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Gertrude  N.    Brick 


THE  STATE  UNrvtRSJTY  Of  ^4EW  JERSTC 

RUTGERS 


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cJne 
cJwedisn  cJememenfs 
en  ine  ^Delaware 

l6jS'~l664 


C  \/oluTDe  11 


Cimandzis  Johnson, (iPh.u). 

Of  cS^e  IJniversifu  cf<:Pennsy/vaoia,c/€crefaru  of  ^e 
cfwedisG    Co/oniaf  c/cciefu,  S^e.m6er  of^e  O^aforicar 
Obciefy  of  ^ennsufvania 


S^Ei  fa  defpfii  a 
oAvedisf}  CofoniafoJociefu 


Copyright,  19H 
By  AuANDUs  Johnson 


Fkess  of 

The  new  Era  printins  cohpahv 

Lancastcr.  Pa. 


f 

I  "if I 


H.  M.  KONUNG  GUSTAF  V 

TILLEGNAS    DETTA   VERK 
OM 

NYA  SVERIGE 


UNDERDANIGST   AF 
FORFATTAREN 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


BOOK    IV. 


The  Last  Period  of  the  Colony  under  Swedish  Rule, 

1653-1655. 

PART  I. 

Renewed  Efforts  in  behalf  of  the  Colony  and  the  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  Expeditions,  1653-1654. 

chapter.  pace. 

XXXIX.  The  Tenth  Expedition,  1653-1654 469 

XL.  The  Eleventh  Expedition,  1654 490 

PART    II. 
The  Colony  under  Papegoja  and  Rising,   1653-1655. 

XLI.  The  Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden,  1653- 

1655 497 

XLII.  Social  and  Economic  Life,  1654-1655 514 

XLIII.  Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Superstitions,  Re- 
ligion, etc 534 

XLIV.  Literature  of  New  Sweden,  1640-1655 549 

XLV.  Relations  with  the  Indians,  1654-1655 563 

XL VI.  Relations  with  the  English,  1654-1655 572 

XL VII.  Relations  with  the  Dutch  and  the  Overthrow  of  New 

Sweden,    1654-1655 581 


viii  Table  of  Contents. 

BOOK   V. 

The  American  Company  and  the  Tweltth  Expedition, 

AND  the  Swedish  Settlements  under  Dutch 

Rule,  i  654-1 664. 

PART  I. 

The  American  Company,  the  Last  Expedition  to  New  Sweden 

AND  THE  Efforts  of  Sweden  to  Regain  the  Colony, 

1 654-1 736. 

CHAPTER.  PAGE. 

XLVIII.  The  American  Company  or  the  Third  Reorganization 

of  the  New  Sweden  Company,  1654-1655 619 

XLIX.  The  Twelfth  or  Last  Expedition,  1655-1656 631 

L.  The  Tobacco  Trade  of  the  American  Company,  1654- 

1658 637 

LL  The  American  Tobacco  Company,  1658-1662 640 

LIL  The    New   Tobacco   Company,    1662- 1685    and    the 

American    Company,    1662-1736 645 

LIIL  Efforts  of  Sweden  to  Regain  the  Colony,  1656-1673. .   648 

PART    IL 

Life  in  the  Colony,  165 5- 1664. 

LIV.  The  First  Period  of  the  Swedish  Settlements  under 
Dutch  Rule  and  the  Coming  of  the  Mercurius,  1655- 

1656 657 

LV.  The  Last  Period  of  the  Swedish  Settlements  under  the 

Dutch,   1656-1664   663 

APPENDICES. 

Appendix  A.     Brief  Biographies   673 

Appendix  B.    Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants  and  Set- 
tlers IN  New  Sweden,  1638-1656: 

I.  Garrison  and  Servants,  1638-1640 699 

IL  Garrison,  Servants  and  Freemen,   1640-1643 699 

in.  Roll-List  of  the  Male  Inhabitants,   1643-1644 700 

IV.  Roll-List  of  the  People,  March,  1648 710 


Table  of  Contents.  « 

V.  List  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants  and  Freemen,  1654- 

1655    716 

VI.  A  List  of  Some  of  the  Returning  Officers  and  Soldiers. .  724 

VIL  Roll-List  of  Colonists,  1655 724 

Addenda  to  Appendix  B 7^6 

Appendix  C.    Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents: 

L  Instruction  till  Johan   Rising 7^7 

Translation  of  the  Instruction  for  John  Rising 741 

II.  Bestallningsbref  for  Sven  Skute 733 

Translation  of  the  Commission  for  Sven  Skute 747 

III.  Instruction  till  Hans  Amundsson 734 

Translation  of  the  Instruction  for  Hans  Amundsson. . .  747 

IV.  Till  Leut.  Sven  Hook 735 

Translation  of  the  Instructions  for  Sven  Hook 748 

V.  Instruction  till  Hendrick  Elswick 73^ 

Translation  of  the  Instruction 749 

VI.  Instruction  .  .  .  demnach  sich   der  Capitan  Johan  J. 

Bockhom  .  .  .  zu  richten  hat 738 

Translation  of  the  Instruction  for  Jan  Jansson  Bockhorn  751 
VII.  Translation  of  the  Treaty  between  England  and  Sweden 
Concerning  the  Swedish  Settlements  in  Africa  and 

America    753 

VIII.  Translation  of  the  Indian  Confirmation  of  the  Sandhook  755 

IX.  Translation  of  an  Indian  Deed  of  Land 756 

X.  Translation  of  the  Testimony  of  the  Heirs  of  Mitat- 

simint  757 

Appendix  D. 

I.  The  Expeditions  Prepared  for  New  Sweden,  1638-1656  758 
II.  Ships  Belonging  to  the  South-Ship  Company  that  did  not 

make  Journeys  to  New  Sweden 762 

Bibliography    767 

Index   815 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  REPRO- 
DUCTIONS OF  DOCUMENTS. 


Facing  page 

iig.  Upsala  during  the  seventeenth  century 476 

120.  First  page  and  superscription  of  Rising's  appointment  as  di- 

rector by  the  Commercial  College 478 

121.  Second  page  and  Postscriptum  of  Rising's  appointment 479 

122.  Kramer's  letter  to  E.  Oxenstierna 490 

123.  Marstrand    492 

124.  First  page  of  the  original  official   appointment  of  Director 

Rising 500 

125.  Last  page  of  the  appointment,  signed  by  Queen  Christina. . . .  501 

126.  Seal  of  Queen  Christina 501 

127.  Map  and  plan  of  Christinehamn  and  Fort  Christina 518 

128.  Christinehamn    522 

1 29.  Tome   522 

130.  Plowing  and  preparing  the  ground  in  the  north 524 

131.  Manure  forks  of  wood 524 

132.  A  typical  harvest  scene  in  Finland  and  Sweden 528 

133.  A  field  prepared  by  burning  {Svedjebruk) 528 

134.  "  Branch    harrow  " 529 

135.  "  Hand-harrow "    529 

136.  Plow  made  of  wood 529 

137.  Stones  for  a  hand-mill 529 

138.  A   sickle 529 

139.  "  Burning  "  a  field 530 

140.  Plan  of  a  house 538 

141.  Table    538 

142.  Bench    538 

143.  Exterior  of  a  house  in  Sweden 539 

144.  Interior  of  the  dwelling 539 

145.  Logcabin  built  by  Swedes  on  the  Delaware 540 

146.  Section  of  a  dwelling  in  Sweden,  showing  chairs,  etc 540 

147.  Probable  appearance  of  Rising  Hall 541 

xi 


xii  List  of  Illustrations 

Facing  page 

148.  Title  page  of  Lindestrom's  Geograph'ta 554 

149.  Frontispiece  in  Campanius's  translation  of  the  Catechism. . . .  560 

150.  Indian  certificate,  July  8,   1654 564 

151.  Indian  deed,  July  8,  1654 565 

152.  Governor  Peter  Stuyvesant 580 

153.  Plan  of  Fort  Trefaldighet 582 

154.  Siege  of  Christina 602 

155.  Cannon  balls  from  Fort  Christina 608 

156.  Rising's  passport  for  Lindestrom 616 

157.  Jonkoping 618 

158.  First  page  of  the  Swedish-English  Treaty,  May  8,  1654. . . .  620 

159.  Second  page  of  the  Swedish  English  treaty,  1654 621 

160.  Third  page  of  the  Swedish  English  treaty,  1654 620 

161.  Viborg  in  the  seventeenth  century 624 

162.  Seal  and  signature  of  Carl  X 626 

163.  Anckarhjelm's  letter  of  September  26,   1655 632 

164.  Balance  of  the  books  of  the  American  Company  (Debits) ....  642 

165.  Balance  of  the  books  of  the  American  Company  (Credits) .  . .  643 

166.  Magnus  G.  de  la  Gardie 650 

167.  Facsimiles  of   the   signatures   of  Willem    Usselinx,   Andries 

Hudde,  Gustaf  Printz,  Sven  Hook,  Christer  Bonde,  Sven 

Skute,  and   Hendrick  Elswick 674 


MAPS. 

Detailed  map  of  New  Sweden,  1638-1655 496 

Lindestrom's  map  of  New  Sweden 514 


BOOK  IV. 

®ifp  llast  T^nlab  of  tlje  ffioUmg  ISivbn  Bmthxali  Sub. 

1053-1055. 


PART    I. 

RENEWED  EFFORTS  IN  BEHALF  OF  THE  COLONY  AND 
THE  TENTH  AND  ELEVENTH  EXPEDITIONS,  1653-1654. 


CHAPTER   XXXIX. 

The  Tenth  Expedition,  1653- 1654. 

I. 

We  have  seen  that  no  ship  was  dispatched  to  New  Sweden 
after  1649,  although  Printz  had  written  several  times,  implor- 
ing for  aid.  The  letters  to  Brahe  and  Oxenstierna  of  April  26, 
1653,  stating  that  new  supplies  were  absolutely  necessary  in  the 
colony,  arrived  at  Stockholm  in  the  late  summer.  These  seem 
to  have  impressed  the  authorities  with  the  fact  that  the  settle- 
ment could  no  longer  be  neglected  and  there  were  at  last  signs 
of  awakened  interest  in  the  same  and  renewed  activities  In  its 
behalf  at  the  capital.  The  company  was  discussed  in  the  Coun- 
cil of  State  and  the  Queen  once  more  instructed  the  Commercial 
College  to  take  over  its  management.  Eric  Oxenstierna,  who 
in  August,  1652,  had  been  made  General  Director  of  the  col- 
lege, returned  to  Sweden  in  the  summer  of  1653  and  new  life 
was  put  into  that  body.^  He  was  also  greatly  interested  in  the 
colonial  work  and  to  him  was  largely  due  the  efforts  that  were 
soon  made  to  send  out  a  new  expedition. 

Further  consultations  were  had  in  the  council  about  the  mat- 
ter In  August,  at  which  reports  and  suggestions  were  presented, 
and  it  was  at  last  decided  that  the  various  requests  of  Printz 
for  ammunition,  supplies  for  his  new  ship  and  other  things 
should  be  granted.  The  Admiralty,  as  has  been  seen,  was  in 
arrears  to  the  company  for  several  thousand  R.D.  As  a  conse- 
quence It  had  been  proposed  on  several  occasions  that  the  gov- 

'  Cf.  Fries,  E.  Oxenstierna,  p.  124  ff. 

469 


470  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

ernment  should  prepare  the  ships  for  the  next  expedition.  The 
question  was  brought  up  again  at  this  time  and  the  Queen 
agreed  to  the  plan,  instructing  the  Admiralty  on  August  13,  to 
fit  out  the  Wisniar  for  a  voyage  to  New  Sweden.  The  Queen 
had  determined,  says  the  instruction,  to  send  300  colonists  and 
a  large  cargo  to  the  South  River,  in  order  that  the  undertaking 
there  should  not  go  to  ruin.  On  the  same  day  the  war  depart- 
ment was  ordered  to  supply  ammunition  for  the  colony  accord- 
ing to  an  enclosed  list  and  the  preparations  for  the  expedition 
were  soon  in  full  progress.-  For  some  reason  "the  Crown's 
ship  Orn,^  lying  at  anchor  in  the  harbor  of  Stockholm,  was 
selected  to  make  the  voyage  instead  of  the  Wtsmar  and  Cap- 
tain Bockhorn*  was  appointed  to  sail  the  vessel.  As  the  expedi- 
tion was  to  consist  of  two  ships,  the  company  arranged  to  pre- 
pare the  Gyllene  Haj,^  and  on  the  day  before  the  above  instruc- 
tions were  issued  the  Commercial  College  had  ordered  Hans 
Kramer  to  deliver  600  D.  to  Peter  Friedell  to  be  used  for  the 
supplies  of  the  ship. 

About  two  weeks  later  (August  25)  Kramer,  through  orders 
from  the  college,  supplied  2,550  D.s.m.  to  Admiral  Anckar- 
hjelm,  who  was  also  to  buy  provisions  and  pay  the  wages  of  the 
colonists  and  sailors  at  Gothenburg  before  they  set  sail.  On  Sep- 
tember 28  an  instruction  was  sent  to  the  admiral  concerning  the 
journey  of  the  ship  to  Virginia  and,  as  some  changes  had  been 

^R.R.,  August  13,  1653,  fol.  1572-3. 

^  T/ie  Eagle.     Probably  the  head  of  an  eagle  was  carved  as  the  figure  head. 

*  Capt.  Jan  Jansson  Bockhorn.  Probably  a  Hollander  (his  enmity  to  the 
English  would  indicate  that,  besides  other  circumstances).  Entered  Swedish 
service  before  1643.  Was  mate  on  the  Katt  in  1649  and  served  in  various 
capacities  for  many  years.  Made  several  journeys  to  Portugal  in  1651.  Served 
on  the  "  Gotheborgiske  confardie  "  ship  for  some  time  until  in  April,  1652.  March 
30  he  was  ordered  to  report  to  Stockholrn  for  service.  In  the  fall  of  1653  he  was 
ordered  to  sail  to  New  Sweden  on  the  Orn.  In  1656  he  left  Swedish  service  to 
try  his  luck  in  other  places,  receiving  good  recommendations  from  the  government. 
But  he  again  returned  to  Sweden  and  during  the  winters  of  1660  and  1662  he 
made  journeys  to  Germany  and  Holland  for  private  purposes  and  passes  were 
given  him  by  the  Admiralty.  Am.  Reg.  1651  Junio  11;  1652,  March  30  (index 
gives  year  wrongly  as  1653),  fol.  128-9;  '65s,  September  28,  fol.  512-13;  October 
4,  fol.  531-3;  1656,  September  30,  fol.  946-7;  1660,  October  31  f.  524;  1662, 
August  16.     In  R.R.  and  in  Cora.  Col.  Reg.  are  to  be  found  materials  on  him. 

°  The  Golden  Shark. 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  '471 

suggested  in  the  original  lists  of  food  stuffs  ordered  to  be  pur- 
chased for  the  voyage,  he  was  requested  to  buy  various  kinds 
of  fish  and  salt  meat  instead  of  pork,  besides  French  and  Span- 
ish wine,  vinegar,  oil  and  mustard  seed.  On  the  same  day  the 
cashier  of  the  Admiralty  was  ordered  to  deliver  68  D.  s.m.  for 
one  "  Jm"^  French  brandy  to  be  put  on  the  Orn.  Kramer  also 
purchased  quantities  of  supplies  in  Stockholm  about  this  time 
and  several  hundred  barrels  of  bread  and  flour  and  a  large  sup- 
ply of  nails  and  other  goods  were  soon  brought  on  board  the 
ship.^ 

A  great  number  of  colonists  were  to  be  collected  for  the  ex- 
pedition. Many  had,  from  time  to  time,  applied  for  permission 
to  go  to  New  Sweden,  but  the  number  of  settlers,  who  had 
expressed  their  willingness  to  immigrate,  was  not  sufficient.  Ac- 
cordingly Sven  Skute  was  appointed  to  hire  soldiers  and  laborers 
and  to  prevail  upon  others  to  go  as  settlers.  On  August  23 
Kramer  gave  him  300  D.s.m.  for  which  he  should  engage  the 
people,  a  letter  being  sent  to  Governor  Per  Ribbing  on  the 
following  day,  requesting  him  to  assist  in  the  matter,  and  on  the 
twenty-fifth  an  instruction  in  six  paragraphs  was  issued  for  him. 
He  should  hire  50  soldiers,  including  those  already  engaged, 
especially  such  as  had  a  trade,  and  he  was  to  collect  250  colonists 
"  of  which  the  greatest  part  [must  be]  good  men,  fewer  women 
and  fewest  children."  He  was  to  offer  the  soldiers  at  the  most 
4  R.D.  a  month  (less  if  possible)  and  he  should  especially 
endeavor  to  find  farmhands*  and  colonists,  who  were  willing 
to  go  without  pay,  but  such  as  needed  financial  aid  he  was  to 
promise  a  certain  sum,  always  as  small  as  possible  and  in  no 
case  more  than  30  D.k.m.  a  year  until  they  could  be  settled  on 
land  in  New  Sweden.  First  of  all  he  was  to  gather  as  many  as 
he  was  able  at  Vasteras,  sending  them  at  once  to  the  capital, 
that  they  might  go  to  Gothenburg  by  the  Orn.     From  there  he 

°  Cf.  above,  Chap.  VI.;  Falkman,  Om  malt,  etc.,  II.  3,  26,  55-6,  119,  165. 

^Journal,  nos.  iioi  (1653,  August  12),  1102,  1104  (August  23),  1106,  1115, 
1119,  mo,  1116,  1118-25,  "31-3+.  "47-81  "53-  '^"J-  R^g-i  September  2$, 
1653,  fol.  512-13  (FI.  Ar.). 

'  "  Bondedrangiar." 


472  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

was  to  proceed  to  Varmland  and  Dalsland,  as  it  had  been  re- 
ported that  "  a  good  many  of  those,  who  dwelt  in  the  large 
forests  "  of  these  provinces,  were  willing  to  go  to  New  Sweden 
and  the  governors  there  were  requested  to  assist  him  in  enlist- 
ing the  people.  When  the  recruits  at  these  places  were  all 
hired,  they  should  be  kept  in  readiness  to  proceed  to  Gothen- 
burg as  soon  as  Skute  heard  from  President  Broman"  that  the 
Orn  had  passed  through  the  Sound.*" 

It  is  probable  that  Skute  proceeded  at  once  to  carry  out  these 
instructions  for  it  seems  he  had  completed  his  work  at  Viisteras 
in  the  beginning  of  September,  as  Johan  Rising  wrote  to  him  on 
September  lo  that  he  should  continue  his  work  in  Varmland 
and  Dalsland,  keep  the  people  in  readiness  until  he  heard  from 
his  "Excellency  [E.  Oxenstierna]  and  report  all  matters  of  im- 
portance to  Rising  or  the  Commercial  College."" 

The  people  hired  in  Vasteras  gradually  made  their  appear- 
ance at  Stockholm,  where  a  number  of  men  had  been  hired  by 
Kramer,'^  among  whom  was  a  millwright,'*  engaged  at  a  sal- 
ary of  40  D.  a  month.  Twelve  children  (boys)  from  the  Bild- 
ing  College  of  the  city  of  Stockholm  were  also  sent  to  New 
Sweden  on  these  ships.**  The  Orn  was  now  almost  ready  to 
sail,  and  in  the  beginning  of  October  a  memorial  was  given  to 
Captain  Bockhorn  by  the  Admiralty,  instructing  him  to  set  out 
at  once  for  Gothenburg  and  requesting  him  to  follow  the  orders 
he  was  to  receive  from  the  Commercial  College  in  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  journey. *° 

The  ship  left  Stockholm  on  October  8,  touching  at  Helsingor, 
Copenhagen  and  other  ports,  and  arrived  at  Gothenburg  on 
November  8.'"    The  soldiers  and  colonists  were  now  rushed  to 

'  President  in  Gothenburg. 

'°  Instruction  for  S.  Skute,  August  25,  1653 ;  letter  to  Per  Ribbing,  August 
24,  1653,  Com.  Col.  Reg.;  Journal,  no.  1104  ff. 

"Letter  to  S.  Skute,  September  10,  1653,  Com.  Col.  Reg.   (R.A.). 

"  Kramer  paid  a  month's  wages  to  sixteen  of  these. 

"  "  Sagmiihlenmeister." 

"  Expenses  of  60  D.  in  connection  with  them  are  noted. 

"Journal,  nos.  1130,  1153  ff.;  "Memorial,"  etc.,  Am.  Reg.,  October  4,  1653, 
fol.  531-3   (Fl.  Ar.). 

"Lindestrora  to  Pres.  in  the  Com.  Col.,  July  9,  1654,  N.S.,  I.   (R.A.). 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  473 

the  city,  to  be  in  readiness  for  embarking,  and  preparations 
were  made  to  bring  the  cargo  on  board.  Twelve  barrels  of 
butter,  twenty  barrels  of  bread,  one  hundred  and  thirty-six 
barrels  of  beer  and  several  hogsheads  of  wine  and  other  food 
stuffs,  obtained  for  the  journey,  as  well  as  shoes,  clothes,  imple- 
ments, sails  and  supplies  for  the  new  ship  and  a  great  variety 
of  other  goods, ^'^  which  had  been  bought  by  Anckarhjelm 
through  orders  from  the  Commercial  College,  were  gradually 
loaded  upon  the  vessel.  Anckarhjelm  showed  great  diligence 
in  these  preparations.  He  bought  most  of  the  goods  with  his 
own  money  and  supplied  large  sums  to  the  sailors.  Upon  the 
arrival  of  the  ship  he  caused  new  barrels  to  be  made  for  the 
packing  of  the  provisions  and  cabins  to  be  built  for  the  people. 
Disputes  arose  between  the  officers,  threatening  to  retard  the 
work,  but  the  admiral  was  instructed  to  preserve  discipline  and 
his  interference  seems  to  have  restored  order.'^ 

In  the  meantime  the  Gyllene  Haj  was  detained  at  Stockholm 
as  she  was  not  in  a  sea-faring  condition.  In  September  she  was 
repaired  at  the  cost  of  66:i<)H  D.  and  in  October,  when  the 
Orn  was  on  her  way  to  Gothenburg,  she  was  still  lying  in  the 
harbor  undergoing  repairs.    The  ship  was  partly  rebuilt  under 

"The  following  were  some  of  the  articles  loaded  upon  the  ship: 

I  large  iron  chain  6  fathoms  (famnar)   long D.  i8 

3  large  saw-blades D.  24 

1  large  iron  hammer  or  sledge D.     3:16 

100  Phluggyxor   (plow  shares?) D.  75 

5,000   small   nails    D.  45 

2  broad-axes    D.     6 

1  cross-cut  saw   (stocksag) D.     7 

2  drawing  knives D.     2 

1  small   saw    D.     i  :8 

I  line  of  20  fathom's  length   (weighing  3^  lispounds) . . .  .V>.  15:24 

I  saw-crank(?)    (sagvef),  weighing   I254   lispounds D.  24:18 

1  adze(?)    (skarfyxa)    D.     3 

I  glugg-yxa(?),   axe    D.     2 

I   hammer    D.     z 

I  still    (biinnvinspanna)    D.  46 

1  salmon-net   D.  45 

Journal,  nos.  1131,  1172,  etc. 

"The  Cora.  Col.  to  Anckarhjelm,  December  13,  1653,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ; 

"  Forslag,"  etc.,  February  i,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Journal,  no.  1115  ff. 


474  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

the  supervision  of  Lieut.  Anders  Jansson  from  Torp  and  new 
tackle  and  rigging  were  supplied.  She  was  put  into  fairly  good 
condition  by  the  middle  of  November  and  on  the  nineteenth  six- 
teen barrels  of  beer,  two  barrels  of  salt  meat,  the  same  amount 
of  "  stromming,"^'*  twenty  barrels  of  hard  bread,  "six  barrels 
of  fine  hard  bread  for  the  officers"  and  other  provisions,  which 
had  been  purchased  by  Hans  Kramer,  were  taken  on  board.-" 

The  long  delay  was  due  to  the  repairs  that  had  been  made 
and  to  various  causes,  but  it  is  likely  that  Amundsson  was 
greatly  to  blame.  He  had  been  appointed  captain  of  the  ship 
in  August,-'  but  he  was  now  old  and  unfit  for  such  service.  On 
October  6  the  Admiralty  issued  a  memorial  to  him.  He  should 
sail  to  New  Sweden  by  way  of  Porto  Rico,  where  he  was  to  de- 
mand damages  for  the  Katt  according  to  the  revised  bill  of  the 
losses  and  the  orders  which  were  to  be  given  him  by  the  Com- 
mercial College.  On  December  13  an  instruction  in  eleven 
paragraphs  was  drawn  up  for  him,  relating  to  his  duties  on  the 
journey,  his  commission  in  Porto  Rico  and  his  office  in  New 
Sweden,  and  a  letter  of  appointment  with  special  reference  to 
his  labors  in  the  colony  was  signed  the  same  day.  Both  docu- 
ments were  issued  by  the  Commercial  College  and  they  were 
probably  sent  with  Rising  to  Gothenburg  on  December  19.^^ 

About  the  beginning  of  December,  as  the  instructions  and  let- 
ters were  ready,  Gustaf  Printz  arrived  in  the  capital  after  a 
long  voyage.  The  ship  Marie,  on  which  he  had  left  Amer- 
ica, touched  at  Portsmouth  in  September  and  reported  that  it 
came  from  New  Sweden  under  the  command  of  Printz.  It  was 
put  under  arrest  by  order  of  the  Commissioners  of  Customs  In 
London  and,  although  demands  were  made  for  its  release,  it 
was  not  freed  for  some  time.-^  But  Printz  succeeded  in  reach- 
ing Stockholm,  where  he  appeared  before  the  Commercial  Col- 

"  "  Small  herring." 

^Journal,  nos.  iiio,  1115,  H37-39,  "41-31  1146-52,  1156-63. 

^  Pass  for  Capt.  H.  Amundsson,  November,  1653,  copy  in  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

^  Com.  Col.  Reg.   (R.A.)  ;  Rising's  Journal. 

^  "  Au  mois  de  Sept.  le  vaisseau  La  Marie  venant  de  la  Nouvelle  Suede,  cora- 
mande  par  le  Sr.  Gustaf  Prins  fut  arrete  a  Portsmouth,"  etc..  Slate  Pap.,  For., 
Trade  and  Adm.  Pap.,  1650-5  (Pub.  Rec.  Office). 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  475 

lege  and  reported  the  condition  of  the  colony.  This  gave  fur- 
ther impetus  to  the  preparations  and  a  letter  was  written  to 
Governor  Printz  requesting  him  to  remain  in  the  country,  as 
assistance  would  immediately  be  sent  and  he  would  be  rewarded 
for  his  service.-^ 

While  the  preparations  for  provisioning  the  ships  and  gather- 
ing colonists  were  going  on,  steps  were  also  taken  for  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  company  and  for  the  further  development  of 
New  Sweden.  Printz  had  at  various  times  earnestly  requested 
to  be  released  from  his  services  as  he  found  his  duties  too 
arduous  and  the  means  at  his  disposal  too  small.  He  had  on 
each  occasion  been  commanded  to  remain.  Now  his  request 
was  partly  to  be  granted,  but  not  in  the  form  of  a  recall — a 
commissary  was  to  be  sent  out,  who  should  aid  him  in  his  work. 
Johan  Rising,  the  secretary  in  the  Commercial  College,  was  ap- 
pointed to  this  position.  Rising,  being  greatly  interested  in 
economic  and  judicial  questions,  had  studied  abroad  for  some 
time  and  paid  much  attention  to  the  colonial  policy  and  com- 
mercial activity  of  Holland.  He  had  visited  England  and  be- 
come acquainted  with  English  economic  theories  and  colonial 
views  and,  as  he  had  given  much  time  to  the  study  of  com- 
merce, trade  and  agriculture,  he  was  engaged  to  write  a  treatise 
on  these  subjects.  He  was  of  a  practical  bent  of  mind  and  a 
patriot,  whose  thoughts  were  ever  occupied  with  problems  that 
concerned  the  welfare  of  Swedish  shipping,  Swedish  trade  and 
Swedish  colonies  and  he  was  therefore  particularly  well 
equipped  and  apparently  most  suitable  for  the  position  of  coun- 
cillor and  assistant  to  Governor  Printz.  He  was  recommended 
to  the  position  by  Eric  Oxenstierna  and  the  chancellor  and  ad- 
vised by  them  to  accept  the  office."^  The  offer  seems  to  have 
been  agreeable  to  him  and  he  willingly  accepted  it.  He  has 
given  us  his  own  reasons  for  doing  so.  In  the  first  place  he 
considered  the  colony  a  splendid  sphere  for  the  exercise  of  his 

^  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  December  15,  1653   (R.A.). 

^See  "Relation,"  etc.,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  The  source  for  Dr.  Fries's  statement 
that  Rising  requested  to  be  allowed  to  go  ("begarde  att  sjalf  fa  raedfolja 
fartyget  Orn")   is  not  very  trustworthy.     Hist.  Tid.,  1896,  p.  38. 


476  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

powers  and  secondly  he  hoped  to  be  able  to  serve  his  country  to 
the  best  advantage.  Rising  left  his  services  in  the  Commercial 
College  towards  the  end  of  Octoberj^"  and  December  9  the 
government  issued  a  commission  formally  appointing  him  to  his 
position  as  well  as  defining  his  duties. ^^ 

On  December  12a  number  of  documents  concerning  Rising's 
commission  were  issued  by  the  government  (a  Certificate  of 
Appointment,  a  Memorial,^*  etc.)  and  an  order  was  sent  to 
the  "  Kammar  KoUegium,"  assigning  1,500  D.  for  his  travel- 
ling expenses.^®  A  few  days  later  the  treasurer  was  ordered  to 
pay  this  money  to  Rising,  including  536  D.  which  remained 
on  his  salary  in  the  Commercial  College  for  1653.  He  was  also 
knighted  and  a  large  donation  of  land  was  given  to  him. 
About  the  middle  of  December"^*  a  long  instruction  was  pre- 
pared by  the  Commercial  College  and  on  the  same  date  a 
"  memorial  "  concerning  his  journey  to  Gothenburg  and  the  voy- 
age across  the  ocean  was  signed  by  the  officers  of  the  college. 
He  was  to  proceed  to  Gothenburg  without  delay.  On  his 
arrival  there  he  was  to  inform  the  magistrates  of  the  new  regu- 
lations that  had  been  issued  concerning  New  Sweden  and  he 
was  to  prevail  upon  private  parties  to  send  goods  on  the  ship 
at  their  own  risk  for  trade  in  the  colony.  He  was  to  have 
free  passage  to  New  Sweden  and  he  could  bring  over  from  ten 
to  twelve  colonists  without  expense  except  that  he  must  pay  for 
their  provisions.  He  was  to  have  supervision  over  the  ships 
during  the  voyage  and  he  was  to  see  that  Divine  services  were 

"The  last  signature  by  Rising  as  secretary  of  the  college  is  found  on  page 
111,  of  the  Reg.,  for  October  29,  1653.      Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1651-1655. 

"Queen's  letter,  December  9,  1653,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.),  Biogr.  He  was  sent 
to  help  the  Governor  strengthen  the  company,  increase  the  trade  and  to  work  for 
the  general  welfare  of  the  colony. 

"The  Memorial  is  also  addressed  to  Johan  Printz.  "Memorial  oppS  de 
Arender,  som  Kongl.  Maijt.  hafwer  funnit  nodigt  deels  Gouverneuren  i  Nya 
Swerige,  Johan  Printz,  deels  Com.  widh  General  Com.  Col.  och  Asist.  Radhet 
uthj  farbe:  de  Landskap,  J.  Rising,  till  rattelse  att  opsattia  och  forteckna  latha." 
Copy  in  N.S.,  I.   (R.A.). 

"Kong.  Majt:s  till  Kam.  Kol.,  December  12,  1653  (K.A.,  orig.),  R.R.,  Dec. 
12  ff.,  1653;  Kam.  Kol.  Reg.,  December  17,  1653   (K.A.). 

*'Two  dates  are  given,  December  15  and  18,  see  "  Instr.,"  Com.  Col.  Reg. 
and  Biogr.,  R.   (R.A.). 


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The  Tenth  Expedition.  477 

held,  that  the  captains  followed  their  instructions  and  that  the 
cargoes  were  well  preserved.  He  should  take  the  shortest 
route  to  New  Sweden  and  not  go  by  way  of  the  Canaries,  unless 
it  were  absolutely  necessary.'" 

