
beautiful structure of belief, so far, at least, as the above quotation has
to do with its building up, is founded upon an ignorant misinterpreta-
tion of a series of very simple and natural expressions. The suffering
philosopher mourns over the blindness of his accusers and would-be
counsellors, and appeals to posterity for his justification. It is the same
complaint which every man whose words or deeds are in advance of
his generation has been obliged to make ever since Job's day, and will
be obUged to make for ages to come. It is Galileo's irrepressible
whisper, ^'' And yet it ?noves /^^ it is Garrison's bold cry, '•^ I ivill speak,
and I WILL BE heard!"
This, "in plain English," is what Job really meant : —
'"''My enemies a7'e many; my friends do not imderstand me. lam
sick and miserable. My experience of pain and trouble has deepened my
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 35
insight as to the real meaning of life ; but when I wish to tell what I have
learned nobody will listen to me. Oh, tJiat my words were written in a
book, that t/iey were engraved upon a rock ? For I Jznow tJiat by-and-
by, long after I am dead, perhaps, some one will rise ttp who will say suc-
cessfully what I am now saying in vain. That man will be my vindicator,
and posterity will reverse the sentence of my persecutors. I am sure of this,
although for me nothing remains btct death and corruption. I know
better than a7iy one else how diseased and wretched I am. But why do you
reproach me for my szcfferings? Am I to blame for them 2 Be careful
how yoic take it upon you to Judge me, lest in doing so you should condemn
yourselves I "
This simple and rational interpretation is to be found in a recently^
published Italian translation of the book of Job, by Signor Benjamin
Consolo, a learned Jew, of Florence, one of the most profound Hebrew
scholars of this or any age.
And the discovery raises an important question concerning Christian
scholarship and Christian morals. How is it that this egregious
blunder in the translation of so familiar a passage has been suffered to
go so long uncorrected ? Are there in Christendom no students of*
Hebrew sufficiently conversant with that language to correct the
mistake? Or is it thought a dangerous thing for "the people" to
know that Job did not bear testimony to the truth of doctrines devised
ages after worms had destroyed his body ?
The error, no doubt, arose at first in a misunderstanding of the
Hebrew word which means redeemer, saviour, or vindicator. Job meant
that he hoped a man would eventually rise up who would vindicate his
memory by the means which Germans call a Rettung — that is, by writings
which redeem or deliver the character of a deceased person from mis-
apprehension or calumny. But the Christian translators, catching at
the word redeemer, straightway conferred upon it Divine Personality
and a capital initial, and then altered (ignorantly and unconsciously,
let us hope) the sense of the ensuing passages to suit the supposed
prophetic allusion to the revelation of the New Testament.
The only approach to a correct rendering of the verses is in the
French translation by L. Segond, where the word vengeur with a
little V is substituted for Redempteur with a great R, and neither hint
nor promise of the resurrection of the body is held out. So far as the
change goes, it substantiates Signor Consolo's interpretation ; but the
whole idea has not been grasped by the French translator, and,
therefore, the result is not in all respects satisfactory. Monsieur
Segond retains the " / shall see God ;'' but does not claim that it will
be in the flesh ; on the contrary, he says it will be after the body igr
destroyed. But in the Italian translation there is no mention whatever
of God ; the expression having reference solely to the deplorable
physical condition of the man.
Now that accurate knowledge and unbiassed judgment have been
brought to bear upon this bit of ancient literature, it is to be hoped
that Chaldean poetry will no longer be employed as a bulwark of
Christian theology, and that the eloquent heathen who really did say
that if a man die he shall 7tot live again, may no longer be made to teach
the Christian doctrine of immortality. Elizabeth E. Evans.
36
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY.
Offices :
Hall of Science, 142, Old Street, London, E.G.
1879— 1880.
President :
Charles Bradlaugh, 20, Circus Road, St. John's Wood, London, N.W.
Vice-Presidents :
Annie Besant, Oatlands, Mortimer Road, St. John's Wood, N.W.
Thomas Slater, i, South Cross Street, Bury.
P. A. V. Le Lubez, 68, Grove Road, Bow, E.
J. Symes, 17, Montpelier Place, Bristol Road, Birmingham.
Edward Truelove, 256, High Holborn, London, W.C.
T. Parris, 17, Maryland Road, St. Peter's Park, W.
J. Holmes, 10, Charlotte Street, Leicester.
George Standring, 8, Finsbury Street, London, E.C.
Capt. R. H. Dyas, Suna, Lago Maggiore, Italy.
Alfred Talandier, 47, Rue d'Enfer, Paris.
Thomas Roy, 22, Eglinton Terrace, Crossbill, Glasgow.
W. H. Reynolds, 23, Amersham Vale, New Cross, S.E.
G. Anderson, 3 5 a. Great George Street, Westminster.
Treasurer :
P. A. V. Le Lubez.
Auditors :
C. Herbert, 60, Goswell Road, London, E.C.
W. J. Ramsey, 20, Brownlow Street, Dalston.
Secretary :
Robert Forder, 37, Taylor Street, Woolwich, S.E.
Council
Barrow and Dalton-in-Furness : E. C.
Penny, Ulverston Road, Barrow.
Barnsley : F. H. Hart, 49, Dod worth Rd.
Batley : T. Jessop, Hume Street.
Bedlington : H. Ternent, Doctor Pit.
Bingley: S. Holmes, 22, Regent Street.
Blackburn : J. Hopper, jun., 39, Audley
Range.
Bolton : T. Hornby, 5, Longwoith Lane,
Egerton.
Bradford : G. A. Gaskell, 25, I>umb
Lane.
Bristol : J. Thomas, 15, Albany Crescent
Trinity Street.
Brighton : W. H. HalHwell, 19, North
Road.
Burnley : S. Berry, 32, Crowther Street.
Bury : T. Woodcock, 140, Wash I>ane.
Cardiff : S. Jones, Hatherley House,
Ellen Street.
Congleton : Mrs. Elmy.
Cheltenham : E. H. Rogers.
Crewe : C. Lewis, i, Bridge Street.
Darlington : G. T. Forster, 85, Bondgate.
Darwen : Geo. Hargreaves, 3, Willow St.
Dewsbury : J. Brook, Wellington Terrace,
Eightlands.
Edinburgh : A. Orr, 8. North Pitt Street.
Gainsboro': F. King, Mart Yard.
Greenwich and Deptford : W. Feltham,
9A, Royal Hill, Greenwich.
Glasgow : J. Allan, 53, McNeil Street.
Guisborough : T. Easby, 36, Bolckrow
Street.
Halifax : W. Kay, 46, Moorfield Terrace,
Savile Park.
Hawick : J. R. Laurie, 4, Albion Place.
Hartlepools : J. Moor, i, Lower Surtees
Street, West Hartlepool.
Heckmondwike : H. Hewson, West
Battye Street.
Huddersfield : R. Tabrum, 60, Com-
mercial Road.
Hull : N. B. Billany, 46, Raikes Street.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
37
Jarrow : J. Skelton, 17, Alfred Street.
Kidderminster : W. Blewen, Chnrch
Fields
Leeds : A. B. Cromack, 39, Jack Lane,
Hunslet.
Leicester : J. Clarke, 13, Andrew Street,
King Richard's Road.
Leigh : W. Dawson, Warrington Road.
Lincoln; J. Pruett, 126, Ripon Street.
Liverpool: C. Stocker.
London (Central) : George Wells, 29,
Cross Street, Islington, N.
,, (East): J. F. Haines, 212. Mile
End Road, E.
,, (North): A. Hilditch, 7, Cromer
Street, Gray's Inn Road, W.C.
,, (Walworth) : T. Errington, 30,
Hayles Street, St. George's Road,
South wark, S.E.
„ (South-We&t) : W. Sadler, 112,
Manor Street, Ciapham, S.W.
Manchester : W. Carroll, 95, Gorton
Lane, West Gorton.
Merthyr Tydfil : W. Davies, 34, George
Street, George Town.
Middlesborough-on-Tees : S. Meir, 36,
Black Street.
Mossley : W. Beaumont, Quick View.
Newcastle-on-Tyne : J. Sewell, 35, Kent
Street, Shieldfield.
Newport (Mon.) : F. Gillman, 133, Com-
mercial Street.
Normanton : J. D. Stones, Stone's Build-
ings, Altofts.
Northampton : R. S. Johnson, 11, Pytch-
ley Street.
Nottingham : W. Coppock, 9, Hockley.
Oldham : R. Butterworth, 34, St.
Thomas Street, North Coppice.
Paisley : F. McLean, 9, School Wynd.
Perth : C. Stratton, 87, High Street.
Plymouth : C. Goodanew, 42, Vauxhall
Street.
Portsmouth : J. E. Brummage, 6, Bromp-
ton Road, Mile End, Landport.
Queensbury : J. Wilson, Wellington
Street.
Rochdale : G. Priestley, 12, Whit worth
Road.
Rossendale and Haslingden : W. Paul,
St. John's Buildings, Waterfoot.
Rotherham : C. Young, Ferham House.
Seghill : G. Dixon.
Sheffield : A. Davies, Bridge's Buildings,
Greystock Street.
Shipley : A. Cryer, 17, Hall Lane,
Wilmer Road.
Southampton : C. T. Caplin, Adelaide
Road, St. Denys.
Spennymoor : B. Dawson, Low Spenny-
moor.
Stalybridge : John Scott, 11, Albert
Street, Dukinfield.
Stockton : T. Mullen, 11, West Street.
Stourbridge : R. Cartwright, Quarry
Bank, Brierley Hill.
Stratford (Essex) : O. Trumper, 32,
Albert Road, Forest Gate, E.
Swinton : W. Hulse, 53, Middleton's
Villas.
Todmorden : Thos. Bancroft, 46, Knowl-
wood.
Tow Law : J. Robinson, 43, Gladstone
Terrace, Sunniside.
Wakefield and Normanton : J. D. Stones,
Stones Buildings, Altofts, near Nor-
manton.
Washington : R. Ord, Poplar Cottage,
Unsworth Colliery, Durham.
Wigan : V. Lowe, 38, Lord Street, Wigan
Lane.
York : W. Button, 2, Piccadilly.
RULES.
NAME.
This Society is called " The National Secular Society."
PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTS.
The National Secular Society has been formed to maintain the principles
and rights of Freethought, and to direct their application to the Secular im-
provement of this life.
By the principle of Freethought is meant the exercise of the under-
standing upon relevant facts, and independently of penal or priestly
intimidation.
By the rights of Freethought are meant the liberty of free criticism for the
security of truth, and the liberty of free publicity for the extension of truth.
Secularism relates to the present existence of man, and to actions the
issue of which can be tested by experience.
It declares that the promotion of human improvement and happiness is
the highest duty, and that morality is to be tested by utility.
That in order to promote effectually the improvement and happiness of
mankind, every individual of the human family ought to be well placed and
^S THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
well instructed, and that all who are of a suitable age ought to be usefully
employed for their own and the general good.
That human improvement and happiness cannot be effectually promoted
without civil and religious liberty ; and that, therefore, it is the duty of every
individual to actively -attack all barriers to equal freedom of thought and
utterance for all, upon political, theological, and social subjects.
A Secularist is one who deduces his moral duties from considerations
which pertain to this life, and who, practically recognising the above duties,
devotes himself to the promotion of the general good.
The object of the National Secular Society is to disseminate the above
principles by every legitimate means in its power.
MEMBERSHIP.
Any person may, in the discretion of the Executive, be admitted a
member of this Society who shall sign a form of Declaration as follows : —
" I am desirous of joining the National Secular Society, in order to
extend its principles ; and I pledge myself to do my best, if admitted as a
member, to co-operate with my fellow-members to attain the object of this
Association."
Name
Address
Occtipahon
Active or Passive
Dated this day of. 18
This Declaration, signed by the candidate, shall be transmitted to the
Secretary, with one shilling for a quarter's subscription ; and, if the
Executive accept the candidate, a certificate of membership will be issued,
the total subscription being four shillings per year. Persons being unable
to pay this subscription may be enrolled free on satisfying the Executive
that they do good Secular work. Affiliated Societies whose members
join the National Secular Society shall only pay one-third of the above
subscription.