Several  other  officers  were  engaged  to  go  to  New  Sweden  at 
this  time.  Among  these  were  Peter  Martensson  Lindestrom'^ 
and  Elias  Gyllengren,  who  returned  to  the  colony  in  the 
capacity  of  a  lieutenant.  Lindestrom  was  appointed  engineer. 
On  October  31  the  Commercial  College  issued  a  recommenda- 
tion for  him,  which  states  that  "  since  the  bearer,  noble  and  well 
born.  Per  Martensson  Lindestrom,  has  humbly  applied  for  a 
recommendation,  having  with  the  consent  of  his  parents,  de- 
termined to  go  to  New  Sweden  for  further  experience  .  .  ." 
the  college  recommends  him  to  the  favor  of  the  governor.  In 
his  youth  Lindestrom  attended  the  University  of  Upsala  for  a 
time  and  was  then  employed  as  secretary  in  the  College  of 
Mines  for  two  years.  Returning  to  the  university  he  special- 
ized in  mathematics  and  the  art  of  fortification  until  he  "was 
ordered  to  go  to  New  Sweden."*^ 

Sven  Skute  returned  to  the  colony  on  the  Orn.  He  was  ap- 
pointed "Captain  of  the  landspeople"  and  on  December  13 
a  letter  was  issued  for  him  to  that  effect.  On  the  same  day  an 
instruction  was  drawn  up,  according  to  which  he  was  to  super- 
vise the  embarking  of  the  people  and  the  loading  of  the  goods. 
He  was  to  look  after  the  cargo  and  have  charge  of  the  pro- 
visions for  the  colonists  and  soldiers;  he  was  to  keep  a  diary  of 
the  journey  and  leave  a  signed  copy  of  it  with  the  governor  in 
the  colony  and  send  another  to  Sweden ;  he  was  also  to  make  an 
inventory  of  the  goods,  provisions  and  the  mail  matter,  leaving 
one  of  the  two  copies  with  Admiral  Anckarhjelm,  signed  by 
himself  and  Captain  Bockhorn.  Since  there  was  only  one  kit- 
chen on  the  ship,  making  it  difficult  to  keep  the  food  for  the 
passengers   and   the   sailors   separate,^^   Skute   and   Bockhorn 

^"Memorial,"  etc.,  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  December  18,  1653. 

"Lindestrom  left  Stockholm  on  the  Orn. 

'"  Letter  of  Lindestrom,  Biogr.  (R.A.)  ;  Lindestrom,  Geogr. 

"The  company  fed  the  soldiers  and  colonists  and  the  admiralty  fed  the  sailors. 


478   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

were  to  keep  accurate  accounts  of  all  the  food-stuffs  used  on  the 
journey,  so  that  the  supplies  could  be  controlled  and  the 
steward  was  to  have  charge  of  the  supplies  for  each  group.** 
Skute's  duty  should  also  be  to  see  that  prayers  were  said  morn- 
ing and  evening,  he  should  keep  peace  among  the  people,  punish 
disturbers  and  be  on  good  terms  with  the  other  captains. ^"^ 

Rising,  having  made  all  necessary  arrangements  for  his  long 
voyage,  left  Upsala  December  19  on  his  way  to  Gothenburg, 
where  he  arrived  on  the  twenty-seventh.*"  He  immediately  set 
about  to  carry  out  his  instructions,  visited  the  presidents  of 
the  city*^  and  tried  to  persuade  some  of  the  citizens  to  send 
goods  to  the  South  River.  They  desired  to  see  the  permit  from 
the  government,  however,  before  they  would  risk  it  and  besides 
there  was  no  room  in  the  ship  on  account  of  the  great  number 
of  passengers.**  A  certain  merchant,  Jon  Amundsson,  ex- 
pressed a  desire  to  go  to  New  Sweden,  but  he  left  Gothenburg 
before  the  ship  sailed  and  did  not  return.  Laurence  de  Geer, 
who  was  also  interested  in  the  new  liberties  granted  to  private 
merchants,  visited  Rising  in  company  with  Admiral  Anckar- 
hjelm,  acquainted  himself  with  the  conditions  of  the  privileges 
"and  showed  an  inclination  to  carry  on  trade"  on  the  Dela- 
wares  requesting  Rising  to  correspond  with  him.*® 

On  account  of  the  long  delay  of  the  expedition  and  on  account 
of  other  circumstances,  gathered  from  the  governor's  letters 
and  the  oral  reports  of  Gustaf  Printz,  it  appears  that  Eric 
Oxenstierna  and  the  other  managers  of  the  preparations  were 
not  so  sure  that  everything  would  be  as  expected,  when  Rising 

"  Revs.  Peter  Hjort  and  Matthias  Nertunius  were  also  among  the  passengers  on 
the   drn.     Nertunius  was  given   15   D.   by  Anckarhjelm  before  the   ship   sailed. 

"Inst,  for  Sltute,  December  12,  1653;  Instr.  for  S.  Skute  at  Goteborg,  August 
25,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.). 

^Rising   to   E.    Oxenstierna,    December    30,    1653;    Journal    (Up.   B.). 

'"  Gothenburg  was  ruled  by  two  presidents,  see  Goteborgs  Hist.  President 
Broman  was  ill  at  the  time. 

■"Rising  wrote  to  Eric  Oxenstierna,  requesting  him  to  send  a  copy  of  the  new 
privileges  to  Gothenburg  so  that  he  could  exhibit  it  to  interested  parties.  Rising 
to  E.  Oxenstierna,  December  30,  1653.     Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.). 

""Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  December  30,  1653,  January  21,  1654.  Ox. 
Saml.   {R.A.). 


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The  Tenth  Expedition.  479 

arrived  on  the  South  River.  Hence  provisions  were  made  for 
every  extremity.  "  In  case,"  says  the  memorial  given  to  Ris- 
ing, "contrary  to  expectations,  Printz  should  have  left  the 
country,  or  [it  should  be  found]  that  our  forts  on  the  river  are 
captured  by  some  one,  then  he  [Rising]  shall  demand  their  re- 
turn in  the  name  of  Her  Royal  Majesty  and  seek  to  get  them 
into  his  possession  in  all  possible  manners,  otherwise  settle  and 
fortify  some  other  place  in  the  river.  If  this  could  not  be 
effected  he  should  consult  with  the  captains  about  what  was 
best  to  do  .  .  .  and  then,  either  settle  the  colonists  in  some 
other  place  in  America  or  return  again  [to  Sweden]."  Before 
sailing  Rising  was  informed  of  Printz's  arrival  in  Europe'*" 
and,  fearing  that  the  settlement  was  captured,  he  looked  about 
for  other  places  suitable  for  the  founding  of  a  colony.  "  With 
Anckarhjelm,"  he  says,  "  I  have  discussed  the  possibilities  of 
securing  a  foot-hold  in  Florida.  He  stated  that  he  well  knows 
that  there  are  large  districts  there,  which  are  not  occupied,  but 
because  the  Spaniards  are  appropriating  everything  to  them- 
selves [in  this  region]  and  on  account  of  the  ferocity  of  the 
savages,  he  [thought]  that  no  one  could  plant  [successful] 
colonies  there,  unless  frequent  reinforcements  should  be  sent. 
[He]  therefore  considered  it  wisest  ...  to  settle  somewhere 
on  the  South  River  [in  case  it  should  be  necessary  to  select  new 
territory]."  If  Anckarhjelm  had  advised  Rising  to  settle  his 
people  in  Florida,  it  is  possible  that  history  would  have  told  of 
a  second  New  Sweden  on  this  continent.*^ 

Shortly  after  Rising's  arrival  at  Gothenburg  the  Orn  was 
ready  to  depart.  On  January  2  the  colonists  and  soldiers  were 
reviewed  at  Stegeberg(?)  outside  of  Gothenburg  and  money 
was  given  them  by  Admiral  Anckarhjelm.  Their  passes  were 
examined  and  "persons  of  evil  repute  were  mustered  out  and 

"  Rising  was  informed  of  the  fact  on  January  3  and  he  reported  it  to  E. 
Oxenstierna  two  days  later.     Rising  to  Oxenstierna,  January  5,  1654.     Ox.  Saml. 

"Memorial,  etc.,  for  Rising,  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  December  18,  1653,  §9;  Rising 
to  E.  Oxenstierna,  January  5,  1654,  also  Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  no  place,  no 
date,  but  written  from  Gothenburg  after  January  20  and  before  January  27,  1654, 
Ox.  Saml. 


48o  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

regulated."    It  is  also  stated  that  about  a  hundred  families  had 
to  be  left  behind  on  account  of  lack  of  room  in  the  vessel.*^ 

Everything  was  in  readiness  on  the  fifth  of  January,  but  the 
Gyllene  Haj  had  not  made  her  appearance  and,  as  so  much  of 
the  provisions  had  now  been  used  up  that  the  remainder  was  not 
sufficient  for  the  journey,  it  was  found  necessary  to  wait  for  the 
arrival  of  the  new  supplies  on  the  ship.*^  The  Haj,  having 
finally  been  made  ready,  left  Stockholm  on  November  23  with 
forty-one  persons  (including  the  sailors)  and  a  good  supply  of 
provisions.**    Contrary  winds  seem  to  have  delayed  the  sailing, 

"Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  December  30,  1653,  January  5,  1654;  Anckarhjelm 
to  Kramer,  February  i,  1654,  N.S.,  1.  (R.A.). 

"As  the  Haj  was  delayed  Rising  informed  Oxenstierna  about  it  and  inquired 
if  they  should  wait.  Orders  were  then  received  not  to  wait  for  the  ship,  and  to 
set  sail  as  soon  as  the  wind  was  favorable,  but  Rising  consulted  with  Anckar- 
hjelm and  it  was  decided  to  wait  for  the  vessel. 

"In  N.S.  I.  (R.A.)   is  the  following  list: 

"  A.D.  1653.  A  list  of  the  people  [who  sailed]  on  the  Gyllene  Haj  the  twenty- 
third  of  November  from  Stockholm  to  Gothenburg,  as  follows: — 


Captain  Hanss  Amundsson  with  persons i 

Lieutenant  Swen  Hoock  

Hanss  Steghson  in  Dallaron,  the  son-in-law  of  the  book  keeper  Hans 

Kramer,  December   17 

The  mate,  Jonss  Oloffsson 

Common  Sailors. 

Bengt  Ericksson   

Johan  Olofifsson   

Dawid  Michellsson   

Erich  Joransson   

Hindrick  Matzson   

The  cook,  Jonss  Olofsson 

The  cook's  boy,  Jacob  Johansson 

Total 2* 

The  Land  People. 

The  constaples  (gunners)  with  their  wives,  maidservants  and  children 
are  both  families  together,   persons 7 

The  Soldiers 

Johan  Pedhersson  WulflE * 

Nilss  Nilsson  Phogegus(?)    * 

Gustaf  Johansson  Krackfoot i 

Secretary  Carl  Juliuss * 

The  30th  of  December,  1653,  these  have  deserted  in  the  Sound: 

Tommes  Mein ^ 

Jonass  Ericksson * 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  481 

for  on  December  17  the  ship  had  only  come  as  far  as  Dalaron.*' 
On  the  thirtieth  she  was  in  the  sound,  where  six  sailors  with  a 
servant  and  a  prisoner  deserted.*"  Four  new  sailors  having 
been  hired,  the  vessel  again  set  sail  about  January  3,  but  she 
failed  to  arrive  at  Gothenburg  in  a  reasonable  time,  the  wind 
being  so  contrary,  and  on  January  1 1  Rising  sent  a  messenger 
along  the  shore  to  look  for  her.  She  arrived  at  last  on  January 
17,  but  "leaky  and  in  bad  condition."  Through  the  negligence 
of  the  sailors  she  had  run  on  banks  in  the  sound  and  her  mast 
and  anchor  were  broken.*" 

According  to  the  original  plans  the  two  ships  were  to  leave 
Gothenburg  simultaneously,  keeping  the  same  course  for  about 
half  the  journey,  whereupon  the  Haj  should  go  by  a  direct 
route  to  Porto  Rico,  but  on  account  of  the  long  delay  of  the 
expedition  new  orders  were  given,  whereby  Rising  was  in- 
structed to  proceed  at  once  to  New  Sweden,  while  the  Haj  was 

Larss  Erichsson i 

Jonass  Erichsson i 

Michel!  Olofsson  von  Saar i 

Torsten  Torwigh  with  his  servant 2 

Hans  Miodh,  a  prisoner l 

The  above  mentioned  seven  people   disappeared   as  stated   above   in 
Ohresundh,  the  30th  December. 

Total  number  of  people  from  Stockholm  to  Gothenburg 40 

[The  prisoner  Hans  Miodh  was  not  counted.] 
The  following  have  arrived  in  the  Sound: 

The  mate  Andreas  Matthaeus i 

Second  mate  Effwert  Johansson i 

Sailor  Jonss  Nilsson i 

The  cook  Persson  i  " 

With  Elswick's  letter  to  E.  Oxenstierna  of  March  22,  1654,  is  another 
"  Forteckning  pa  skepsfolket  pa  sk.  G.  Haij,  sora  skola  wara  foljactige  till  West 
Indien."  According  to  this  list  Bengt  Olsson  from  Soderkoping  was  second  mate 
across  the  ocean,  Andreas  Swensson  from  Sundbeck,  Jacob  Johansson  from 
Helsingfors  and  Olof  Torkilsson  were  common  sailors  besides  those  given  above, 
Berndt  Jastsson  from  Bergen  accompanied  the  ship  as  sailmaker,  Sigfrid  Olsson 
was  cook  and  Sven  Larsson  was  "  cajut  pojke."  "  Forteck.,"  March  22,  1654, 
N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

^  A  place  near  Stockholm. 
"They  had  been  paid  part  of  their  wages. 

""Forteckning,"  etc.,  1653,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.),  Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  January 
II,  January  20,  January  26,  Ox.  Saml.;  Anckarhjelm  to  Kramer,  January  20, 
1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.).  "I  onssdagz  middagh  kom 
Galioten  Gillenhay  hijt.  ..."  Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  January  20,  1654. 

32 


482  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

to  follow  as  soon  as  the  additional  provisions  and  arrangements 
necessary  for  the  Porto  Rico  voyage  had  been  supplied  and 
completed. 

Immediately  upon  the  arrival  of  the  Haj,  the  provisions  and 
supplies,  which  it  carried,  were  transferred  to  the  Orn  and  in  a 
few  days  the  colonists  went  on  board,  everything  being  in  readi- 
ness for  sailing.  Anckarhjelm  supplied  more  money  with  which 
to  pay  part  of  the  salaries  and  wages  of  some  officers  and 
sailors  so  that  they  could  go  on  the  expedition,  and  nothing  was 
now  wanting  but  a  good  wind.** 

The  wind,  however,  was  contrary  for  some  days,  causing 
further  delay  and  expense.  The  colonists  had  now  been  at 
Gothenburg  11  weeks,  waiting  for  the  departure  of  the  ship, 
during  which  time  they  had  consumed  provisions  to  the  value 
of  1,461  ■.4.  D.  They  seem  to  have  been  fed  at  some  central 
place  from  the  supply  procured  by  Anckarhjelm,  but  lodged 
with  various  people  in  the  city.  Nils  "  Tjarubrannare  "**  was 
paid  1:16  D.  for  lodging  eight  persons,  thirty-eight  men 
were  kept  by  H.  Anerberg  for  12:24  D.  and  twenty  persons 
stayed  at  Stegeberg  with  Hans  Jung,  who  was  paid  27 :  24  D. 
including  the  charges  connected  with  the  review  of  the  people.^" 

A  great  many  colonists  went  over  with  the  expedition,  but 
we  are  unable  to  state  the  exact  number  nor  their  names  for  the 
roll-list  has  been  lost.^^  On  the  thirtieth  of  December  Rising 
wrote  that  "the  people  were  about  260  without  the  sailors"; 
additional  arrivals  swelled  the  number  to  350  or  more^^^ 

"Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  December  30,  1653,  January  5,  1654,  January  11, 
1654,  January  20,  1654;  Anckarhjelm  to  H.  Kramer,  January  20,  1654;  Linde- 
strom,  Geogr.;  Holm  (transl.),  p-  74- 

'""The  tar-burner." 

■"  "  Forslagh,"  etc.,  Feb.  i,  1654,  N.S.,  \.  (R.A.)  ;  Journal,  no.  1153  (November 
i7>  1653). 

^  It  was  sent  to  Hans  Kramer  by  Admiral  Anckarhjelm. 

°- While  waiting  for  a  favorable  wind  Rising  found  "a  young  man,  Hans 
Walter  [probably  a  German  or  a  Hollander],  ...  for  bookkeeper  .  .  .  and 
promised  him  20  R.D.  a  month."  He  also  hired  a  person  "  who  could  keep  a 
cash  book,  and  who  well  understood  brewing,  baking  and  fishing,"  offering  him 
100  R.D.  a  year  besides  board.  Rising  to  the  Cora.  Col.,  January  26;  to  E. 
Oxenstierna,  January  27,  Feb.  i,  1654. 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  483 

II. 

As  the  wind  was  turning  on  January  26,  Rising  made  up  his 
mind  to  sail  the  following  day  and  in  the  morning  of  the 
twenty-seventh  the  colonists  and  soldiers  swore  their  oath  of 
loyalty  to  the  Swedish  Crown  and  the  New  Sweden  Company 
"under  a  banner  made  for  this  purpose,"  but  the  wind  soon 
changed  again,  delaying  the  vessel  another  week.®^  On  Feb- 
ruary 2  the  ship  at  last  set  sail,  but  the  harbor  was  partly 
frozen,  making  it  difficult  to  gain  the  open  sea.^*  When  the 
vessel  reached  Skagen^^  after  two  days'  sailing  a  strong  wind 
drove  her  back  again  towards  Jutland,  where  she  became  leaky, 
having  a  large  hole  in  the  bow,  which  greatly  alarmed  the 
passengers.  "  The  leak  was  mended  as  well  as  possible  "  (caus- 
ing much  trouble  on  the  way,  however) ,  and  on  the  sixth  they 
again  had  a  favorable  wind.  Their  intention  was  to  sail  north 
of  Scotland,  perhaps  to  avoid  English  and  Dutch  warships,  but 
when  they  arrived  "  at  the  end  of  Scotland,  where  the  Backe- 
nds^^  mountains  are,"  the  wind  turned  against  them,  compelling 
them  to  sail  back  towards  the  English  Channel,  along  the  coast 
of  Scotland  and  England,  amidst  a  terrible  storm.  On  the 
morning  of  February  16  they  were  in  the  Straits  of  Dover. 
The  captain  was  now  confused,  since  they  had  not  been  able  to 
make  observations  for  some  days,  but  he  soon  found  that  they 
were  near  Calais  in  whose  harbor  they  cast  anchor,  while 
Lindestrom  with  some  other  passengers  went  ashore.^^  They  left 
the  harbor  the  same  day,  taking  a  westerly  course  through  the 

"Rising's  Journal;  Lindestrom's  Geogr.  "  Haltz  altsa  monstringh  uppa 
Skeppet  ornen  den  27  January,  hwarest  och  hwar  af  dhem  ladhe  af  deras 
troheetz  Edh,  till  then  anda  the  nu  reesa  skulle,  under  een  fana  som  ther  till 
giordh  war."     Journal. 

""Rising's  Journal,  Geogr.  Rising  saj's  in  his  letter  of  February  17,  1654,  that 
they  set  sail  February  3  from  Gothenburg.  Perhaps  it  took  all  day  February  2  to 
clear  the  harbor. 

"■^  A  small  peninsula,  the  most  northerly  point  of  Denmark,  directly  west  of 
Gothenburg. 

'"Brechin  heights  or  acclivity?      Cf.  Lewes,  A  Topogr.  Die,  I.  151  if. 
Lindestrom's  Geogr.     Rising  makes  no  mention  in  his  Journal  of  entering  the 
harbor  of  Calais,  but  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  doubting  Lindestrom's  state- 
ment.    Cf.    his    story   of    the    barber    and    piebaker.     Cf.    below,    Chap.    XLIV. 
The  pies  "  were  sold,"  Lindestrom  says,  "  in  Calais  when  the  ship  was  there." 


484  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

channel.  Near  Dover  they  met  an  English  frigate,  called  the 
Pearl,  commanded  by  Captain  Cheverell,^*  who  demanded  that 
the  captain  of  the  Orn  should  come  on  board  his  ship  to  show 
his  passport  and  explain  his  mission.  As  it  was  against  the 
instructions  of  a  captain  on  a  Swedish  government  ship  to  leave 
his  post,  Cheverell  was  requested  to  send  his  captain  on  board 
the  Orn.  On  receiving  this  reply  the  English  fired  a  ball  near 
the  rudder  of  the  Swedish  vessel,  raised  the  red  flag  and  pre- 
sented the  broadside  of  the  Pearl,^^  supposing  that  a  Dutch 
vessel  was  carrying  the  Swedish  flag."''  Rising  then  sent  his 
ship-lieutenant,  Anders  Jonsson,  with  passes  to  the  English 
boat,  whereupon  Captain  Cheverell  sent  his  mate  on  board  the 
Orn  and  the  vessels  went  into  the  harbor,  casting  anchor  over 
night.  The  Swedes  were  well  received,  when  their  identity  had 
been  established,  a  pass  was  given  to  them  and  an  offer  was 
made  to  bring  them  water  as  well  as  other  refreshments,®^  but 
Captain  Bockhorn  being  ill  disposed  towards  the  English,  de- 
clined the  friendly  offer,  and  set  sail  with  a  Swedish  salute. 
From  Dover  Rising  wrote  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  relating  their 
experiences  since  their  departure  from  Gothenburg.®- 

As  Captain  Bockhorn  had  declined  the  friendly  offer  of  fresh 
water  from  the  English,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  his  supply  was 
exhausted,  he  was  compelled  to  seek  for  it  elsewhere  before 
leaving  Europe.  While  they  were  exploring  for  water  the 
wind  turned,  driving  the  Orn  back  past  Dover  to  Deal.    Here 

^  He  was  a  brother  of  the  governor  of  Dover  Castle,  Rising's  Journal. 

'° Lindestrora  (Gear.)  says  that  the  "  English  fired  and  knocked  off  the  tackling 
and  ships-head,"  but  this  is  not  probable,  for  Rising  makes  no  mention  of  damages 
done  to  the  ship  and  it  is  highly  improbable  that  he  would  have  omitted  such 
an  occurrence.  See  Journal,  February  16  (1654),  letter  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  on 
board  the  Orn,  February  17. 

"  Lindestrom  says  that  an  English  frigate  was  stationed  at  about  every  mile 
along  the  coast,  there  being  90  war-ships  in  the  channel.  Geogr.  Twenty 
English  ships  were,  at  the  time,  ready  to  sail  to  the  West  Indies  (America). 
Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  February  17,  1654. 

"  Before  the  vessel  sailed  two  men  brought  large  baskets  of  oranges  and 
lemons  on  board  for  refreshments.      Geogr. 

°^  Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  February  17,  1654,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.).  Rising 
presented  a  rifle  to  the  English  on  February  18,  "  Rack,  med  Sod.  Com."  Rising's 
Process  (R.A.). 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  485 

water  was  obtained,  but  at  the  cost  of  money  and  "  the  people 
were  compelled  to  run  through  the  water  before  they  came 
ashore."  On  February  23  they  again  set  sail,  but  at  Folkestone 
the  wind  was  contrary.  On  the  twenty-fifth,  however,  they  had 
a  good  wind  and  on  the  twenty-seventh  they  entered  Weymouth 
Harbor  to  replenish  their  supplies  of  water  and  other  refresh- 
ments."^ The  wind  was  again  contrary  for  several  days,  giving 
the  Swedes  an  opportunity  to  see  the  town  and  recuperate  after 
the  rough  voyage.  They  were  well  treated  by  "  the  local  gover- 
nor, Mr.  Depery,"  who,  visiting  Lindestrom  and  Rising  in  their 
lodgings  with  a  large  staff,  invited  the  Swedish  officers  to  his 
palace,  where  they  were  entertained  until  midnight.  During 
the  banquet  the  governor  inquired  about  Ambassador  White- 
locke's  arrival  in  Sweden  and  showed  great  interest  in  his 
mission.®*  One  "  evening  the  city  musicians "  also  came  to 
salute  them  and  "honored  us,"  says  Lindestrom,  "with  a 
serenade  of  most  delightful  and  pleasing  music,  so  that  we  had 
to  open  our  purses."''^ 

On  March  3*"^  they  left  Weymouth  with  a  favorable  wind, 
spread  all  the  sails  of  the  Orn  and  pointed  her  prow  towards 
America.  On  the  ninth  they  were  opposite  the  coast  of  Por- 
tugal, where  they  came  within  speaking  distance  of  three  Swe- 
dish ships  from  Stockholm  on  their  way  to  Setubal  to  fetch  salt. 
Ten  days  later  they  sighted  one  of  the  Canaries,  in  whose 
harbor  they  cast  anchor  at  nine  the  following  morning  to  re- 
plenish their  supplies  and  attend  to  the  people,  as  they  had  had 
a  stormy  voyage  and  the  passengers  as  well  as  the  crew  were 
sick,  many  having  died  on  the  voyage  and  been  thrown  over- 

'"  In  his  Journal  Rising  says  that  they  entered  Weymouth  to  get  supplies  but 
in  his  letter  of  March  3  he  says  on  account  of  contrary  wind. 

"There  is  some  discrepancy  in  the  statements  of  Rising  and  Lindestrom  at 
this  point.  Lindestrom,  who  wrote  for  publication,  is  more  full,  but  perhaps 
also  less  careful  about  facts. 

"'    Geogr. 

"Rising  says,  "on  the  3d  of  March  we  sailed  out  of  Weymouth,  while  there 
was  quite  a  good  wind,  out  towards  the  great  Atlantic  Ocean."  Lindestrom 
says  that  they  left  Weymouth  on  March  2  but  Rising  wrote  from  Weymouth, 
March  3,  and  in  his  Journal  he  states  that  they  set  sail  on  March  3. 


486  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

board.®'  Captain  Bockhorn,"*  who  went  ashore  with  the  pass, 
was  brought  into  the  city  by  an  officer  and  detained  towards 
noon  the  next  day,  causing  much  anxiety  among  the  Swedes, 
especially  since  the  best  sailors  were  with  him.  He  was  delayed 
by  the  governor,  who  desired  to  visit  the  ship  himself.  At 
noon  Governor  Don  Philipo  Disalago  came  with  three  large 
yachts  "  and  a  large  suite,"  says  Lindestrom,  and  offered  the 
Swedes  every  kindness.  Before  his  return  he  invited  Rising 
with  his  staff  to  dinner  at  his  palace.  A  negro  slave  was 
ordered  to  attend  the  Swedish  officers  with  a  shade  on  their  way 
to  the  palace  and  at  the  banquet  they  were  treated  in  the  most 
splendid  manner.  "  I  am  not  able  to  do  justice  in  describing 
the  magnificent  treatment  we  received  at  the  palace  from  the 
Governor,"  says  Lindestrom.  "Although  there  was  no  meat, 
fish,  bread  or  such  like  on  the  table,  yet  the  dinner  was  so  sump- 
tuous that  we  had  never  seen  the  like  before  ...  It  consisted 
entirely  of  confections  .  .  .  and  different  kinds  of  wine.""® 
Toasts  were  also  given  and  the  festivities  lasted  till  towards 
midnight.'^" 

The  people  were  likewise  permitted  to  land."'    The  refresh- 

"  On  April  lo,  one  hundred  and  thirty  persons  were  sick.  Rising's  Journal 
(R.A.). 

"Lindestrom  writes  that  they  had  had  a  terrible  storm  and  fog  for  two  and  a 
half  weeks  and  Captain  Bockhorn  was  confused  and  would  at  first  not  believe 
that  they  had  gone  so  far  out  of  their  course.  When  they  were  convinced  that 
they  actually  were  at  the  Canary  Islands,  they  found  it,  after  deliberation, 
advisable  to  translate  the  passport  into  Latin  and  cut  the  seal  from  the  Swedish 
original  and  put  it  on  the  Latin  copy.     Lindestrom,  Geogr. 

"'During  the  repast  the  governor  informed  Rising  that  Queen  Christina  had 
become  a  Catholic  and  renounced  her  crown. 

'"  Geogr.,  Rising's  Journal.  Lindestrom  gives  a  number  of  experiences  in  his 
Geogr.,  omitted  by  Rising.  "  It  was  a  custom,"  says  Lindestrom,  "  for  the  nuns 
and  monks  of  the  island  to  visit  strangers  and  question  them  about  their  religion. 
They  therefore  paid  a  visit  to  the  Swedes."  Lindestrom  with  ten  others  were 
also  invited  by  the  monks  to  visit  the  monastery. 

"  Lindestrom  relates  that  when  they  left  the  ship  to  go  on  shore  "  the  people 
of  the  town  collected,  made  a  great  noise  and  picked  up  stones  which  they  threw 
at  them,  so  that  some  of  the  Swedes  received  serious  injuries.  Rising  then  sent 
Lieut.  Gyllengren  and  Lindestrom  to  the  governor  to  make  complaint,  whereupon 
he  commissioned  one  of  his  principal  servants  to  send  an  officer  with  several 
drummers,  beating  the  drum  all  round  the  city  and  at  the  entrance  of  all  streets, 
to  proclaim  peace  and  that  if  any  person  dared  to  attack  us  [the  Swedes]  in  any 
manner  whatever,  he  should  forfeit  his  life." 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  4S7 

merits,  supplied  to  them  here,  revived  their  spirits  and  the 
majority  recuperated  from  their  sickness,'^-  "but  many  died  in 
the  harbor." 

Giving  a  farewell  salute  to  the  Canaries  on  March  25"^  they 
"  sailed  from  that  place  with  a  north-east  wind  and  south-west 
by  west  towards  the  Eastern  Passage."^*  Fresh  supplies  added 
somewhat  to  the  comfort  of  the  passengers,  while  quantities  of 
fish  and  sea  crabs  were  caught  during  the  journey,  but,  as  the 
heat  increased,  when  they  came  further  south  and  west,  violent 
disease  broke  out  among  the  people,  causing  great  misery  and 
suffering,  some  being  so  affected  with  dysentery  and  intermittent 
fever  that  they  jumped  into  the  sea.^^  It  was  therefore  found 
necessary  to  land,  when  they  approached  the  Caribbean  Islands, 
"  for  their  misery  was  increasing  daily,"'"  and  on  April  16  they 
cast  anchor  in  the  harbor  at  St.  Christopher.  After  the  re- 
ligious services  Captain  Skute  with  some  soldiers  went  ashore 
to  present  their  passport  to  Governor  Everet,  who  offered  them 
every  kindness  and  sent  them  several  boats  of  refreshments. 
Fresh  water  was  likewise  obtained  and  fish  was  caught  by  net, 
supplying  food  for  the  people.'"  On  April  17  the  officers  were 
invited  to  dinner  by  the  widow  of  the  former  governor,  now  the 

"The  bills  for  supplies  and  lodging  amounted  to  400  R.D.  Rising's  Process 
(R.A.).  One  lot  was  valued  at  137:4'/^  R.D.  "  Rach.  pa  hwadh.  som  ahr  inkiopt 
.  .  .  uthy  Canaria,"  etc.,  March  24,  1654,  N.S.,  I.   (R.A.). 

"  Lindestrom  has  the  twenty-sixth  and  Rising  the  twenty-fifth. 

"  Four  canary  birds  were  bought  and  taken  to  New  Sweden.  "  Rackningh," 
etc.,  March  24,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

^  Lindestrom  adorns  his  description  by  ascribing  it  to  the  song  and  music  of 
the  sirens.  "  Some  of  our  people  were  so  much  elated  [because  the  sirens  sang  so 
beautifully]  that  they  jumped  into  the  sea  on  account  of  the  delightful  playing. 
.  .  .  Those  who  did  so  in  the  daytime  were  got  out  again,  but  those  who  jumped 
through  the  portholes  in  the  night  were  not  rescued."  Geogr.  According  to 
Lindestrom  230  persons  were  sick. 

"  "  Nulla  calamitas  sola,'"  exclaims  Lindestrom,  and  he  goes  on  to  relate  that 
the  Turks  approached  with  three  ships  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  them  and 
pursued  them  for  some  distance.  Every  man  able  to  hold  a  gun  was  ordered  on 
deck  and  brandy  was  given  them  to  strengthen  them.  Shots  were  fired  at  the 
Turks  and  they  withdrew,  leaving  the  Swedes  to  go  on  their  course.  After  the 
Turks  had  disappeared  there  vpas  thanksgiving  on  board.  Geogr.  The  story 
is  improbable,  although  it  has  been  accepted  by  some.  The  event  is  not  men- 
tioned by  Rising. 