If the person desirous of joining the Society be already an enrolled
member of some local Secular Society, he can, on that local Society becoming
affiliated as a branch of the National Secular Society, join and pay his
subscription through the local Secretary. In this case the branch will remit
fourpence per quarter per member to the parent Society. In all cases the
local organisation is of the highest importance. Without efficient district
organisation the National Secular Society can effect little good.
The members are either active or passive.
The active list consists of those who do not object to the publication of
their names as members of the National Secular Society. An active
member's duty is to send as often as possible reliable reports to the President
or Secretary of the doings of the local clergy, of special events, sermons,
lectures, or publications affecting Secular progress. He should also aid
in the circulation of Secular literature, and generally in the Freethought
propaganda of his neighbourhood. Wliere a local Society exists, he ought
to belong to it, whether or not it be a branch of this Society.
The passive list consists of those whose position does not permit the
publication of their names, except at risk of serious injury. The knowledge
of these names is confined to the Executive, and the members are only
referred to by initials. It is earnestly requested that persons in an indepen-
dent position will enrol themselves only as active members.
Members' subscriptions are payable quarterly, on December 25th, March
25th, June 24th, and September 29th.
Any member more than six months in arrears may — provided due notice
of his default shall have been sent to him, and disregarded by him — be
erased from the roll of members.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 39
The Executive shall have power to expel any member, but the member so
expelled shall have power to appeal to the next general meeting of members
of the Society.
EXECUTIVE.
The Executive shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, Secretary,
Treasurer, and members of the Council, who shall hold office for a term of
one year — z>., from one annual Conference until the Conference next
succeeding — all members of such Executive to be eligible for re-election.
All propositions, touching the business of the Society, for decision at the
Conference, shall be forwarded to the Executive at least one month before
each Conference ; and shall be printed in the National Reformer io\ir\.G:tn days
prior to the meeting of the said Conference ; and such business shall take
precedence of everything else.
The President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretary, and Auditors shall
be elected by a majority of votes at the general annual meeting of members.
The members of the Council shall be severally elected within twenty-one
days after each such annual general meeting, by the several branches
and affiliated Societies, one member for each branch or Society. All mem-
bers of the Council so elected, and resident more than twenty miles from
the place of meeting of the Executive, shall be termed Corresponding
Members, and all business of which notice has been given, shall be printed
and sent to the Corresponding Members, who shall be allowed to vote upon
it by letter.
Once, at least, in each year — and, if possible, to be held on the day of,
and immediately after the general annual meeting of the members of this
Society — the Executive shall convene a Conference of all Freethinkers in the
United King-dom of Great Britain and Ireland.
BRANCHES OF THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY,
ENGLAND.
METROPOLITAN.
(M.C. signifies Member of the Council.)
Central Offices : — Hall of Science, 142, Old Street, City Road, E.C. Secretary, R.
Forder, 37, Taylor Street, Woolwich, S.E. Secretary to Hall of Science Clab and
Institute, R. O. Smith. Summer lectures, Sunday evenings, at 7.30; winter lectures,
Sundays, at 11.15 a.m. and 7 p.m. Science Classes on Wednesday and Thursday
■evenings, 8.30 to 10. Admission to Club to members of the National Secular
Society by ticket, free on application to Mr. Forder.
Centrdl London Branch. — Hall of Science, 142, Old Street, E.C. Secretaries,
Ernest G. Wells, 29, Cross Street, Islington, N., and W. J. Ramsey, 20, Brownlow
Street, Dalston, E. ; M.C, George Wells. Bible class, every Sunday afternoon during
winter months, at 3.30. Open-air lectures every Sunday during summer months at
Gibraltar Walk, E., and Harrow Green, Leytonstone, at 11.15 a.m., and in Victoria
Park at 3.30 p.m. Membership, One Shilling per quarter, which includes free
admission to the Hall of Science Club and Institute.
Deptford. — Secular Institute, Union Street. Lectures, Sundays, at 7.30 p.m.
Singing class, Sundays, at 3 p.m. Social meetings, Saturdays, at 7 p.m., all free.
Social gatherings of members and friends, first Monday in each month, at 7 p.m. ;
music, dancing, singing, recitation, until i p.m. Secretary and M.C, W. Feltharn,
9A, Royal Hill, Greenwich.
East London. — Phoenix Temperance Hall, 85, Commercial Road. Lectures and
discussions, Mondays, at 8.30 p.m. Secretary, W. J. Wadham, Bow Common
Lane, E. ; M.C, J. F. Plaines, 212, Mile End Road, E.
North Londoji. — Claremont Hall, Penton Street, Pentonville. Summer lectures,
Sundays, 7.30 p.m. Winter lectures, Sundays, 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Quarterly
meetings, first Sunday in March, June, September, and December. Secretary J. R.
Cobham, 136 Hertford Road, Kingsland ; M.C, A. Hilditch, 7, Cromer Street,
Gray's Inn Road, W.C.
40 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
South-West London. — Secretary and M.C., W. Sadler, 112, Manor Street, Clap-
ham, S.W.
Stratford. — Leyton Hall, Leyton Road. Lectures, Sundays, 7 p.m. Debating
class, Wednesdays, 8 p.m. Committee meetings, alternate Tuesdays. Quarterly
meetings, last Tuesday in March, June, September, and December. Secretary and
M.C., O. Trumper, 32, Albert Road, Forest Gate, E.
Walworth. — Freethought Institute, 28, York Street, Walworth Road. Lectures,
Sunday and Tuesday evenings. Secretary, Babbs; M.C., T. Errington, 30, Hayles
Street, St. George's Road, Southwark, S.E.
OPEN-AIR PROPAGANDA.
Carried on during the summer months at regular stations, under direction of a sub-
committee of Executive.
Blackheath, Clapham Covimon, Clerkcmucll Green.
Gibraltar Walk^ Bethnal Green Road. Midland Arches^ St. Pancras Station.
Mile End Road^ near the Gate. Stratford^ Harrow Green. Tower Hill.
Victoria Park.
PROVINCIAL.
Barnsley. — Meetings at Mr. Ibberson's, Sheffield Road, first Monday in every
month at 7.30 p.m. Secretary and M.C., F. H. Hart, 49, Dodworth Road.
Barrow and Dalton-in-Furness. — Secretary and M.C., E. C. Penny, Ulverston
Road, Barrow.
Batley. — Secular and Eclectic Society. Meetings occasionally at Lees' Temperance
Hotel, Wilton Street. Secretary and M.C., T. Jessop, Hume Street.
Bedlington. — Howard Arms. Financial meeting every fourth Sunday, dating
from January 11. Secretary and M.C., H. Ternent, Doctor Pit.
Bins[ley. — Secretary and M.C., S. Holmes, 22, Regent Street.
Blackburn. — Meetings at Mr. G. Adcroft's, 8, Cort Street, every Sunday, at 7 p.m.
Committee meeting on the first Thursday of every month, at 7.30 p.m. Secretary
and M.C., J. Hopper, Jun., 39, Audley Range.
Bolton. — Secretary and M.C., T. Hornby, 5, Longworth Lane, Egerton.
Bradford. — Secretary and M.C., G. A. Gaskell, 25, Lumb Lane. Meetings, second
Tuesday in each month, at 8 p.m.
Brighton. — Secretary and M.C., W. H. Halliwell, 19, North Road.
Btirnley. — Chaffer's .Yard. Meetings, Sundays, at 6.30 p.m. Secretary and M.C.,
S. Berry, 32, Crowther Street.
Bury. — Secretary and M.C., T. Woodcock, 140, W^ash Lane.
Cardiff. — Secretary and M.C., S. Jones, Hatherley House, Ellen Street.
Congleton and Buglawton. — Secretary and M.C., Mrs. E. Wolstenholme Elmy.
Crewe. — Meetings, first Sunday of the month during summer, and every alternate
Sunday during winter, at 6.30 p.m. Secretary and M.C., C. Lewis, i. Bridge Street.
Darlington. — Lectures, discussions, &c. , in the Livingstone Hall, Sundays, at
6 p.m. Secretary and M.C., G. T. Forster, 85, Bondgate.
Darwen. — Secular Institute, Foundry Street. Meetings during winter, every
Sunday at 6.30, and once a month during summer. Secretary and M.C., Geo. Har-
greaves, 3, Willow Street.
Detvsbury. — Secretary and M.C., J. Brook, Wellington Terrace, Eightlands.
Guisborough and District. — Secretary and M.C., T. Easby, 36, Bolckrow Street.
Halifax. — Broad Street Lecture Hall. Meetings, Sundays, 6.30 p.m. Sunday
School, 10 a.m. Committee meetings first Sunday in every month. Secretary, J. W.
Crowther, 33, Baker Street, Mount Pleasant; M.C., W. Kay, 46, Moorfield Terrace*
Hartlepools. — New Hall, Lower Road Street, West Hartlepool. Meetings,
Sundays, at 10.30 a.m. from May to end of August, and at 6.30 p.m. from vSeptember
to end of April. Secretaiy and M.C., J. Moor, i Lower Surtees Street, West
Hartlepool.
Heckmondivike. — Secular and Eclectic Society. Gledhill's Temperance Hotel.
Meetings, Sundays, at 6.30 p.m. Secretary and M.C., H. Hewson, West Battye St.
Huddersfield. — Secretary and M.C., R. Tabrum, 60, Commercial Road.
Hull. — Secretary and M.C., N. B. Billany, 46, Raikes Street.
/arrow. — Meetings at Mr. Pratt's, 17, Alfred Street, alternate Sundays, at 6.30 p.m.
Secretary and M.C., J. Skelton, 17, Alfred Street.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 4 1
Leeds. — Crampton's Temperance Hotel, Briggate. Committee meetings, Sundays,
at 6.30 p.m. Meetings, at 7 p.m. Monthly meeting of members, first Sunday in
every month. Secretary and M.C., A. B. Cromack, 39, Jack Lane, Hunslet.
Leicester. — Organized Freethought Association, British Workman, Charles Street..
Meetings every Wednesday at 8 p.m. Secretary and M.C., J. Clarke, 13, Andrew
Street, King Richard's Road.
Leigh. — Secretary and M.C., W. Dawson, Warrington Road.
Lincoln. — Secretary and M.C., J. Pruett, 126, Ripon Street.
Liverpool. — Assembly Rooms, no, Islington. Meetings, Sunday morning, 11
o'clock. Secretary and M.C., C. Stocker, 34, Upper Hope Place.
Manchester. — 123, Grosvenor Street. Meetings, Sundays, at 6.30 p.m. Secretary
and M.C., W. Carroll, 95, Gorton Lane, West Gorton.
Merthyr TydjU.—Seciet&ry and M.C., W. Davies, 34, George Street, George
Town.
Middlesbro\ — Secretary and M.C., S. Meir, 36, Black Street.
Mossley. — Secretary and M.C., W. Beaumont, Quick View.
Newcastle-ofi-Tyne. — Sons of Temperance Hall, 76, Pilgrim Street. Debates,
Sundays, at 7 p.m. Monthly meeting, last Sunday in the month, at 3 p.m. Secre-
tary and M.C., J. Sewell, 35, Kent Street, Shieldfield.
Northampton.— ^tcxeiz.xy ?ir\6. M.C., R. S.Johnson, 11, Pytchley Street.
Nottingham. — London Hall, London Road. Meetings, Sunday evenings. Secre-
tary and M.C., W. Coppock, 9, Hockley.
Oldham.— HsW of Science. Secretary and M.C., R. Butterworth, 34, St. Thomas
Street, North Coppice.
Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse. — St. James's Hall, Union Street. Meetings,
Sundays, at 7 p.m. Secretary and M.C., C. Goodanew, 42, Vauxhall Street.
Portsmouth. — Sun Tavern, Church Street, Landport. Meetings, Sundays, at 7 p.m.
Secretary, C. Harding, 18, Sydenham Terrace, Fratton ; M.C., J. E. Brummage, 6,
Brompton Road, Mile End, Landport.
Queensbtiry. — Secretary and M.C., J. Wilson, Wellington Street.
Rochdale. — Secretary and M.C., G. Priestley, 12, Whitworth Road.
Rossendale and Haslingden. — Secretary and M.C., W. Paul, St. John's Buildings,
Waterfoot.
Rotherham. — Secretary and M.C., C. Young, Ferham House.
Seghill and District. — Secretary and M.C., G. Dixon.
Sheffield. — Hall of Science, Rockingham Street. Meetings, Sundays, at 7 p.m.
Members' meeting, the first Wednesday in every month. Secretary, H. Richardson,
II, Charles Lane; M.C., A. Davies, Bridges' Buildings, Greystock Street.
Shipley. — Secular Club, Briggate, Windhill. Sundays, 10.30 a.m. and 6.30 p.m.
Committee meetings first Sunday in every month. Secretary, A. Cryer, 17, Hall
Lane, Wilmer Road.
Southampton. — Secretary and M.C., C. T. Caplin, Adelaide Road, St. Denys.
Spennymoor. — Meetings at Mr. Smith's, Low Spennymoor, Sundays, at 6 p.m.
Secretary, J. Varly, Hope Street, Mount Pleasant; M.C., B. Dawson, Low
Spennymoor.
Stalybridge, Ashton, and Dukinfield. — Hall, Sand Street, Cheetham Hill Road, •
Stalybridge. Meetings, Sundays, at 6.30 p.m. Secretary and M.C., J. Scott, 11,
Albert Street, Dukinfield.
Stockton.— '^^QXQ.X.'&xy and M.C., T. H. Mullen, 11, West Street.
Stourbridge. — Secretary and M.C., R. Cartwright, Quarry Bank, Brierley Hill
Todmorden. — Secretary and M.C., T. Bancroft, 46, Knowlwood.
Wakefield and Norm anion. — Secretary and M.C., J. D. Stones, Stone's Buildings,
Altofts.
Washington. — Miners' Rest. Meetings for reading and discussion first Sunday in
every month. Secretary and M.C., R. Ord, Poplar Cottage, Unsworth Colliery.
Wigan. — Secretary and M.C., V. Lowe, 38,' Lord Street, Wigan Lane.
York. — Meetings, Sundays, at 2, Piccadilly. Secretary and M.C., W. Button, 2,
Piccadilly.
MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL IN PLACES WHERE NO SOCIETY EXISTS.
Bristol. — J. Thomas, 15, Albany Crescent, Trinity Street.
Cheltenham. — E. H. Rogers, Turf Tavern, Albion Street.
Gainsborough. — F. King, Mart Yard.
42 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, l8So.
Kidderniiiistcr. — W. Blewen, Church Fields.
Nfajport. — F. GiHman, 133, Commercial Street.
Swinton. — W. Hulse, 53, Middleton's Villas.
Toiv Law. — ^J. Robinson, 43, Gladstone Terrace, Sunnyside.
SCOTLAND.
Edinburgh. — ii. Chambers Street. Meetings, Sundays, at 6..30 p.m. Secretary
and M.C., A. Orr, 8, North Pitt Street.
Glasgaiu. — Eclectic and Secular Institute, 20, King Street, City. Summer lectures,
Sundays, at 11.30 a.m. Winter lectures, Sundays, at 1 1.30 a.m. and 6.30 p.m.
Secretary, J. Terris, 196, Rotton Row; M.C., J. Allan, 53, McNeil Street.
Hawick. — Secretary and M.C., J. R. Laurie, 4, Albion Place.
Paisley. — Secretary and M.C., F. McLean, 9, School Wynd.
Perth. — Secretary and M.C., C. Stratton, 87, High Street.
FREETHOUGHT AND RADICAL ASSOCIATIONS UNCONNECTED
WITH THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY.
Athenceuin. — Camden Road, London, N. M. D. Conway. Sunday evenings, at 7.
Reading, singing, and lecture.
Birmin^liam Secular Club and Institute. — Baskerville Hall, Crescent, Cambridge
Street. Open daily from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m. Lectures eveiy Sunday evening at 7.
Singing Class every Wednesday evening at 8. Resident Manager, E. Burns.
Bretitford Discussion Society. — Literary Institute, High Street. Discussions at
8 p.m. every Monday from October to March, both inclusive.
Htdl Radical Club. — Oddfellows' Hall, Lowgate. Meetings, alternate Tuesdays,
at 8 p.m. Secretary, W. H. Savage, Horsham Terrace, W^est Parade.
South Place Chapel, Finsbury, London, E.C. — M. D. Conway. Reading, singing,
and lecture.
Thetford Working Mcn^s Liberal Association. — Discussions on political and social
questions, Saturdays, at 7.30 p.m.
Tower Hamlets Radical Club and Institute. — 5, Cannon Place, Mile End, London, E.
— Lectures every Sunday, at 11.30 a.m. and 8.30 p.m. Open every evening for dis-
cussion and recreation.
WORK OF THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY.
In addition to the Sunday and week-night lectures delivered throughout
the year in various halls, under the auspices of the branches of the National
Secular Society, there are other departments of work which deserve a word
of notice.
In conformity with a resolution passed at the Conference at Newcastle, in
June, 1879, ^ Benevolent Fund has been established in connection with the
National Secular Society, " to render assistance to Freethinkers in distress,
and to make grants to meet expenses in the burial of deceased Freethinkers."'
Any Freethinker in need, whether or not a member of the National Secular
Society, is eligible for assistance. The following is the Committee for
1879-80:—
G. and Mrs. Burton, 27, Fairbank Street, Hoxton.
Mrs. Grout, 86, Herbert Street, Hoxton.
C. Williams, 22, Noble Street, Wilmington Square.
W. Ramsey, 20, Brownlow Street, Dalston.
W. Reynolds, 23, Amersham Vale, New Cross.
There is a Special Lecturing Fund, out of which grants are made to
Societies engaging certificated lecturers when the receipts at the lectures do
not suffice to pay expenses, and leave a certain fee for the lecturer.
There is also an Open-air Propagandist Fund, the committee of which
superintends the open-air lecturing in the Metropolis, and which supports a
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 43
large number of stations. A large amount of admirable propagandist work
is done by the younger men of the party throughout the summer months.
Two Science Glasses have been arranged for, to meet weekly from
October, 1879, to May, 1880, at the Minor Hall, 142, Old Street. They are
under the direction of Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc, F.L.S., Fellow of
University College, London. The Executive has offered a prize of £5 5s.,
to be divided equally between the two most successful pupils.
The London Secular Choral Union meets for weekly practice in the
Minor Hall, under the direction of Herr Trousselle, and gives a quarterly
entertainment in the Large Hall. Miss Bradlaugh is the Hon. Secretary,
and the Union — which has been in existence for a year and a half — is in a
most flourishing condition.
A Class for the study of the Bible meets every Sunday afternoon during
the winter months at the Hall.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
NATIONAL LIBERAL LEAGUE,
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1878— 1879.
President :
Elizur Wright, Boston, Massachusetts.
Vice-Presidents :
Nathaniel Holmes, St. Louis, -Missouri.
Henry Booth, Chicago, Illinois.
Parker Pillsbury, Concord, New Hampshire.
James Parton, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
F. Schuenemann Pott, San Francisco, California.
Abraham Payne, Providence, Rhode Island.
B. Felsenthal, Chicago, Illinois.
W. H. Spencer, Sparta, Wisconsin.
Samuel L. Hill, Florence, Massachusetts.
Karl Heinzen, Editor of Der Pioneer, Boston.
Horace Seaver, Editor of The Investigator, Boston.
Isaac M. Wise, Editor of American Israelite, Cincinnati.
D. M. Bennett, Editor of The Truth Seeker, New York.
MoRiTZ Ellinger, Editor oi Jewish Times, New York.
J. R. Monroe, Editor of Seymour Times, Seymour, Indiana.
Robert Collyer, Chicago, Illinois.
Robert G. Ingersoll, Peoria, Illinois.
T. L. Brown, Binghamton, New York.
R. S. McCormack, Franklin, Pennsylvania.
F. W. Evans, Mount Lebanon, New York.
Elizabeth Thompson, New York City.
Amy Post, Rochester, New York.
Sallie Holley, Lottsburgh, Virginia.
Mrs. James Parton, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Francis W. Titus, Battle Creek, Michigan.
J. H. W. Toohey, Chelsea, Massachusetts.
Clara Neyman, New York City.
Henry Damon, Boston, Massachusetts.
Stephen Brev^^er, Cortland, New" York.
T. B. Wakeman, New York City.
William Denton, Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Secretary :
A. L. Rawson, 34, Bond Street, New York City.
44
THE NATIONAL SPECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
Assistant-Secretary :
Mrs. A. C. Bristol, Vineland, New Jersey.
Treasurer :
COURTLAND Palmer, 117, East Twenty-first Street, New York City.
Board of Directors :
Elizur Wright,
Courtland Palmer,
A. L. Rawson,
H. L. Green,
Lucy N. Colman.
Executive Committee
Alabama, N. J. Ross, Corn Grove.
Arizona, S. C. Rogers, Charmingdale.
Arkansas, John Ahrens, Monticello.
California, A. J. Boyer, San Francisco.
Colorado, David T. Beals, Granada.
Connecticut, G. W. Baldwin, Bridgeport.
Dakota, C. H. Goddard, Swan Lake.
Delaware, Joseph D. Goelt, Greenville.
District of Columbia, W. H. Burr,
Washington.
Florida, T. D. Giddings, Enterprise.
Georgia, Dr. A. A. Bell, Madison.
Idaho, Everhard E. Martin, Boise City.
Illinois, Dr. A. G. Humphrey, Galesburg.
Indiana, Kersey Graves, Richmond.
Iowa, J. C. Michener, Adel.
Kansas, E. Campfield, Vermillion.
Kentucky, S. B. Clark, Wilsonville.
Lousiana,Mrs. E. L. Saxon,New Orleans.
Maine, W. H. Brown, Bangor.
Maryland, J. S. Russell, New Market.
Massachusetts, Henry Damon, Boston.
Michigan, C. A. Dunning, Marcellus.
Minnesota, J. B. Bassett, Minneapolis.
Missouri, L. T. Wells, S. St. Louis.
Montana, Lee F. Marston, Bozemna.
Nebraska, W. E. Copeland, Lincoln.
Nevada, V. J. Borrette, White Rock.
New Hampshire, H. A. Deal, Nashua.
New Jersey, John Warr, Paterson.
New York, H. L. Green (Chairman),
Salamanca.
North Carolina, J. W. Thome, Warren.
Ohio, Hudson Tuttle, Berlin Heights.
Oregon, J. G. Crawford, Harrisburg.
Pennsylvania, G.W. Baldwin, Linesville.
Rhode Island, C. D. Tuttle, Pawtucket.
South Carolina, B. Doescher, Charles-
ton.
Tennessee, E. H. Price, Chattanooga.
Texas, J. J. Russell, Harrisville.
Utah, W. Walker, Farmington.
Vermont, Paul Dillingham, West Paw-
let.
Virginia, L. Spaulding, Norfolk.
Washington Territory, J. Straight,
Walla Walla.
West Virginia, A. M. Dent, Weston.
Wisconsin, R. C. Spencer, Milwaukee,
Wyoming, L. T. Wilcox, Laramie City.
Finance Committee :
Lucy N. Colman, 99 J, Gifford Street, Syracuse, New York.
Frank Rivers, 22, School Street, Boston, Massachusetts.
J. S. Verity, Boston, Massachusetts.
LOCAL AUXILIARY LIBERAL LEAGUES
To wliich Charters have been issued by the National Liberal League.