"Cf.  "Reck.  med.  Sod.  Com.,"  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 


488  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

wife  of  George  March,  and  on  the  eighteenth  Rising  hired  two 
horses  from  March  by  which  he  rode,  in  company  with  Linde- 
strom,  to  the  residence  of  the  French  governor-general,  a  dis- 
tance of  twenty-five  miles,  to  inquire  about  the  ship-wrecked 
Swedes  at  St.  Cruz."®  The  governor  received  them  "very 
civilly,"  said  that  the  Swedes  had  left  long  before,  but  if  any 
still  remained  they  would  be  free  to  depart  at  any  time.  He 
also  "  promised  that  the  Swedes  would  be  welcome  in  all  French 
territory,  would  be  allowed  to  trade  freely  and  would  be  treated 
as  brothers  in  all  their  places." 

When  Rising  returned  he  found  the  people  very  111,  longing 
for  fresh  food.  To  mitigate  their  sufferings  he  bought  a  large 
ox  (valued  at  1,440  lbs.  of  tobacco  or  60  R.D.),'^"  which  was 
butchered  and  distributed  among  the  people. 

April  19  they  again  set  sail  in  company  with  an  English 
frigate.  In  the  night  of  May  i  they  were  close  to  the  American 
coast  and  in  the  morning  they  sailed  into  the  Bay  of  Virginia, 
where  a  severe  thunderstorm  overtook  them,  compelling  them 
to  remove  all  the  sails.*"  Then  for  some  days  calm  prevailed, 
but  on  May  5  a  good  wind  favored  them.  After  some  sailing 
the  mariners,  being  unable  to  take  their  bearings  on  account  of 
cloudy  weather,  were  of  the  opinion  that  they  had  passed  the 
Bay  of  New  Sweden,  and  on  the  ninth  they  sailed  south  again, 
arriving  at  Cape  Henry  and  Virginia  Bay  on  the  twelfth,  which 
they  supposed  to  be  the  mouth  of  the  South  River.  In  the  bay 
they  experienced  another  sudden  gust  of  wind,  which  snapped 
the  foresail  and  mizzen  sail  from  the  rigging,  as  though  they 
had  been  cut  with  a  knife,  and  carried  them  far  out  to  sea,  while 
the  ship  was  thrown  violently  on  her  leeward  side. 

After  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  establish  connections  with 

"For  the  Island  of  St.  Cruz  at  this  time,  see  Ogilby,  America,  364-5. 

'"  It  was  bought  from  George  March  and  paid  for  by  "  three  pieces  of  Holland 
cloth." 

'°  According  to  Lindestrom's  story,  "  several  of  the  men  on  the  upper  deck  .  .  . 
were  thrown  into  the  sea  and  lost."  The  ship  turned  on  her  side  with  her  masts 
in  the  water,  so  that  they  were  compelled  to  cut  the  main  mast  before  the  ship 
righted  herself.  They  were  delayed  several  days  in  the  bay  to  put  the  ship  in 
order. 


The  Tenth  Expedition.  489 

two  English  vessels,  which  fled  from  them  in  the  belief  that 
they  were  sea-robbers,  information  as  to  their  whereabouts  was 
gained  from  an  Englishman,  who  came  on  board  the  Orn.^^ 
The  people  were  very  ill,  some  dying  daily,  but  the  fresh  water, 
which  was  brought  aboard,  somewhat  revived  them,  and  on  May 
16  they  continued  their  journey,  accompanied  by  two  English 
vessels,  reaching  New  Sweden  Bay  two  days  later.  "  Here  the 
wind  again  betrayed  them,"  but  on  May  20  the  sails  were 
swelled  and  in  the  evening  they  arrived  before  Fort  Elfsborg, 
where  they  cast  anchor.  The  next  morning,  which  was  Trinity 
Sunday,  the  ship  moved  on  towards  Fort  Casimir,  while  services 
were  conducted  on  board.  The  fort  was  taken  and  on  May 
22  the  ship  was  anchored  in  the  harbor  of  Christina.*- 

The  vessel  being  ready  on  July  15  set  sail  for  Sweden  with 
a  fair  wind,  carrying  a  cargo  of  tobacco.  The  return  voyage 
was  a  long  and  dangerous  one.  The  ship  went  to  St.  Martin 
for  repairs,*^  thence  to  Firth,  where  Captain  Bocl^horn  bought 
supplies  for  1,200  D.  k.m.  from  his  own  means.  After  some 
delay  they  set  out  for  Gothenburg  with  a  favorable  wind,  at 
which  place  they  arrived  about  September  24.*^ 

^  A  catch  also  visited  the  Orn. 

'-Rising's  Journal  (Up.  Bib.  and  R.A.)  ;  Geogr.;  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

"The  ship  was  in  a  very  poor  condition  and  it  was  repaired  shortly  after  its 
return  to  Sweden. 

'"Com.  Col.  till  K.  Maj.,  October  i6,  1663,  Skr.  till  K.  Maj.,  1650-66  (R.A.)  ; 
Papegoja  to  Rising,  March  to,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Cora.  Col.  Prot.,  October  4, 
1654;  Am.  Reg.,  October  4,  October  7,  1654  (Fl.A.). 


CHAPTER    XL. 

The  Eleventh  Expedition,  1654. 

As  soon  as  the  Orn  had  gone  to  sea  preparations  for  the 
journey  of  the  GylJene  Ha'j  were  continued.  A  report  of  the 
condition  of  the  ship  was  sent  to  the  Commercial  College  and 
Amundsson  requested  Eric  Oxenstierna  to  give  orders  to  Ad- 
miral Anckarhjelm  to  have  her  put  in  a  sea-faring  condition. 
The  ship  was  slowly  repaired;  Anckarhjelm  advanced  more 
money  with  which  additional  goods  were  purchased  for  the 
cargo  as  well  as  provisions  for  the  people.^  But  matters  pro- 
gressed slowly  and  as  late  as  February  10  Anckarhjelm  reported 
that  "  the  Gyllene  Haj  was  still  leaking."  He  was  getting  tired 
of  the  affair.  The  discipline  among  the  sailors  was  poor.  "  I 
know  not  how  the  journey  with  the  Gyllene  Haj  will  turn  out," 
he  wrote,  "  the  captain  pays  hardly  any  attention  to  the  ship  and 
each  [officer]  is,  I  understand,  his  own  master,  so  that  one  will 
not  give  in  to  the  other.  A  short  time  ago  a  soldier  gave  the 
mate  two  black  eyes,  on  account  of  which  I  have  placed  the 
former  under  arrest  on  the  Crown's  ship  Hercules."^  As  he 
had  paid  large  sums  out  of  his  own  means,  he  requested  a  draft 
for  1,000  R.D.,  when  the  Orn  was  about  to  sail,  this  being  only 
part  of  the  money  he  had  disbursed.  On  February  i  the  Com- 
mercial College  requested  Kramer  to  send  them  the  bills  and 
inform  them  whether  or  not  money  could  be  supplied  in  Stock- 
holm by  the  company  or  through  draft  on  Joachim  Korts  in 
Riga,^  but  there  was  no  money  in  the  treasury  before  the 
"tobacco  participants"  paid  part  or  all  of  the  12,800  D.  k.m. 

^Amundsson  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  January  29,  1654,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.)  ;  Anckar- 
hjelm to  Hans  Kramer,  January  20,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)- 

° Kramer  to  Asses,  in  the  Com.  Col.,  February  14,  1654;  Anckarhjelm  to 
Kramer,  February  10  and  February  15,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

°The  College  made  arrangements  to  pay  a  little  later  however. 

490 


)i«;.^-a -,^(pi.«  4,u:\.v-  6'-/-s«i.5-4.*WL',t4 j.';^»c..\ t,.- %''<».v5 ...l.»»^«-_', 

^,         p./         ..K        ..X    '.-^r?  Jdi.'.,r,  ^  .-^    .ll.A.. 


.il^jiic_  o^ii(4„«'^i  fc.«j.u»<M-.-^  wrjk.^^.-i»W.-s..»l«Jj;«<~^'~  °»..- 


;:\i#e#** 


r^.. 


Letter  from  Hans  Kramer  to  Eric  Oxenstierna,  February  10,  1654. 


The  Eleventh  Expedition.  4qi 

they  owed  and  so  the  i,ooo  R.D.  could  not  be  paid.*  Anckar- 
hjelm  continued  his  preparations,  however.  He  hired  a  mate, 
supplied  more  money  to  the  sailors  and  did  everything  in  his 
power  to  rush  the  sailing  of  the  ship.  In  the  beginning  of 
March  the  preparations  were  completed,  except  for  some  flour 
and  a  large  quantity  of  rye  for  seed.  Since  no  seed  corn  was  on 
the  Orn  Rising  proposed  that  "  20  or  30  barrels"  of  good  rye 
and  barley  be  sent  in  the  Haj.  Later,  however,  it  was  decided 
not  to  load  the  rye  into  the  ship,  as  it  would  take  too  much  room 
and  could  be  bought  cheaply  in  New  England.  Printz  had 
asked  that  the  expedition  be  delayed  until  he  arrived  in  Sweden, 
as  he  had  some  suggestions  to  make,  but  the  Commercial  Col- 
lege ordered  the  vessel  to  sail  as  soon  as  there  was  a  favorable 
wind.^ 

We  have  seen  that  the  discipline  among  the  sailors  on  the 
Haj  was  not  of  the  best.  Amundsson,  who  had  been  appointed 
captain  on  the  journey  and  supervisor  of  the  ship-building  in 
New  Sweden,  had  proved  himself  incompetent.  Repeated  com- 
plaints were  made  against  him,  so  that  the  college  found  it 
advisable  to  have  him  removed.  Two  new  men,  Sven  Hook 
and  Hendrick  von  Elswick,  were  already  in  sight  for  the  position. 
Lieut.  Hook,  who  sought  a  post  in  New  Sweden,  was  appointed 
to  perform  Amundsson's  duties  in  the  colony  as  well  as  to  com- 
mand the  vessel  on  the  voyage  and  a  commission  was  signed  for 
him  on  March  4.*^ 

Hendrick  von  Elswick  was  a  merchant  in  Stockholm,  who 
had  applied  to  Rising  for  permission  to  go  to  New  Sweden  as 
"  Commiss  or  head-merchant"  and,  as  Rising  knew  him  per- 
sonally, he  recommended  him  to  Eric  Oxenstierna.^  His  ap- 
pointment was  talked  about  in  the  Commercial  College  and 

■"Com.  Col.  to  H.  Kramer,  February  u,  1654,  Com.  Col.  Reg.;  Anckarhjelm's 
bills  had  been  presented  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  February  17  when  he  was  in  Stock- 
holm.    Kramer  to  Asses,  in  Com.  Col.,  February  14,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"Com.  Col.  to  Anckarhjelm,  March  4,  1654,  Com.  Col..  Reg.  (R.A.)  ;  Rising 
to  E.  Oxenstierna,  January  20,  1654,  Ox.  Saml. 

'Com.  Col.  Reg.,  March  4,  1654;  "  S.  Hooks  Supplik,"  etc.  (about  January), 
1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

'  Rising  thought  that  if  he  should  be  approached,  "  he  would  go  with  the 
Galliot  ...  if  he  could  bring  his  wife  with  him." 


492  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Hans  Kramer  was  requested  to  interview  him  and  report  his 
proposals  in  the  case.  On  February  lo  Kramer  wrote  to  the 
college,  highly  recommending  Elswick  as  a  man  of  good  quali- 
ties and  suggesting  that  "his  salary  could  hardly  be  less  than 
300  R.D.  a  year."  Two  days  later  Kramer  was  informed  that 
Elswick  would  be  employed  in  the  company's  service  and  he  was 
requested  to  come  to  Upsala  to  arrange  matters  with  the  mem- 
bers of  the  college.  Within  the  next  ten  days  he  appeared 
before  the  college,  received  his  commission  as  factor  in  New 
Sweden,  being  also  appointed  to  have  charge  of  the  expedition 
to  Porto  Rico  in  the  place  of  Amundsson.  After  having  re- 
ceived 150  R.D.  for  his  travelling  expenses  from  Kramer,  he 
left  for  Gothenburg  in  the  beginning  of  March  and  arrived  in 
the  city  on  the  twelfth  of  the  same  month.* 

As  information  had  been  received  by  the  college  that  Printz 
was  in  Holland,  a  commission  appointing  Johan  Rising  Director 
of  New  Sweden  and  Skute  commander  of  the  military  forces 
was  drafted  in  the  beginning  of  March  and  sent  with  the  other 
papers  to  Admiral  Anckarhjelm. 

At  the  same  time  the  Admiral,  being  informed  of  the  change 
in  the  appointments  by  the  Commercial  College,  was  ordered 
by  the  Admiralty  to  take  the  instruction  as  well  as  all  other 
documents  from  Amundsson  and  give  them  to  Elswick  and' 
Hook.  As  soon  as  Elswick  arrived  in  Gothenburg  he  was 
taken  on  board  the  Haj,  given  command  of  the  ship  and  author, 
ized  to  have  charge  of  the  journey  to  Porto  Rico**  and  to  New 
Sweden.^"     The  ship  was  poorly  armed,  having  only  two  little 

'Com.  Col.  to  H.  Kramer,  February  12,  1654  (Reg.  R.A.).  "Elswick  skall 
strax  och  oforsummeligen  begifwa  sigh  nijd  till  Gotheborgh,"  "  Instruction,"  etc., 
Com.  Col.  Reg.,  March  4,  1654,  fol.  35,  copy  in  N.S.,  II.  (R.A.)  ;  H.  von  Elswick 
to  Oxenstierna,  March  15  (n.s.),  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Kramer  to  the  Com.  Col., 
February  10  and  14,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

'  For  the  voyage  to  Porto  Rico,  see  above,  Chap.  XXIX.,  and  the  Com.  Col.  to 
H.  Elswick,  March  4,  1654,  fol.  57;  Till  Lieut.  Sven  Hook.,  etc.,  fol.   52. 

^'Am.  Reg.,  March,  1654,  fol.  868.  This  entry  in  Am.  Reg.  is  not  dated,  but 
the  index  has  March  15.  The  Com.  Col.  to  Anckarhjelm,  March  4,  1654;  "In- 
struction," etc.,  March  4,  fol.  34  ff. ;  "  Fullmact,"  etc.,  March  4,  fol.  58  ff. ;  H. 
von  Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  March  15,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  The  documents 
were  badly  injured  on  the  way  to  Gothenburg  through  water. 


The  Eleventh  Expedition.  493 

cannon  and  neither  balls  nor  powder,  but  ammunition  was 
finally  supplied,  some  new  merchandise  was  also  purchased 
in  the  last  moment  and  soon  the  Haj  was  ready  to  lift  anchor 
and  set  sail.^^ 

As  all  preparations  were  completed  the  expedition  was  de- 
layed for  want  of  a  couple  of  sailors  and  a  ship  carpenter. 
Some  of  the  sailors  had  proven  themselves  incapable  of  doing 
their  work,  these  were  discharged  and  others  hired  by  Anckar- 
hjelm  in  their  places.  A  sail-maker  from  Bergen  was  also 
engaged  at  the  rate  of  thirteen  florins  a  month  and  two  months 
wages  were  given  him  in  advance.*- 

But  a  carpenter  could  not  be  hired,  although  Elswick  did  his 
best  to  find  one.  He  went  to  Kongelf'^  and  Marstrand"  and 
"inquired  with  diligence  for  a  ship-carpenter,"  but  all  to  no 
avail.  There  were  two  carpenters  on  the  Hercules,  one  of 
whom  desired  to  go  to  America,  but  Anckarhjelm  had  no 
authority  to  give  him  leave,  consequently  Elswick  requested  the 
college  to  apply  to  the  Admiralty  for  his  permission  to  sail  on 
the  vessel,  suggesting  that  "  he  could  be  used  to  great  advantage 
at  ship-building  in  New  Sweden."  Admiral  Anckarhjelm  also 
wrote  to  Stockholm  about  it,  but  since  only  Fleming  was  present 
in  the  Admiralty,  no  definite  order  could  be  given,  and  Anckar- 
hjelm was  advised  to  find  a  carpenter  elsewhere.  The  Admiral 
proposed  that  they  should  sail  as  far  as  England  without  a 
carpenter,  where  one  could  easily  be  hired,  and  Elswick  had  in 
mind  to  try  his  luck  at  Helsingor,  but  on  March  31,  just  as  he 
was  writing  to  the  Commercial  College  about    it,  "  a  good  and 

"There  was  a  great  scare  of  the  Turks  at  the  time  and  Elswick  implored  the 
Com.  Col.  that  "  wan  in  unsser  ungliick  so  gross  das  wir  vom  Tiirken  genommen, 
es  wiirde  alssdan  das  General  Collegio,  mir  da  nicht  sitzen,  sondern  die  gnade 
thuen,  und  wieder  lossmachen  lassen."  Letter  to  the  Com.  Col.,  March  22,  1654, 
N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Cf.  Lindestrora,  Geogr. 

"^Elswick  to  the  Com.  Col.,  March  15,  22,  31,  1654;  Elswick  to  J.  Majer, 
March  29,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  The  Com.  Col.  to  Anckarhjelm,  March  22,  1654, 
Com.  Col.  Reg.,  fol.  69-70. 

"The  manuscript  has  Kungel.  Kongelf  is  a  town  in  "  Goteborgs  and 
Bohuslan,"  at  the  Nordreelf  opposite  Hisingen,  not  far  from  Gothenburg.  The 
town  was  moved  to  its  present  position  in  1680. 

"Once  a  great  Norwegian  commercial  city  (founded  by  Haakan  Haakansson). 
Later  it  came  under  Swedish  rule  and  is  to-day  a  fashionable  watering  place. 


494  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

well  trained  carpenter,  by  the  name  of  Jan  Janssen  from 
Alckmar,"^^  was  engaged  at  12  R.D.  a  month.^® 

Elswick's  luggage  was  now  brought  on  board,  the  people 
took  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  a  good  wind  was  the  only  thing 
lacking,  but  "some  of  the  people  were  bad,"  the  mate  was  in- 
competent and  a  "rascal,"  and  the  omens  for  a  happy  journey 
were  not  good.*"  The  expenses  connected  with  the  expedition 
were  quite  large.  Rising  had  paid  ten  florins  for  a  messenger 
sent  to  look  for  the  Haj  and  Anckarhjelm  paid  4,5 13  D.  (k.m.) 
for  provisioning  the  ship  besides  large  sums  for  the  salaries  of 
the  crew.'^  As  Captain  Hans  Amundsson  had  private  claims  in 
Porto  Rico  to  look  after  he  applied  for  permission  to  go  on  the 
Haj  with  his  family  and  two  servants,*^  promising  to  assist 
Elswick  in  whatever  way  he  could.  Some  of  the  families  who 
could  not  find  room  on  the  Orn  went  on  this  ship  and  a  few 
soldiers  and  servants  also  came  to  America  on  this  expedition, 
but  the  exact  number  is  not  known. ^*' 

Unfavorable  weather  delayed  the  Haj  for  two  weeks,  but  on 
April  15  she  at  last  set  sail  "with  a  good  wind  from  Korgards- 
holm(?),  a  mile  [six  and  a  half  English  miles]  from  Gothen- 

"A  city  in  Holland,  see  Nordisk  familjebok,  I.  under  name. 

"Elswick  to  the  Com.  Col.,  Mar.  15,  22,  29,  31,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A  ) 
Anckarhjelm  to  the  Com.  Col.,  April  5,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"Elswick  to  the  Com.  Col.,  March  31,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Anckarhjelm  to 
E.  Oxenstierna,  April  5,  1654,  Ox.  Sam!.  (R.A.).  Elswick  writes  later:  "  Es 
ist  ein  theill  boss  Volck.  .  .  .  Der  Steiirman  (ob  er  zwar  seine  sachen  wohl 
verstehet)  is  der  Gothlosseste  und  leichtfertigste  Mensch  den  ich  raein  lebetage 
gesehen,  habe  ihme  alhier  itzo  ins  gefengniiss  in  die  Eijsen  sitzen."  Elswick  to 
E.  Oxenstierna,  August  7,  1654,  N.S.,  L   (R.A.)  ;  cf.  above,  Chap.  XXIX. 

'^Journal,  no.  1176  ff.;  "Reck,  medh  Thet  Lof.  Sod.  eller  Ame.  Comp.," 
Rising's  Process  (R.A.)  ;  Kramer  to  the  Com.  Col.,  May  25,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ; 
Anckarhjelm  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  April  19,  1654,  Ox.  Saml.  Anckarhjelm  was 
ordered  by  the  Admiralty,  April  4,  to  go  by  night  and  day  to  Stockholm  with  the 
ships  Mercurius  and  Hercules,  Am.  Reg.,  April  4,  1654,  fol.  1874-5.  When  he 
arrived  at  Stockholm  he  applied  to  Kramer  for  payment.  There  was  no 
money  in  the  company's  treasury.  9,000  D.  were  still  to  be  collected  from  the 
"  tob.  part.,"  but  this  was  not  available  and  Kramer  was  compelled  to  request 
the  Com.  Col.  to  order  J.  Potter  to  pay  4,000  D.  left  in  his  care.  Kramer  to  the 
Pres.  in  the  Com.  Col.,  May  25,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"  He  had  four  children. 

"■  Elswick  to  the  Com.  Col.,  March  15,  1654. 


The  Eleventh  Expedition.  495 

burg.""^  On  account  of  contrary  winds  they  were  compelled 
to  run  into  the  Norwegian  port  of  Hastenas  on  the  eighteenth. 
The  next  day,  however,  they  continued  their  journey  and,  tak- 
ing a  northerly  course,  they  arrived  at  the  island  of  St.  Michael 
on  the  thirteenth  of  May,  casting  anchor  in  the  harbor  of  Villa 
Franca.--  Here  Elswick  had  considerable  trouble  and  expense. 
When  the  governor  found  that  they  were  going  to  Porto  Rico, 
he  broke  open  the  seal  of  the  letter  from  the  King  of  Spain  and 
read  it,  giving  a  certificate,  however,  that  he  had  done  so 
against  Elswick's  will.  In  the  night  of  May  20  they  again  set 
sail  after  they  had  taken  in  a  supply  of  water  and  other  neces- 
sary refreshments  for  the  people,  holding  their  course  on  the 
Caribbean  Islands.  On  the  way  many  of  the  people  became 
sick,  the  water  supply  became  low  and  it  was  found  necessary 
to  touch  at  the  island  of  St.  Christopher,  which  they  did  on  the 
17th  of  June,  being  informed  that  the  Orn  had  been  there  two 
months  before.  New  supplies  were  again  brought  on  board 
and  on  June  26  they  continued  their  journey,  arriving  at  Porto 
Rico  on  June  30.-^  Governor  Jacobus  de  Aquilera  was  aware 
of  their  coming,  for  "he  waited  on  the  shore  with  his  Carethe 
and  many  prominent  persons,  immediately  sending  a  large  boat, 
which  brought  .  .  .  [Elswick]  ashore,"  who  delivered  the 
Swedish  passports  and  returned  to  the  Haj.-* 

The  people  went  ashore  the  following  day  and  new  supplies 
were  provided  for  them.  Hans  Amundsson  died  on  the  island 
July  2  and  was  buried  the  same  day  outside  the  city,  but  the 
other  passengers  soon  recovered  from  their  sickness.  The  mate 
tried  to  "run  away,"  wherefore  Elswick  was  compelled  "to 
put  him   into   irons  in  the  prison "   until   they  sailed.-^      On 

^Anckarhjelm  to  Oxenstierna,  April  19,  1654,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.)  ;  Elswick  to 
E.  Oxenstierna,  August  7,  165+,  N.S.,  I.   (R.A.). 

^A  town  on  the  south  coast  of  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  Azores,  14  miles 
east  of  Ponta  Delgata. 

°^  For  Porto  Rico  at  this  time,  see  Ogilby's  America,  p.  327  ff. 

"^  Elswick's  activity  in  presenting  the  claims  of  the  company  and  of  the  Crown 
have  been  elsewhere  related.     Cf.  Chap.  XXIX.  above. 

^  For  this  account  see  Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  August  7,  1654,  N.S.,  I. 
(R.A.). 


496  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

August  15  the  Haj  left  Porto  Rico  for  New  Sweden.  The 
people  were  well,  the  supplies  plentiful  and  all  were  in  a  happy 
mood,  but  the  expedition  was  destined  to  fail  in  its  purpose. 
By  mistake  they  passed  Delaware  Bay  and  "through  careless- 
ness or  rather  wickedness  of  .  .  .  [the]  mate"  the  ship  was 
led  into  "  an  unknown  passage  behind  Staten  Island  towards 
the  Raritans  Kill"  at  New  Amsterdam,  on  September  12  where 
it  was  put  under  arrest  by  Director  Stuyvesant  three  days 
later.2'^  The  efforts  of  Elswick  to  obtain  the  release  of  the 
ship  and  the  protests  and  counter-protests  which  passed  between 
the  respective  parties  belong  to  another  chapter.-^  Most  of 
the  people  on  the  ship,  including  the  carpenter,  remained  in 
New  Amsterdam,  persuaded  thereto  by  Stuyvesant.  When 
Elswick  had  done  all  in  his  power  to  effect  a  settlement,  he  left 
for  New  Sweden.^* 

™  Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  June  16,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 
"  Doc,    Xn.    76-83 ;    Copy   of    Protests    in    Elswick's    handwriting,    N.S.,    L 
(R.A.)  and  (K.A.). 

^Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna;  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XLV. 


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FORTS  AND  BLOCKHOUSES,  1623-1655. 

/.  Szvedisit  Foytifications. 

A.  Forts  (represented  by  sharpcornered  squares) 

1)  Christina,  1638-1655.     2)  NyaGoteborg  (NewGothen- 

borg),  1643-1655.     3)  Nva  (New)  Korsholm,  1647-1653.     4) 

Nya  (New)  Elfsborg,  1643-1651.     5)  Trefaldighet  (Trinity) 

(New  Castle),  1654-1655. 

B.  Blockhouses  (squares  inclosed  in  circles) 

(1)  Upland,  1643 +.     (2)  Province  (Manaiping)  Island 

"in  the  Schuylkill,"  1643-1647.      (3)    Nya  (New)  Vasa, 

1645-1647.     (4)   Molndal,  1645-1651.      (5)  Tome    (TSme), 

1647  (?)-1655.     (6)  Blockhouse  in  front  of  Ft.  Beversreede, 

,1648+.  _       . 

//.  Dutch  Forhficahons. 
(A)  Nassau  (Eriworaeck?)  1623-1651.     (fl)  Beversreede, 
164«-1651.      (D    Casiniir,   1651-1654.     Blockhouse  at  the 
Schuylkill,  1633-1643  (-1647?). 

///.  English  Fortifications. 
Blockhouse  at  Varkens  KilH Salem,   N.    J.),  1641-1643. 
Blockhouse  on  Province  Island,  1642. 

DATES   OF  PERMANENT  SETTLEMENTS 

BEFORE  1655. 

/.  By  the  Swedes. 

(a)  Christina  (Wilmington),   1638,  1641.      (*)  Finland 

or  Chamassungh,  1641, 1643.     (f)  Upland  (Chester),  1641, 

1643.      (rf)  PrinUtorp,  1643.      (<•)  Tequirassy,  1643.     (/) 

Tinicum,  1643.     (^)  Province  Island,  1643.     (/()  Minqua  s 

Island,  1644.     (j)  Kingsessing  (Vasa),  1644.     (7)   Molndal, 

1645.      (/!•)   Tome  (Aronaraeck),  1647(?).     (m)  The  Stdo- 

land  (near  P't.   Christina),   1654.      (n)  Settlement  above 

Ft.  Christina,  1654.     {o)  Timber  Island,  1654.     (/>)  Strand- 

viken,    1654.     (q)  Ammans  land,  1654. 

//.  By  the  DuJch. 
(I)  Sandhook  (New  Castle),  1651. 

NAMES  OF  RIVERS  AND  PLACES. 

River  Delaware  (De  la  Waer,  Dellewarr,  Delowar, 
etc  )  called  Delaware  and  Charles  River  by  the  English  ; 
Zuvdt  (various  forms)  River  (South  River),  Nassau  (.'), 
"  off  old  called  Nassau  River  "  (Doc,  II,  86),  Prince  Hen- 
drick,  and  Wilhelmus  River  by  the  Dutch  ;  Sodre  Reyie- 
ret  (the  South  River),  the  Swenskes  Revier  (the  River 
of  the  Swedes)  and  Nya  Sweriges  Rivier  (the  River  ol 
New  Sweden)  by  the  Swedes.  . 

River  Schuylkill  (schuyl,  hiding,  +  Ktl,  river  or  creek), 
called  Schuylkil  by  the  Dutch  ;  Schuylen  Kyi  (various 
forms)  by  the  Swedes  and  Menejackse  (various  forms) 
andother  names  by  the  Indians.  ,,..j  iwo„<.! 

Province  Island  (Fisher  or  State  Island),  called  Manai- 
ping, or  Druweeyland  by  the  Swedes. 

Marikes,  Marikens  (Marcus),  Hook. 

Manias  or  Mantes  Kill  (Creek). 


PART    II. 

THE  COLONY  UNDER  PAPEGOJA  AND  RISING. 


CHAPTER  XLI. 

Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden,  1653-1655. 

I. 

Conditions  in  the  colony  did  not  improve  after  the  departure 
of  Printz.  Several  settlers  having  been  politely  denied  per- 
mission by  Stuyvesant,  at  least  for  a  time,  to  settle  in  New 
Netherland,  "  inasmuch  as  he  did  not  know  whether  it  would 
be  well  or  ill  received"  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,^ 
made  secret  application  to  the  authorities  in  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land to  be  allowed  to  go  there.  Here  they  received  a  hearty 
welcome  and  fifteen  settlers  deserted  and  fled  to  the  English 
colony  on  the  south.  When  Papegoja  was  aware  of  their 
flight,  he  hired  some  Indians  "to  bring  them  back,"  but  they 
resisted  "  and  put  themselves  on  the  defense  against  the  sav- 
ages, who  had  been  sent  after  them  [so  that  two]  .  .  .  were 
struck  down  whose  heads  were  brought  into  Fort  Christina."^ 
The  assistant  commissary,  Gotfried  Harmer,  being  one  of  the 
deserters,  seems  to  have  been  the  chief  instigator  and  he  wrote 
letters  to  some  of  the  Swedes  after  his  arrival  in  Virginia,  ad- 
vising them  to  leave  the  colony  and  go  over  to  the  English.  It 
was  also  said  that  Hendrick  Huygen  played  false  to  the  Swedes.^ 
We  know  nothing  further  about  the  events  in  New  Sweden 
from  October,  1653,  until  May,  1654,  except  that  the  Indians 

^  Doc,  I.  590,  600-1;  XII.  73.  The  directors,  however,  had  no  objection  to 
the  influx  of  settlers  from  neighboring  colonies  and  so  informed  Stuyvesant  on 
November  4,  1653,  probably  in  answer  to  his  letter  of  October  6  of  the  same  year. 

"Rising's  Journal,  May  22,  24,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

'Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.). 

33  497 


498  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

set  fire  to  Fort  Korsholm  and  likely  showed  other  signs  of 
unrest.^ 

On  Sunday  morning  of  May  21,  as  the  colonists  were  going 
to  church,  they  were  startled  by  the  report  of  cannon  some 
distance  down  the  river.  It  was  the  Swedish  salute;  ships  had 
arrived  at  last!  A  few  hours  later,  "Vice-Commissary  Jacob 
Svensson  with  some  Swedish  freemen  "  was  sent  down  the  river 
to  ascertain  the  facts.  They  went  on  board  the  Orn  and  "  all 
proved  that  they  were  happy  on  account  of  the  arrival "  of  the 
ship.  A  little  later  Vice-Governor  Papegoja  also  went  down 
to  the  Swedish  vessel,  welcomed  Rising  and  reported  the  condi- 
tion of  the  country.  The  immigrants  "were  now  very  ill  on 
the  ship  and  the  smell  was  so  strong  that  it  was  impossible  to 
endure  it  any  longer.  It  was  therefore  agreed  that  Papegoja 
should  bring  the  people  ashore  in  the  morning  with  the  sloop, 
the  yacht  and  other  crafts,  which  was  accordingly  done  on  the 
twenty-second.  The  people  were  partly  distributed  among  the 
freemen  up  in  the  river,  partly  taken  to  Fort  Christina,  where 
they  were  nursed  with  all  care."  The  same  day  Rising  and  his 
officers  also  entered  the  fort  "  and  were  well  received  by  the 
vice-governor  and  the  other  Swedes."^ 

The  instructions  and  memorials  given  to  Rising  before  his 
departure  from  Upsala  in  December,  1653,  authorized  him, 
in  case  the  governor  had  left  the  country  or  would  not  remain, 
to  take  charge  of  the  government.  He  as  well  as  Lindestrom 
and  other  officers  were  indisposed  the  first  few  days  after  their 
landing,  due  to  the  hardships  and  inconveniences  of  the  journey 
and  the  change  of  climate,  but  already  on  May  23  arrange- 
ments were  made  for  the  new  form  of  government,  which  the 
departure  of  Printz  made  necessary.  "The  Orders  of  Her 
Royal  Majesty  as  well  as  the  Instructions  and  Memorials  of 
the  Commercial  College  were  read  in  the  presence  of  [Director 
Johan  Rising],  Capt.  [Sven]  Skute,  Lieut.  [Johan]  Pape- 
goja"  and  undoubtedly  the  larger  part  of  the  soldiers  and 

^Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.). 

"  Rising's  Journal;  Lindestrom's  Geogr. 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      499 

freemen.  These  instructions  and  memorials  (minute  and  de- 
tailed, in  several  of  their  provisions  resembling  those  given  to 
Printz  eleven  years  before)  intrusted  to  Rising  the  "direction 
of  the  political,  judicial  and  commercial  affairs  of  the  colony," 
leaving  the  military  management  to  other  officers.  "His  duty 
should  especially  be  to  bring  the  country  on  a  prosperous  foot- 
ing;" he  should  occupy  and  clear  new  land  and  assign  planta- 
tions to  the  freemen ;  he  should  plant  tobacco,  sow  grain,  hemp 
and  linseed,  cultivate  grapes  and  fruit  trees  and  experiment 
with  silk-worms  and  the  growing  of  ginger  and  sugar-cane;  he 
should  found  cities,  select  harbors  and  begin  commerce,  seeking 
to  draw  all  the  trade  in  the  river  into  the  hands  of  the  Swedes; 
he  should  prospect  for  minerals;  he  should  select  land  for  the 
company  and  work  it  for  the  benefit  of  the  same;  he  should 
establish  ropewalks,  saw-mills,  tanneries,  tarburneries  and  man- 
ufactories of  wooden  utensils  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  fisheries 
in  the  rivers,  streams  and  lakes;  he  should  keep  peace  with  the 
Indians,  Dutch  and  English  as  far  as  possible,  but  he  should 
also  fortify  the  country  with  all  vigor  and  ward  off  attack  with 
the  best  means  at  hand;  he  should  seek  to  increase  the  popula- 
tion of  the  colony  and  extend  its  settlement  by  inviting  all 
valuable  and  industrious  colonists  to  settle  under  the  Swedish 
jurisdiction,  but  he  should  send  away  and  remove  (with  cau- 
tion) all  who  might  be  a  disturbance  or  a  hindrance  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  settlement;  he  should  draw  up  good  ordi- 
nances, make  rides  for  hunting  and  the  preservation  of  the 
forest^  preventing  all  indiscriminate  cutting  of  trees,  as  well  as 
ordinances  concerning  the  trade,  the  agriculture  and  other  pur- 
suits; he  should  institute  commercial  relations  with  Africa;  he 
should  send  game,  beer,  bread  and  brandy  to  Spain  and  lumber 
and  wood-materials  to  the  Canary  Islands;  he  was  to  handle 
the  money  sent  from  the  Mother  Country,  supervise  the  hand- 
ling of  the  merchandise  and  see  that  proper  and  correct  books 
were  kept ;  he  was  to  raise  money  for  the  purpose  of  the 
colonial  government,  and  finally  he  was  to  appoint  "persons 
who  could  judge  according  to  the  law  of  Sweden  and  its  right- 


Soo  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

ful  custom  in  order  that  justice  and  righteousness  may  have 
their  course  in  the  land."" 

Rising  now  took  over  the  leadership  of  the  colony  with  the 
title  of  Director  of  New  Sweden,  appointing  Sven  Skute  and 
Johan  Papegoja  as  his  assistants,  who  together  with  the  direc- 
tor "  would  rule  the  country  .  .  .  under  the  authority  of  Her 
Royal  Majesty  and  the  Crown  of  Sweden  until  other  orders 
were  received,"  in  special  cases  in  connection  with  a  council  of 
"other  good  men,"  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

With  the  first  opportunity  the  director  summoned  the  free- 
men and  proclaimed  to  them  the  new  Royal  privileges  concern- 
ing the  settlement.  The  private  colonists  were  granted  the 
right  to  trade  freely  with  the  neighbors  and  the  Indians;  they 
could  buy  their  lands  direct  from  the  savages  or  from  the  com- 
pany and,  by  paying  an  export  duty  of  2  per  cent,  they  could 
ship  every  form  of  produce  from  the  colony,  including  gold  and 
silver  (other  minerals  being  excluded),  to  Sweden  and  its 
dependencies  duty  free.''  The  land  in  New  Sweden  had  been 
purchased  from  the  savages  for  the  company  (by  goods  be- 
longing to  it)  under  the  protection  and  jurisdiction  of  the 
Swedish  government  and  the  Crown  regarded  its  colony  on  the 
Delaware  in  the  same  light  as  its  European  possessions,  with 
right  to  grant  lands  and  allodial  freedoms  to  its  servants. 
Several  such  grants  were  made  in  1653.  They  were  to  be  in 
force  only  after  the  governor  or  the  director  had  given  an 
admission  and  certificate  to  the  effect  in  order  to  prevent  con- 
fusion.* The  land,  that  might  be  bought  by  individual  free- 
men either  from  the  company  or  from  the  savages,  would  be- 

'"  Instruction,"  December  15,  1654;  "Memorial  for  Rising,"  December  18, 
1653;  Authorization  for  Rising,  December  18,  1653,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ; 
"  Memorial  oppa  de  arende  .  .  .  [for]  Johan  Printz  deels  .  .  .  Johan  Rising," 
December  12,  1653,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.),  also  in  R.R.  Copies  in  Am.  Phil.  Society 
from  R.R.  (a  poor  translation  in  Hazard)  ;  The  Com.  Col.  to  Johan  Printz, 
December  15,  1653,  "  Creditbref,"  etc.  for  Printz,  December  13,  1653,  Com.  Col. 
Reg.  (R.A.)  ;  cf.  above.  Chap.  XXXIX. 

'Rising's  Journal;  "Memorial,"  etc.;  Doc,  XII.  73-4. 

'  Several  freemen  protested  against  the  donations  given  to  Skute  and  Hans 
Amundsson.  The  grants  were  never  certified  by  the  director  and  hence  not 
legal.     Rising's  Journal,  August  27,  etc.,  1654;  Report,  July  13,  1654. 


CV^5riltitt<V  -^.3^-^  ^^.v^^.vii.^^ 

i;^ju,  ^iivW,;..,  JC~«.^,  c^iiu  -i^vCj;^., 


r^i..»«V    »». 


^5*^  %>^*i  •«**wi  A^iVw**  -j^V"^*  ^  -^  •*V**'  fr^^'^-~ 
litt  StyJ  1^'  ^^  **«^  yw  ^i-,^^^ ^euuerwii^^^rJtC^^^.  VS^ 
,w.  >*^   *rAUW,^*.  X-,  miPurncvl  ..^^«M.  .^fU^, 


/.^J>'~r 


The  appointment  of  Johan  Rising  as  director  of  New  Sweden.     First  page  (original). 
Preserved  in  N.  S.  I.  (R.  A.),  Stockholm. 


y^^  riiJiiJi^vC^^    /l-^V  -i-^^t^  *^£U\  .    C^fit^  ^.__ 


Rising's  appointment  as  director,  second  page,  signed  by  Christina. 


The  large  seal  of  Queen  Christina. 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      501 

come  the  unqualified  perpetual  property  of  the  purchaser  and 
his  heirs  and  he  "would  enjoy  allodial  privileges  for  himself 
and  his  descendants  forever."** 

"After  the  sermon,"  on  June  4,  "the  freemen  were  [again] 
collected  and  it  was  presented  to  them  how  Her  Royal  Majesty 
intended  hereafter  to  continue  the  colony  through  the  South 
Company  by  sending  of  good  and  early  succor."  A  general 
day  of  fasting  and  prayer  was  thereupon  proclaimed  for  the 
ninth  "over  the  whole  land."  On  that  day  they  all  "went  to 
church  at  Tinnakonk "  and  "after  the  services  the  freemen 
were  called  together,  old  and  young."  They  were  once  more 
told  that  succor  from  Sweden  was  expected  and  that  the  pros- 
pect for  a  successful  period  was  good.  But,  since  there  had  been 
mutinies  and  much  trouble  during  Printz's  time,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  examine  into  the  charges  and  counter-charges  that 
were  made  and  it  was  hoped  that  all  the  inhabitants  of  New 
Sweden  from  now  on  would  act  as  "true  subjects  of  Her  Royal 
Majesty  and  honest  colonists."  An  oath  of  allegiance  and 
promise  of  good  conduct  was  then  read  to  them  and  signed  by 
forty-eight  persons,  eight  of  whom  were  widows  of  freemen." 

In  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1654  provisions  were  made 
for  carrying  out  certain  paragraphs  of  the  instructions  and 
memorials  regarding  the  internal  affairs  of  the  colony. 
Towards  the  end  of  July  several  new  appointments  were  made, 
the  gunner,  Johan  Stalkofta,  being  commissioned  to  "pre- 
pare material  and  planks  for  the  buildings  that  were  to  be 
erected  from  time  to  time,"  the  corporal,  Anders  Olofsson,  to 
superintend  the  agriculture  and  the  ensign,  Peter  Hansson 
Wendel,  to  manage  the  plantations  and  the  clearing  of  the 
land.  No  special  wages  appear  to  have  accompanied  these 
offices,  however.  "There  was  some  dislike  [against  the  ar- 
rangement]  among  the  people,"  says  Rising,  "but  for  what 

'Memorial  for  Rising  and  Printz,  par.  7;  Rising's  Journal,  1654;  Report, 
1654;  Donations  for  Amundsson  and  Skute.  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXIX.-  below' 
Chap.  XLII.  '  ' 

"  Oath  (copy),  June  9,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Rising's  Journal,  June  9,  1654 
(Up.  B.). 


502  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

reason  could  not  be  ascertained."  Certain  plantations  at  the 
Sandhook  had  been  forfeited  to  the  company'^  and  Sven  Skute 
was  ordered  to  superintend  and  manage  these. '^ 

On  the  last  day  of  September  a  messenger  sent  by  Elswick 
brought  the  commissions  formally  appointing  Rising  "  Director 
of  the  colony  "  and  Sven  Skute  commander  of  the  forts  and  the 
military  affairs.  Three  days  later  these  letters  (from  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  Commercial  College)  were  read  to  the  people, 
who  were  assembled  at  a  court  in  Fort  Christina.  There  were 
promises  of  aid  and  it  seems  that  Rising  and  his  council  took 
a  bright  view  of  the  situation,  for  plans  were  now  made  for 
partly  reorganizing  the  internal  government  of  the  settlement 
and  for  providing  a  sort  of  constitution  or  rule  of  conduct.'^ 

"On  October  27  the  best  men  [in  the  colony]  were  called 
together  at  Fort  Christina  and  an  ordinance  was  drafted." 
Rising  says  that  it  "  was  made  by  us  jointly,"  but  it  is  more  than 
probable  that  he  presented  a  draft  of  the  ordinance  to  the 
commission  and  that  the  different  points  were  taken  up  and  dis- 
cussed. Several  changes  and  suggestions  may  have  been 
offered  by  the  members,  but  the  draft  as  presented  by  Rising 
undoubtedly  underwent  few  changes.^ ^  The  ordinance  was 
proclaimed  both  among  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  colonists,  "but 
it  could  not  be  put  into  execution  before  succor  should  arrive 
from  the  fatherland." 

In  1653,  when  preparations  were  on  foot  for  the  sending  of 
a  new  expedition  to  New  Sweden,  a  tentative  budget  was  made. 
The  salaries  and  wages  of  the  officers  (including  the  preacher, 
Nertunius,  and  the  barber-surgeon,  Stidden)  and  fifty  soldiers 
were  estimated  at  3,722  R.D.  "A  budget  was  also  drawn  up 
for  one  hundred  and  fifty  landspeople,  skilled  workmen  and 
peasants,  with  wages  amounting  to  1,200  R.D.     This  list  was 

"  Cf.  Chap.  XL. 

"^ Rising's  Journal,  July  27;  October  16,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

"Rising's  appointment  from  the  Queen,  February  28,  1654,  R.R.,  and  from 
the  Commercial  College,  Mar.  4,  1654,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.).  Original  in 
N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  See  facsimile.  Rising's  Journal  September  30,  October  3, 
1654  (Up.  B.). 

'*  Report,  June  14,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.). 


/ 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      503 

completed  before  the  sailing  of  the  Haj  and  when  Hook  and 
Elswick  arrived  in  the  colony,  the  staff  of  military  officers  with 
their  salaries  was  as  follows: 

Director,                     Johan  Rising  i,2oo  D. 

Commandant,            Sven   Skute    900  D. 

Lieutenant,                Elias  Gyllengren 432  D. 

Lieutenant,                 Sven  Hook   288  D. 

Ensign,                       Per  Hansson  Wendel 216  D. 

Watchmaster,            Gregorius  van  Dyck   180  D. 

The  Head  Gunner, Johan   Danielsson    (?) 

Constaple,                  Johan  Andersson  Stalkofta    144  D. 

Sergeant,                    Anders  Larsson   (?) 

Armorer,                    Anders  Kampe    144  D. 

Engineer,                   Peter  Lindestrom    144  D. 

Provost-Marshal,      Mans  Stake   io8  D. 

Drummer,                  Johan  Schalbrick 90  D. 

Trumpeter,                Peter  Andersson  90  D.   (?) 

Muster-Clerk,           Lars  Andersson  (?) 

On  December  i  (the  day  after  his  arrival)  the  memorials, 
commissions  and  instructions  of  Hendrick  von  Elswick  were 
read  before  the  council  and  others  present.  He  was  to  act  as 
commissioner  in  Huygen's  place;  he  should  keep  all  books, 
make  lists  and  bills  of  goods  sent  to  Europe  or  received  in  the 
colony  from  there;  he  should  handle  the  money  and  keep  cor- 
rect accounts  of  cargoes  and  other  property,  and  he  should  keep 
account  of  the  crops  bought  and  sold  here. 

When  Huygen  left  Christina,  Jacob  Swensson  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  storehouse  (since  Gotfried  Harmer  deserted), 
but  in  the  summer  of  1654  he  was  needed  for  other  purposes 
and  Peter  Mort  was  appointed  by  the  council  to  keep  the 
accounts  and  handle  the  goods. ^^ 

On  February  9,  1655,  an  inventory  of  the  goods  in  Fort 
Christina  was  made  by  Jacob  Junge,  under  the  direction  of 
Sven  Hook  and  Per  Hansson  Wendel  (the  goods  at  Tinicum 

"  None  of  his  books  have  been  preserved  as  far  as  is  knovpn.  Rising  says 
that  "  han  kom  sedan  fast  till  korta  med  sin  rakning."  In  fact  it  seems  that 
none  of  his  books  was  brought  to  Sweden,  for  the  officers  of  the  American  Com- 
pany complained  that  Rising  presented  no  accounts  of  expenditures  before  the 
arrival  of  Elswick. 


504  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

having  been  inventoried  about  two  months  before)  and  on  this 
date  the  accounts  commence  in  Elswick's  "  Schuldt  und  Carga- 
son  Buch."^®  Besides  his  salary  Elswick  was  promised  free 
board,  but  he  found  that  only  52  bushels  of  maize,  which  could 
be  bought  from  the  savages  for  10  yards  of  frieze,  were  allowed 
for  this  purpose.^'' 

Sven  Hook,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  appointed  to  dis- 
charge some  of  the  duties  that  had  been  assigned  to  Hans 
Amundsson.i*  Hook,  who  was  now  to  be  employed  in  the 
capacity  of  a  lieutenant,  was  "  to  superintend  the  shipbuild- 
ing "^^  and  command  the  sailors  as  well  as  to  take  care  of  the 
ships  and  equipments  belonging  to  the  company.^"  The  quali- 
ties and  offices  of  Skute  and  Gyllengren,  who  were  stationed 
at  Ft.  Trefaldighet,  have  been  indicated  above  and  the  duties 
of  the  minor  officers  remained  the  same  as  during  the  previous 
period.-^ 

In  the  beginning  of  1655  a  commission  of  representative 
men  was  called  to  meet  at  Fort  Christina  on  January  1 1  for 
the  purpose  of  drawing  up  a  "  proper  ordinance  for  the  colony." 
The  conference  lasted  for  two  days  and  an  "ordinance  was 
established  by  the  consent  of  most  of  the  men."  The  document 
was  likely  based  on  the  earlier  one  of  the  previous  autumn  and 
was  again  largely  the  work  of  Rising.  It  has  been  preserved 
to  us  by  Lindestrom  in  his  Geographia  Americae.  Never  be- 
fore published  and  being  of  some  interest  it  will  be  given  in  full. 

"This  is  preserved  in  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"  Instruction  for  Elswick,  Mar.  4,  1654,  Com.  Col.  Reg.;  "  Fullmakt,"  etc., 
March  4,  1654;  letter  fr.  Com.  Col.  to  Elswick,  March  4,  1654,  Com.  Col.  Reg.; 
letters  to  Anckarhjelm,  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  March,  1654;  Elswick's  letter  to  E. 
Oxenstierna,  June  16,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Rising's  Journal,  November  30, 
December,  1654;  "Schuldt  und  Carg.  Buch,"  N.S.,  I.   (K.A.). 

"  Cf.  above,  Chaps.  XXIX.,  XL. 

"  Hans  Amundsson  was  especially  instructed  to  prosecute  the  building  of  ships 
in  the  colony  with  all  vigor,  and  his  instructions  were  partly  transferred  to 
Hook.     See  "  Instruct."  for  Amundsson,  December  13,  1653. 

^Instruction  for  S.  Hook,  March  4,  1654,  Com.  Col.  Reg.;  letter  to  Rising, 
March  4,  1654,  Postscript. 

'■^  Cf.  above.  Chap.  XXXVIII. 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      505 
An    Ordinance    concerning    people,    land    and    agriculture, 

FORESTRY     AND     CATTLE,     GIVEN     IN     NeW     SwEDEN     IN     THE    YEAR 
1654   [1655],   ETC. 

I. 

Concerning  the  people^  their  passage  hither  and  their  stay  in  the 
country,  etc. 

1.  Soldiers  are  to  serve  at  least  three  years  or  more  and,  if  they  then 
have  anything  coming  to  them,  they  may  be  rewrarded  not  only  in 
merchandise  and  money  but  also  writh  pieces  of  land  for  an  everlasting 
possession.  When  a  soldier  has  served  for  three  years  he  shall  not  be 
required  to  pay  for  [his]  passage  or  transportation,  but,  if  he  leaves  the 
service  sooner,  then  [he  shall]  pay  his  passage  according  to  the  time, 
which  is  left  on  his  term  of  three  years  of  service,  namely- — one  half, 
one  third,  one  fourth,  etc. 

2.  If  anyone  should  desire  to  hire  one  or  more  soldiers  for  his  ovi^n 
work,  he  shall  apply  to  the  one  who  is  in  command  of  the  soldiers  at 
that  place,  and  if  the  service  of  the  company  will  allow  it,  he  may  hire 
one  or  more  of  the  soldiers  by  the  week  and  deduct  from  it  the  pay  of 
the  soldiers,  etc. 

3.  All  the  officers  of  the  company  shall  be  free  from  [the  payment  of 
their]  passage  and  transportation  as  well  as  any  servant  of  the  Crown, 
above  [the  rank  of]  a  corporal,  etc. 

4.  The  passage,  board  and  transportation  of  the  freemen,  their  wives 
and  children,  widows,  male  servants  and  maid  servants  shall  be  esti- 
mated at  the  rate  of  sixteen  riks  daler  per  head  over  three  years  of  age, 
besides  their  monthly  rations  here  in  the  country,  which  they  are  after- 
wards to  pay  here  in  time,  etc. 

5.  Every  freeman  brought  over  shall  pay  this  passage  and  transporta- 
tion of  sixteen  riks  daler  in  the  third  year  after  he  has  settled  here, 
whether  he  is  a  workman  or  a  farmer,  etc. 

6.  Whoever  desires  to  take  into  his  service  a  laborer  or  a  freeman,  his 
children,  his  male  servant  or  maid  servant,  he  must  pay  the  above 
mentioned  transportation  money  after  the  lapse  of  a  year  and  these 
engaged  servants  shall  serve  him  in  three  years  for  board  and  necessary 
clothes,  but  if  they,  before  the  expiration  of  three  years,  take  service 
with  another  or  enter  marriage,  then  the  one,  who  takes  them  out  of  the 
service  of  the  first,  shall  give  so  much  of  the  transportation  money  as 
remains  of  their  time  of  service,  namely  one  half,  one  third,  one  fourth, 
etc.,  unless  the  master  will  remit  it  out  of  good  will  or  in  whatever 


5o6  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

manner  they  may  best  agree  according  to  the  quality  of  the  persons,  etc. 

7.  Whoever  takes  children  to  himself  who  have  been  brought  over 
[from  Sweden]  to  bring  up  shall  pay  for  them  the  said  transportation 
money  of  sixteen  riks  daler  when  they  have  become  fourteen  years  of  age 
whereupon  they  shall  serve  for  wages.  If  such  children  are  brought  up 
with  several,  the  one  shall  pay  the  said  money  who  has  them  in  his  service 
(when  they  are  full  fourteen  years  old).  If  such  a  child  dies  before  the 
age  of  fourteen  the  transportation  shall  also  die,  etc. 

8.  Whoever  hires  from  the  company  an  indented  servant  over  four- 
teen years  of  age  shall  give,  besides  the  said  transportation  money,  addi- 
tional twenty-four  riks  daler  and  then  the  servant  shall  serve  him  in 
six  consecutive  years.  The  servant  shall  annually  be  given  board,  shoes 
and  shirts.  After  six  years  of  service  an  indentured  servant  shall  be 
entirely  free,  etc. 

9.  If  an  indentured  servant  has  served  the  company  here  in  the  coun- 
try a  year  more  or  less,  then  so  much  of  the  servant's  time  and  service 
shall  be  deducted  from  his  second  engagement  in  order  that  an  inden- 
tured servant  may  become  free  after  six  years,  etc. 

10.  Whatever  a  servant  may  gain  through  work,  handicraft  or  manual 
labor,  hunting  or  fishing,  commerce  or  trade  or  with  anything  else,  that 
shall  all  belong  to  his  employer  unless  the  latter  grants  it  to  him. 

11.  Every  master  shall  give  his  indentured  servants  or  employees  suffi- 
ciently good  board  and  proper  clothes  so  that  there  can  be  no  just  cause 
for  complaint.  If  anyone  is  found  to  do  otherwise,  he  shall  be  brought 
to  court  and  fined  according  to  the  case,  etc. 

12.  No  one  shall  entice  or  prevail  upon  another's  [servant]  people 
[to  leave  him]  on  penalty  of  8  riks  daler's  fine  for  the  first  offence, 
twice  as  much  for  the  second  and  three  times  as  much  for  the  third. 
.  .  ?-  And  in  all  these  cases  he  shall  be  obliged  to  bring  back  the 
servant  to  his  master,  etc. 

13.  If  anyone's  servant  or  hired  man  runs  away  from  his  master  out 
of  spite,  then  no  one  shall  knowingly  conceal  the  same  in  his  house  over 
24  hours  on  penalty  of  24  riks  daler's  fine,  but  shall  make  it  known 
at  once  to  the  master  if  he  is  near  enough  or  otherwise  to  the  neighbors 
and  try  to  return  the  servant  to  his  master,  which  everyone  shall  do  to 
the  other.  The  one  who  intentionally  conceals  another's  servant  shall 
pay  a  fine  as  already  said,  etc. 

14.  The  hire  of  servants  reckoned  either  according  to  days,  weeks, 

"The  text  or  my  copy  is  corrupt  here. 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      507 

months  or  years  shall  be  reasonable  and  approach  the  monthly  wage  of 
the  soldiers  and  no  one  shall  raise  the  salary  or  outbid  another,  on 
penalty  according  to  the  case. 

15.  The  said  hire  of  the  servants  shall  have  preference  above  all 
other  debts  except  that  of  the  Crown  and  of  the  company,  etc. 

II. 

Concerning  land  and  agriculture. 

1.  Whoever  buys  land  of  the  company  or  of  anyone  else  shall  pay  in 
whole  or  according  to  the  area  in  whatever  manner  they  agree  for 
cleared  land  as  clear  and  for  uncleared  land  as  uncleared  and  shall  pay 
for  it  more  or  less  according  to  the  situation  for  forest,  streams,  places 
for  mills,  fishing  and  the  like,  etc. 

2.  If  anyone  buys  or  receives  as  a  gift  a  certain  piece  of  land  from 
the  savages  and  the  same  has  in  general  or  particular  been  bought  or 
given  to  the  company  by  the  same  or  other  savages,  it  will  remain  the 
property  of  the  company,  but  if  the  land  has  not  been  given  or  bought 
in  general  or  in  particular  then  he  shall  be  free  to  possess  it,  etc. 

3.  A  tunnland-^  holds  according  to  Swedish  land  measure  eighteen 
rods  in  length  and  nine  rods  in  breadth,  at  nine  ells  to  a  rod  {stang)-* 
making  13,122  sq.  ells."^  But  since  the  land  here  in  New  Sweden  is 
much  richer  and  needs  less  seed,  we  have  found  it  expedient  to  let  it  be 
tried  and  estimated  through  Engineer  Mr.  Per  Lindestrom,  how  large 
a  piece  of  land  is  needed  here  in  New  Sweden  for  a  barrel  of  seed  and 
he  has  found  that  it  ought  to  hold  nineteen  rods  in  length  and  ten  in 
breadth,  each  rod  being  nine  ells,  making  15,390  sq.  ells,  etc. 

4.  A  tunnland  is  worth,  when  one  buys  it  for  everlasting  property  of 
the  company  or  other  possessor,  namely: 

1.  Cleared  land  as  stated  before  .  .  . 

2.  Cleared  land  but  unprepared  and  uncultivated. 

3.  Cleared  prepared  and  cultivated  land. 

5.  But  if  one  buys  cultivated  land  of  a  freeman,  living  upon  it,  he 
is  to  pay  according  to  the  situation  or  the  agreement  for  each  tunnland 
namely: 

"-^  Cf.  above,  Chap.  VI. 

^  Stang,   about  nine   English   feet. 

""The  legal  tunnland  at  this  time  was  to  be  14,000  sq.  alnar  (ells)  and  not 
13,122  sq.  alnar.  Cf.  above,  Chap.  VI.  A  modern  tunnland  is  53,138.4  sq.  ft. 
or  about  i  acre  and  i  sq.  rod. 


5o8  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

1.  If  it  is  cleared  .  .  .  sixteen  to  twenty  fl. 

2.  Prepared  so  that  one  can  sow  there,  thirty  to  fifty  florins,  but 

if  the  freeman,  living  upon  it,  has  used  it  for  three  years  [the 
buyer  is  to  pay]  one  fourth  less,  if  for  five  to  six  years  one  half 
less,  if  for  eight  years  two  thirds  less  and  if  it  has  been  used 
for  ten  years  he  shall  pay  nothing  for  the  clearing,  but  give 
tax  according  to  the  estimate  besides  the  transportation,  the 
ration  and  other  bills  if  they  have  not  been  paid  before,-^  etc. 

6.  Whoever  takes  possession  and  uses  the  land  of  another  shall  have 
right  to  it  above  others,  children  after  children,  and  [he]  cannot  be 
driven  ofi  unless  he  is  in  arrears  for  tax  for  three  }'ears. 

7.  If  a  renter  wishes  to  use  and  cultivate  the  land  of  the  company 
or  of  anyone  else  with  the  oxen  and  beasts  of  burden  of  the  latter,  then 
they-"*  shall  give  half  of  the  seed  each  and  the  owner  of  the  land  shall 
furnish  oxen  and  beasts  of  burden.  But  the  renter  must  use  the  land 
and  keep  the  oxen  and  beasts  of  burden  over  the  winter  at  his  own  cost 
as  well  as  harvest  the  hay  and  the  grain  and  thrash  it  and  then  each 
part  shall  take  half  of  the  grain  and  of  the  straw,  estimating  according 
to  the  proof  and  rooketahlet{'i)."  But  if  anyone  furnishes  all  the 
seed,  then  the  other  party  shall  pay  the  other  his  half  part  of  it,  when- 
ever it  is  demanded. 

8.  If  several  renters  live  together  on  the  same  land,  build,  clear,  plant 
or  sow,  and  if  one  or  several  wish  to  withdraw  from  the  others,  then 
their  entire  plantations  shall  be  valued,  clearing  or  seeding  altogether, 
according  to  the  estimate  of  good  men,  and  those  who  remain  shall  then 
pay  him  or  them,  who  withdraw  according  to  their  share,  or  otherwise  to 
help  him  or  them  to  clear,  build,  plant  or  sow  on  a  new  place,  as  much 
as  his  or  their  share  demands,  etc. 

III. 

Concerning  forestry. 

I.  No  one  shall  cut  down,  destroy  or  ruin  on  his  own  clearing,  planta- 
tion or  anywhere  else  any  useful  large  tree  or  pine  or  oak  tree  from 
which  wainscot,-^  planks  or  anything  else  useful  can  be  made,  unless  he 
makes  it  known  either  to  the  governor  or  other  person  appointed  for 

"  The  Swedish  is  not  clear,  cf.  text. 

°'°  1.  e.  the  renter  and  the  owner. 

^  Raknetalet(  ?),  estimate?. 

°* Rising  uses  the  Dutch  word  zcagenskoit  (wagenschot). 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      509 

that  purpose ;  in  order  that  such  trees,  which  are  at  this  time  the  tax  of 
the  country,  may  not  be  wasted  but  used  for  the  best  purpose.  If  he 
makes  his  intentions  known  in  time  and  he  is  not  supplied  [with  in- 
formation] and  ordered  [what  to  do]  by  those  whose  business  it  is  to 
see  to  it,  he  shall  be  without  blame,  etc. 

2.  Whoever  manufactures,  cuts  or  saws,  planks,  clapboards,  timber, 
wainscot  or  any  other  wood  material,  that  can  be  brought  out,  manu- 
factured, cut  or  sawed,  he  shall  offer  it  first  to  the  company  or  to  the 
one  owning  the  land  for  a  reasonable  price  and  then  he  is  free  to  try  his 
best  [to  sell  it  elsewhere],  etc. 

IV. 
Concerning  cattle. 

1.  If  anyone  buys  cattle  of  another  he  shall  pay  their  value  according 
to  the  market  and  execute  it  as  in  the  case  of  other  purchase,  etc. 

2.  If  anyone  rents  cattle  to  another  for  half  of  the  offspring  and  the 
produce,  then  he  shall  receive  every  other  calf  a  year  old,  well  fed  and 
the  renter  shall  receive  every  other  calf,  to  which  the  cow  gives  birth 
and  he  shall  bring  the  calves  up  well  at  his  own  expense  and  give  to 
the  owner  annually  a  lispund-^  of  butter  in  rent,  but  if  the  cow 
dies  before  the  owner  receives  his  calf  the  renter  shall  pay  for  her  ac- 
cording to  her  price,  this  to  be  continued  as  long  as  they  agree  to  it,  etc. 

3.  For  the  offspring  of  goats,  sheep  and  swine  there  shall  be  the  same 
law  yet  in  these  cases  for  milk,  butter,  cheese  and  wool  of  the  goats  and 
sheep  according  to  the  manner  in  which  the  owner  and  renter  may  best 
agree,  etc. 

This  to  whom  it  concerns  for  a  submissive  regulation. 
Actum  ut  supra. 
On  behalf  of  the  Honorable  Royal  South  Companyj^*" 

[Signed]  Johan  Rising. 

II. 

The  colony  now  manifestly  had  a  director,  who  was  well 
suited  for  his  post,  and  had  he  not  by  his  rash  act  at  Ft.  Casimir 
and  his  too  eager  attempts  at  mastering  the  situation  drawn 
upon  himself  the  storm  that  was  finally  to  sweep  away  the 
Swedish  authority  from  the  Delaware  forever,  the  colony  would 

'"  For  lispund  see  above,  Chap.  VI. 
"  New  Sweden  Company. 


5IO  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

in  all  likelihood  have  prospered  for  many  a  year.  Nor  was  he 
slow  in  exercising  his  judicial  functions  "  that  justice  and  right- 
eousness might  have  their  course  in  the  land  "  as  well  as  pros- 
perity and  the  pursuit  of  wealth.  At  the  meeting  of  the  free- 
men on  Sunday,  June  4,  Rising  intimated  that  courts  would 
soon  be  called  to  settle  disputes  and  bring  certain  persons  to 
justice,  and  five  days  later  the  date  for  the  first  court  was  set. 