5. — Chelsea, Massachusetts. President,
I. — Lincoln, Nebraska. ; President,
Rev. W. E. Copeland ; Secretary,
Dr. A. S. von Mansfelde.
2. — ^Jacksonville, Illinois. President,
David Prince ; Secretary, Miss J. M.
Meek.
3. — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Presi-
dent, Carrie B. Kilgore ; Secretary,
Joseph Bohrer.
4. — Mishicott, Wisconsin. President,
Lauriston Damon ; Secretary, Anton
Braasch.
D. Goddard, Crandon
J. H. W. Toohey.
6. — Stockton, California.
Charles Haas.
7. — Denver, Colorado.
Secretary,
Secretaiy,
President,
Henry C. Dillon ; Secretary, Frank
A. Ingerson.
8. — Paine Hall, Boston. President,
Horace Seaver; Secretary, J. S. Verity.
9. — Palmyra, New York. President,
J. M. Jones; Sec, C C. Everson.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
45
10. — Boston, Massachusetts. President,
Rev. J. M. Savage ; Secretary, Miss
J. P. Titcomb.
II. — New Philadelphia, Ohio. Presi-
dent, George Riker ; Secretary, C. M.
Rittenhouse.
12. — Titusville, Pennsylvania. Presi-
Wm. Barnsdall ; Secretary, C. M.
Hayes.
13. — Hudson, Michigan. President,
Dr. Levi R. Pierson ; Secretary,
Thomas B. Minchin.
14. — Cattaraugus County, New York.
President, H. L. Green ; Correspond-
ing Secretary, John Hammond.
15. — New Haven, Connecticut. Presi-
dent, Lester Robinson ; Secretary,
Arthur Welch.
16. — St. Joseph, Montana. President,
P. V. Wise ; Secretary, H. Brunsing.
1 7. — New York, New York. President,
Hugh B. Brown ; Secretary, A. L.
Rawson.
18. — Rochester, New York, President,
Mrs. Amy Post ; Secretary, Willet
E. Post.
19.— Tompkins County, New York.
President, Dr. John Winslow ; Secre-
tary, Wm. R. Lazenby.
20. — New York, New York. President,
A. L. Rawson ; Secretary, Porter C.
Bliss.
21. — Cleveland, Ohio. President, E.
D. Stark; Secretary, Mrs. M. H.
Ambler.
22. — Milwaukee, Wisconsin. President,
Robert C. Spencer ; Secretary, Wm.
A. Boyd.
23. — ^Jefferson Liberal League, Roches-
ter, New York. President, Moses
Hays ; Secretaries, Fred. Hebard and
J. B. Pike.
24. — Minneapolis, Minnesota. Presi-
dent, S. C. Gale ; Secretary, Frank
C. Mead.
25. — Florence, Iowa. President, Byron
McQuin ; Secretary, E. C. Walker.
26. — West Meriden, Connecticut. Pre-
sident, N. F. Griswold ; Secretarj^
Miss Emily J. Leonard.
27. — Montgomery County, Ohio. Pre-
sident, A. McGill ; Secretary, J. B.
Barry, National Military Home.
28. — Manitowoc, Wisconsin. President,
John A. Smith ; Secretary, George
B. Byron.
29. — Albany, New York. President,
Thomas J. Hennessey ; Secretary,
Thomas Dugan.
30. — Bay City, Michigan. President,
S. M. Green; Sec, N. H. Webster.
3 1 . — Campbell Hill, Illinois. President,
Horace Newell, M.D.; Secretary,
A. R. Swartzcope.
32. — Wausau, Wisconsin. President,
R. P. Munson ; Secretary, V. A. Al-
derson.
33. — Cass County, Missouri (Harrison-
ville). President, Dr. Thomas Beattie;
Secretary, H. R. Steele.
34. — Enterprise, Kansas. President,
C. B. Hoffman ; Secretary, E. L.
Senft.
35. — Passaic City, New Jersey. Presi-
dent, J. H. Adamson ; Secretary,
F. W. Orvis.
36. — Linesville, Philadelphia. Presi-
dent, M. Bishop ; Secretary, J. B.
Brooks.
yj. — Xenia, Indiana. President, Dr.
R. W. Smith ; Secretary, Dr. N. D.
Wat kins.
38. — New York, New York. President,
Courtlandt Palmer; Secretary, E. B.
Foote, jun., 120, Lexington Avenue,
New York.
39.^ — Olathe, Kansas. President, S. B.
Willson ; Secretary, Mrs. H. Griffin.
40. — Carbondale, Kansas. Secretary,
W. Brown.
41. — St. Louis, Missouri. President,
J. W. McClintock; Secretary, Thos.
J. Stanton.
42. — Newark, New Jersey. President,
F. J. Keibe ; Secretary, John F. Col-
burn.
43. — Harrisville, Texas. President, Dr.
L. J. Russell ; Secretary, J. B. Nunne-
ley.
44, — Cortland Village, New York. Pre-
sident, Hon. Stephen Brewer ; Secre-
tary, Dr. Frank Goodyear.
45. — Moberly, Missouri. President, L.
C. Mason; Secretary, Charles Knight.
46. — Maiden, Massachusetts. President,
Rev. D. M. Wilson ; Secretary, F.
Hinckley.
47. — Vincennes, Indiana. President,
Charles Graete ; Secretary, Orlan F.
Baker.
48. — Syracuse, (i). New York. Presi-
dent, C. D. B. Mills ; Secretary, Miss
Nettie C. Truesdell.
49. — East Dennis, Massachusetts. Pre-
sident, Capt. D. S. Chapman ; Sec-
retary, R. Chapman.
50. — Syracuse (2), New York. Presi-
dent, Lucy N. Colman ; Secretary,
J. M. Price.
51. — Freeville, New York, President,
William Hanford ; Secretary, B. L.
Robinson.
52. — North Hannibal, New York. Pre-
sident, L. G. Ball ; Secretary, B. L .
Robinson.
53. — West Newton, Massachusetts. Pre-
sident, S. R. Urbino ; Secretary
Sarah M. Davis.
46
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
54. — New York, New York. President,
D. E. Ryan; Secretary, E. M. Mac-
donald, 141, Eighth St., New York.
55. — Florence, Massachusetts. Presi-
dent, Seth Hunt, Secretary, Clarence
E. Brown,
56. — Lynn, Massachusetts. President,
L. H. Washburn ; Secretary, W. D.
Corker, M.D.
57.— Cato, New York. President, W.
S. Root ; Sec, Mrs. M. A. Clayton.
58. — Brockton, Massachusetts. Presi-
dent, William Rankin ; Secretary,
H. B. Sherman.
59- — Palmyra, Nebraska. President,
S. S. Seeley ; Sec, G. E. Bennett.
60. — Long Island City, New York. Pre-
sident, R. W. Hume ; Secretary,
Mrs. M. A. Hume.
61. — New York, New York. President,
Wra. M. Bennett ; Secretary, J. IL
Monckton.
62. — Weedsport, New York. President,
George Wright ; Secretary, George
Boardman Whitman.
63. — Elmira, New York. President,
James Reid; Secretar}-, C. W. Teed.
64. — Carthage, Missouri. President,
C. Conaid ; Secretary, E. Budlong.
65. — Port Jervis, New York. Presi-
dent, W. M. Vale; Secretar)-,
R. A. Conklin.
66. — Clearfield, Philadelphia. President,
Samuel Widemire ; Secretary, Harry
Hoover.
67. — Irwin's Station, Philadelphia. Pre-
sident, Job Jones; Secretary, Alexan-
der McDonald.
68. — Medina (Long Lake), Michigan.
President, Wm. Archibald; Secretary,
S. Lydiard.
69. — Sharomut, Boston, Massachusetts.
President, Frank Rivers ; Secretary,
Geo. W. Rowell.
70. — Springfield, Massachusetts. Pre-
sident, Mrs. Mary E. Marsh ; Secre-
tary, O. S. Brigham.
7"l:i — Wyandotte, Kansas. President,
J. J. Hughes; Sec, Will. E. Baker.
72. — Salina, Kansas. President, Heniy
Rosmond ; Secretary, S. P. Davis.
73. — Silver City, Idaho. President,
Frank M. Marsey; Secretary, Frank
D. Smith.
74. — Boise City, Idaho. President, J.
Pefly ; Secretary, James Stout.
75. — Farmington, Utah. President,
Henry Southworth; Secretary, Wal-
ter Walker.
' 76. — Pittsburg, Philadelphia. President,
J. C.Kramer; Secretary, W.J. Coulin.
77- — Fillmore City, Utah. Secretary,
George C. Velie.
78. — Concordia, Kansas. President,
George F. Catlin;Sec.,W. H.Wright.
79- — Vicksburg, Michigan. President,
; Secretary, Robert Baker.
80. — Ellsworth, Kansas. President,
H. T. Hoesman ; Secretar}', M,
Newton.
81. — Adrian, Michigan. President,
W. Lyons; Secretary, L. Vanderburg.
82. — Center Point, Missouri. President,
J. S. Grainger; Secretary, D. Foliart.
S;^. — Wyoming, Illinois. President,
Augustus Bailey ; Sec, F. A. Kerns.
84. — Saginaw, Michigan. President,
Thomas L. Jackson ; Secretary,
Jerome Tinklepaugh.
85. — ^Johnson, Vermont. President,
Lucian Scott; Secretary, MissArvilla
E. Abbott.
86. — Hannibal, Missouri. President,
D. Jenkins ; Secretary, Leo. Hist.
Sy. — Independence, Missouri. Presi-
dent, ; Secretary, C. H. Clarke.
88. — White Rock, Nevada. President,
; Secretary, A. J. Borrette.
89. — Harwinton, Connecticut. Presi-
dent, Warren J. Alfred ; Secretary,
E. E. Baker.
90. — Little Rock, Arkansas. President,
; Secretary, Carl Jonitz.
91. — Hornellsville, New York. Pre-
sident, ; Sec, S. E. Shattuck.
92. — Columbia, Boston, Massachusetts.
President, John S. Codman ; Secre-
tary, Henry Damon.
93. — St. John's, Illinois. President
; Secretary, Wm. A. Thompson
94. — De Witt, Iowa. President,
Secretary, B. F. Grove.
95. — Ogden, Utah. President,
Secretary, John A. Jost.
96. — Sevier, Utah. President,
Secretary, M. Johnson.
97. — Kirwin, Kansas. President,
Secretary, T. M. Helm.
98. — Goose Lake, Willow Ranch, Cal
ifornia. President, ; Secretary
Edward R. Bodger.
99. — Nashville, Tennessee. President
W.T. Auten; Secretary, M. Herstein.
100. — Belleville, Kansas. President
; Secretary, Mrs. C. A. Patrick.
loi.— New York, New York (S.L.P.)
President, Charles Sotheran ; Secre-
tary, Edward Nye.
We are not without hope in the death of our friends. We leave to those who
think they can obtain it, a heaven in which white robes, and golden harps, and crowns,
and never-ceasing songs, are to be the prominent features : and we content ourselves
with trying to make a heaven of earth for the enjoyment of the human family, both
now and through future generations. — Einma Martm.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880. 47
FEDERATED RATIONALISTIC SOCIETIES
OF BELGIUM.
L'Affranchissement. I Les Affranchis.
Les Solidaires. ■ La Libre-Pensee (3 Societies.)
Les Libres-Penseurs (3 Societies), i Les Ouvriers Solidaires.
Les Rationalistes (3 Societies.) I Les Rationalistes Disonais.
Secretary of the Confederation : ~
D. Brisimee, 9, NoQveau Marche aux Grains, Bruxelles.
TJie above fourteen Societies met in Congress at Brussels in December,
1874, and the fede7'ation was finally constituted in March, '^^77-
Objects.
The union in one of those who struggle for the enfranchisement of reason,
for poHtical equality, and for social justice.
The search for, and the affirmation of, the true and the just, guided by
materialism — or the experimental method — and scientific atheism.