This  court  was  convened  at  Tinicum^*  on  June  26  to  examine 
into  the  charges  against  the  Rev.  Lars  Lock  and  Olof  Stille.^^ 
No  definite  evidence  could  be  established  against  Lock,  how- 
ever, and  Stille  secured  bondsmen,  who  were  accepted  by  the 
court. ^^  "  The  great  majority  complained  about  the  severity 
of  Governor  Printz  "  and  the  director,  who  handled  the  case  as 
delicately  as  possible,  being  unwilling  to  offend  them,  requested 
the  dissatisfied  ones  "  to  draw  up  their  points  of  complaints 
themselves,  which  they  later  did."  The  cases  could  not  be 
settled  in  the  colony  for  obvious  reasons,  hence  the  documents 
were  sent  to  Sweden,  "  as  Governor  Printz  was  there  himself, 
who  could  answer  the  [accusations]  and  explain  himself  at  the 
proper  place. "^* 

On  July  17  a  court  was  held  at  Christina  to  examine  nine 
adventurers  from  New  England.  They  had  heard  that  the 
Swedes  were  all  dead,^°  wherefore  they  came  to  take  possession 
of  the  river  in  the  name  of  the  Protector  of  England.^*^  "  They 
had  no  other  passport  than  a  writing  which  they  had  signed 
themselves  and  one  called  Baxter  in  Gravesend  in  New  Eng- 
land, but  nothing  was  done  to  them  .  .  .  and  they  were  sent 
back  again  the  same  way  they  had  come,"  to  preserve  the  peace 
with  the  English  colony.^" 

°'  The  courts  of  this  period  sat  partly  at  Tinicum,  partly  at  Christina  and  in 
Fort  Trefaldighet.     Rising's  Journal. 

^"^  Rising  was  judge. 

^  For  the  charges  against  Rev.  Loclc  and  Stille  see  above,  Chap.  XXXVHL 

^Report,  1654;  Complaint,  etc.,  1654. 

^  "  Or  so  sick  that  they  could  not  lift  the  anchor  of  the  ship." 

'"They  arrived  at  Tinicum  Island  in  the  night  or  evening  of  July  14  and 
were  taken  to  Chistina  at  once  by  Corporal  Anders  Olofsson. 

^  Rising's  Journal. 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      5 1 1 

Another  court  was  held  at  Christina  on  October  3  at  which 
the  majority  of  the  freemen  were  present  and  several  cases  were 
examined.  "  Peter  Lindestrom  and  Peter  Mort  were  brought 
before  the  court,  because  on  a  night  in  the  fort  they  had 
pounded  an  Englishman,  Simon  Lane,  blue.  The  other  Eng- 
lishmen still  being  there  took  it  hard,  yet,  because  Simon  Lane 
remitted  the  case,  they  were  made  free." 

The  Dutch  colonists  caused  Rising  a  great  deal  of  trouble, 
several  courts  being  held  in  reference  to  them  and  on  Friday, 
June  23,  a  court  was  convened  in  Fort  Trefaldighet  at  which 
several  cases,  "  which  had  before  been  postponed  among  them," 
were  settled.^^ 

Efforts  were  likewise  made  by  the  director  to  bring  back  the 
colonists,  who  had  deserted  since  the  departure  of  Printz,  so 
that  some  old  law-cases  could  be  settled.  As  the  two  Swedish 
commissaries  were  sent  to  ( Maryland )^^  in  May,  1654,  they 
were  instructed  to  demand  from  the  officials  the  return  of  the 
deserters,  who  were  given  assurance  of  a  free  passage.  But  the 
efforts  had  no  results.  The  deserters  were  brought  before  the 
council  in  Severn,  which  "  found  that  they  were  not  under  ob- 
ligation nor  contract  to  go  back  to  New  Sweden,  since  they  had 
committed  no  crime  and  were  refused  a  passport  by  Printz;" 
consequently  no  one  returned.  The  result  of  the  commission 
was  reported  on  June  6,  when  Olofsson  and  Gronberg  re- 
turned in  company  with  Th.  Ringold,  who  brought  letters  con- 
cerning the  matter  from  the  governor  and  magistrates  in 
Severn.  When  Ringold  returned,  new  letters  were  written  to 
the  governor  and  two  men**^  were  sent  with  him,  who  should 

^Rising's  yourna/  (Up.  B.). 

°°The  Swedes  spoke  of  the  English  settlements  to  the  South  of  New  Sweden 
as  "  Virginia,"  without  always  distinguishing  between  Maryland  and  Virginia 
proper.  Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.)  ;  Reports,  July  13,  1654,  June  13,  1655; 
Lindestrom,  Geogr.  The  English  colonies  to  the  north  of  New  Sweden  were 
called  New  England  or  North  England,  by  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.  Cf. 
Rising's  Journal.  Lindestrom,  Geogr.,  Report,  June  13,  1655.  Cf.  note  3,  Chap. 
XLIL  below. 

"One  of  these  was  Hans  Mansson,  Rising's  Journal,  June  15   (LTp.  B.). 


512  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

try  to  bring  the  people  back.  An  open  letter,  dated  June  8,*^ 
was  also  sent  to  the  deserters,  giving  them  promise  of  an  un- 
molested journey  to  New  Sweden.  "  If  they  came  and  ex- 
plained their  affairs,  however  they  were,  they  could  then  go 
wheresoever  they  pleased."  This  commission  and  passport  had 
as  little  effect  as  the  first.  No  colonists  returned  and,  although 
several  English  officials  from  Maryland  appeared  at  Christina 
in  June  to  treat  with  Rising,  no  further  efforts  seem  to  have 
been  made  along  these  lines. *- 

Several  new  attempts  to  desert  were  made  from  time  to  time 
which  naturally  gave  rise  to  lawsuits.  On  October  24  Andries 
Hudde*^  was  examined,  because  he  had  been  accused  of  having 
intentions  of  desertion.  He  confessed  his  fault^**  and  Bicker 
interceded  for  him,  hence  he  was  released;  but  "in  his  trunk 
were  found  letters  from  Virginia,"  very  prejudicial  to  the 
Swedes,  including  one  from  Gotfried  Harmer,  in  which,  ex- 
pressing the  wish  that  the  Swedes  should  be  driven  from  the 
river,  he  attempted  to  entice  them  to  go  to  the  English.  Two 
weeks  later  (November  8)  another  court  was  held  in  Fort 
Christina  to  examine  into  charges  made  against  Sander  Kars- 
son,  to  the  effect  that  he  had  solicited  the  people  to  desert.  One 
of  the  witnesses,  Peter  Samskemakare,*^  confessed  and  testified 
that  Sander  Karsson  had  requested  him  to  accompany  him  to 
New  Amsterdam.  Since  Karsson  could  not  deny  these  charges, 
he  was  called  upon  to  make  known  his  accomplices.  At  last  he 
confessed  that  one  Pal  Qvist  and  a  certain  Lars  Olofsson  were 
in  the  plot,  who  were  thereupon  placed  under  arrest.  Several 
soldiers  were  also  called  upon  to  testify,  some  being  examined, 
and  it  was  brought  out  that  Pal  Larsson,  who  had  gone  to 

"  The  letter  was  issued  in  the  name  of  "  the  Director  of  New  Sweden,  the 
humble  servant  of  Her  Royal  Majesty  of  Sweden,  etc.,"  June  8,  1654  (copy),  N.S., 
L  (R.A.). 

'^Rising's  Journal,  May  27,  June  6  ff.,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

"He  was  later  accused  and  brought  before  the  court  on  November  16,  1654. 

**  He  also  promised  the  court  that  he  would  point  out  the  place,  where  a  pole 
with  the  arms  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  upon  it  stood  across  the  river 
at  the  Sandhook.     Rising's  Journal,  October  24,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

"  The  skin-dresser. 


Government  and  Courts  of  New  Sweden.      513 

Virginia  (or  Maryland?),  had  said  that  a  certain  old  man 
promised  to  lead  all  the  Swedes  there.  "This  old  man"  could 
not  be  discovered,  but  suspicion  fell  on  Mats  Bengtsson,  who 
had  deserted  in  the  time  of  Printz.  He  was  examined  by  the 
court  on  the  following  day,  but  nothing  could  be  proven  against 
him.  On  November  1 1  the  examination  of  Sander  Karsson, 
Pal  Ovist  and  Lars  Olofsson  was  continued.  They  were  all 
discharged  on  bail  and  promises  of  good  behavior.*"  Rising 
was  judge  in  all  of  these  cases,  it  seems.  But  like  Governor 
Printz  he  was  at  a  disadvantage,  perhaps  even  more  than  the 
governor,  for  his  authority  was  less.  In  his  report  of  July, 
1654,  he  requested  his  superiors  to  confer  upon  him  "complete 
authority  in  higher  and  lower  law  cases"  and  to  send  over  a 
hang-man  In  order  to  prevent  secret  plots  as  well  as  other  dis- 
turbances. "It  is  greatly  to  be  desired,"  he  said,  "that  a  law- 
reader  should  be  sent  here  "  and  he  suggested  "  that  the  fines, 
which  were  collected,  be  divided  into  three  parts,  one-third  for 
the  accuser  (with  which  a  fiscal  under  the  name  of  substitute 
could  be  paid),  the  second  one-third  for  the  court  and  the  third 
one-third  for  the  government,  to  the  reward  of  the  law-reader, 
the  support  of  the  poor  or  the  like."''^ 

•"Rising's   Journal,   May   23,   June   9,   23,   26,   July   5,    14,    17,    September   9, 
October  3,  18,  2+,  26,  31,  November  8,  11,  13,  16,  1654  (Up.  B.). 
"Report,  1654. 


34 


CHAPTER    XLII. 

Social  and  Economic  Life,  i 654-1655. 

I. 

The  first  concern  of  Rising  and  Papegoja,  after  the  arrival 
of  the  Orn,  was  to  care  for  the  sick  people.  Their  illness  in- 
creased and  the  sailors  were  so  weak,  when  the  ship  came  before 
Christina,  that  "  they  could  not  lift  up  the  anchor  nor  row  the 
boat  without  aid  from  the  old  colonists."  To  reheve  the  situa- 
tion and  aid  the  people  "the  council  found  it  expedient  to 
butcher  one  of  the  company's  young  bulls,  of  which  the  lands- 
people  and  ships-people  received  one  half  part  each  and  were 
refreshed  by  it."  The  old  colonists  undoubtedly  did  all  in  their 
power  to  make  it  comfortable  for  the  newcomers  and  the  bar- 
ber-surgeons were  busy,  caring  for  those  in  greatest  need,  while 
superintending  the  treatment  of  others.^ 

By  the  arrival  of  the  Orn  the  population  of  New  Sweden 
was  increased  more  than  five-fold.  About  twenty-five  colonists 
and  soldiers  had  left  the  colony  with  Printz  and  others  had 
deserted  so  that  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  was  only  70, 
when  Rising  came  here.  About  350  were  on  the  Orn,  as  the 
ship  set  sail  from  Gothenburg,  but  nearly  a  hundred  died  on  the 
journey  and  a  few  succumbed  in  the  colony  in  the  early  summer, 
making  the  total  population  about  the  middle  of  July  only 
"368  souls  with  the  Hollanders  and  all."-  But  so  large  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  colonists  without  additonal  provisions 
and  merchandise  for  the  trade  made  the  situation  critical.  The 
illness  continued  for  some  weeks,  Skute  and  other  officers  also 
being  afflicted.  To  aggravate  matters,  disease  spread  to  the 
Indians,   so  that  "  they  avoided  all  communication  with  the 

'Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  July  ii,  13,  1654;  Journal;  Geogr. 
°  Rising's  Journal;  Geogr.;  Report,  1654.      Rising  states  in  his  Report,  how- 
ever, that  there  were  370  people  in  the  colony. 


f<.(3yA  SlJECJA:  iffffr  ff  StPfR/lttt?  ^lE>>lt:R JM  ^NDM  J^CCIPEMT^lJ 


^ii'isKiJlimnSj- 


'm 


KilCff 


„fitf,l 

-flSIILJllMli- 


P^ 


Z2. 


r,        \     JiiPi-nL  ^r  Siimiis.  ~  ^' 


^cJiL.  Si[:ijtrjiL:  IS'ju.  luw  GiiidiL- 


S^'^^M^-J. 


^ccJiU'icri.- 


'coiii(K\ 


=2  ^  ■■'^mss 


'jiuniioncKicJLJ)-  la,:  dnAmcLtifi'cKix.- IJ •dtrdthAm.A.  nfAi-.mt-Ii-SuJtiitJL- 


cj/it;,tV'  jL)k:  unArichin.JtctM.-i3--3iTCUajn.iLp(ai:tA(..X'i-.i'ul/ti!jLJiAcKiiL(ij].. : 

JflaiXllLy.  -'  il  </ 

Liudcsiruni's  Map  of  "  Nova  Suecia.  EUer  Ibe  Swenskas  Kevier  in  ludia  Occidentali "  (New  Sweden  or  the  Swedes'  River  in  Iht  West  Indies).    From  Lindeslrooi's  Ceographia. 


■'  I 


»>(^ 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  515 

Swedes  for  a  time  and  consequently  brought  them  few  supplies 
of  meat  and  fish."  One  of  the  first  duties  of  the  council  was 
therefore  to  obtain  "provisions  for  all  the  people,  since  they 
were  entirely  destitute  and  would  either  die  of  starvation  or 
desert.  Hence  it  was  resolved  that  Vice-Commissioner  Jacob 
Swensson  should  be  sent  for  this  purpose  with  the  sloop  to 
North  England, 3  since  he  had  good  and  well-known  friends 
there."  About  two  weeks  later  trade  was  begun  with  the 
Indians  In  the  Horn  Kill  and  some  supplies  were  obtained  from 
them.  "On  July  21  Jacob  Swensson  returned  with  the  sloop 
from  Hartford,  New  England,  bringing  grain  and  provisions 
[purchased]  from  Mr.  Richard  Lord."*  Conditions  had  now 
greatly  changed  for  the  better  and  Rising  could  pay  more 
attention  to  other  matters.® 

In  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  the  Commercial  Col- 
lege arrangements  were  made  as  soon  as  possible  for  the  secur- 
ing of  a  new  cargo  and  on  May  24  (two  days  after  the  ship's 
arrival  at  Christina  and  several  days  before  Its  unloading)  the 
matter  was  under  consideration  by  the  council.  No  skins  could 
be  got  from  the  savages,  consequently  It  was  decided  to  send 
messengers  to  Maryland,  Virginia  and  New  Amsterdam  to  see 
if  any  freight  could  be  found  for  the  ship  at  these  places. 
News  was  received  on  June  25  that  "numerous  merchants  at 
New  Amsterdam  were  desirous  of  sending  goods"  to  New 
Sweden  for  further  transportation  to  Europe,  but  nothing 
except  news  about  the  matter  ever  appeared." 

When  Isaac  Allerton  became  aware  of  the  arrival  of  a 
Swedish  vessel  at  Christina,  he  went  there  in  his  sloop  and 
presented  a  number  of  old  bills.  These  could  not  be  paid, 
however,  as  there  were  no  means  on  hand  and  many  of  the 
debtors  had  returned  to  the  mother  country,  but  Allerton  was 
promised  his  money  as  soon  as  new  supplies  should  arrive.     It 

^  New  England,  cf.  Chap.  XLI.  above. 
*"The  bills  were  delivered  to  Peter  Mort." 

■^Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  July  ii,  1654;  Lindestrora  to  the  Cora.  Col.,  July 
9,  1654;  Rising's  Journal;  Geogr. 
'Rising's  Journal. 


Si6  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware, 

seems  that  he  left  the  colony  at  once,  returning  in  a  week  with 
60  hogsheads  of  tobacco,  for  he  observed  that  there  was  a 
chance  to  do  some  good  business  before  the  Orn  set  sail  for 
Europe.  His  prices  were  somewhat  high,  10  stivers  a  lb.,'' 
which  he  finally  reduced  to  9  stivers  (declaring  that  he  could 
not  sell  for  less),  but  he  was  willing  to  risk  the  danger  of  loss 
on  the  sea  and  the  fluctuation  of  the  market,  so  that  if  the 
tobacco  could  not  be  sold  at  a  gross  profit  of  7  stivers  a  lb.  he 
would  reduce  his  price  to  such  an  extent  that  this  profit  would  be 
realized,*  the  only  condition  being,  that  half  of  the  value  of  the 
tobacco  at  9  stivers  per  lb.,  should  be  paid  him  at  once,  the  other 
half  when  the  next  ship  arrived  with  a  cargo.  Rising,  however, 
"took  It  Into  consideration  a  few  days,"  probably  expecting 
that  other  merchants  would  make  their  appearance.  But  none 
appeared  and  on  July  3  the  transaction  was  effected,  Allerton 
selling  "13,519®  lbs.  of  Virginian  tobacco  for  6,083:115^ 
florins,  Holland."  "A  written  accord  was  made,  signed  by 
Rising  and  Allerton,  and  the  tobacco  was  brought  on  board  the 
Orn  the  same  day."  On  Tuesday,  the  next  day,  goods  to  the 
value  of  2,364:115^  florins  were  delivered  to  Allerton  from 
the  storehouse  at  Christina,  and  a  "promise  to  pay  the  other 
3,719^  florins,"  when  the  next  boat  should  arrive,  was  signed 
by  the  director.^" 

In  his  instruction  Rising  was  directed  to  observe  "that  the 
land  should  be  properly  portioned  out  to  the  colonists,  so  that 
each  one  would  receive  as  much  ground  as  could  be  given  to 
him.""  The  country  was  inspected  by  the  director  shortly 
after  his  arrival,  whereupon  it  was  decided  that  old  farms  be 
improved  and  new  tracts  reclaimed  from  the  forest.  Rising 
also  caused  a  map  to  be  made  of  the  river  "  from  the  Bay  up  to 

'  six  and  seven  stivers  being  the  usual  price. 

* "  Sa  at  hwad  man  skulle  fa  mindre  for  Llbdet  i  Sweerige  an  i6  styfer  thet 
wille  han  arfijlla  och  af  sin  rast  afdraga  latha,"  Rising's  Journal. 

'The  total  was  "  15,926  lib.  netto  13,519  lib.,"  Rising's  Journal. 

"Rising's  Journal,  June  28,  July  3,  1654;  Report,  1654;  Lindestrora  to  the 
Com.  Col.  July  9,  1654. 

"^"Memorials,"  etc.  (par.  10),  December  18,  1653,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ; 
Rising's  Journal  (Up.  U.). 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  517 

the  Falls,"  "as  good  as  was  possible  in  a  hurry,"  by  "  Andries 
Hudde,  a  Hollander."^ ^  As  soon  as  the  newly  arrived  freemen 
had  recovered  sufficiently  they  were  assigned  land  and  on  June 
10  Rising  writes  in  his  Journal  that  "this  and  the  following 
[days]  we  settled  the  people,  who  were  well  to  cultivate  the 
land."  These  colonists  were  supported  by  the  company  until 
they  "  could  make  a  start "  and  cattle  were  given  to  them  for  a 
certain  part  of  the  produce. 

Several  donations  of  land  in  New  Sweden  had  been  made  by 
the  Crown  to  officers  who  came  here.  In  most  cases  this  was 
done  without  proper  knowledge  of  the  location  or  condition  of 
the  tracts,  hence  difficulties  were  sure  to  arise.  Some  of  these 
lands  not  only  were  occupied  by  other  freemen,  but  they  had 
not  even  been  properly  purchased  from  the  Indians.  On  June 
5,  as  Rising  with  some  officers  were  on  an  inspection-tour, 
"  Captain  Skute  presented  a  letter  patent  from  [Her]  Royal 
Majesty,  Queen  Christina,  through  which  she  had  given 
him  Passayunk  .  .  .  [and  part?]  of  Kingsessing  .  .  .  But 
the  freemen  were  not  pleased  at  this,  saying  that  it  was  too 
early  for  them  to  become  tenants,^^  for  they  had  enjoyed  no 
freedoms  as  yet.  They  were  pacified,  however,  by  the  infor- 
mation that  Her  Royal  Majesty  intended  to  give  to  Captain 
Skute  only  the  title  to  the  land,  not  their  work  and  improve- 
ment, which  they  had  done  upon  it."  As  a  consequence,  sev- 
eral of  the  old  colonists  desired  to  sell  their  homesteads  in  order 
to  occupy  "  new  lands,  encouraged  thereto  by  the  privileges 
(freedoms)  given  by  Her  Royal  Majesty  ...  [to  private 
settlers],  but  no  one  of  the  new-comers  had  means  to  redeem 
them."  Some  cultivated  farms  were  therefore  purchased  for 
the  company,  the  improvement  only  being  paid  for,  and  in  the 
summer  and  autumn  Nils  Mattson,^*  Mans  Mansson  and  other 

"Rising  paid  "till  en  hollendare  medh  nampn  Andreas  Hydden,  som  haffver 
giort  nagra  karter  bffver  Rewiret  och  andra  affritninggar,  20  [florins]."  Rack, 
med  Sod.  Comp.,"  October  25,  1660,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.).  Cf.  above,  Chap. 
XXXVII. 

"  "  Frelsebonder,"  tenants  or  serfs. 

""At  this  time  [July  10]  I  bought  in  behalf  and  for  the  benefit  of  the  com- 
pany, Mans  Anderson's  land,  called  Siller,  Johan  Schaffebs  and  Iver  the  Finns 


5i8   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

freemen  were  given  tenure  of  lands  at  Upland,  Printz-Torp 
and  tracts  on  the  Schuylkill.'^  Servants  were  also  assigned  to 
the  estate  of  Printz  at  TInicum  Island  "  to  guard  the  Hall 
against  the  savages  .  .  .  and  to  do  all  that  was  necessary  for 
the  fields  and  meadows,  besides  whatever  else  might  be  re- 
quired." 

It  seems  that  the  majority  of  the  new  colonists  were  assigned 
places  between  Christina  and  Ft.  Trefaldighet,  as  near  the 
Delaware  as  possible.  A  few  were  also  located  upwards  along 
the  bank  of  Christina  River,  "in  order  to  protect  the  colony 
against  Virginia  "  and  in  time  to  make  a  commercial  road  from 
the  English  River''*  to  the  Swedish  settlement.  Some  of  the 
company's  cows  were  portioned  out  to  settlers  on  rental  in  June 
for  one  lispund  (i8  lbs.)  of  butter  yearly  and  half  of  the 
offspring.  About  the  beginning  of  July  "the  rye  [of  the  com- 
pany] was  cut  and  brought  into  Fort  Christina""  and  the 
crops  of  the  other  plantations  were  harvested  at  the  same  time, 
but  comparatively  little  grain  had  been  sown  and  hence, 
although  the  yield  was  good,  the  crop  was  not  large.'* 

Rising  also  endeavored  to  carry  out  the  other  paragraphs 
of  his  instruction  and  he  selected  "suitable  places,  where  vil- 
lages ...  as  well  as  towns  and  trading-places  could  be 
founded  and  established."  LIndestrom  was  commissioned  "  to 
divide  the  fields  [north  of  and  next  unto  Christina]  Into  lots." 
The  town  proper  was  laid  out  into  a  rectangular  plot  (broken 
by  the  encroachment  of  the  low-lands)  with  square  blocks  and 
streets  running  at  right  angles  to  each  other — antedating  Wil- 
liam Penn's  Philadelphia  plan  about  thirty  years.     A  map  of 

cultivated  land.  A  new  freeman  called  Nils  Matzon  rented  these  three  lands." 
Rising's  Journal,  July  lo,  1654.  (Up.  U.). 

"The  beasts  of  burden  and  half  of  the  seed  being  supplied  by  the  company, 
the  other  half  of  the  seed  by  the  renters,  who  gave  half  of  the  produce  to  the 
company. 

'"Elk  River  and  the  Chesapeake. 

"  "  30  staffer  vijdh  pass." 

"Rising's  Journal,  June  5,  10,  19,  July  6,  10,  24,  1654  (Up.  U.)  ;  Instruction 
for  Rising,  December  15,  1653  (par.  6,  7,  12,  13,  14)  ;  Report,  July  13,  1654; 
Sprinchorn,  p.  93  ff. 


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s 

Social  and  Economic  Life.  5^9 

the  fort  and  the  town  plan  were  completed  by  the  engineer  on 
July  8  and  sent  to  Sweden  with  the  Orn.^^ 

Towards  the  middle  of  July  all  necessary  arrangements  for 
the  return  voyage  of  the  Orn,  which  had  been  in  progress  for 
some  time,  were  completed.  Lindestrom  had  been  appointed 
to  direct  the  preparations,  but  although  he  as  well  as  Rising  did 
their  utmost  to  procure  a  sufficient  cargo  "  both  from  Virginia 
and  Manatan  "  as  well  as  from  the  savages,  "  it  could  not  be 
done."  "  Besides  the  goods  that  were  furnished  for  the  cargo 
Capt.  Bockhorn  should  load  timber  upon  the  ship  for  ballast, 
which  was  to  be  sold  at  Lisbon  in  exchange  for  salt " ;  but  on 
account  of  the  sickness  of  the  people  and  the  time  of  the  year 
the  instructions  could  not  be  followed.  "On  July  15  the 
despatches  were  finished  and,  as  Papegoja  had  in  mind  to  go 
home  with  the  ship,"  a  recommendation  to  the  government 
was  prepared  for  him  by  the  director.  He  was  to  make  an 
oral  report  and  all  the  documents  sent  to  Sweden  were  placed 
in  his  care,  such  as  Rising's  Journal-'^  and  Report,  Maps  of 
Christina  and  of  New  Sweden,  the  Oath  of  the  Hollanders,  the 
two  Land-Deeds  and  other  papers.  The  settlers  assembled  on 
the  shore  at  Fort  Christina  during  the  day  (July  15,  1654),  to 
bid  farewell  and  to  wish  a  happy  voyage  to  the  ship  and  its 
passengers  and  in  the  afternoon  the  Eagle  spread  its  wings  and 
glided  down  Christina  River  amid  the  cheers  and  farewells  of 
the  people  on  the  bank.  Rising  went  over  land  to  Fort  Tre- 
faldighet,  where  he  boarded  the  ship  and  remained  over  night. 
On  the  sixteenth  he  went  ashore  together  with  Madame  Pape- 
goja, who  had  also  accompanied  the  vessel  as  far  as  Trefaldig- 
het  to  see  her  husband  off,  and  the  Orn  made  its  final  start  for 
the  return  voyage. ^^ 

In  his  report  sent  with  the  ship  Rising  gave  a  review  of  the 

"Instruction  for  Rising,  December  15,  1653  (par  8),  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ; 

Report,   July    13,    1654;    Sprinchorn,   p.   96;    Geogr.,  Lindestrora's  Alap   of  Fort 

Christina,  July  8,  1654,  N.S.,  II.  (R.A.)  ;  cf.  facsimile. 

^  The  one  of  which  a  fragment  is  now  preserved  in  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)- 

**  Rising's  Journal,  June  30,  July  15,  16  ff.,  1654;  Rising's  Report,  Lindestrom 

to  the  Com.  Col.,  July  9,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Geogr. 


S20  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

conditions  he  found  in  the  colony  and  proposed  several  reforms, 
complaining  that  he  was  in  want  of  potters,  brick-makers,  lime- 
burners,  cabinet-makers,  tanners,  shoemakers  and  turners,  but 
above  all  of  provisions  and  supplies  as  well  as  additional 
colonists. ^^  He  thought  it  was  a  pity  that  a  country  with  so 
many  advantages,  where  expenses  would  be  rewarded  a  thou- 
sand-fold, should  be  neglected,  when  "one  often  spent  both 
property  and  blood  on  land,  which  could  not  by  far  be  com- 
pared with  this.  Why  should  one  not  risk  the  expense  of 
money  and  property,  without  the  shedding  of  blood  .  .  .  "  on 
a  settlement  which  "  in  the  future,  in  case  of  need,  would  be 
able  to  do  good  service  to  the  Fatherland  and  become  a  jewel 
in  the  Royal  Crown,  if  now  succor  should  be  sent  at  an  early 
date."  He  also  requested  more  cannon  and  ammunition  for 
the  defence  of  the  river.  As  yet  he  had  made  no  progress  in 
the  establishment  of  manufactories  and  the  founding  of  towns, 
on  account  of  the  bad  health  of  the  people  and  the  small  re- 
sources, but  he  promised  to  do  his  best  as  soon  as  opportunity 
occurred,  since  there  were  splendid  locations  for  towns  and 
serviceable  waterfalls,  where  mills  of  various  kinds  could  be 
built,  his  intention  being  to  construct  a  dam  at  the  "great  fall" 
of  Christina  River,-^  "  as  soon  as  everything  had  been  harvested 
and  sown"  in  the  autumn."^ 

Soon  after  the  departure  of  the  vessel  Madame  Papegoja 
made  arrangements  to  remove  from  Christina,  as  the  family 
property  there  had  been  bought  for  the  company  and  Rising 
was  to  occupy  the  principal  dwelling  in  the  fort.  "  On  August 
30  .  .  .  she  went  up  to  Tinicum  with  her  children  and  house- 
hold in  a  little  sloop,"  her  personal  property  having  been  sent 
up  a  few  days  before,  where  she  settled  on  her  father's  estate.-^ 

The  efforts  for  the  improvement  of  the  colony,  begun  by 

^  He  proposed  that  some  Dutch  colonists  be  sent  over  also. 

°'  It  seems  clear  that  the  fall  in  the  Chistina  River  is  meant,  for  Rising  says 
"  in  this  said  river  [Christinekijl]  and  near  here  in  the  neighborhood  are  some 
falls,  but  the  principal  one  is  called  the  great  falls."  There  are  also  falls  in  the 
Brandywine  creek,  however. 

'*  Report,  July  13,  1654. 

^Rising's  Journal,  August  8,  26,  30,  1654  (Up.  B.). 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  521 

Rising  on  his  arrival  here,  were  continued  throughout  the  sum- 
mer. In  company  with  other  officers  the  director  visited  the 
different  settlements  and  the  plantations  belonging  to  the  com- 
pany, endeavoring  to  learn  the  needs  and  conditions,  so  as  to  be 
able  from  personal  knowledge  to  arrange  for  necessary  im- 
provements. In  the  beginning  of  September  the  ale  house  at 
Tinicum,  "being  daily  robbed  of  doors  and  clapboards  by  the 
savages,  was  brought  to  Christina  on  the  keel-boat,  where  it 
was  erected  outside  of  the  fort  .  .  .  for  an  inn."  A  cellar 
was  dug  in  Christina,  masoned  with  stone,  and  the  store-house, 
which  had  been  bought  from  Papegoja  for  100  R.D.(?)  was 
placed  above  it.  "  Five  freemen  from  Kingsessing  and  some 
others  .  .  .  repaired  the  [principal]  dwelling  in  Fort  Chris- 
tina, the  sill  and  five  logs  being  decayed  in  the  corner  .  .  ., 
and  covered  the  whole  building  below  with  planks,  in  order 
that  the  house  should  not  rot  from  the  water.  Later  they  built 
the  provision-house  five  rounds  [of  logs]  higher,  covered  it 
with  boards  and  protected  it  below  with  planks  and  dug  [a 
ditch]  around  the  storehouse  which  was  likewise  cased  with 
planks  on  account  of  the  water.  Lastly  they  removed  the  roof 
of  the  bathhouse  .  .  .  raised  [the  walls]  four  rounds  [of 
logs]  higher,  [so  as  to  make  It  useful]  for  a  smokehouse  of 
meat  and  fish,  etc.,  and  made  a  porch  before  it  out  of  planks." 
The  other  dwellings  in  the  fort  were  likewise  repaired,  "  four 
clapboard  rooms  "  being  made,  which  provided  more  space  for 
the  people. 

It  was  the  Intention  to  establish  a  staple  town  near  the  fort 
and  to  cause  the  skilled  workmen,  such  as  shoemakers,  black- 
smiths, carpenters  and  the  like  to  reside  there.  Here  also 
manufactories  of  various  kinds  were  to  be  founded  and  the 
harbor  was  to  be  improved  so  that  it  would  become  the  centre 
for  the  trade  of  the  country.  In  the  autumn  the  lots  were  more 
accurately  measured  off  and  plans  were  projected  for  the  build- 
ing of  a  town  "  since  there  was  very  little  room  In  the  fortress." 
Several  men  were  appointed  to  "cut  pine  timber  on  the  eastern 
bank  "  of  the  Delaware  almost  opposite  Tinicum  Island,  under 


522   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

the  direction  of  Johan  Stalkofta  "and  later  they  brought  a 
little  timber  raft  to  Fort  Christina."-*' 

In  October  "some  [of  the  settlers]  commenced  to  build 
.  .  .  manors  and  houses  on  their  lots  "  and  the  walls  of  several 
new  dwellings  were  soon  to  be  seen  above  the  ground.  A  plot 
was  also  prepared  for  an  orchard,  a  sort  of  a  park,  "planted 
with  fruit  trees  and  surrounded  with  palisades."  The  city  thus 
begun  was  called  Christinehamn-'^  and  if  the  conditions  had 
been  more  favorable  it  might  have  grown  into  considerable  im- 
portance.-* 

One  of  the  first  concerns  of  Rising  was  naturally  the  repair- 
ing of  the  forts  and  the  defense  of  the  country.  The  Dutch 
fort  received  his  immediate  attention,  as  it  was  "  the  key  to  the 
river."  Captain  Sven  Skute  was  appointed  to  superintend  the 
strengthening  of  the  old  and  the  erection  of  new  ramparts. 
Four  14-pound  metal  cannon,-®  which  had  been  taken  from  the 
Orn^'^  were  placed  behind  an  entrenchment,  constructed  in  front 
of  the  fortress  to  further  command  the  river.  Balls,  lead, 
powder  and  other  articles  to  the  value  of  92  D.,  also  taken  from 
the  ship,  were  brought  into  the  fort.  Captain  Skute,  assisted 
by  the  former  Commander  Bicker,  worked  all  summer  on  the 
fortifications  with  twenty  men.  Towards  the  middle  of  Octo- 
ber the  works  were  nearly  ready,  although  somewhat  delayed 
by  the  illness  of  Skute  and  others;  but  on  the  night  of  October 
22  a  fearful  northeast  storm,  accompanied  by  an  exceptionally 
high  flood  did  great  damage  at  Fort  Trefaldighet,  washing 
away  the  wall  up  to  the  palisades.     "  Fort  Christina, ^^  being  in 

^  Rising's  Journal;  Geogr. 

"  Presumably  in  honor  of  Queen  Christina.  The  name  means  the  harbor  of 
Christina.  A  city  with  the  same  name  was  founded  in  Sweden  in  1642  (the 
place  having  several  dwellings  long  before,  however). 

^Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.). 

^  These  were  to  be  paid  to  the  Admiralty  by  the  company.  They  were  valued 
at  576  D.,  "Wast.  Com.  raed.  H.  Kramer,"  etc.,  Soderk.,  1637-59   (R.A.). 

"  "  On  the  twenty-seventh  of  June  it  was  decided  that  Captain  Skute  should 
go  to  Fort  Trefaldighet  and  fortify  it  with  all  power  .  .  .  and  that  Captain 
Bockhorn  should  supply  four  fourteen  pound  iron  guns  for  the  defence  of  the 
fort  and  the  river,  which  was  done."     Rising's  Journal,  June  27,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

°'  In  the  night  of  August  29,  a  fire  broke  out  in  Christina.  The  fort  was  in 
great  danger,  but  the  fire  was  extinguished  before  it  had  done  any  damage. 


o 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  523 

a  state  of  entire  dilapidation,"  was  also  repaired  during  the 
autumn^^  by  the  freemen  and  soldiers. ^^ 

Agriculture  and  cattle  raising  were  now  becoming  of  first 
Importance  to  the  colony.  The  settlers  were  well  supplied  with 
cattle  when  Printz  returned  to  Sweden,  but  with  the  arrival  of 
the  new  expedition  the  cattle  and  horses  became  too  few  for  the 
great  number  of  freemen.  When  "  the  English  from  Virginia  " 
visited  Christina  in  the  summer,  a  contract  was  made  with  them 
for  the  delivery  of  a  number  of  cows.  Th.  Ringold  from 
Maryland  desired  to  buy  five  or  six  mares.  So  large  a  number 
could  not  be  spared,  but  it  was  agreed  to  sell  two  mares  to  him, 
each  to  be  paid  for  by  two  cows  that  were  with  calf.  In  like 
manner  March,  "who  was  the  richest  man  In  his  colony," 
promised  to  send  over  ten  cows,  when  Ringold  delivered  his.^^ 
Through  these  purchases  the  value  of  a  cow  in  New  Sweden 
fell  about  fifty  per  cent. 

In  August  an  order  was  issued  by  the  council,  "that  every 
freeman  [at  the  Sandhook]  should  inclose  his  plantation  and 
watch  his  cattle  that  they  did  no  damage  to  others,  on  penalty 
of  punishment."^^  In  the  autumn  orders  were  also  given  to  the 
freemen  to  clear  certain  lands.  "The  field  at  Fort  Christina 
was  plowed  and  manure  was  brought  upon  it  .  .  .  The  land*® 
across  Christina  River  [opposite  the  fort  called  the  sidolandy 
whs  [also]  cleared  and  sown  with  wheat"  by  some  freemen, 
who  were  to  have  one-third  of  the  crop  for  their  labor.  Horses 
and  oxen  were  taken  to  the  Sandhook  for  the  plowing  and  cul- 
tivation of  certain  farms,  which  had  been  forfeited  to  the  com- 

^'  The  work  lasted  for  almost  a  month  and  new  palisades  were  placed  all 
around  the  fort,  Rising's  Journal,  November  i,  1654  (Up.  B.)- 

'^Rising's  Journal,  June  3,  27,  August  30,  October  22,  November  i,  1654; 
Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  July  11,  1654;  "Reck.  med.  Sod.  Comp.,"  Rising's 
Process;  Geogr.;  Report,  July  13,  1654;  Sprinchorn,  p.  99.  "Wast.  Comp.  med. 
Bookh.  H.  Kramer,"  1654,  Soderk.,  1637-59  (R.A.). 

"Whether  or  not  these  cows  were  all  delivered  is  not  known. 

"Rising's  Journal,  June  5,  19,  August  8,  October  8,  18,  1654  (Up.  B.)  ;  Report, 
July  13,  1654. 

^  About  50  acres  of  this  land  was  sown  with  winter  wheat  in  November. 
Rising's  Journal,  November  6,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

"  "  The  side  land." 


\ 


524  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

pany  by  some  Dutch  freemen.  In  October,  November  and 
December  "  the  new  freemen  were  ordered  to  clear  their  land 
at  various  places,  for  the  purpose  of  planting  maize  in  the 
coming  spring,  and  several  fields  at  the  Sandhook  and  Fort 
Christina,  and  up  at  the  [Christina  (?)  ]  river  were  cleared  and 
sown  for  the  benefit  of  the  company  with  the  grain  which  Mr. 
Lord  had  brought  in."  "  A  pair  of  young  oxen  belonging  to 
the  company  were  assigned  to  a  freeman,  called  Mans  Mans- 
son  the  Finn,  who  had  rented  a  farm  at  Upland  .  .  .  Some  old 
freemen  were  also  ordered  to  help  with  their  oxen  so  that  suffi- 
cient land  was  cleared  for  [the  sowing  of]  about  60  to  70 
skeppor,^'''^  part  of  it  being  sown  with  wheat,  the  other  part  to 
be  sown  with  maize  in  the  spring."^® 

Rising  had  been  granted  a  piece  of  land  in  the  colony,  large 
enough  for  the  settlement  of  20  to  30  peasants.  This  land 
was  "  located  down  at  Fort  Trefaldighet,  extending  from  the 
[river]  back  along  a  little  stream,  a  quarter  of  a  Swedish  mile 
[ij4  English  miles]  up  into  the  country  and  then  along  the 
river  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  Traneudden  [Crane  Hook]  inclu- 
sive," but,  "since  the  above  was  somewhat  remote  from  Chris- 
tina so  that  Rising  could  not  superintend  it  daily,"  he  requested 
a  grant  of  Timber  Island  with  half  of  the  land  down  to  the 
Skoldpaddekill  (Mudturtle  Kill),  the  other  half  to  be  bought 
by  him.  The  donation  was  recommended  by  Johan  Papegoja, 
Sven  Skute,  Johan  Bockhorn,  Gerit  Bicker,  Andries  Hudde, 
Gregorius  van  Dyck  and  four  others.^"  The  director  did  not 
wait  for  an  answer  from  Sweden,  but  proceeded  in  December 
to  clear  off  Timber  Island  at  his  own  expense  with  the  assistance 
of  the  officers  and  freemen  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  plan- 
tation there.  Various  kinds  of  fruit  trees  were  also  planted  in 
the  autumn  both  by  Rising  and  the  freemen.*" 

The  grain  was  thrashed  in  the  fall  and  most  of  it  was  prob- 
ably ground  at  the  mill  as  the  mill-dam  was  repaired  in  August, 

"'  About  70  to  80  acres,  cf.  above,  Chap.  VI. 
''Rising's  Journal,  August  25  S. 

''Rising  to  Oxenstierna,  July  ii,  P.S.,  July  17,  1654. 
"Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.)- 


Plowing  and  preparing  theground  in  the  north  according  to  Olaus  Magnns  (1555). 


Types  of  manure  forks  (of  wood)  from  Finland.     (G.) 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  525 

making  it  probable  that  the  mill  was  in  good  condition. 
Towards  the  end  of  October,  when  some  of  the  most  necessary 
duties  had  been  attended  to,  Rising  went  up  to  Naaman's  Kill, 
"  in  company  with  several  good  men,"  where  he  found  "  a 
serviceable  little  waterfall  for  a  sawmill."  It  was  thought  very 
necessary  to  build  a  saw-mill  for  the  needs  of  the  country  and 
for  supplying  the  neighbors  with  lumber  and,  as  saw-blades  had 
been  taken  over  for  this  purpose,  it  would  not  be  difficult  to 
erect  such  a  mill.*^ 

We  have  already  seen  that  English  merchants  went  to  New 
Sweden  to  sell  goods  shortly  after  Rising's  arrival.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  country  and  the  failure  of  the  arrival  of  new  sup- 
plies made  it  imperative  for  the  director  to  continue  to  buy 
provisions  from  the  neighbors  and  the  Indians.  On  September 
24  Richard  Lord  from  Hartford  arrived  at  Christina  "with 
a  cargo  of  provisions  and  other  goods,"  besides  letters  from 
Elswick  relating  the  sorrowful  news  of  the  capture  of  the  Haj. 
"  It  was  a  special  injury  to  us,"  says  Rising  in  his  journal,  "  and 
a  blow  not  easily  repaired."  The  cargo  was  bought  from  Lord 
on  October  2  and,  since  there  was  neither  goods  nor  money  on 
hand,  he  was  given  an  obligation  signed  by  director  Rising  and 
Jacob  Svensson  with  a  promise  to  pay  in  April. 

As  Lord  undertook  to  transmit  letters  to  Sweden  via  Eng- 
land, the  director  made  his  second  report  "  to  the  Commercial 
College  in  which  he  related  their  weak  condition  .  .  .  and 
the  pressing  need  of  relief,  especially  as  the  ship,  the  Gylletie 
Haj,  had  been  seized  by  Stuyvesant  at  Manhathans  .  .  .  hop- 
ing that  succor  would  be  sent  at  the  earliest  [opportunity]. "■*- 

About  the  end  of  November  a  boat  "with  provisions  and 
people "  was  sent  "  up  to  the  falls "  to  meet  Hendrick  von 
Elswick,  who  was  expected  to  come  overland  from  Manhattan. 
On  the  last  of  November  he  arrived  at  Christina  in  company 
with  Sven  Hook,  a  servant,  a  secretary  and  a  soldier,  bringing 
the  letters  and  documents  which  had  not  been  sent  from  New 

"Rising's  Journal,  August  15,  October  28,  165+;  Report,  1654. 
'^  Letters  were  also  written  to  the  chancellor,  Rising's  Journal. 


526   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Amsterdam  and  those  concerning  the  Katt  affair  in  Porto  Rico. 
The  account-books,  bills  and  the  like  were  now  turned  over 
to  Elswick,  who  was  given  charge  of  the  storehouse  and  the 
goods  at  Christina.  At  the  inventory  which  was  made  it  was 
found  that  the  supply  was  very  small  and  some  of  the  articles 
were  ruined.*^ 

During  the  autumn  provisions  were  stored  in  the  forts  and, 
as  there  were  indications  that  the  winter  would  be  cold,  the 
dwellings  were  repaired,  while  the  old  barns  were  improved 
and  new  ones  were  built.  In  the  beginning  of  December  "  the 
soldiers  [and  servants]  commenced  to  clear  land  for  the  plan- 
tations of  the  company,  as  well  at  Christina  as  on  the  upper 
side  [of  the  fort]  and  continued  with  it  all  winter  so  that  beau- 
tiful pieces  of  land  were  cleared,  which  were  to  be  planted  with 
maize  and  tobacco  for  the  company  in  the  spring.  The  free- 
men also  as  well  as  other  servants  of  the  company  [cleared] 
parts  of  their  new  lands  at  several  places,  namely  about  (?)^* 
9  tracts  on  Strandviken^^  down  at  Ft.  Christina,  at  Trefaldighet 
7  tracts,  at  the  Sandhook  2  tracts,  on  Amman's  land  up  at  the 
Kvarn  KiW^  3  tracts,  two  islands  at  Kingsessing  and  Timber 
Island  at  Ft.  Christina."^' 

In  the  autumn  of  1653  Governor  Printz  and  Hendrick  Huy- 
gen  made  a  list  of  the  land  (wild  and  Improved)  and  other 
property,  belonging  to  the  New  Sweden  Company  on  the  Dela- 
ware and  an  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  same^^  as  follows : 

R.D. 

1.  From  Sankikan  to  the  Schuylkill  about  45  miles,  on  the  west  bank  of 

the  Delaware,  as  far  landwards  as  the  Swedes  desired  to  use  it, 
uncultivated,  Indians  dwelling  upon  it 20,000 

2.  Fort    Korsholm,    with    eight    morgens,"    cultivated    land    and    some 

meadow,  the  rest  uncultivated 2,000 

*^ There  were  only  166^  yards  of  frieze;  90  kettles;  i  bear  skin;  63  otter 
skins;  255  lbs.  of  tobacco,  etc.  in  the  storehouse,  "Anno  1655,  Schuldt  und 
Cargason  Buch,"  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  cf.  above.  Chap.  XLI. 

""Wijdras  9  stycken  "  ^  "  Vid  pass  9  stycken"? 

"  "  Strandwiken  "  =  The  Strand-Bay. 

"Mill  Creek. 

"Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.). 

"  This  formed  the  basis  for  later  estimates  in  the  efforts  of  Sweden  to  secure 
damages  for  the  colony. 

'"For  the  size  of  a  morgen  see  Chap.  LIV.,  note  2. 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  527 

3.  Ft.  Vasa,  also  called  Kingsessing  about  three    (Eng.)    miles  up  the 

river,  where  20  freemen   live,   20  morgens   field  with  cattle   and 

horses 6,000 

4.  Aronameck,  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Vasa,  4  morgens  culti- 

vated land  S°o 

5.  Molndal  with  a  water  mill™  and  4  morgens  cultivated  land 1,500 

6.  Tenakung  or  New  Gothenborg,  12  morgens  of  field,  50  beasts  and  the 

buildings,  which  belong  to  Governor  Printz 4,000 

7.  Tequirassy,  about  one  and  a  half  miles  below,  with  three  plantations 

of  12  morgens  cultivated  land,  buildings  and  beasts i,5°° 

8.  Upland  otherwise  called  Meckopenacka,  12  morgens,  cultivated  land 

with  dwellings   1,5°° 

9.  Printztorp,   10  morgens  cultivated  land  with  dwellings   and  beasts, 

belongs  to  Gov.  Printz  2,000 

10.  Four   plantations   adjoining  Printztorp   with  16   morgens  cultivated 

land,  houses  and  beasts 2,000 

11.  Ft.  Christina  with  the  dwellings  and  other  property 10,000 

12.  Cultivated   land,   12   morgens  in  the   neighborhood  of  the   fort 2,000 

13.  From  the  fort  up  along  Christina  River,  one  plantation  of  8  morgens.  1,000 

14.  The   Sandhook   with   Ft.   Trefaldighet 8,000" 

15.  20  morgens  cultivated  land  and  20  houses  near  the  fort 1,5°° 

16.  From  the  Sandhook  to  Cape  Henlopen,  of  which  the  land  of  the  Horn 

Kill  is  mostly  cleared  32,000 

17.  On    the   east   bank   of   the    Delaware    from    Cape    Henlopen    to    Ft. 

Elfsborg  uninhabited   land    28,000 

18.  Ft.  Elfsborg  with  the  surrounding  30  morgens  of  cleared  land,  "  culti- 

vated by  the  English  a  short  time  ago" 5,000 

19.  From  Ft.  Elfsborg  to  the  Verkerte  Kill  at  Ermewaraex,  8  German 

miles,  uninhabited  land   16,000 

20.  The   rest  of  the   land   up   the   Delaware   is   not  yet  bought  by  the 

Swedes  except  two  islands  in  the  river,  for  a  long  time  inhabited 

by  the  Indians   4i°°° 

Total  value  148,500 

or  222,750  D." 

Such  was  the  extent  of  the  cultivated  lands  in  New  Sweden 
when  Director  Rising  began  to  clear  new  lands  in  the  autumn 
of  1654.  Before  spring  and  summer  came,  this  had  more  than 
doubled.'^^ 

The  Swedes  and  especially  the  Finns  were  accustomed  to  a 
primitive  way  of  clearing  the  forest  and  making  use  of  the 
land,  the  so-called  Svedjebruket^*    (agriculture  by  burning). ^^ 

■"Molndal  with  the  mill  was  estimated  at  1,000  R.D. 

"'The  fort  was  added  later  after  its  capture  in  1654. 

^''Journal,  no.  1586;  Beschr.  van  de  S.  R.  gele.  in  Nova  Svecia,  N.S.,  II.  (R.A.). 

"^Report,  1655,  Rising's  Journal. 

"  The  German,  Uberlandbrennen,  Sengen,  Schoden. 

■"The  method  is  referred  to  in  Kalevala,  I.  16,  22,  23,  26;  II.  691. 


528   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

This  method  of  clearing  away  the  forest  and  preparing  the 
ground  for  sowing  has  been  employed  by  the  American  Indians 
and  other  primitive  peoples  of  all  times.  It  was  used  by  the 
old  Romans  and  has  been  employed  in  Sweden,  Finland,  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  Greece  and  other  European  countries  down 
to  our  present  day. 

The  svedging  or  burning  served  two  objects,  it  cleared  away 
the  forest  and  prepared  a  splendid  manure.®®  When  a  tract 
of  wooded  land  was  to  be  made  into  fields  in  this  way,  the  trees 
were  felled  (in  a  certain  order),  generally  in  summer  or  the 
fall,  when  there  were  leaves  on  the  branches,  or  in  the  case  of 
pines,  in  winter.  The  trees  were  then  allowed  to  dry  for  about 
a  year,  when  the  branches  were  removed  from  the  trunks  and 
all  useful  trees  cut  into  logs.  The  following  summer  the 
branches  and  trees  were  burnt,  after  certain  incantations 
(among  the  Finns)  had  been  read. 

Men  and  women,  dressed  in  their  poorest  clothes,  would 
then  superintend  the  burning  and  see  that  as  far  as  possible, 
every  part  of  the  ground  was  singed.  In  the  autumn,  or  a  few 
weeks  after  the  burning,  rye  was  sown  in  the  ashes  among  the 
stumps  and  the  large  tree-trunks  that  had  not  been  removed  or 
that  would  not  burn.  When  the  crop  had  been  harvested  all 
the  trunks  and  logs  were  rolled  or  carried  into  piles,  where  they 
were  burnt.  The  ground  was  then  prepared  more  carefully 
and  grain  (oats,  rye  or  wheat)  was  again  sown.  Soil  that  had 
been  enriched  by  burning  could  bear  good  crops  for  five  or  six 
years  without  manuring  or  new  burning.  Hence  cultivated 
land  was  sometimes  "burnt,"  logs,  branches  and  the  like  being 
brought  from  other  places  and  spread  out  over  the  field.  When 
they  had  been  burnt,  grain  was  sown  as  before.®^ 

In  Sweden  and  Finland  this  method  became  so  common  dur- 
ing the  seventeenth  century  that  ordinances  were  passed  against 
it  by  the  government,  many  Finns  being  sent  to  New  Sweden 
for  violating  these  edicts.     The  Finns,  and  In  some  cases  the 

■"The  ashes  which  remains  after  the  burning  is  one  of  the  best  manures. 
"Grotenfelt,  Det  primiii-va  jordb.,  etc.,  p.  27  ff.,  36  ff.,  147  ff.;  Stolt,  Minneiu 
p.  40. 


A  typical  harvest  scene  in  Kinland  and  Sweden.     K, 


A  field  piepare<i  by  Inuning  ^.^,■'<'^r/t■nr«/i■).     k. 


Branch  harrow  ,"  used  by  the  Finns  and  Swedes  for  preparing  the  ground  for 
sowing  after  the  "  burning."     It  was  dragged  over  the   '  singed  tract.  " 


'  Hand  lianuw  "  (made  of  wood)  for  prcpaiiiig  the  ground,  used  by  the  Finns  and 

.Swedes.     .S, 


Plow  made  of  wood.     R. 


A  sickle. 


Stones  for  a  hand-mill.     R.     See  p.  53(i. 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  529 

Swedes,  continued  the  practise  on  the  South  River  and  several 
tracts  were  undoubtedly  cleared  in  this  manner  in  the  winter 
of  1654-55,  but  there  are  very  few  references  to  It.'* 

The  winter  became  so  severe  that  the  rivers  froze  over  and 
when  the  ice  broke  in  January  Christina  Kill  rose  far  above  its 
usual  level.  The  heavy  flood  carried  the  Ice  down  towards  the 
fort,  "  a  large  part  of  which  would  have  been  swept  away,  had 
not  the  new  palisades  prevented  it,"  and  the  sloop  lying  on  the 
bank  was  carried  far  up  on  the  land  by  the  water.  In  February 
warm  and  pleasant  weather  returned,  causing  the  ice  to  dis- 
appear. 

There  seems  to  have  been  very  little  trade  with  the  neighbors 
or  the  Indians  during  the  winter.  In  the  early  part  of  the  year 
"an  English  bark"'^^  was  anchored  at  Fort  Trefaldighet,  but 
whether  or  not  any  goods  were  sold  does  not  appear.  When  It 
departed  for  New  Amsterdam  in  the  early  spring,  a  quantity 
of  skins  was  sent  there  under  the  care  of  Elswick,"'^  who  ex- 
changed the  skins  for  merchandise"'  to  be  used  in  the  trans- 
actions with  the  Indians.  Elswick,  having  gone  to  New  Am- 
sterdam "  as  though  he  Intended  to  return  to  Sweden,"  em- 
barked for  Christina  some  time  in  May  on  a  Boston  sloop, 
which  brought  a  quantity  of  provisions  and  merchandise  to  the 
colony  of  which  the  skipper  sold  616  florins  worth  to  the 
Swedes.**- 

When  spring  came  the  Improved  land  was  large  enough  to 
support  the  people.  If  the  crops  should  be  good;  but  it  was  found 
that  the  frost  had  ruined  the  grain  which  had  been  sown  in  the 

""Doc,  XII.;  Hazard. 

""  Elswick  says  that  the  bark  belonged  to  Cornells  Jansen  vrho  was  probably 
a  Hollander. 

''°  Elswick  dates  the  entry  of  the  transaction  on  March  14,  1655,  Schuldt.  u. 
Carg.  B.  and  in  his  letter  of  June  16,  1655,  he  says  he  went  there  on  March 
15.     N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"'Fifty  otter-skins  were  sold  for  200  fl. ;  10  deer-skins  for  150:15  fl.,  25 
beaver-skins  for  175  fl.,  26  mink-skins  for  15:12  fl.,  the  total  amount  being  541:7  fl., 
Schuldt.  u.  Carg.  B. 

"Rising's  Journal,  January,  February,  1655;  Fragment  of  Elswick's  Journal, 
N.S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  June  16,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ; 
"Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B.,"  N.S.,  II.  (R.A.)  ;  Report,  1655;  cf.  below.  Chap.  XLVL, 
XLVII. 

35 


530  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

autumn.  There  was  no  grain  on  hand  for  a  new  seeding,  but 
Richard  Lord  was  requested  to  bring  seed  and  provisions  to  the 
colony.  As  he  arrived  rather  late,  the  old  fields  were  planted 
with  tobacco  in  March  and  April  and  many  new  plots  were 
prepared."* 

About  the  beginning  of  May  Isaac  Allerton  with  his  skipper, 
Michell  Tentor,  was  in  New  Sweden  and  Rising  bought  from 
him  a  hogshead  of  French  wine,  a  hundred  pounds  of  butter, 
several  gallons  of  vinegar,  a  quantity  of  hops  and  other  goods."* 
On  May  7  a  skipper,  William  King,  sold  320  yards  of  frieze  for 
1,144  florins.  The  two  bills  were  paid  for  by  drafts,  one  due 
in  three  months  from  date,  the  other  on  August  31.  A  few 
days  later  Richard  Lord  finally  came  to  Christina  with  his 
ketch  and  a  cargo  "  consisting  of  grain,  fish,  cloth,  clothes,  salt 
[hops,  bread,  meat]  and  other  goods."  His  prices  were  exor- 
bitant, but  the  Swedes  were  in  sore  need  and  on  June  14  they 
contracted  a  purchase."^  He  presented  his  old  bills  and  would 
not  leave  the  goods  on  the  same  terms  as  formerly.  Finally  he 
accepted  a  draft  for  the  amount  (2,196^4  R.D.),""  drawn  on 
the  Commercial  College  (to  be  paid  one  month  after  sight), 
and  signed  by  director  Rising  and  Elswick,®'  but  on  the  condi- 

"  Rising's  Journal,  1655  (Up.  B.). 

fl. 

"*  Fransz  wein,  i  Oxhovet 104 

Kopffen,  26  St.  mit  fasz 30:3 

Butter,    100   lib 60 

Eszig,  3  anker 60 

Schue,  40  par 160 

Frijss,  40  ell 160 

Hembden,  23  st 103  :io 

"He  sold  1,424  lbs.  of  bacon(?),  1,107  "^s.  of  bread,  three  barrels  of  butter, 
"  three  barrels  of  salted  ox-meat,"  "  two  barrels  of  pork,"  two  barrels  of  mackerel, 
one  barrel  of  cider,  some  brandy,  97  bushels  of  wheat,  several  pairs  of  stockings, 
hats,  gloves,  etc.,  1,675  lbs.  of  lead  and  85  lbs.  of  powder. 

"A  copy  of  the  draft  (in  German)  in  N.S.,  L  (K.A.).  The  draft  was  to  be 
paid  to  Isaack  Allen  of  London  or  to  his  factor  "  Ein  monadt  auf  sicht,"  etc.,  from 
August  31. 

"The  bill  was  £488.  3s.  loj^d.,  but  of  this  sura  £200.  12s.  id.  was  an  old 
debt  since  February.  Each  £,  was  to  be  reckoned  at  454  R.D.  The  bill  included 
interest  and  a  fine  of  £23,  because  Rising  could  not  deliver  315-5'^  beavers  on 
the  appointed  day,  as  there  were  no  beavers  to  be  had  from  the  savages. 
"  Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B." 


Burningr  a  field  "  in  Finland.     G. 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  S3i 

tion  that  he  should  receive  8  per  cent,  on  the  new  as  well  as  the 
old  debt  until  paid  and  that  all  damages,  which  he  would  suffer 
unless  the  bills  were  settled  before  August,  were  guaranteed 
to  be  paid  him.  Lord  also  sold  pease  and  other  articles  to  be 
paid  for  by  beavers  in  1656  and  made  smaller  sales  to  individual 
colonists.  About  the  same  time,  probably  in  company  with 
Lord,  Thomas  Sandford  from  Boston  arrived  here,  bringing 
with  him  a  quantity  of  bread,  dried  meat,  brandy  and  other 
goods,  which  were  mostly  sold  in  the  colony."* 

During  his  stay  Lord  also  "  promised  to  import  English  sheep 
and  other  cattle  as  well  as  [bees  and]  all  sorts  of  fruit  trees." 
Again  as  he  had  done  in  the  previous  autumn  he  promised 
to  transport  mail  through  his  correspondents  to  Sweden  and 
to  the  Swedish  agents  in  Holland.  Accordingly  Rising  wrote 
letters  to  his  principals  in  Stockholm  as  well  as  to  Peter 
Trotzig  in  Amsterdam  and  made  his  third  relation.''^  He 
reported  that  the  colony  was  in  fairly  good  condition,  much 
land  had  been  cleared,  corn  had  been  planted  and  the  ter- 
ritory of  New  Sweden  had  been  greatly  increased,  but  suc- 
cor in  the  way  of  provisions,  cloth  and  the  like  was  sorely 
needed  and,  if  the  hope  of  assistance  and  of  the  arrival  of 
new  supplies  did  not  cheer  the  people,  many  would  desert, 
as  some  had  already  done,  so  that  "  affairs  would  have  a  speedy 
end."  More  colonists  ought  to  be  sent  over  and  the  requests 
for  skilled  workmen  were  repeated — "  house-carpenters,  who 
understood  how  to  cut  all  kinds  of  timber,"  he  expected  to  find 
in  New  England.  He  proposed  that  a  large  capital  should  be 
employed  for  the  good  of  the  colony,  according  to  plans  sub- 

"*  The  bill  entered  by  Elswick  is  as  follows: 

Erbszen,  57  buszel  @  3  fl 171 

Droge  Fish,  500  lbs.  .  .  .  100  lbs.  pr.  14  fl 70 

Brandewein,  2  ancker  und  13  galen 138 

Brott,  200  lbs.,  100  lbs.  @  i6  fl 32 

Saltz,  10  Buszel  @  6  fl 60 

Schue,  40  par  @  ^'A  fl 140 

Wullen  Schniire,  ist.  von  80  ell 5 

"Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B." 

"Rising's  Journal;  Report,  June  14,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.). 


532   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

mitted  by  Elswlck,'"  and  a  new  route  for  the  expeditions  was 
suggested.  The  journey  by  way  of  the  Canaries  was  long  and 
troublesome  on  account  of  the  severe  heat;  the  route  farther 
north  (used  by  the  English)  was  many  hundred  miles  shorter, 
could  be  accomplished  at  the  most  in  from  5  to  lo  weeks  and  no 
people  would  die  on  the  journey  from  heat.  Nothing  had  been 
done  in  the  way  of  establishing  factories,  but  as  soon  as  sup- 
plies were  received,  beginnings  would  be  made.  The  threats 
of  the  Hollanders  and  the  dangers  from  the  English  and  the 
savages  disturbed  the  colonists  somewhat,  but  not  to  any  alarm- 
ing degree. '^^ 

The  colonists  were  busy  with  their  various  labors  during  the 
summer.  The  hay  was  cut  on  the  lands  of  the  company  at 
Christina  and  at  Trefaldighet  as  well  as  on  the  farms  of  the 
freemen  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and  the  grain  was 
harvested  about  the  same  time. 

Shortly  after  the  harvest.  Rising  in  company  with  "  Linde- 
strom  as  engineer,"  and  three  other  men  "  sailed  down  to  the 
entrance  of  the  Bay,  in  order  to  observe  the  situation  of  the 
river"  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  correct  map  of  it  and  a 
few  days  later  he  went  up  to  the  falls  at  Trenton,  "with  some 
men  who  were  acquainted  there  ...  so  as  to  make  a  sketch 
of  the  whole  river."  He  suspected  that  there  were  minerals  in 
this  region  and  a  sachem  told  him  "  that  a  large  mountain  was 
situated  a  day's  journey  from  the  falls,  where  the  savages  find 
lead-ore,  with  which  they  color  themselves  on  the  body  and  in 
the  face."  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  falls  the  mountain  of 
Mekekanckon,  "being  [about]  30  or  40  yards  high,"  offered 
a  good  location  for  a  fort,  which  could  protect  the  falls  and  the 
surrounding  country,  "so  that  the  river  and  country  could  be 

"Elswick  proposed  that  the  New  Sweden  Company  should  invest  50,000  R.D. 
in  merchandise  and  keep  two  vessels  here  continually,  one  of  25  to  30  lasts,  the 
other  of  40  to  50  lasts.     Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  June  16,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

^'^  Report,  June  14,  1655.  (This  document,  discovered  by  the  author  in  1906, 
has  been  translated  by  him  for  publication  in  Dr.  Albert  Cook  Myers's  Orig.  Nar. 
of  Penn.,  ed.  by  Jameson.  It  is  well  preserved  and  is  now  found  in  N.S.,  I. 
(K.A.))  ;  Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  June  i6,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 


Social  and  Economic  Life.  533 

well  defended  against  attack  up  there  through  such  a  fort  by 
a  small  force. "^- 

Passable  roads  between  the  settlements  were  gradually  made 
by  the  soldiers  and  freemen  and  it  is  probable  that  wagons  were 
now  beginning  to  be  used  for  the  transportation  of  goods.'-'' 

During  the  summer  rumors  were  circulated  that  Stuyvesant 
intended  to  attack  New  Sweden.  As  a  consequence  the  labors 
on  the  forts  were  pushed  with  vigor,  Christina  being  repaired 
and  the  works  on  Trefaldlghet  being  greatly  strengthened,  but, 
as  we  shall  see,  to  little  avail.  The  colony  was  expecting  a 
cargo  from  Sweden,  but  none  arrived.  The  goods  bought 
from  the  English  and  Dutch  did  not  suffice.  Provisions  were 
apparently  not  very  scarce,  but  clothes  gave  out.  "  Linen," 
writes  Elswick  in  August,  "  is  so  scarce  here  that  already  some 
of  the  soldiers  go  without  shirts.  As  long  as  baldan  or  sailcloth 
was  at  hand,  shirts  were  made  for  them  from  it,  but  now  this  is 
also  gone.""^  The  freemen  as  usual  fared  better;  the  majority 
had  enough  for  their  daily  needs  and  some  were  prosperous."* 

"The  deed  for  Mekekanckon  Island  (Menahannonck,  a  little  below  the  falls), 
which  had  been  bought  by  Printz,  was  confirmed  at  this  time.      Rising's  Journal. 
'""  Cf.   "  Risinghs  promem.,"  etc.,  Rising's  Process. 
"Elswick  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  August  7,  1655. 
"  Lindestrom,  Geogr. 