The resistance of error in every shape, the propagation of truth and justice
by active work, by means of discussion, meetings, and the press.
Co-operation with all Societies founded on the same principles.
The Belgian Confederation in August, 1879, delegated Dr. De Paepe to
confer with the President of the National Secular Society of Great Britain,
and it is hoped that a definite International Confederation may soon become
possible. Dr. De Paepe is the Member of the Council of the N. S. S.
accredited to Belgium.
^a'
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF FREETHINKERS.
From time to time efforts have been made to unite into one grand society
the Freethinkers of various nationalities, so that the brotherhood of thought
may spread over the world, and Freethinkers of differing tongues may find
a common tie in their common faith in man and common hatred of tyranny.
There is now good hope that the long dreamed of hope may take active
shape, and that the Freethought Societies of Great Britain, America,
Belgium, and the British Colonies, may federate themselves into a strong
union, and that societies may shortly be formed in France and in Italy,
which will also affiliate themselves to the central body. The Roman
Catholic Church has its world-wide organisation bent on subduing maw's
mind and on chaining man's actions ; why should not Liberty have also her
world-wide organisation to strengthen and to free humanity, body and
mind ? " No distance breaks the tie of brotherhood " between the soldiers of
liberty, and it would be well if, travelling in foreign lands, the Freethinker
struck down by sickness or in need, should know of a brotherly hand whose
clasp might be claimed in right of common faith.
Steps are being taken by the National Secular Society (England), the
National Liberal League (America), and the Federated Rationalistic
Societies (Belgium), to bring about this useful union, and before another
Almanack sees the light we may hope that the International Union of Free-
thinkers will have become an accomplished fact, full of hope for all lovers of
freedom, full of menace to all the tyrants of the world.
48 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF THE "NATIONAL REFORMER"
AND FREETHOUGHT LITERATURE.
METROPOLITAN.
East London. — Mrs. Eades, 219, Whitechapel Road; Messrs. Haines, 212, Mile
End Road ; Hirschbeal, 13, Luke Street, Mile End New Town ; Wood, 103, Hack-
ney Road ; Briggs, 244, Commercial Road ; Chick, 194, Bethnal Green Road ; Gre-
ville, 143, Great Cambridge Street, and 68, Goldsmith's Row, Hackney Road ;
Smith, 3, Clarence Road, Hackney Road ; Atkins, 84, Old Bethnal Green Road ;
Brisck, 3, Whitmore Road, Hoxton ; Hodson, 30, Rigston Street, Green Street,
Bethnal Green ; Mayhew, Clarkson Road, Walthamstow ; Hanson, loi, Roman
Road, Old Ford ; J. H. Reeve, 41, Strathfield Road, Bow.
Central London. — Messrs. Truelove, 256, High Holborn ; Halle, 107, Bishopsgate
Street Without ; Born, London Wall ; Skeats, 28, Ray Street, Leather Lane ; David-
son, 36, Featherstone Street, City Road; Ablet, 122, City Road; Reed, loi, Old
Street ; Winn and Son, Newcastle Street, Strand ; Baker, 79, Chiswell Street, and
13, Windmill Street, Finsbury ; Jenkinson, Shoe Lane; Roberts, 42, Essex Street,
Strand; Curtice and Co., Catherine Street, Strand; H. Tubb, Mount Pleasant,
Clerkenwell ; Ledwick, 6, York Street.
Deptford. — Messrs. Holland, Hayles Street ; Clayton, Clarence Place ; Farmer,
Church Street ; Palmer, 182, Church Street.
Greenwich.— Mr. Allen, 17, Royal Hill; J. H. Killick, 21, Tyler Street.
North Londo7t. — Claremont Hall (on Sundays), Penton Street, Pentonville ;
Messrs. Williams, 19, Chapel ^Street, Islington ; Humphrey, 105, Gray's Inn Road ;
Miller, 2, Arthur Terrace, Caledonian Road ; T. Miller, 15, Aylesbury Street, Clerk-
enwell ; Biddle, 20 Cloudesley Road, Barnsbury ; Larkin, 3, Bradbury Street, High
Street, Kingsland ; Baker, 125, Kentish Town Road ; Biddiss, 98, Euston Street,
Euston Square ; Parkinson, 39, Ossulston Street, Euston Road ; Swinscow, 3, Little
Cross Street, Islington ; Duke, Newsagent, Camden Passage, Islington ; Wade, 58,
Cromer Street, Gray's Inn Road ; Marison, 87, High Street, Stoke Newington ;
Payne, 17, Pitfield Street, Hoxton ; Perschky, 33, Kingsland Road ; Petherick, 29,
Osnaburgh Street.
South London. — Messrs. Whibley, 132, Blackfriars Road; Fisher, 175, Walworth
Road ; Paul, 16, Walworth Road ; Freethought Institute, 28, York Street ; Nor-
man, 158, Wyndham Road, Camberwell New Road ; Brown, 160, Camberwell New
Road ; Martin, 63, Tyers Street, Vauxhall ; Jeffery, 19, Bermondsey Square ; Gid-
dons, 37, Elizabeth Street, Pimlico ; Ayling, 61, Lambeth Walk.
Stratford. — Messrs. Duncomb, 200, High Street ; Phillips, 19, Ley ton Road,
Stratford New Town ; W^himp, Leyton Road, Stratford New Town ; Wild, Bell-
thorne Place.
West London. — Messrs. Frew, no, Wardour Street, Soho ; Jones, 36, Broad Street,
Bloomsbury ; Humphrey, 24, Wellington Street, Strand ; Browning, 27, Compton
Street, Brunswick Square ; Hayes, 5, Richmond Street, Princess Street, Leicester
Square ; Lyne, 2, Middle Uxbridge Street, Notting Hill Gate.
Woohoich. — Messrs. Forder, 37, Taylor Street ; Lawrence, Beresford Square.
PROVINCIAL.
Aberdeen. — Mr. Myddleton, Skene Square.
Ashton-wider-Lync. — Messrs. Cropper, Warrington Street; Sutcliffe, Market
Avenue ; Wart, Union Passage and Chapel Row ; Chivers, New Bond Street ; Ni-
colson. Market Hall ; W. Kenyon, Market Hall.
Barnsley. — Messrs. Masland, Sheffield Road ; Lodge, New Street ; Haigh, Race
Common Road ; Crookson, Platts Common.
Barrow. — Messrs. Fletcher, Hindpool Road ; Mackle, Forshaw Street ; Miss
Vince.
Batley. — Messrs. A. Wildsmith, New Road Side; S. Lane, New Market Street ;
J. Crossland, Commercial Street.
Bedlington. — Messrs. C. Carr ; R. Dodds, Station: R. Lowther, Scotland Gate.
Bingley. — Messrs. Smith, Wellington Street ; Graham, Chapel Lane ; Pickles,
Chapel Lane ; Tomlinson, Queen Street.
Birkenhead. — Messrs. R. Williams, 172, Cleveland Street ; Daulman, 37, Oliver
Street ; T. Daires, 201, Chester Street ; H. L. Robinson, 29, Conway Street.
TilE NATIONAL SECULAR SOClETY^S ALMANACK, 1880. 4^
Birmingham. — Messrs. Jackson, Hill Street ; Aston, Smallbrook Street ; Alger,
Duddeston Row ; Walton, Summer Lane: Horner, 6, Broad Street. A
Blackburn. — Mr. Arkwright, Penny vStreet.
Bolton. — Messrs. Winder, 4, Lupton Street ; J. Bleakley, 56, Newport Street ; W.
Hennefer, 287, Derby Street ; J. Holt, 66, High Bridge Street. Nearly all book-
sellers are willing to supply.
Bootlc. — Messrs. Byers, 265, Derby Road ; Mee, New Brighton.
B7-adford. — Messrs. Wilks, 129, Manchester Road ; Hopper, Bridge Street ; Mor-
gan, News-room, Kirkgate ; Watts, Westgate ; Clough, Well Street ; Sutcliffe,
High Street, Queensbury ; Brooksbank, 54, Bridge Street, Wakefield Road ; Miss
Woodhead, Tong Street, Dudley Hill.
Brighton. — Messrs. Halliwell, 19, North Road : Bray, 82, James Street.
Bristol. — Messrs. W. H. Morrish, 18, Narrow Wine Street ; Mapstone, Sims
Alley.
Burnley. — Messrs. Brooks, Qheapside ; Nuttal, Market Street ; Pickles, Oxford
Road ; Greenwood, Trafalgar Street.
Bicrton-on- Trent. — Mr. Dale, High Street.
Buxton. — Mr. Bates, Market Hall.
Cardiff. — Mr. Gorier.
Castleiord. — Mr. Spencer, Gastle Street.
Chesterfield.— M.X. Dyson, Market Hall.
Cheltenham. — Mr. Shawland, St. George's Place.
Choppington. — Mr. Lowther, Scotland Gate.
Crewe. — All Booksellers.
Crosshills. — Mr. Shackleton.
Croydon. — Mr. Tullett, 32, Surrey Street.
Dalton-in-Furness. — Mr. Blake.
Darlington. — Mr. Foster, 85, Bondgate ; Walker, Northgate ; S. & D. Railway
Bookstall.
Dariven. — Messrs. Warley, 41, Market Street ; Walsh, Market Street ; Weal,
Bridge Street ; Greenwood, Bolton Road ; Harking, Railway Road.
Deptford.— Mr. Halland, 3, Hall Street.
Derby, — Messrs. Seal, London Street ; Poyton, Market Place and Brook Street.
Dewshury. — Messrs. Dawson, Market Place; Bulmer, Market Street; Haigh,
Webster Hill ; Lord, Vulcan Road ; Bannister, 24, Monckton Street.
Dublin.— -Mrs. Wheeler, 3, North Earl Street.
Dukinfield. — Mrs. Swindells, Oxford Road.
Dundee. — Messrs. Blair, Wellgate ; Graham, Overgate ; Mrs. Littlejohn, The
Pillars.
East Hartlepool. — Mr. Graham, Northgate.
Edinburgh. — Messrs. Given, 20, Bristo Street ; Brown, 60, Charlotte Street ; T.
Thomson, 27, Richmond Place ; Secular Hall, 29, North Bridge.
Everton. — Mr. Watson, 43, Prince Edward Street.
Farsley. — Mr. Marshall.
Gainsborough. — Messrs. Kirk, Church Street ; Hannam, Silver Street ; Ancoats,
Lord Street.
Gateshead. — -Messrs. Birkett, 5, Hills Street; Chambers, 115, High Street, and
60, West Street ; Strong, 3, Chandless Street ; Fletcher, Bottle Bank ; Somerset,
Bridge Street ; Mrs. Dow, 134, High Street.
Glasgoav. — Messrs. Ferguson, 244, Main Street, Gorbals ; Sharp and Co., 14, Royal
Exchange Square ; Barr and Co., 42, Dumbarton Road ; Hamilton, 173, Main Street ;
Allan, 132, Bain Street ; Paine, 10, Tureen Street ; Galbraith, 16, Ronald Street,
Townhead ; F. Penn, 10, Turen Street ; Scott, 70, New City Road ; Love, 226,
Argyle Street ; Laing, 8 St. Enoch's Square ; McGeachy, 93, Union Street ; Bow-
man, 116, Sauchiehall Street ; Thomson, 4^, St. Enoch's Square ; wShearer, 132, Bain
Street ; McCauce, 375, Gallowgate ; Ferguson (on Sundays), the Hall, 20, King
Street ; Mrs. Craig, 92^, Main Street, Bridgetown.
Gravesend. — Mrs. Jacobs, 3, Railway Place.
Grimsby, — Messrs. Ablard, Victoria Street ; Fitz, Victoria Street.
Guisborough. — Messrs. Hodgson, Market Place.
Halifax. — Messrs. Priestley, 15, Cross Hills; The Society's Room, Broad Street,
Hampton, — Mr. Piper.
Hastings. — Messrs. Randle and Jenner, Central Library, Bohemia Road.
■Heckmondivike. — Messrs. Ellis, Market Place ; Brown, Market Place.
D
S© THE i^ATiONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, l8§d.
Hetton. — Messrs. Lawson, John Street ; Richardson, Sunderland Street, Houghton-
le-Spring.
High Speiinymoor. — Mr. Robinson, 24, Games Street.
H udders field. — Messrs. Wofifenden, New Street, Lockwood ; Pankin, Cross Church
Street ; Clayton, Kirkgate ; Sykes, Mold Green ; Hanson, Milnsbridge.
Httll. — Messrs. Witty, i Wincolmlee ; Carlill, 18, St. John Street; Shepherd,
Waterhouse Lane; Rendall, Thomas Street; Harrison, Lowgate ; Gross, Water-
house Lane.
Hulnie. — Mr. Gurney, 150, Lower Moss Lane.
Hyde. — Mr. W. Knowles.
/arrow. — Messrs. Robinson and Co.; France, Ormond Street ; Lewis, Western
Road ; Pratt, 17, Alfred Street.
Keighley. — Mr. Rhodes, Market Place.
Kidderminster. — Messrs. Cooper, Church Street ; Mason, Blackwell Street.
Leeds. — Messrs. W. Smith, Freethought Depot, North Street Lecture Hall ; Hall,
35, Holies Street, Kirkstall Road ; Tate, 78, Cavendish Street, Burley Road ;
Goodall, Railway I3ookstall, New Street ; wSummersgil, Covered Market ; Wood, 36,
Balloon Street; Hutchinson, 51, Meadow Lane.
Leicester. — Mr. West, Applegate Street.
Leek. — Messrs. Kirkham and Rider.
LAncoln. — Mr. Bray, 23, Waterside North.
Liverpool. — Messrs. Trafford, 5, Belgrave Street ; Busby, 70, South Street ; Libbs,
13, St. James's Street ; Caterall, 3, Mill Street ; Cooke, 10, Dove Street ; Pridmore,
70, Great Howard Street and Netherfield Read ; Willder, 249, Walton Road ;
Lanner, 71, Great Homer Street ; Wilkens, 22, Christian Street ; Gawne, 10, Byron
Street ; Melloy, 248, Scotland Road; Todd, Brownlow Hill ; Connor, 55, Hepworth
Street ; Sullen, 67, Brunswick Road ; Moore, 10, St. Anne Street ; Washington,
Squires Street; Parry, 70, Paddington ; Coulan, 147, Richmond Row; Taylor, 117,
Kensington ; Buck, 358, Great Howard Street ; Mackie, 20, Boundary Street ;
Whiting, 134, Mount Pleasant ; Scott, 39, Whitechapel ; Mrs. Medcalf, 65, Lime
Street.
Manchester. — Secular Society, 123, Grosvenor Street ; Messrs. Hey wood. Deans-
gate ; Heywood, Oldham Street ; Cooper, Bridge Street ; Bohanna, Market Street ;
Baines, Bradford Street, Ancoats ; Routledge, Downing Street ; Griffiths, Oldham
Road ; Riddells, Butler Street ; Maudsley, Lower Mosley Street ; Ashworth, London
Road ; Smallman, Medlock Street.
Merthyr Tydfil. — Mr. T. Davies, 8, Pontmorlais.
Mexborougli. — Messrs. Turner, High Street.
Middlesborough. — Messrs. Main, Wilson Street ; Hinton, Newport Road ; Linklater,
Cannon Street ; Parkin and Watson, East Street ; Megson, Newport Road ; Down-
ing, Newport Road.
Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Me?,s,r?>. France, Side; Ross, Side; Allan, Dean Street,
Blackett Street, and Collingwood Street ; Birkett, Scotswood Road ; Watson, New
Market ; Everett, Newgate Street.
Normanby. — Mr. Hermiston, Lambton Street.
Normanton. — Mr. Barwick, Long Close Grove.
Noi-th Shields. — Messrs. Turner, Hudson Street ; Thompson, Bedford Street.
Norwich. — Messrs. Thompson, Magdalene Street ; Hornagold, St. Augustine's
Gates.
Nottingham. — Messrs. Sweet, Broad Street ; Welton, Parliament Street ; Clayton,
Carrington Street ; Morley, 19, Clay field Row ; Haskard, 37, Woolpack Lane ;
Coppock, 9, Hockley ; Saunders, Denman Street, New Radford ; Jebbet, Upper
Parliament Street.
Northampton. — Messrs. Bates, The Drapery ; Bates, Bridge Street ; Bryant, Bridge
Street ; Bryant, Bull Lane ; Corby, Mayorhold ; Ames, Adelaide Street ; Fairey,
Wellingborough Road.
Oldham. — Messrs. Winterbottom, Yorkshire Street ; Sellers, Huddersfield Road ;
Devonport, Lees Road ; Edwards, Lees Brook.
Padiham. — Messrs. Holland, Church Street ; Cronshaw, Burnley Road ; Whitaker,
Burnley Road.
Paisley. — Mr. Glassford, Smithhills Street.
Plymouth. — Messrs. Rogers, St. Andrew's Street ; Goodanend, Vauxhall Street ;
Kerslake, King Street ; Tozen, High Street ; Mrs. Randle, Russell Street. Devon-
port, — Messrs. Cowley and Date, Albert Road, Morice Town ; Holt, Chapel Street.
THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETV^S ALMANACK, 1880. 5 1
Portsmouth. — J. F. Rayner, 39, Russell Street, Southsea.
Preston. — Messrs. Ballantyne, 9, Sussex Street ; Holland, 60, Averhame Lane ;
Drummond, 128, Friargate.
Quarry Bank. — Mr. Cartwright, High Street.
Rawtenstall District. — Messrs. Greenwood, Hollin Bank, Newchurch ; King, Cox,
Stacksteads ; C. Connor, Cloughfold ; King, Rawtenstall ; Leach, Bacup.
Richmond. — Mr. Hcjlloway, near Railway Station.
Rochdale. — Messrs. Little, Oldham Road ; Cooper, Oldham St. ; Mills, Drake St.
Sedburgh. — Mr. Punch.
Se^iill 'isirict. — Mr. Fen wick.
SJieffield. — Messrs. Slater, Snighill ; Lee, Cartshead ; Matthews, Bow Street ;
Weston, Change Alley ; Thompson, 92, Durtion Street; H. Richardson, 11, Charles
Lane ; and at Hall of Science on Sundays.
Shipley. — Messrs. Bateson, 2, Water Lane, Briggate ; J. Senior, Westgate.
Shiremoor. — Mr. Smith.
Soiitliampton. — Messrs. Rayner, High Street; Sharp, St. Mary Street; Mrs.
Rayner, Bridge Street ; Mrs. Martin, East Street.
Spennymoor. — Messrs. Collingwood, High Street; Worton, Tudhoe Grange;
Byers ; Mrs. Rymer, Low Spennymoor.
Stalybridge. — Mr. Harrison, Melbourne Street.
Stanningley. — Mr. Cawson.
Stockton-on-Tees. — Messrs. Wilson, High Street; Wood, Bishopston Lane ; Cham-
bers, Norton Road ; Walters, Silver Street.
Stoke-by- Clare and Sudbitry. — Mr. Gating.
Stoiirport. — Mr. Haywood, High Street.
Sonthzoold. — Mr. King, High Street.
Sunderland. — Mr. Huntley.
Tamzvorth. — Mr. Elliott, George Street.
Todniorden. — Mr. Crabtree, Patmos.
Torquay. — Mr. Searle, Lower Union Street.
Wakefield. — Messrs. Heald, 177, Kirkgate ; Fielding, Kirkgate ; Kelly, 17, North-
gate ; Hudson, East Moor.
Washington. — Mr. Wallace, Speculation Place, New Washington.
tVaterfoot. — Messrs. Elliot, Mill End; Mrs. Hargreaves.
Wednesbury. — Mr. Jones, 59, Lea Brook. •
West Hartlepool. — VEessrs. Wilson, Church Street ; White, Lynn Street.
Willenhall.—yix. Clinton, Market Place.
Wigan. — Mr. Lowe, Scholes. . : .
Wisbeach. — Mr. Anderson, 8, Blackfriars Road.
Wolverhampton. — Mr. Mansell, Lichfield Street.
Wootton Bassett. — Mr. Teagle.
York. — Mr. Brown, Colliergate.
FOREIGN.
Florence. — Signori Flor e Findel, Lung Arno.Acciajoli;.
Genoa. — Signore Arpesani, Via Carlo Felice.
Madras. — A. Doras wini, Moodelliar, Dindigul, Maduca District.
Milan. — Signore Dumulard, Corso Venezia.
A'ew South Wales. — Brooker, Marengo ; R. W. Skinner, 65, Market Street,
Sydney.
Paris. — Mdme. L. Girard, Rue Monge.
Ro7ne. — Signore E. Loescher, Corso.
Torino. — Signore Luigi, Labraio, Via Po, No. 10.
Christians ! shake off the supineness which your priests have created in
you ; dare to think for yourselves, nor suppose your God can be pleased
with the sacrifice of your reason. The bended knee is not the attitude for
study. Read the Bible with the eye of criticism, not of faith. Suspend
your devotions, and reflect on the reception of your past petitions, Ask no
more till they are granted. — Emma Martin,
52 THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY'S ALMANACK, 1880.
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S6 THE ilATiONAL SECUiAR society's AtMAtJACiC, 1880.
EMMA MARTIN ON PRAYER.
Cafi Prayer Cha7ige God?
Unless prayer could change the determination of God it would seem use-
less to offer it, yet there are many reasons why this is impossible.
1. God is said to be immutable, " that in him there is no variableness or
shadow of turning," yet he must be continually changing if he suffered him-
self to be guided by the prayers of changeful man, who to-day longs for the
rose, and to-morrow weeps over the wound of the thorn.
Succeeding generations, from a change of tastes and habits, make oppo-
site requests, and " grant us peace in our time, O Lord," succeeds to
" prosper thou our righteous cause, O Lo^d," and " subdue the king's
enemies under his feet."
Is this immutable one a vane, to be veered about by the breath of prayer
from whatsoever quarter it may blow ?
2. It is impossible that any God could grant the various and contradic-
tory prayers which even saints may present. The favourable answer to one
prayer often involves the disappointment of an antagonistic request. " If it
be possible let this cup pass from me," said Christ, but many had prayed
for salvation for Israel, and if their salvation was to be won by His tasting
death for every man (strange that every man is obliged to taste death for
himself also), it was not in the power of God himself to answer both prayers
favourably.
3. If God is the moral ruler of the universe, as great events often depend
upon those which appear trifling, and as every one is necessary to connect
the great chain of cause and effect, if he has determined anything of all
that has, or shall happen, he has determined all, and it must be as useless
to ask him to alter any part of the arrangement, as to ask him to undo the
whole.
Christians seem to be pretty well aware of this, for the usual addenda to
all their prayers is " nevertheless not my will but thine be done," and, " if it
please thee," or, " unless in thy infinite wisdom thou hast otherwise deter-
mined " ; which is very much like saying. You may give it me if you please,
but I know that you will not give any more for asking, so let it alone if you
prefer to do so. Supple Christianity !
Does Prayer invigorate the Mind ?
On the contrary prayer is the palsy of effort. The person much inclined
to ask God's assistance, learns to repose on the hope of its obtainment, in -
stead of actively seeking the good desired by his own labour. They wait to
see the " leadings of Providence." They pause " lest they should seem to
be troubled about many things," and neglect " the one thing needful."
They think it necessary to " seek first the kingdom of God, and His
righteousness," and they expect that all other things shall be added to them.
If then prayer does not produce the blessings sought by it, and if its
effect on the mind of the individual is not of an improving character, then
What are its Uses ?