CHAPTER     XLIII. 

Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Superstitions, 
Religion,  Etc. 

I. 

The  customs,  habits  and  dress  of  the  settlers  did  not  change 
materially  from  the  first  period  until  the  overthrow  of  the 
Swedish  power.  The  time  was  too  short  for  radical  changes, 
but  certain  customs  of  dress  as  well  as  some  implements  and 
forms  of  "domestic  and  industrial  arts"  were  borrowed  from 
the  savages  and  the  neighbors. 

Canoes  and  the  Indian  paddle/  as  a  means  of  propelling 
them,  were  adopted.  These  canoes  were  made  from  the  trunk 
of  a  large  tree,^  hollowed  out  by  axes  and  adzes. ^  Coats 
made  out  of  buck-skin,  called  "savage-coats"  and  others  made 
from  otter  skins,  called  "  otter-coats,"  were  used  by  the  settlers,* 
while  elk-skin  trousers  were  common.''  Cloth,  as  far  as  this 
could  be  obtained,  was  also  used  for  making  garments,  shirts, 
trousers,  etc.  Peter  Kalm  says,  on  the  authority  of  an  old 
settler,  that  the  Swedes  made  their  own  shoes.  "Those  who 
were  not  shoemakers  marked  out  [on  the  leather]  around  the 
foot,  how  large  a  shoe  they  needed,  and  sewed  together  the 
leather  accordingly,  namely  a  bottom,  a  little  back-leather  and 
the  upper-leather.     These  shoes  were  called  Kippaka."^    Much 

'  The  Finns  and  Swedes  had  a  sort  of  a  paddle  for  steering.  Cf.  Retzius, 
Finland. 

^  Since  suitable  birch-bark  was  hard  to  find. 

'  Lindestrom,  Geogr. 

*  In  the  inventory  made  in  February,  1655,  there  were  "12  large  savage 
coats  "  and  "  40  small  savage-coats  "  in  the  storehouse,  "  Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B." 

°  Elk-skin  trousers  of  a  yellowish  color  are  common  in  Dalarne,  Sweden.  The 
author  saw  them  worn  by  the  men  attending  services  in  the  church  at  Rattvik, 
in  August,  1906. 

"Kalm,  Resa,  III.  p.  71.  Kippaka  was  apparently  an  abbreviation  of  the 
Lenape  word  Machtschipak,  slioe,  from  which  moccasin  has  been  derived.  Cf. 
Brinton,  Dictionary,  p.  71;   The  Century  Dictionary. 

534 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.       535 

of  the  leather  used  in  the  colony  in  1654-55  was  prepared  and 
tanned  by  the  tanner,  Peter  Schall,^  who  used  the  methods 
employed  in  Europe,  but  deer-skins  were  sometimes  tanned 
according  to  "  the  Indian  manner."  Some  sole  leather  was  pur- 
chased from  foreign  merchants,  but  it  was  also  made  in  the 
colony  by  Hendrick  the  Finn  and  Clement  Michelsson  the 
Finn,  who  are  credited  with  several  deliveries  of  this  article 
to  the  company.^  The  shoe-maker  was  Anders  Botsman,  who 
made  27  pairs  of  shoes  here  from  February  until  the  middle 
of  April,  1655,"  and  it  is  probable  that  other  colonists  made 
"  regular  shoes  with  heels. "^**  Two  or  more  tailors  were 
employed  in  the  colony  and  the  records  state  that  26  yards  of 
cloth  were  made  into  eight  jackets  and  12  yards  of  cloth  into 
four  jackets  or  coats." 

"While  my  grandfather  lived  among  the  savages,"  remarks 
Holm,  the  Swedish  women  made  small  caps  out  of  all  kinds  of 
old  clothes,  at  the  top  of  which  they  fixed  a  tassel  of  various 
colors.  The  tassels  were  made  from  differently  colored  rags, 
which  they  unravelled  and  mixed  together.  These  caps  pleased 
the  Indians  extremely  and  they  gave  good  prices  for  them  in 
their  money. ^^ 

The  food  and  drink  of  the  colonists  remained  the  same  as  in 
the  previous  periods,  beer  being  the  staple  beverage,  and  meat, 
pork,  venison,  fish  (fresh  and  dried),  bread  (made  from  rye, 
wheat  or  maize)  being  the  principal  articles  of  food  (prices 
for  these  provisions  being  somewhat  higher  than  during  the 
governorship  of  Printz).  The  use  of  the  maize-bread  and  the 
manner  of  preparing  it  was  learned  from  the  savages  and  the 

'The  154  deer-skins  and  other  hides  given  in  the  account  book  kept  by  Elswick 
from  February  to  the  autumn  of  1655  were  tanned  by  Schall. 

'One  hundred  pounds  were  delivered  by  Hendrick  and  some  ten  pounds  by 
Clement  in  1655. 

°  He  used  65  pounds  of  leather  for  the  purpose.  Eighty  pair  of  shoes  were 
sold  by  Allerton  and  Sandford  in  May. 

"Cf.  Kalm,  Resa.  III.  71. 

"For  the  above  account  see  "1655,  Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B.,"  N.S.,  II.   (K.A.). 

'^Cf.  Holm  (transl.),  131. 


536  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

neighbors.     Lindestrom  describes  the  making  of  maize-bread 
as  follows: 

"  But  when  the  Christians  bake  bread  of  this  maize  or 
Indian  wheat,  they  [heat  the]  oven  and  when  there  are  suffi- 
ciently hot  coals  and  ashes  they  make  and  work  the  whole  dough 
into  a  loaf  as  wide  as  an  oven-bottom/^  raised  like  a  loaf 
(limpa),  then  [they]  sweep  the  oven  clean  and  place  some 
layers  of  large  green  leaves  upon  the  stones,"  upon  which  the 
bread  is  placed,  around  and  above  which  a  few  layers  [of 
leaves]  are  placed,  thereupon  turning  the  embers  (askemorjan) 
over  the  whole,  which  is  allowed  to  stand  thus  for  a  few  hours' 
space  to  bake  through.  When  one  believes  it  to  be  well  baked 
through,  the  ashes  are  carefully  swept  away,  the  bread  is  re- 
moved and  the  leaves  torn  off,  when  the  bread  looks  brown  on 
the  outside  like  a  pancake,  but  inside  white  like  milk,  and  is 
such  a  natural  bread  that  no  more  beautiful  and  natural  can  be 
put  between  the  teeth."''' 

The  grist-mill  was  kept  in  repair  for  the  grinding  of  the 
grain,  but  the  immediate  needs  were  likely  supplied  by  the 
hand-mills,  which  seem  to  have  been  quite  numerous. 

The  colonists  had  chickens,  sheep,  goats,  pigs,  cattle  and 
horses'^  and  the  products  of  the  farming  community  of  New 
Sweden  were,  besides  grain,  vegetables,  hides  and  the  like,  milk 
(cows'  and  goats'  milk),  butter,  cheese  and  eggs,  butter  and 
cheese  being  made  in  the  Dutch  and  Swedish  manner.  The 
swine  and  cattle  (selected  for  that  purpose)  were  butchered  in 
the  autumn  and  meat  and  pork  were  salted  or  smoked.'"  We 
may  assume  that  the  wool  from  the  sheep  and  the  hemp  grown 

"  "  Kakubottn  "  (loaf-bottom),  probably  meaning  the  size  of  one  of  the  large 
loaves,  covering  almost  the  whole  bottom  of  the  oven. 

""  Narraast  stenarne  [i  spijsen],"  that  is  the  bottom  of  the  oven. 

"  Geogr.,  221-2. 

"  It  is  likely  that  they  had  no  bees,  for  no  mention  is  made  of  them  in  the 
records  and  they  were  to  be  imported  into  the  colony  in  1654  and  1655,  Rising's 
Journal. 

The  bath  house  at  Christina  was  so  arranged  by  Rising,  that  it  could  also 
be  used  for  a  smoke-house.     Cp.  above. 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.       537 

here  were  spun  into  thread,  which  in  its  turn  was  woven  into 
cloth  or  knitted  into  stockings  or  mittens.** 

Hunting  and  fishing  were  as  important  as  before,  and  there 
are  no  signs  that  the  game  or  fish  diminished  to  any  extent.*** 
"Long  French  guns"  and  other  fowling  pieces  were  used. 
The  old  guns  were  made  over  by  the  blacksmiths*^  and  fitted 
with  flint-locks.  The  blacksmiths  also  repaired  the  farming 
implements  and  made  new  articles  when  necessary.  Hooks  and 
nets  were  employed  in  the  catching  of  the  fish,  as  we  have  seen. 
It  is  more  than  likely  that  nets  were  made  here  by  the  colonists 
to  supply  the  need,  only  a  few  being  brought  from  Sweden.^" 
It  is  also  probable  that  other  devices  were  used  for  catching  the 
fish,  as  spears,  junkets,  eel-traps,  and  the  like,  for  the  Swedes 
and  Finns  came  from  regions  where  these  methods  of  fishing 
were  common. 

II. 

The  dwellings  of  the  settlers,  built  in  1654-1655,  were  ap- 
parently larger  and  more  comfortable  than  those  erected  during 
the  earlier  years,  while  of  the  same  style  as  those  built  during 
the  latter  part  of  Printz's  governorship.  We  shall  not  be  far 
wrong,  if  we  suppose  that  these  dwellings  were  very  similar  to 
the  peasant's  houses  found  in  northern  Sweden  at  this  period 
or  a  little  later.     Two  general  types  present  themselves. 

The  one,  a  log  cabin  with  a  single  room,  which  was  used  for 
a  kitchen,  dining-room  and  bedroom,  containing  the  beds,  the 
fireplace  and  the  oven,  cupboards,  tables  and  other  necessary 
conveniences.  The  entrance  was  on  the  gable  end  through  a 
low  door  that  opened  outwards. 

^  The  records  are  silent  on  these  points,  but  what  could  the  colonists  do  with 
their  wool?  They  did  not  sell  it  to  the  neighbors,  at  least  the  records  make 
mention  of  no  such  sales.  The  Swedish  women  have  always  been  skilled  in 
weaving  and  knitting.     Cf.  Introduction. 

'"  Fish  was  very  plentiful  when  Penn  arrived.     Cf.  Penn.  Mag.,  IX.  75. 

"One  of  the  blacksmiths  was  Clas  Petersson.  He  pretended  to  have  worked 
for  twelve  days  at  Ft.  Trefaldighet,  but  he  did  nothing,  nevertheless  he  is 
credited  with  36  fl.  for  these  twelve  days,  "  Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B." 

^  "  Net-needles  "  are  often  mentioned  in  the  account-books. 


538   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

The  other  type,  also  a  log-cabin  (in  some  cases  built  out  of 
flat-hewn  timbers,  "cross-cut  at  the  corners")  divided  (by  a 
wall  also  constructed  from  logs)  into  a  large  room,  an  entrance 
hall  and  a  storeroom  which  had  a  small  loft  that  could  be 
entered  from  the  hall  used  for  preserving  various  articles. 

On  Skansen,  at  Stockholm,  is  an  old  dwelling  of  this  kind, 
which  according  to  Dr.  Nilsson  contains  the  general  charac- 
teristics found  in  all  later  dwellings  of  the  Swedish  peasants, 
and  hence  must  have  been  a  common  form  in  earlier  times.  It 
is  erected  of  flat-hewn  pine  timbers.  The  roof  is  gabled,  the 
upper,  joining  edges  resting  on  a  large  ridge,  from  which  the 
rafters  extend  in  pairs  down  to  the  wall-plates  or  to  the  last 
timbers  of  the  side-walls.  The  rafters  are  covered  with  boards 
on  which  is  placed  a  layer  of  birch-bark,  held  in  position  by 
small  logs  split  in  two,  which  are  prevented  from  gliding  down 
by  transversal  planks,  fastened  to  the  wall  plates.  The  entrance 
is  on  the  side  (near  the  corner),  above  which  a  small  porch- 
like roof  (often  carved)  gives  shelter  from  rain  and  snow.  On 
entering  such  a  house,  we  come  into  a  dark  hall  {A)  whence 
a  ladder,  often  made  out  of  a  single  log  with  steps  cut  into  it,-^ 
leads  to  a  small  loft  above  the  storehouse  (5).  Turning  to 
the  left  we  enter  the  main  room,  almost  square,  open  to  the 
ridge  pole,  with  uncovered  rafters  and  no  other  ceiling  than  the 
roof.  One  or  two  (in  Sweden  generally  elaborately  carved) 
"  cloth-rails  "  of  large  dimensions,  suspended  from  the  roof  in 
iron  bars  or  simply  resting  with  their  ends  on  logs  in  the  walls, 
is  probably  the  first  object  to  arrest  our  attention,  especially 
since  we  must  bend  down  to  pass  under  it.  It  is  used  as  a 
clothes-hanger,  but  also  serves  the  purpose  of  dividing  the  room 
into  two  or  three  sections,  designating  the  "territory  where  the 
children  can  play,"  where  the  beggars  may  remain,  when 
coming  into  the  house,  etc.,  the  space  between  the  door  and  the 
first  "  hanger "  being  the  less  private,  the  space  between  the 
two  "hangers"   (if  there  were  two)   being  more  private  and 

"  Cf.  the  ladder  of  the  storehouses,  above,  Chap.  XXXHI. 


Plan  of  a  typical  house  in  Dalarne.  A,  Entrance  Hall.  C,  Main  (living)  Room. 
B,  Store-house,  a,  b,  c,  doors,  cf,  ladder  to  loft  of  the  storehouse  B ;  e,  /",  windows 
or  openings  closed  by  shoveboards  ;  1,  fireplace:  2,  cupboard;  3,4,  beds  ;' 5,  table; 
6,  table  or  carpenter's  bench  ;   7,  clock. 


Table  from  Finland.     R. 


Bench  from  Finland.     R. 


.I/o/v/  house  from  Dalnriie,  Swtdeii,  now  at  Skanseii,  Stockholm. 


Interior  of  the  Mni-a  /timsr^  showing  the  fireplace,  the  clock,  the  bedsteads,  the  clothes- 
hanffers,  the  carpenter's  bench,  and  the  chairs. 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.       539 

the  inner  space  next  to  the  gable  wall  being  the  most  private. 
Crimes  committed  within  these  limits  were  punished  in  accord- 
ance with  the  above  principle,  leniently  if  committed  near  the 
door  and  more  rigorously  if  near  the  inner  gable  wall.--  The 
fireplace  in  the  corner  to  the  right  is  the  most  conspicuous  object 
and  this  will  in  the  next  place  demand  our  notice.  It  is  made 
(on  a  rock  foundation)  from  bricks  (in  the  more  prosperous 
houses)  or  rough  granite  blocks  or  boulders.  Divided  into 
two  parts  (having  a  chimney  in  common) ,  it  sei^ves  the  purpose 
of  oven  (for  baking,  etc.)  and  fireplace  (for  heating,  etc.)  in 
which  an  iron  bar  is  placed,  carrying  a  reversible  hook  for 
suspending  the  pot,  where  cooking  and  the  like  is  done.  On  the 
same  side,  extending  from  the  fireplace  to  the  end  wall,  are  the 
two  "bunks"  or  enclosed  bedsteads  built  into  the  wall.  When 
necessary  a  second  and  third  "sleeping-place"  are  constructed 
above  the  lower  ones.  Curtains,  often  with  elaborate  designs, 
cover  the  openings.  "  The  bottom  [of  the  bedsteads]  consisted 
only  of  some  loose  pieces  of  boards  or  split  poles,  which  rested 
on  a  couple  of  cut-in  cross-pieces.  Thatching-straw"^  was  filled 
in  and  a  cover,  similar  to  that  now  used  for  carpets,  was  laid 
upon  It  ...  In  finer  houses,  sheets  were  used  [even]  on  week 
days,  especially  by  the  mother  and  father.  The  bed-clothes 
were  generally  woolfells,-^  rugs  [made  out  of  fleeced  wool- 
thread]  and  thick  hair  quilts  .  .  .  Below  [the  bedsteads]  was 
a  useful  space  for  all  kinds  of  rubbish  .  .  .  [and]  the  cat 
usually  had  his  abode  there."  At  the  inner  gable  wall  is  a 
window  or  opening  in  the  wall  and  below  this  may  be  seen  a 
carpenter's  or  wood-worker's  bench  in  some  houses,  where  the 
house-father  or  sons  can  make  the  pails,  wooden  plates  and 
the  like  or  mend  the  utensils  and  instruments  needed  in  the 
house  and  on  the  farm.  The  part  of  the  room  next  to  the  door 
forms  the  kitchen  of  the  house.    Here  is  not  only  the  fireplace, 

"  Cf.  Nilsson,  p.  15. 

^  "  Langhalm,"  that  is  long  and  good  straw. 

-'Various  kinds  of  skins    (as  sheep-skins,  deer-skins)    prepared   with   the  fur 
remaining. 


540  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

but  to  the  left  in  the  corner  is  the  cupboard,  with  shelves  for 
the  "plates  and  saucers  (which  are  mostly  of  wood,  some- 
times of  tin  or  clay),  turned  wooden  bowls  and  well-made 
troughs."  On  a  nail  or  wooden  peg  by  the  side  of  the  cup- 
board hangs  the  "  spoon-basket,"  containing  the  knives  and 
spoons  of  the  household.  Near  the  cupboard  to  the  right  is  the 
table,  where  the  occupants  take  their  meals.  At  mealtime 
can  be  seen  one  or  two  pots  and  perhaps  a  pan  or  a  large 
bowl  in  the  centre,  wooden  or  tin  plates  around  the  edges  for 
the  partakers,  some  wooden  spoons  and  a  number  of  knives, 
but  no  forks.  Soup  is  always  dished  up  in  bowls  by  each  one 
and  if  the  meal  happens  to  consist  of  porridge  (grot),  as  is 
often  the  case  in  the  evening,  each  member  of  the  family  will 
have  a  small  dish  of  milk  by  his  side,  but  they  will  all  eat  out 
of  the  central  pot,  dipping  each  spoonful  in  the  milk.  The  meat 
is  likewise  placed  in  the  centre  and  each  one  helps  himself 
from  the  piece.  On  the  wall  near  the  door  is  a  perpendicularly 
placed  board  with  several  holes,  where  the  axes  are  kept,  when 
not  in  use,  and  on  a  nail  on  the  wall  we  might  observe  the  saw. 
In  the  neighborhood  of  the  cupboard  we  shall  find  (in  some 
houses)  a  bench,  where  "the  pot  and  other  cooking  utensils 
together  with  the  scouring  broom"-"  are  kept.  Above  the 
windows  and  probably  also  above  the  door  we  shall  see  little 
shelves  on  which  are  placed  a  few  tin-plates,  the  candle 
stick  and  "other  fineries."  A  few  chairs,  one  or  two  made 
from  the  trunk  of  a  hollow  tree,  with  about  one  third  of  the 
outer  shell  extending  a  couple  of  feet  above  the  seat,  forming 
a  back;  the  others  constructed  out  of  split  planks,  with  legs 
(sometimes  carved)  and  a  flat  back,  one  or  two  benches  and  the 
same  number  of  chests"**  completed  the  furniture  of  the  room. 
If  we  should  enter  the  store-house  we  would  find  that  the  sup- 
ply of  meat  and  some  other  provisions  were  preserved  there,  the 

"^  Called  grantvagan  in  some  districts,  as  it  was  made  out  of  spruce-branches. 

°°  It  is  very  probable  that  some  of  these  chests  were  brought  to  New  Sweden 
by  the  colonists.  In  the  possession  of  the  Sinexon  family  is  an  old  iron  chest 
which  was  probably  brought  from  Europe  by  one  of  the  early  settlers. 


"  Swedish  log  cabin,"  situated  "  on  the  west  bank  of  Darby  creek  about  %  mile  above 
Clifton."  Photographed  by  C.  S.  Bradford  and  used  by  his  kind  permission.  The  above 
(built  in  the  18th  centurj-)  shows  many  characteristics  to  be  found  in  the  log  cabins  built 
b}'  the  Swedes  and  Finns  in  their  native  country,  the  extension  of  the  second  story,  "  the 
porch-roof"  etc. 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.        541 

churn,  milk  pails  (of  wood)  and  various  other  utensils,  prob- 
ably also  clothes  and  other  things,  large  quantities  of  meat, 
grain,  etc.,  being  preserved  in  the  "  outer  storehouse,"  de- 
scribed in  a  former  chapter.-^  Visiting  guests  that  could  not 
be  accommodated  in  the  main  room  would  be  lodged  here, 
unless  they  were  given  a  bed  in  the  storehouse  a  short  distance 
from  the  dwelling.-*  On  the  loft  of  the  storehouse,  we  should 
likely  find  the  spinning  wheel,  the  reel  and  other  appliances, 
used  by  the  female  members  of  the  household  for  making  yarn, 
etc.29 

We  may  feel  tolerably  certain  that  houses  presenting  the 
above  described  features  were  common  on  the  shores  of  the 
Delaware  from  1643  ""^il  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury or  later.  The  furniture  was  in  some  cases  brought  from 
Sweden,  especially  chests  in  which  the  clothes  and  other  valu- 
ables were  kept,  and  probably  a  few  tables  and  chairs  as  well  as 
some  bed-clothes.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  skins  and  wool- 
fells  were  used  more  extensively  here  than  in  Sweden  or  Fin- 
land and  that  they,  in  the  latter  years,  took  the  place  of  the 
woolen  ones  almost  entirely. 

Another  type  of  dwelling  having  two  stories  was  also  found 
here.  Acrelius  says  that  there  were  "  houses  of  two  stories  " 
at  Kingsessing  "built  out  of  hickory."*"  Buildings  of  two 
stories  were  known  in  Sweden  from  the  earliest  times*^  and 
some  of  these  ancient  houses  are  still  to  be  seen  there.  In 
Dalarne  and  other  northern  provinces  the  second  story  of  these 
houses  often  extended  some  distance  outside  of  the  first  (re- 
sembling the  store-houses  of  this  type),*-  making  the  house 
a  sort  of  a  fortress,  where  the  inhabitants  could  defend  them- 
selves  in   case   of   attack.**     The   two-story   houses,   built   at 

^  a.  above,  Chap.  XXXIIL 
^  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXIII. 

"Cf.  Nilsson,  Skansen,  p.  13  ff. ;  Jonas  Stolt,  Minnen,  p.  13  ff. 
'"  Acrelius,  Beskrif.,  p.  39. 

^  In   southern   Sweden   the  tvvo-storj-  part  of  the   house   was  not  used  for   a 
living  room,  see  Nilsson,  Skansen,  p.  20  ff. 
"  See  above.  Chap.  XXXIII. 
^  Cf.  Sundbarg,  Sweden;  Nilsson,  Skansen. 


542   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Kingsessing  and  other  places  away  from  the  forts,  were  un- 
doubtedly of  this  type.  They  were  constructed  of  round  hick- 
ory timbers  and  their  furniture  and  inside  appearance  resem- 
bled those  of  the  other  houses.  They  were  probably  divided 
by  a  middle  wall  and  occupied  by  two  families,  but  where  the 
fireplace  was  located  or  how  much  of  the  house  was  used  by 
the  families  in  common  does  not  appear  from  the  records. 
Many  of  the  freemen,  being  in  prosperous  circumstances, 
possessed  considerable  property  in  1655,^*  but  we  are  not  in- 
formed by  the  "Relations"  who  these  freemen  were,  where 
their  individual  fields  were  located  nor  the  extent  of  their  lands. 
We  have  seen  that  Rising  selected  a  tract  of  land  on  Timber 
Island,  northwest  of  Christina  for  his  dwelling  place.  Having 
been  cleared  and  prepared  for  tilling  in  the  beginning  of  the 
winter  (1654-55),  he  "caused  a  house  to  be  built  thereon  with 
two  stories  and  a  dwelling  as  well  as  a  cellar  below  it."  It  was 
probably  ready  in  the  spring  and  it  is  likely  that  it  was  occupied 
by  the  director  soon  afterwards,  remaining  his  residence  until 
the  arrival  of  the  Dutch  forces.  We  do  not  know  how  it  was 
furnished  nor  do  we  know  anything  about  its  size  and  appear- 
ance beyond  that  it  had  two  stories,  but  it  seems  likely  that  Ris- 
ing would  build  a  house  on  the  general  plan  of  those  found  in 
his  home  district  in  Sweden.  Like  Governor  Printz,  Rising 
was  obliged  to  receive  commissioners  and  others  from  the 
neighboring  colonies  and  to  feed  them  as  well  as  many  of  the 
Swedish  oilicers^^  at  his  table.  "He  has  so  many  visits  from 
strangers  and  inhabitants,"  writes  Elswick,  in  the  summer  of 
1655,  "that  he  can  not  keep  up  the  maintenance  of  his  house 
for  less  than  1,500  R.D.  a  year."^" 

III. 

Most  of  the  customs  of  mealtime,  etc.,  of  the  mother  country 
were  transplanted  to  the  colony,  but  climatic  and  other  condi- 

'"Geogr.;  Rising's  Beskrif.  1656,  N.S.,  H.   (R.A.). 

Elswick  writes:  "  Icii  biin  zwar  bissliero  und  auch  nocli  beim  Herrn  Directeur 
ziir  Tafell,"  June  16,  1655,  N.S.,  L   (R.A.). 

About  $1,875  (or  about  $9,375  according  to  the  present  value  of  money). 
He  must  iiave  kept  a  good  table. 


Sectiun  uf  a  dwelling  in  Sweden  (now  at  Skauken,  Stockholm),  showing  the  chair 
made  from  a  hollow  tree-trunk  and  the  carpenter's  bench  and  lathe.  (See  pp.  347,  539, 
540.) 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.       543 

tions  modified  them  somewhat.  Brahe  says  in  his  Oecono- 
mia  that  the  proper  time  for  rising  was  at  four  in  the  morning, 
breakfast  should  be  served  at  seven,  dinner  at  twelve  and  sup- 
per at  eight. *^  Times  for  meals  were  different  in  different 
provinces  in  Sweden  and  no  uniform  custom  seems  to  have  been 
followed,  but  it  is  probable  that  three  meals  a  day,  taken  about 
the  time  recommended  by  Brahe^*  was  the  rule  in  New 
Sweden.^'' 

The  festivities  of  the  church  year  have  already  been  referred 
to  above.'*"  Many  peculiar  customs  were  and  are  observed  in 
Finland  and  Sweden  on  these  festive  days,  especially  at  Christ- 
mas, and  some  of  these  must  have  been  practised  in  the  colony. 
If  a  New  England  settler  had  visited  the  homesteads  of  the 
Swedes  and  Finns  at  Christmas,  1654,  he  would  have  seen  much 
that  was  new  to  him.  The  floor  of  the  dwellings  were  covered 
with  straw, ''^  in  some  cases  with  finely  cut  spruce-branches; 
outside  of  some  doors  was  a  large  cross  made  out  of  straw;  a 
cross  might  also  be  seen  on  barrels  and  other  vessels,  painted 
there  before  the  Christmas  holidays,  all  for  the  purpose  of  driv- 
ing away  the  evil  spirits.  The  teeth  of  the  cattle  were  often 
rubbed  with  salt  and  they  were  given  extra  feed  on  Christmas 
Eve;  nor  were  the  birds  neglected,  sheaves  of  rye  or  wheat 
being  placed  on  poles  for  them  to  eat;  steel  was  also  placed  in 
the  barn  and  on  the  barn-door,  that  evil  spirits  should  not 
enter.  There  was  happiness  everywhere.  Long  prepara- 
tions had  been  made,  special  bread  had  been  baked,  special  beer 
had  been  brewed  and  the  best  that  the  house  could  afford  was 
brought  forth.  Candles  were  lit,  especially  two  large  ones 
made  for  Christmas  Eve  and  the  clothes  and  silver  of  the  house 
(if  there  was  any),  were  brought  in  for  the  candles  to  shine 
on — it    produced    good    luck.  Everybody    was    greeted    with 

°'  Brahe,  Oeconomia,  p.  77. 

""  De  la  Card.  Arch. 

"The  food  was  the   same   throughout  the   period,   see   above,   Chap.   XXXIII. 

"Chap.  XXXIV. 

"  This  straw  was  later  thrown  into  the  fields  to  produce  good  crops,  or  tied 
around  fruit  trees,  or  given  to  the  cattle,  all  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  good 
results. 


544  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

"Happy  Christmas,"  and  the  old  northern  custom  of  giving 
presents  was  not  forgotten.  "  Jul-grot,"  "  a  kind  of  Christmas 
pudding"  or  "Christmas-porridge,"  with  butter  and  milk,  was 
the  principal  course  of  the  evening  meal;  the  Jule-skoal''^  or 
Christ-skoal  was  drunk  and  a  festive,  somewhat  solemn  atmo- 
sphere pervaded  the  whole."  Early  on  Christmas  morning, 
about  five  o'clock,  the  settlers  assembled  in  the  church  on  Tini- 
cum  Island,  listened  to  two  services,  which  lasted  four  hours  or 
longer  and  then  returned  to  their  homes.  The  day  was  spent 
in  quietness.  The  next  day  called  the  Second-Day-Christmas 
was  passed  in  going  to  church  and  visiting  neighbors.  These 
visits  were  probably  enlivened  by  the  telling  of  old  stories  and 
personal  experiences.  The  stories  of  ghosts,  of  giants,  of 
dwarfs  and  of  evil  spirits,  circulated  in  the  home  districts  of 
the  colonists,  were  of  course  transplanted  to  the  Delaware 
region  and  related  here  to  the  rising  generation,  while  the 
Dutch  folk-tales  added  to  the  general  store. 

The  belief  in  witchcraft  was  prevalent  and  superstitions 
played  a  large  role  in  the  life  of  the  settlers.  It  was  believed, 
for  example,  that  at  midnight,  the  hour  of  the  birth  of  Christ, 
the  flame  of  a  candle  would  split  in  two.  The  cattle  in  the 
barns  would  all  rise  up  and  for  a  short  time  they  had  the  power 
of  speech,  but  no  man  durst  be  present  at  that  moment — a 
Danish  farmer  who  attempted  to  see  and  hear  the  phenomenon 
was  very  roughly  handled.  It  was  a  common  belief  from  the 
earliest  times'**  that  the  Finns  possessed  particular  powers  of 
performing  supernatural  things.*®  In  Sweden  they  were  looked 
upon  as  masters  in  the  art  of  witchcraft  and  sorcery*^  and  the 

*'  Cf.  Longfellow's  Skel.  in  Armor,  for  the  use  of  this  word. 

"There  was  no  Christmas  tree  in  Sweden  at  this  time  and  hence  none  in  the 
colony.  It  was  brought  into  Sweden  from  Germany  in  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

"  Cf.  the  story  of  Queen  Gunhild  (first  half  of  tenth  century)  who  was  sent 
by  her  parents  to  Finmark  to  learn  sorcery  and  witchcraft,  and  the  Finn  present 
at  the  court  of  King  Halfdan  at  Yule-tide. 

"Cf.  Nordraann,  p.  no  ff. 
The  author  was  told  by  an  old  man  in  a  southern  province  in  Sweden  in 
the  summer  of  1906  that  a  Finn  called  "  Finn-Jan"  lived  a  wandering  life  in  the 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.       545 

reputation  followed  them  to  America,  " Lasse  the  Finn"  and 
"  Karin  the  Finnish  woman  "  being  accused  of  witchcraft  and 
separated  from  the  main  settlement  during  the  governorship  of 
Printz.*^  That  others  were  also  supposed  to  possess  this  gift 
is  probable  and  the  belief  in  these  things  lived  on,  as  we  shall 
see,  into  a  later  period. 