The priest knows them well, and applies them to the continuance of his
nefarious power. Does any member of the flock occasionally have " hard
thoughts of God," doubts respecting the divinity of his religion, or suspicions
of the righteousness of some " dispensation of Providence," the priest de-
clares him sinful and convinces him of the necessity for urgent prayer, that
the " devil thus resisted may flee from him." Does a sermon appear to be, I
what it really is, a dry, profitless discourse, it is the fault of the hearer, he
must pray that God will bless the word spoken, and render it profitable.
The man who believes it a duty to pray for faith, " Lord, I believe, help thou
my unbelief," has lost, for the time, the power to use his understanding on
any matters of religion. He is the tame slave of the priest, his spiritual
guide, who, over his creed, his morals, and his. estate, exercises an almost
unlimited sway.
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April, 1879.
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THE PKOPHET. or MZiEETH;
jl critical inquiry into the prophetical,
intellectual, and moral character of
JESUS CHRIST,
AS XXEMPLIFIBD IN HIS FBEDICTIONS, HIS PRECEPTS, HIS AOTIONS, HIS SISOOUBBES
AND HIS SOCIAL INTXRCOUBSE,
By EVAN POWELL MEREDITH, F.A.S.L.
Demy 8vo., Cloth, Lettered, Reduced to 7s. 6d.
PUBLISHED BY E. TRUELO\rE, 256, HIGH HOLBOB^.
NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
"This is a * Prize Essay,' but unlike the majority of prize essays, it shows real
power and independent strength. But as the preface hints, the offering of a prize for
such a work only suggested to the author the writing of this book as an utterance ' on
theological matters,' after having been silent for thirteen years, since his 'quiet with-
drawal from Christianity.' As a Christian minister, he tells us he has well studied the
beliefs of Christendom and the grounds of them; and now he assures us be has 'almost
daily pursued his researches after the real origin of the Christian religion.' The result
of ijL inquiries, on both sides, are here in the masssi^e volume before us. Ostensibly
«,he work is an examination of the evidences for and against the prophecies of Christ,
especially those prophecies which relate to the supposed drawing nigh of the end of the
world ; but in reality, it is an elaborate review of the life, character, and teachings of
Christ. With regard to the prophecies relating to the end of the world, the arguments
on both sides are really well stated, with great fidelity and equal fulness, T he con-
clusion he arrives at is that Christ predicted the end of the world and the day of
judgment as events then just at hand, and that, in consequence, we ought to regard
Christ as 'neither a deity nor in supernatural communication with the deity.*
"Mr. Meredith is a shrewd, clear, and incisive writer, and says the sharpest and
most outright things possible on the subject in hand. Hb is evidently a man of con-
siderable reading and great industry ; and, if only for the sake of his frequent notes,
which are full of information, and particularly rich in quotation and illustration, his
book deserves attention.
"The Christian reviewer her^ proceeds, at great length, to defend the character of
Jesus from the charges brought against him by the author, and concludes his •ritique
by stating that he finds that * the last chapter, which is a refutation of the doctrines
"taught by modem divines" oontains passages of real power, and not a few of
great beauty and eloquence,' and that ' the writer is quite capable of giving «a some-
thing that may live' " — The Rev. John Page HaPPS, in the Trut^ed:^^
The Prophet of Nazareth — Notices of the Press — continued.
" It is a very serious practical question — what ought to be the result, and what
must be the result, to the clergy, if the conclusions reached by some modern enquirers
touching the unhistorical character of a great part of the New Testament should prove
irrefutable. We refer to such works as Mr. Scott's just completed English Life of
Jesus, and to the elaborate and comprehensive work, ^The Prophet of Narazeth,' by
E. P. Meredith. This last work would have been more popular, and would have
attracted more observation, if it had not been so voluminous. The book is one of
vast research and compass ; of great ability, earnestness, learning, and impartiality.
It is a hard study to master all its varied contents ; and the best and ablest among
the clergy might think it no disparagement to enter the lists with this formidable
GoHah. High priced as the work is, it is cheap in proportion to the amount and
variety of the contents." — A. F. M. of the English Leader, in an able article —
"Results of Biblical Criticism."— Sept. 21st, 1867.
*' Never did I feel more covetous of Dr. Johnson's gift of tearing out the heart
a book, than on sitting down to review the elaborate work now lying before me.
o the critics described by Theodore Hook, who confine themselves to cutting a page
or two, and then smelling the paper-knife, as a substitute for reading the book, * The
Prophet ' seems to say : —
* Procul 0 ! procul esto 2^yofani
Conclamat vates, totoque absistite luco.'
Nor is it wonderful that it has become an established principle with critics to lose
sight of the book they are professedly reviewing, and to launch out into matters and
things in general. Having conscientiously read The 'Prophet,' I shall endeavour to
convey to tbe reader some idea of the work, and ray own views thereon. In the
first place, I must express my astonishment, and, to say the truth my disappoint-
ment, that this book — a Prize Essay, of closely printed demy 8vo. of 650 pages, price
12s. 6d. (which was published in 186i, and has already reached its second thousand) —
has called forth no orthodox expression of opinion from Lord Shaftesbury. Possibly
his Lordship finds it difficult to improve on his allocution respecting * Ecce Homo ;'
for if that book be * the worse book ever vomitted forth from the jaws of hell,' {see
N. JR. Oct. 13th. 1867) what words in the orthodox vocabulary are sufficiently sul-
phurous to define * The Prophet '? Mr. Francklin's expressions — ' horrible and
blasphemous production,' ' pestilent doctrines,' &c., are tame and feeble, when com-
pared with the truly diabolical imagery of Lord Shaftesbury. It is frightful to think
what fearful figures of rhetoric may be fulminated against Mr. Meredith's book. It
has been my pleasure and my pride to review this writer hitherto in the character of
a literary tirailleur, an unerring marksman, stalking a bishop, or firing a heavy charge
of swan shot into the retreating Lincolnshire Vicar, who, after commencing the fray
took the earliest opportunity of showing his back to the enemy. Mr. Meredith now
appears in a far grander capacity, as captain of a magnificent iron-clad man-of-war,
which with true British pluck, he steers right into the midst of the theological
squadron, laying his vessel alongside of the largest ships, and challenging a heavy
fire from all quarters. And the theological squadron seem in no haste to return the
raking broadside which he pours in. They appear inclined to sheer off and give
him a wide berth. They seem to argue — logically enough — if the rattle of his
musketry has put to flight a bishop and a vicar, what will become of us when he
opens fire from his heavy guns ! And so, the word is passed to the orthodox captains
— {id est, the editors of the religious papers) — *Do not return the fire of that strange
vessel. Belay there my hearties;' the powder monkeys (printer's devils) are all ready
to hand up ammunition, and curses, not loud, but deep, are muttered on ' the
Infidel.' But the horrible theological carnage is delayed, and ink, shed for a time,
ceases to flow. The smokp from Mr. Meredith's guns clears away, and, as the
parsons behold the black hull and muzzles of the guns protruding from the open
port-holee, most devoutly do they hope that it will all end in smoke. Truly, it may
The Prophet of Nazabeth — Koticca of the Prejs — contmaed.
be said, ' the boldest hold their breath for a time.* The pause is ominous, but it can-
not last. The conflict between priestism and what priests call infidelity must go
on, and the theological policy of a 'masterly inaction' will be found as futile as it is
inglorious. To drop metaphor : the orthodox papers, the Guardian, Record, John
Bull, Christian World, et id genus omne, pursue the worldly-wise policy of ignoring
this book, which is a magnificent addition to the literature of Freethought, and a
powerful effort to substitute terra Jirma in lieu of the pestiferous bogs of
superstition, and theological sloughs of despond. I have the more pleasure
in stating this, as it is not my intention to plaster the volume or its author
with unqualified praise ; but all candid persons, orthodox or heterodox, will
admit that there cannot be two opinions as to the erudition, the patient
industry, and the great moral courage manifested by Mr. Mwedith. The writer of
this elaborate work manifests great scholarship and great patience ; and Euffon has
said, * Le Oenie, c'est la Patience.' The judicial spirit of impartiality is also strikingly
manifested in the arguments for and against the orthodox view of the character of
Jesus. ' The prefixed advertisement will show the conditions under which the work
was written, and will explain the cause that considerable portions of it are written
on the Christian side of the argument. The portions of the work devoted exclusively
to the advocacy ot Christianity are from page 9 to 50, and from 245 to 2.58. Should
any Christian reader be so conscious of the weakness of his faith as to desire to know
only what can be said in favour of his religion, he is recommended to confine himself
exclusively to the perusal of these pages, and, when he has read them, to shut the
book, lest his prejudice be irritated, or his mind roused to critical inquiry.' On first
reading the above, I was irresistibly reminded of the polished irony of Gibbon, as
displayed particularly in the 15th and 16th chapters of his immortal work. Indeed,
there is a good deal, both in the literary style and in the position of this brave
Meredith attacking superstition from his philosophic retreat in Monmouth, which
recalls those noble lines of Byron, where, after depicting the philosopher of Ferney,
he refers to the philosopher of Lausanne But on reading the
portions referred to, it will be found that our author has fully borne out this
statement in his preface. * These portions which are strictly orthodox ure enforced
with every possible fidelity and strength of reasoning that the writer could command
when he was a sincere believer in the truth of the Christian religion,' &c. On
reading Mr. Baillie's advertisement, the reader will see that the Prize Essay is
not a desultory discussion of Christianity, but a most pertinent and important
inquiry as to whether certain definite prophecies attributed to Jesus have or have
not been fulfilled. 'Did Jesus Christ predict the Last Day of Judgment and
Destruction of the World as events inevitable during the then existent generation of
men ?' If this question can be answered in the affirmative, then the non-fulfilment
of such a clear and distinct prophecy effectually disposes of the divinity of Jesus.
' For although to utter true prophecies is no proof that the prophet is a deity, or
that he has any preternatural communication with deity, yet to utter false propheines
is, in the very nature of things, a positive proof that the prophet is not a deity, and
is not in any manner supernaturally influenced by the Supreme Being.'" — AuTONOMOS,
in the National Reformer of July 12th, 1868.
" Germany has produced its celebrated 'Leben Jesu ' by Strauss, and France its
* Vie de Jesus,' by Kenan ; but England has never until now produced any
distinguished or remarkable life of Christ. This has just been accomplished
by Mr. Evan Powell Meredith, whose elaborate work has the English characteristics
of solidity, thorough exhaustiveness, and great clearness of statement. The author
was educated for the Christian ministry ; but he subsequently, to use his own
explicit and courageous words, ' quietly withdrew from Christianity, whose
doctrines, after considerable examination and research, he had ceased to believe,
and therefore could no longer conscientiously preach.' After being for thirteen
The Profhet op Nazareth — Notices of the Press — contmued.
years from his seoedure silent on theological matters, the offer of the Baillie Prize
induced him to enter upon the oomposition of this volume, to which he has devoted
the labours of seven years. There are numerous authorities quoted in the work.
j£r. Meredith, acting upon the genuine intuition of literature, enters upon the
examination of his subject with the resources of a scholar, the spirit of a gentleman,
and the courage of a critic, who knows that the purpose of criticism is the discovery
and estimate of the truth, and that the duty of a critic is to express an honest,
uncompromising, and discriminating opinion. The result is a very remarkable and
valuable book of 652 demy 8vo. pages, solid, of more than ordinary width and
length. The Christian reader will find in this volume more information than all the
Crudens, and Kings, and Kittos, and commentators have ever supplied touching the
true characteristics oi these most interesting subjects — the predictions, precepts,
actions, discourses, and social intercourse of Jesus Christ ; and that stated in
language which is considerate without weakness, and bold without offence. As
perfect for reference as for reading, the * Prophet of Nazareth' is accompanied with
a most copious and complete index." — The Reasoner.
"Believing that the Christian religion is like a goodly vineyard overgrown with
thistles and weeds, the author sets himself resolutely to the task of destroying the
crowded undergrowth ; and he handles his spade and his scarifier with much skill
and noticeable pluck. . . . Now, whatever may be the merits of the modern
German critics, Bishop Colenso, the Essayists and Reviewers, and the other black
sheep of the Church, there can be no mistake respecting the plainness of Mr.
Meredith's language or the boldness of his speculations Those
who wish to continue the subject may purchase the volume for themselves. They
will find Mr. Meredith always in earnest, and always gentlemanly in tone." — The
Newcastle Daily Chronicle.
" After reading this volume no one should be unacquainted with the real character
of Christ, and with the nature and tendency of his teachings. We never remember
reading a book with less pretension, and at the same time being more exhaustive.
The Christian's view is fairly stated, and the Freethinker's position is so well
defended that it forms a complete library ; and all other books on the two-fold
question here discussed may be fearlessly dispensed with. As we hope to refer on
more than one occasion to ' The Prophet of Nazareth,* we shall now content ourselves
with quoting," &c. — The National Reformer.
*' Mr. Meredith appe.ivs to have withdrawn quietly from Christianity some years
a<?o, but to have employed himself with inquiries into its origin ; and in the present
work we have the result, distributed into arguments for and against the divine nature
of its Founder, the reality and accomplishment of his prophecies concerning the
destruction of Jerusalem, the end of the world, and his own resurrection, the
excellence or defects of his teaching, and the probable sources of his precepts.
Mr. Meredith has endeavoured not to wound unneceesarily the feelings of believers."
— The Wcstmini'ter Review.
AMPHILOGIA ; or, Correspondence on the Teaching of Jesus, between
the Bishop of Llandaff and Evan Powell Meredith, Author of the
"Prophet of Nazareth," <fcc. Also correspondence touching the Divine
Origin of the Christian Religion, between the Rev. J. Fairfax
Franklin, M.A., and Evan Powell Meredith. Eighty large 8vo.
pages, published at Is., reduced to 6d. .
"The correspondence is worth perusal both by Freethinkers and, if they did
but know it, by * Ohristfmns ' too." — English Lr.ad^r.
THE QUEEN v, R TEUELOVE,
{QUEEN'S BENCH DTVISION, FEBRUARY 1, 1878,)
FOR
PUBLISHING THE HON. ROBERT DALE OWEN'S " MORAL
PHYSIOLOGY," AND A PAMPHLET ENTITLED
"INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY, AND NATIONAL POVERTY."
{Specially Reported.)
100 pages, also an Appendix (25 pages) containing
" Authorities " which Mr. Truelove's Counsel, W. A. Hunter, Professor
of Roman Law and Jurisprudence, Lond. Univ., was prevented from
using for the defence, owing to the impatience of the Judge, Chief
Justice Cockburn. Price Is., or in cloth boards, 2s. post free.
" There is one thing nndo^tedly not to he lost sight of, namely, that this is not one of
ikoie books intended to inflame the imagination and passions. There are %n it no
indelicate or indecent things, or lascivious descriptions of marriage. It is not one of
those hooks which you have only to look at to see thai they ought to he suppressed and
burned by the common hangman. It is not a wort of that kind. There is nothing in its
language, or the ideas conveyed by it, of a voluptuous character — it is simply a dry
physiologital discussioti, and the defendant is entitled to the beneft of that." — Extraot
from the "Summing-up" of the Lord Chief Justice.
This Trial is published as a contribution to the literature of the
Population Question. It is believed that the fair and legitimate liberty
of the Press has been imperilled by the attempt of the " Society
for the Suppression of Vice " to bring such a work as the " Moral
Physiology " of R. D. Owen, Senator of the United States and Ambas-
sador at the Court of Naples, within the scope of Lord Campbell's
Act and the English Common Law.
The Population Question has only quite recently come before the
Courts of this country ; first, in the cause cUehre of Mr. Bradlaugh
and Mrs. Besant, for publishing " The Fruits of Philosophy," and
secondly, in the case of Mr. Truelove, as reported in this volume.
The Speeches of Counsel on both sides, the Evidence, and the
Summing-up of the Judge, full and complete.
E. TRUELOVE, 256, HIGH HOLBORN, W.O.
Uefovmeri Lihrary^ 25G, High Ilolborn.
Eobert Owen's Lectures on the Marriages of
the Priesthood of the Old Immoral World. Witk Appendix, con-
taining the Marriage System of the New Moral World. Published
at Is., reduced to 8d.
Robert Owen's Lectures on Socialism. Delivered
at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly. 192 pages, 8yo. Published at
3s., reduced to 2s.
Rationalism. By G. J. Holyoake. 6d.
*' Sometime after becoming acquainted with those sentiments which' E. Owen
has distinguished himself by disseminating, I recast them for my perfect
satisfaction, 'i.e., I asked myself hoio I understood them and why I adopted
them, and to be sure that what I thought was clear and consonant, I proceeded
to reduce my impressions to words."
Pictures of Controversy; or, the Conflicts of
Faith and Scepticism. By J. C. Farn. An Impartial Statement
of Evidences on both Sides. Half-price, Cd.
Half-Hours with the Treethinkers, First and
Second Series. Containing the Lives of 48 Freethinkers. By
Chas. Bradlaugh and John Watts. Bound in cloth, 3s.
The Zulu Controversy. Colenso Right, Dr.
Gumming Wrong. Half-price, 2d.
Killing no Murder. By Colonel Titus, a Royal
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Truth, Love, and Joy ; or, the Garden of Eden
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pages, cloth boards, published at 8s. 6d. may be had for 4s., post-free.
Theodore Parker's Sermons. — The Moral Con-
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— True Idea of a Christian Church. — Christian Use of Sunday. —
Poverty. — The Perishing Classes in J Boston. — Merchants. — The
Function of a Teacher of Beligion. — The ■ Dangerous Classes. —
The State of the Nation. — Thanksgiving Day.
i i
ANALYSIS OF THE IKFUTENCK OF NATUEAL RELIGION on
the Temporal Happiness of Mankind. By Philip Beauchamp (a
pseudonym adopted by G. Grote, the historian of Greece), 123 pp., Is.
in cloth boards, Ss. '
" Among the works read in the course of this year (1822) which contributed materially to my
development, I onght to mention a book (written on the foundation of some of Bentham's manu«
•oripts, and published under the pseudonym of Philip Beauohamp), entitled "AnalyBia of the
Influence of Natural Eeligion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind/
*• This was an examination not of the truth, but of the usefulness of religious belief in the most
general sense, apart from the peculiarities of any special Revelation ; which, of all the parts of tha
ilisoussion cont?enaing religion, is the moat important in this age, in which real belief iu any religious
doctrine is feeble and precarious, but the opinion of its necessity for moral and social purposes
iJmost universal ; and when those who reject revelation very generally take refuge in an optimistic
Deism, a worship of the order of ITatnre and the supposed course of Providence, at least as full of
contradictions and perverting to the moral sentiments as any of the forms of Christianity, if only
it is as completely realized. Yet, very little, with any claim to a philosophical character, has been
written by sceptics against the usefulness of this form of belief.
*• The volume bearing the name of Philip Beauchamp had this for its special object. Having;
been shown to my father in manuscript, it was put into my hands by him, and I made a marginal
analysis of it as I had done of the ' Elements of Political Economy.' Next to the • Traits de
Legislation,' it was one of the books which, by the searching character of its analysis, produced
the greatest effect upon me. On reading it lately, after an interval of many years, I find it to hav9
some of the defects as well as the merits of the Benthamic modes of thought, and to contain, as I
now think, m-any weak arguments, but with a great overbalance of sound ones, and much good
material for a more completely philosophic and conclusive treatment of the subject." — JohK
BiuAET Mill's Autobioqbapht, page 69.
*' This essential portion of the inquiry into the temporal usefulness of religion is the subject
of the present Essay. It is a part which has been little treated of by sceptical writers. The only
direct discussion of it with which I am acquainted is in a short treatise, understood to have been
partly compiled from manuscripts of Mr. Bentbam, and abounding in just and profound views ;
but which, as it appears to me, presses many parts of the argument too hard." — J. S. Mill's
Essay ok thb Utility of Bbligiox, page 76.
"Although not generally known, it is, we believe, a fact that the late Mr. Grote was the author
of a treatise on Natural Religion, published under an assumed name so far back as the year 1822.
The full title of this work is * Analysis of the Influence of Natural Beligion, &c,, &c,, by Philip
Beauchamp.' " — The Athenaum, May 31, 1873.
The Jesus Christ of J. S. Mill. By Antichrist. 90 pp., Is.
" He is Antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son, and confesseth not that Jesus Christ it
come in the flesh.*' — 1 John, ii. 22, iv, 2, 3, and 2 Johit, 7.
Revealed Religion : its Claims on the Intellect and on the Heart, impartially
discussed in a series of letters from a Father to his Son. By a Wrangler
and Ex-Member of the University of Cambridge. 62 pp., 6d.
** This production assails Christianity at all points. To be candid the writer should have said
that Bevealed Beligion was ' attacked ' not 'discussed' in every page." — Eastern Poti.
E. Truelove having purchased the entire remainder of the Author, is enabled
to offer this able work at half the published price.
Permanent Peace, its Possibility ; a Paper read before the Dialectical Society.
By Richard Harte, author of " The Laws and Customs of Marriage." 6d.
New Religious Thoughts, by Douglas Campbell. Second Edition, revised, 430
pp., cloth boards. This hereticiil work was published by Williams &
Norgate at 5s. ; E. Truelove having purchased a large remainder, offers it,
neatly bound, for 2s. 6d.
The Currency Question. The Philosophy of Wealth. By John Crawford.
3rd Edition, 237 pp., cloth. Is.
Bunyan's Life and Death of Mr. Badman. 237 pp., cloth, 6d.
Land and Landlordism. By Humphry Sandwith, C.B. 2nd Edition, 6d.
The E';onomy of Human Life. By R. Dodsley. 144 pp., cloth, 6d.
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EABELAIS. The Works of Francis Eabelais, from the French of
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and sketches of some of his contemporaries. By William Maccall.
author of " The Elements of Individualism," " Foreign Biographies,'
and other works. 2 vols., cloth, 4s.
A neatly printed poeJeet editiom of this famona work has long; been a detiderattim, and may
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Vere Vereker's Yengeance. By Tom Hood. Woodcuts by Brunton. 6d,
Nob JBus. Nobody's Business. By Marcus Davis. 79 pp., 8vo. 6d.
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Mr. Sprouts his Opinions. By Rd. Whiting. Crown 8vo., toned paper.
Published by Hotten at 3s. 6d. Is. 6d.
A Costermonger who gets into Parliament, and becomes one of the moat " practical members,"
riTaDing Bernal Osborne ia his wit and Boebuok in b'u satire, ought to bb an amusing person.
Historical Analysis of Christian Civilisation. By L. R. de Vevicour.
Upwards of 500 pages, 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
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*• Without any doobt, Nature, that glorious revelation of the Eternal and the origin of the
Universe, according to the teacldng of natural science are nearest to us, and more immediately
within our grasp, and of far greater moment to us than all the hollow verbiage as to what God
really is ! ! — Author's Preface.
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Lord Lytton: a Biography. By the Editor of "Men of the Time."
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Unorthodox London ; or, Phases of
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By the Rev. Dr. Maurice Davies. Two volumes bound in one.
Contains : South Place Chapel, Finsbury — Moncure D. Conway on
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a Sunday Lecture, by Professor Huxley — Tabernacle Ranters — The
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P, 6^d. Published originally in Two Volumes at 28s.
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Rev. H. R. Haweis — Father Stanton — Mr. Forrest— Rev. T.
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Brooke — Midnight Mass — Archbishop of York — Bishop of London —
Bishop of Manchester — Bishop of Lincoln, &c. &c. 458 pages.
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Chapters on Man, w^ith the Outlines of a
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MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS :
Old Tales and Superstitions,
INTERPRETED BY COMPARATIVp: MYTHOLOGY.
By JOHN FISKE, M.A., LL.B.,
Lcchirer \on Philosophy at Hai'vard University.
Crown 8vo, pp. 260, cloth, los. 6d.
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