The  following  samples  of  formulas  and  superstitions  will 
suffice  to  give  an  idea  of  their  general  nature.  Bleeding  is 
stopped  by  grasping  around  the  sore  -juith  the  hand  and  repeat- 
ing the  formula  "  Thou  shalt  stand  as  jinn  as  Jordan  stood, 
when  John  baptized  in  the  name  of  the  Father,  of  the  Son  and 
of  the  Holy  Ghost."  A  psalm-book  should  he  placed  below 
the  head  of  the  newly-born  child  to  prevent  its  being  exchanged 
for  a  changeling  [or  elf -child)  by  the  evil  spirits.  JVhen  a  cow 
is  sold  a  bunch  of  hair  should  be  taken  from  her  and  preserved 
to  prevent  the  good  luck  from  leaving  the  house  with  the  cow. 
If  milk  is  accidentally  spilled  into  the  fire,  salt  should  always 
be  thrown  in  to  avoid  misfortunes.  To  prevent  rain  from 
falling  during  harvest  time,  read  the  "Lord's  Prayer"  back-, 
wards.  A  cross  should  be  cut  into  the  broom  to  prevent 
witches  from  riding  on  it.  If  the  spinning  wheel  is  kept  going 
after  6  o'clock  on  Saturday  evening,  the  sheep  will  not  pros- 
per. A  little  of  each  course  from  the  Christmas  table  should  be 
taken  on  Christmas  morning  and  given  to  the  cattle  to  preserve 
them  against  witchcraft.*^ 

One  of  the  main  difficulties  in  the  colony  was  the  lack  of 
women.  The  company  and  the  government  endeavored  to  pre- 
vail upon  men  to  migrate  with  their  families,  but  the  majority 
of  the  soldiers  were  unmarried  or  left  their  wives  behind  in 
Sweden  and  there  was  always  a  request  "  for  some  unmarried 
women."  Even  Rising  wrote  to  Eric  Oxenstierna  that  he 
should  send  him  a  good  wife.     "  Women's  labors  are  ...  to 

district  some  tvventy-five  or  thirty  years  ago,  "  who  was  able  to  do  many  wonder- 
ful things.  He  could  find  water  with  a  stick,  make  cattle  sick,  cure  disease  by 
incantations,"  etc. 

"  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXVIIL 

"  Cf.  Nordmann,  p.  113  fl. ;  Kaira,  IVdsterg.  resa,  p.  198. 
36 


546  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

look  after  the  garden  and  the  cattle,  to  spin  and  to  weave  both 
the  linen  and  the  wool  with  which  to  clothe  the  people,  to 
keep  the  nets  and  the  seines  in  order,  to  make  malt,  to  brew  the 
ale,  to  bake,  to  cook  the  food,  to  milk  the  cows,  to  make  the 
cheese  and  the  butter."*"  On  account  of  the  scarcity  of  the 
women  the  men  were  often  compelled  to  do  this  work  and  Pape- 
goja  wrote  in  one  of  his  letters:  "  Here  we  must  cook  and  bake 
ourselves  and  do  other  things  which  belong  to  the  women." 
Several  young  girls  grew  up  and  married®"  and  in  1654  a  large 
number  of  families  arrived,  to  some  extent  changing  the  former 
state  of  affairs.®^ 

IV. 

Regular  services  were  continued  in  the  Church  at  Tinicum. 
Holidays  and  daily  prayers  were  observed  as  before  and  special 
days  of  fasting  and  prayer  were  proclaimed.®-  Rising  also 
suggested  plans  for  meeting  the  expenses  of  the  church  and 
for  the  building  of  schools  and  houses  of  worship,  recom- 
mending that  tithes  of  grain  and  cattle  be  paid  "  willingly  by 
the  people,"  "the  half  part  of  it  to  be  used  for  the  salaries  of 
the  preachers  and  the  other  half  part  for  the  erection  and  sup- 
port of  a  school-building  and  a  church."®*  Rev.  Lars  Lock  was 
alone  in  the  colony  from  1648  until  1654,  but  two  new  preachers 
arrived  here  on  the  Orn,  Matthias  Nertunius  and  Peter  Hjort.®* 
Nertunius  who  was  assigned  to  Upland,  where  he  lived  on  a 
tract  of  cleared  land  belonging  to  the  company,  conducted  the 
services  at  Tinicum.  He  "  was  indeed  the  best  "  preacher  in  the 
colony  at  this  period  and  Rising  proposed  to  the  government 
that  the  land  "at  Upland  (on  which  he  lived)  [large  enough 
for  the  sowing]  of  20  to  30  bushels  of  seed,  should  be  given  for 

"Brahe,  Oeconomin,  pp.  84-5. 

"Redel  had  children,  who  were  marled  here  before  1653,  N.S.,  \.   (R.A.). 

"Papegoja  to  Brahe,  July  15,  1644,  Skokl.  Saml.,  Redel's  Supplik,  N.S.,  L 
(R.A.)-     Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  July  11,  1654,  Ox.  Saml. 

'^  Days  of  prayer  and  fasting  were  held  on  June  9,  August  4,  September  i, 
1654,  when  the  majority  of  the  settlers  assembled  at  Tinicum.  Rising's  Journal; 
cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXIV. 

'"'Report,  July  13,  1654. 

"  See  above,  Chap.  XXXIX. 


Customs,  Habits,  Dress,  Dwellings,  Etc.       547 

a  parsonage  to  [him]  with  the  few  houses  there  ...  in  which 
case  he  would  need  no  other  salary  from  the  company."  It 
seems,  however,  that  he  acted  somewhat  too  independently  at 
times.  A  day  of  prayer  and  fasting  with  services  had  been  pro- 
claimed in  the  colony  for  the  first  of  September  but  Nertunius 
called  off  the  services  without  consulting  either  the  director  or 
the  council  about  it.  He  was  later  called  before  the  council  and 
held  to  account  for  his  actions.^' 

Peter  L.  Hjort  was  stationed  at  Fort  Trefaldighet,  where 
he  preached  until  the  capture  of  the  stronghold  by  the  Dutch, 
but,  as  he  was  "  a  worldly  and  spiritually  poor  preacher,"  his 
labors  were  probably  of  small  result.  It  seems  that  Lars  Lock 
was  transferred  to  Christina  in  the  summer  of  1654.  He  was, 
as  has  been  seen,  accused  of  mutiny,  and  Rising  intended  to 
send  him  to  Sweden  on  the  Orn  "  to  defend  and  free  himself," 
but  he  became  severely  ill  as  the  ship  was  about  to  sail  and  the 
charges  against  him  seem  to  have  been  dropped.^* 

"  The  poor  are  always  with  us  "  and  they  were  found  in  New 
Sweden.  During  the  governorship  of  Printz,  "  Karin  the 
Finnish  woman  "  was  compelled  to  beg  for  the  support  of  her- 
self and  her  children  and  perhaps  others  were  reduced  to  simi- 
lar circumstances.  Rising  established  a  charity  fund  and  ap- 
pointed "the  preacher"  (probably  Nertunius)  to  distribute 
food  and  goods,  through  orders  from  the  director  according  to 
the  needs  of  the  poor.  The  colonists  were  invited  to  contribute 
to  the  fund  and  the  blacksmith  gave  19  115  florins  to  the  "poor 
account"  in  the  summer  of  1655.  "The  children  of  Paul 
Malich,  the  little  Pole,  the  blind  Kirstin  with  her  two  children," 
Anders  .  .  .,  Per  Paulsson's  mother  and  the  daughter  of  Clas 
Johansson  are  especially  enumerated  among  those  receiving  aid 
in  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1655,  and  clothes,  food,  shoes 
and  other  articles  were  given  to  them.  The  accounts  were  kept 
by  Elswick  in  a  separate  book,^''  but  they  were  also  entered  in 
the  General  Schuldt  iind  Cargason  Buch.^^ 

"Rising's  Journal. 

°°  Rising's  Journal;  Report,  July  13,  1654. 

"  Not  known  to  exist. 

'"'Armen  Rechnung,"  etc.     "Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B.,"  N.S.,  III.  (K.A.). 


548   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Slavery  was  not  employed  to  any  extent  by  the  settlers.  The 
slave  brought  to  Christina  in  1639^*  was  employed  for  many 
years,  but  beyond  this  single  case  there  is  no  record  of  slaves  in 
New  Sweden.®* 

The  money  values  of  the  colony  were  generally  reduced  to 
Dutch  guilders  or  florins;  thus  the  salaries  of  the  men,  the 
expenses  of  voyages,  the  bills  of  goods  were  reckoned  in  Dutch 
money.  The  common  currency  was  heaver  skins  and  sezvant 
and  these  were  employed  in  the  payments  of  debts  and  salaries 
as  well  as  on  journeys  and  expeditions.  Letters  were  generally 
sent  to  Europe  through  the  aid  of  the  Dutch,  in  a  few  cases 
through  English  merchants,  and  letters  were  sent  to  New  Am- 
sterdam and  the  English  colonies  or  received  from  there  either 
by  Indian  guides  or  other  messengers  who  went  across  the 
country  or  by  boat."^  In  going  to  Manhattan  the  settlers  went 
by  boat  up  the  river  to  Crosswick's  Creek,  whence  Indian 
paths  lead  across  the  country. 

The  instructions  of  the  officers  were  written  in  Swedish, 
German  and  Dutch.  The  Dutch  and  German  officers,  soldiers 
and  settlers  were  able  to  converse  in  Swedish,  and  they  gradu- 
ally became  fairly  well  versed  in  the  language,  but  all  the  ac- 
count books  and  most  of  the  bills  preserved  to  us  are  written  in 
Dutch  or  German.  A  peculiar  characteristic  of  this  age  was 
the  preponderance  of  certain  Christian  names.  Among  the 
officers  of  the  company  and  the  colony  we  find  principally  four 
such  names:  Hendr'tck,  Johan,  Peter  and  Sven,  as  Hendrick  Els- 
wick,  Hendrlck  Huygen;  Johan  Beier,  Johan  Papegoja,  Johan 
Printz,  Johan  Rudberus,  Johan  Rising;  Peter  Lindestrom, 
Peter  Minuit,  Peter  Spiring,  Peter  Trotzig,  Peter  Liljehok; 
Sven  Hook,  Sven  Skute,  etc. 

"  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXL, 

™Lars  Svvartz  {S-vart,  Black)  might  have  been  a  negro  slave,  but  it  is  more 
likely  that  Svart  simply  referred  to  his  complexion  as  Snohvit  in  the  case  of  Joran 
Kyn.     Cf.  above. 

"  An  Indian  was  paid  sewant  valued  at  3  fl.,  for  bringing  letters  from  Nev? 
Amsterdam  to  New  Sweden  in  June,  1643.     Ace.  B.,  1643-48. 


CHAPTER    XLIV. 

Literature  of  New  Sweden,  1640- 165  5. 

I. 

The  early  voyages  to  America  and  the  settlements  here  did 
not  enter  into  the  general  imagination  of  the  Swedish  people 
nor  did  the  records  of  the  achievements  of  Champlain,  Hudson, 
Smith  or  the  Cabots  become  a  permanent  part  of  Swedish  litera. 
ture  as  they  did  in  English,  Dutch  and  even  German'  letters, 
giving  rise  to  plays,-  references  and  scenes  in  Shakespeare, 
Jonson  and  other  famous  authors  of  that  period.^  There  was 
no  Hakluyt  to  publish  IVonderfiil  Voyages,  no  Smith  nor  even 
a  Munck*  to  describe  them  and  no  Purchas  to  edit  A  History 
of  the  World  in  Sea-Voyages.  Some  of  these  early  voyages 
were  known  in  the  North  and  the  colonial  activities  of  Sweden 
gave  rise  to  one  or  two  poems  (of  inferior  value)  and  refer- 
ences in  contemporary  Swedish  literature,  but  they  never  made 
a  strong  impression  on  the  people. 

The  same  is  true  of  the  literature  about  New  Sweden,  writ- 
ten by  men  who  came  here.  Literary  men  went  to  New  Eng- 
land and  poets  to  New  Amsterdam.     Governor  William  Berk- 

^In  German  several  works  on  voyages  and  discoveries  appeared  in  the  first 
half  of  the  17th  century,  as  Jfest-  und  Ost-Indische  Lustgart,  etc.  (1618)  ;  AVot? 
und  warhajfte  Relation,  etc.  {1619)  ;  Ztablfte  Sc/iiffart,  etc.  (1627),  (being  the 
twelfth  voyage  of  the  Sammlung  von  26  Sctiiffahrlen,  etc.),  and  others. 

-  It  has  been  argued  that  the  theme  of  the  Tempest  was  suggested  to  Shake- 
speare by  the  description  of  Capt.  Argall's  Voyage  to  America,  of.  Furness,  The 
Tempest. 

'  Cf.  Shakespeare's  Tiuelfth  Niglit;  "  You  are  now  sailed,"  and  his  references 
to  the  great  number  of  lines  in  the  sea-maps,  etc.,  Tiuelfth  Night,  III.  Sc.  2. 

*Munck  was  sent  out  by  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  in  1619  (May)  on  an  ex- 
pedition of  discovery.  He  explored  parts  of  the  Hudson  Bay,  remained  on  the 
coast  over  winter  and  returned  to  Denmark  in  1620.  He  made  maps  of  the  region 
he  visited  and  called  it  Neiu  Denmark.  Cf.  Munck,  Navig.  Septentrionalis,  etc. 
(1623)  ;  also  map  of  America  by  Holm. 

549 


5  so  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

eley  had  written  plays  before  he  sailed  for  Jamestown,^  George 
Sandays,  the  English  poet,  translated  Ovid  on  the  banks  of  the 
James  River;  Nathaniel  Ward  took  his  fling  at  women  In  The 
Simple  Cohler;  "The  Tenth  Muse"  composed  her  Contem- 
plations and  Grasshopper  Sons,  where  the  "  the  black-clad  cricket 
bear  a  second  part,"  and  it  is  even  said  that  John  Milton  had 
In  mind  to  go  to  America.''  The  author  has  found  only  one 
instance,  where  a  man  of  some  poetic  power  was  about  to  go  to 
the  Swedish  settlement,  a  young  man  by  the  name  of  Aron 
Danielsson,  who  wrote  a  ballad  still  preserved,''  but  he  never 
reached  the  Delaware  and  no  Steendam  came  here  to  sing 
"  The  Praise  of  New  Sweden  "*  and  no  De  Sllle  to  write  poetry 
for  Printz.*  We  need  not  seek  far  for  a  reason.  Swedish  lit- 
erature was  just  emerging  into  light  and  assuming  conscious 
form  and  the  Swedish  language  was  attaining  stability  and  per- 
manent shape.^"  Hence,  there  were  few  men  In  Sweden  like  Sir 
Alexander  Morton^'  and  Sandays  and  Milton  and  others  and 
even  had  there  been  such  it  is  doubtful  whether  they  woulH 
have  come  here,  for  the  colony  never  reached  any  degree  of 
prosperity  nor  Importance  in  population  and  power.  There 
was  no  printing  press  in  New  Sweden,  where  a  "  Booke  of 
Psalmes "  could  be  published  and  not  a  sufficient  number  of 
readers  to  make  an  edition  of  Ballads  on  the  Delaware  a  "  pay- 
ing proposition."    It  might  therefore  seem  that  a  chapter  upon 

"  Schelling,  The  El.  Drama,  IL  367-8 ;  Fleay,  A  Biog.  Chro.  of  the  Eng.  Dr. 
(1891)   L  28;  Dodsley-Hazlitt,  XHL  500  flf. 

"Richardson,  Am.  Lit.,  1607-1885  (Student's  Ed.),  P-  63  ff-;  Wendell,  A 
Literary  Hist,  of  America,  p.  35  ff.;  Taylor,  Am.  Lit.,  L;  Mitchell,  D.,  Am.  Lands 
and  Letters,  L  3  ff. ;  Morley,  English  Writers,  VIH.  282  ff.,  IX.  99  ff.,  193  ff., 
XI.  177  ff.  and  the  bibliogr.,  p.  335  ff. ;  Richard  Hakluyt,  The  Principal  Naviga- 
tions, Voyages,  etc.  (Glasgow,  1903)  ;  Purchas,  Purchas  His  Pilgrimes  (Glas- 
gow, 1903). 

'  It  is  preserved  in  Alfs  Vtsbok,  see  Schuck,  Sv.  lit.  hist.,  p.  392,  note. 

'Jacob  Steendam  wrote:  " 'T  Lof  van  N.  Nederland "  to  inspire  colonists  to 
go  to  the  South  River  in  1662.  For  a  memoir  of  Steendam  see  Murphy's 
Antology,  p.  23  ff.  (Poetry,  p.  46  ff.). 

°  Sille  wrote  poetry  for  Stuyvesant,  see  Murphy's  Antology,  p.  187  (for  his 
poems  see  p.  190  ff.). 

•°  Cf.  above,  Chap.  IV. 

"Who  wrote  An  Encouragement  to  Colonies  (pr.  1624),  as  well  as  poems  and 
dramas. 


Literature  in  New  Sweden.  55' 

the  Literature  of  New  Sweden  "would  be  in  the  same  ludicrous 
predicament,"  to  borrow  a  phrase  from  De  Quincey,  "  as  Van 
Troil's  chapter  on  the  snakes  of  Iceland."  But  this  is  not  quite 
the  case.  Nothing  has  been  preserved  from  the  literary  activ- 
ities of  the  colonists  of  New  Sweden,  which  can  be  called  belles 
lettres,  but  works  of  an  historical  character  were  written  here 
and  at  least  one  translation  was  made. 

IL 

Of  these  writers  Director  Johan  Rising  occupies  a  conspic- 
uous place  in  Swedish  literature  of  the  period.  Fryxell,  the 
well-known  popular  historian  of  Sweden,  says  of  him  that  he 
"  saw  far  ahead  of  his  time,  and  much  of  that  which  he  already 
then  demanded  [in  the  way  of  reforms  in  the  trade  principles 
of  his  age]  has  been  accomplished  only  in  our  days.  He  is  the 
founder  of  the  doctrines  of  Swedish  free-trade  "'^  and  he  wrote 
the  first  work  on  trade  and  economics  in  Sweden.  He  had  been 
engaged  to  write  a  work  about  trade  before  he  was  appointed 
assistant  to  Governor  Printz  and  a  large  mass  of  material  had 
been  collected  and  partly  arranged  in  the  autumn  of  1653,  but 
his  strenuous  life  as  ruler  of  New  Sweden  gave  him  little  op- 
portunity for  literary  pursuits,  and  it  is  hardly  probable  that 
the  collections  and  drafts  of  his  work,  brought  to  Christina  in 
1654  had  been  much  improved,  when  he  returned  to  Europe  in 
the  spring  of  1656.  In  Holland  his  trunks  were  opened  and 
many  of  his  manuscripts  stolen  or  confiscated  and  ruined,  delay- 
ing the  completion  of  the  book.  As  soon  as  he  was  able,  how- 
ever, he  began  anew  his  labors  on  his  life-work,  but  his  official 
duties,  quarrels  with  the  New  Sweden  Company  (which  de- 
manded much  of  his  energies  for  the  composing  of  memorials, 
supplications,  reports,  explanations  and  accounts),  preparing 
of  "  Descriptions  of  New  Sweden  "  as  well  as  his  endeavors  to 
free  himself  from  the  blame  of  the  collapse  of  the  Swedish 
power  in  America,  consumed  a  large  share  of  his  restless  life. 

"Fryxell,  Berdl.  ur  sv.  hist.,  XVIII.  p.  124. 


552   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Means  also  failed  and  A  Treatise  on  Commerce  was  never 
completed.  The  book,  planned  largely  along  the  lines  sug- 
gested by  the  English  economist,  Malynes,  in  his  Lex  Merca- 
toria  was  to  be  divided  into  three  parts  and  if  completed  would 
have  been  a  monumental  work.  The  first  part  (containing 
three  books)  and  certain  chapters  of  the  second  and  third  parts 
(the  second  part  to  contain  two  books,  the  third  part  to  con- 
tain one  or  two(?)  books)  were  completed,  but  only  the  first 
and  second  books  of  the  first  part  have  been  preserved"  to- 
gether with  a  table  of  contents  of  the  completed  work.  Ac- 
cording to  this  table  the  contents  of  the  book  would  have  had 
the  following  appearance: 

PART  ONE.  First  Book  of  thirty-four  chapters  concern- 
ing: merchandise,  maxims  for  the  increase  of  trade,  business 
transactions,  contracts,  debts  and  bonds,  markets  and  fairs, 
trade  marks,  lotteries,  merchants,  brokers,  monopolies  and  com- 
panies, colonies. 

Second  Book  in  four  parts  concerning :  the  principal  trading 
places  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  America. 

Third  Book  of  twenty-three  chapters  concerning:  naviga- 
tion, navigation  latvs,  sailors  and  officers,  shipbuilding,  equip- 
ment, freight,  duties  and  excises,  etc.,  insurance,  journeys  to 
foreign  lands,  piracy  ports,  staple-cities,  the  ownership  of  rivers 
and  coasts,  fisheries  and  the  right  to  fish. 

PART  TWO.  First  Book  of  eighteen  chapters  concern- 
ing: money,  the  right  of  the  government  to  coin  money,  gold 
and  silver  and  their  relative  value,  the  shape  and  size  of  money, 
master-coiners,  counterfeit  money,  how  to  increase  money  in  the 
country,  loaning  and  borrowing  of  money,  usury. 

Second  Book  "  Concerning  the  reduction  of  all  kinds  of 
measures,  standard  and  weights  to  \_the  standard  of  weights 
and  measuresi  of  Stockholm." 

*'  In  the  R.A.  is  a  beautiful  copy  of  the  first  book  with  a  dedication  to  Charles 
XI.  Copies  of  the  first  book  are  found  in  the  Up.  Bibl.  (three  copies),  also  a  copy 
of  the  third  book  and  another  of  the  first  three  chapters  of  the  first  book;  a  copy  of 
the  first  book  is  preserved  in  Kungl.  Bibl.     Cf.  also  Hist.  Tid.,  1896,  p.  72. 


Literature  of  New  Sweden.  553 

PART  THREE.  First  Book  of  eleven  chapters  concern- 
ing: drafts,  their  use  and  history,  kinds  of  drafts  and  their 
proper  form,  the  acceptance,  payment,  refusal  and  protesting 
of  drafts.^* 

When  Rising  found  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  finish  his 
large  work  (probably  also  to  interest  the  government  and  his 
patron)  he  made  an  abstract  from  the  Treatise,  which  he  was 
able  to  prepare  for  the  press  through  the  liberality  of  De  la 
Gardie.  It  was  published  at  Stockholm  in  1669  with  the  title 
Itt  Uthtogh  om  Kidp-Handelen  eller  Commercierne^^  {An 
Extract  Concerning  Trade  or  Commerce) .  Two  years  later 
he  published  Een  handbook}'^  (A  Book  Concerning  Agricul- 
ture). A  number  of  other  treatises  on  Swedish  and  Dutch 
commerce  and  trade  and  how  to  increase  the  former  and  place 
it  on  a  prosperous  basis  were  also  written  by  Rising,  partly 
before,  partly  after  his  sojourn  in  America,  but  they  do  not 
concern  us  here. 

His  Descriptions  of  Nova  Svecia  and  his  Relations  and 
Journals  pertain  directly  to  our  subject,  however.  Rising  used 
his  pen  diligently  and  his  journals  and  reports  are  full  of 
accurate  information.  He  states  the  events  plainly  and  clearly 
without  unnecessary  details  and  his  diary  extending  over  the 
greater  part  of  the  years  1654-1655  and  his  three  reports  are 
the  most  valuable  documents  concerning  the  history  of  New 
Sweden  for  the  period  they  cover,  giving  more  detailed  infor- 
mation about  the  colony  than  any  other  sources  preserved  to  us. 
In  his  acquired  historical  knowledge  Rising  is  less  accurate  and, 
although  he  had  read  much  of  the  colonial  and  historical  litera- 
ture published  in  England"  and  Holland,  and  knew  the  gen- 
eral facts  of  the  early  journeys  to  America,  his  historical  essays 

"  Up.  B. 

""Tryckt  hoos  Nicolaum  Wankijff." 

"Printed  at  VSsteras,  1671.  Per  Brahe  wrote  his  Oeconomia  in  1581;  but  it 
was  not  published  until  1677  a"d  hence  Rising's  book  is  the  first  of  its  kind 
printed  in  Sweden. 

"Rising  quotes  An  Eng.  Descrip.  of  America,  printed  in  London  in  1655  in 
eight  volumes,  see  Beskrif.,  N.S.,  11.   (R.A.). 


554  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

contain  many  errors  concerning  events  which  took  place  before 
his  arrival.i^  His  four  descriptions  preserved  to  us  differ 
somewhat  in  detail,  various  dates  being  given  for  the  same 
events  (in  some  cases,  however,  probably  due  to  the  copyist) 
and  we  can  trace  many  statements  and  errors  in  dates  to  Rising, 
which  are  found  in  the  early  writers  on  New  Sweden.  He  says 
that  Minuit  came  here  in  1631  (repeated  by  Campanius  Holm, 
Geijer  and  a  host  of  other  historians)  ^^  he  states  that  King 
Charles  I.  surrendered  his  rights  to  the  Delaware  to  the  Swedes 
about  1 63 1  (other  dates  are  also  given  by  Rising)  through 
Count  Johan  Oxenstierna.-"  His  descriptions  are  of  much  less 
importance  for  the  history  and  conditions  of  Nova  Svecia  than 
his  other  writings  concerning  the  colony  and  much  space  is 
given  to  prove  the  right  of  the  Swedes  to  the  colony,  how  to 
regain  it  and  how  to  manage  the  colonial  affair,  "as  well  at 
home  as  out  here  for  the  benefit  and  prosperity  of  the  Crown." 
The  chapters  on  the  location,  climate,  forests,  "wild  animals 
and  birds"  show  considerable  ability  of  observation,  but  are  of 
less  value  than  Lindestrom's  writings  on  the  same  subjects. 

The  culture  of  Holland  had  made  a  deep  impression  on 
Rising  and  he  used  many  Dutch  words  in  his  writings,  as  loyare 
{looier,  tanner),  wagenskott  {wagenschot,  wainscot),  etc. 
His  style  is  as  a  rule  clear  and  logical  and  his  spelling  and 
punctuation  are  more  uniform  and  consistent  that  is  usually  the 
case  in  this  period. 

Peter  Mdrtensson  Lindestrdm  deserves  a  place  next  to  Rising 
among  the  authors  who  came  to  New  Sweden.  Lindestrom 
published  no  books  nor  did  he  spend  so  large  a  part  of  his  life 
as  Rising  in  writing  treatises  on  subjects  in  his  special  field,  but 
he  wrote  the  first  Geography  of  the  Delaware  Region.  When 
Lindestrom  returned  to  Stockholm  he  made  written  and  oral 
reports  to  the  government,  presenting  maps  and  making  verbal 
explanations  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  "persuaded,  ad- 

"'He  states  in  one  Description  that  Lord  Delaware  discovered  the  Delaware 
River  in  1600,  N.S.,  H.  (R.A.). 

"  See  Holm,  Beskrif.,  Geijer,  HL,  etc. 

"Repeated  by  Lindestrom,  Holm  and  Acrelius,  cf.  above,  Chap.  XX. 


% 


fUrf       ' 


I  iriVi 


'"/ 


if^ 


avf 


Title  page  of  Liiidestrom's  Ceof;raplna  Ameiicae.     Original  preserved  in  the 
Riksarkiv,  Stockholm. 


Literature  of  New  Sweden.  555 

vised  and  solicited  "  by  the  government  and  persons  of  rank, 
both  secular  and  clerical,  to  write  a  Geography  of  America  and 
particularly  of  New  Sweden.  It  appears  that  he  elaborated 
"his  sketches  and  notes"  and  made  a  large  map  of  Nova 
Svecia,  which  was  hung  on  the  wall  of  the  Royal  Council 
Chamber  in  the  Palace.  In  May,  1696,  a  request  was  granted 
to  allow  this  (or  another?)  map  to  be  copied  "with  the  condi- 
tion that  it  should  be  returned."*'  It  was  "  engraved  on  cop- 
per" and  published  (for  the  first  time)  in  the  Catechism  in  the 
American  Language  in  1696."-  But  Lindestrom's  plans  of 
writing  a  Geography  could  not  be  executed  for  many  years  on 
account  of  his  checkered  career.-^  After  many  adventures  he 
married  and  settled  down  to  a  more  quiet  life  and  it  appears 
that  he  now  endeavored  to  carry  out  his  early  ambition  of  writ- 
ing an  American  Geography.  The  book  was  to  be  a  description 
of  that  part  of  the  North  American  coast  occupied  by  the 
English,  Dutch  and  Swedes,  but  debts,  illness  and  other 
troubles  interfered  with  these  plans  and  the  Geography  as  we 
have  it  is  limited  (as  far  as  its  strictly  geographical  parts  are 
concerned)  to  New  Sweden.  The  title  of  the  work  covers  a 
great  deal  more,  however:  A  Geography  of  America  or  of  West 
India,  Description  of  the  Outermost  Part-*  of  America,  with 
Geographical  Charts  and  Delineations  of  Virginia,  New  Swe- 
den, Neiu  Batavia-^  and  New  England.^^ 

The  book  was  ready  shortly  before  his  death  in  1692.-^     It 

""See  a  small  sheet  found  with  Enkefru  Roos's  letters,  N.S.,  II.  (R.A.). 

^In  Hist.  Tid.,  1887  (Vol.  7),  p.  86,  H[arald]  W[ieselgren]  says  that  "an 
original  map  by  Lindestrom  is  found  in  Rdlamb.  Sam!.,  I.,  fol.  201,  to  be  pre- 
ferred in  many  ways  to  the  one  in  the  R..4."  This  statement,  however,  is  a  mis- 
take. The  map  in  this  collection  {Rtilamb.  Sam!.,  I.  fol.  201)  is  not  an  original, 
but  a  copy  (in  colors)  from  one  of  Lindestrom's  maps  (1654-5)  ^nd  it  is  not 
to  be  preferred  to  the  one  in  the  R.A. 

^  Cf.  below,  bibHography. 

"  Yttersta  deten  probably  means  the  coast  district  of  America  (the  outer  part), 
yttersda  deten  may  also  mean  the  farthest,  the  most  distant  part. 

"New  Holland. 

"  Geographia  Americae  eiter  Indiae  Occid[en']ta!is,  Beskrijffningh  Om  den 
yttersta  deten  In  America,  med  Geograp'hiske  Carter  och  Delineationer  df<wer 
Virginien,  Novam  Sveciam,  Novam  Battaviam  och  Novam  AngHam. 

"The  book  is  beautifully  copied  in  Lindestrom's  handwriting.  It  was  prob- 
ably bound  in  leather  for  the  King. 


556   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

was  examined  and  (probably)  read  by  Governor  Gyllenstolpe, 
who  likely  made  promises  of  recommending  it  to  the  govern- 
ment. Lindestrom's  intention  of  presenting  it  to  the  King  was 
frustrated  by  his  death,  but  his  desire  was  carried  out  by  his 
widow,  Margreta  Roos,  who  sent  it  to  his  Majesty  with  re- 
quests for  aid.^*  The  Geographia  contains  twenty-nine  chap- 
ters, two  maps  (one  of  New  Sweden  and  one  of  the  east  coast 
of  North  America  from  "Caput  Henry"  on  the  south  to 
"Caput  Cod"  on  the  north) ^^  and  several  other  charts  and 
plans,^"  with  a  table  of  contents  and  an  index.^^  It  is  more 
than  a  geography,  however,  being  a  personal  journal  or  diary 
as  well.  The  first  chapter  gives  an  account  of  the  journey  to 
America,  as  well  as  the  events  in  New  Sweden^^  and  the  last 
chapter  describes  the  attack  of  the  Dutch.  The  other  chapters 
are  devoted  to  the  life,  manners  and  customs  of  the  Indians, 
the  navigation  of  the  river  and  the  description  of  the  country, 
its  climate,  the  extent  of  its  cultivation,  its  agriculture,  its 
animals,  birds,  fishes,  trees,  rivers  and  islands. 

The  dedication  is  addressed  to  Crown  Prince  Carl.  Giving 
his  reasons  for  inscribing  the  book  to  the  Prince,  Lindestrom 
extols  the  value  of  Geography,  a  science,  on  which  history 
itself  is  based,  which  illustrates  and  reveals  the  mysteries  of  the 
Scriptures,  a  study  which  embraces  not  only  continents,  moun- 
tains, valleys  and  waters,  nations,  cities  and  governments, 
commerce  and  trade,  customs  and  manners  of  various  races  and 
their  habits  and  dwellings,  animals,  woods  and  plants,  "  but 
everything  else  on  the  Earth  and  in  the  Sea,"  enabling  con- 
querors to  carry  on  wars — Alexander  the  Great  knew  Geog- 
raphy, hence  his  successful  campaigns  to  foreign  lands — aiding 
men  to  find  metals,  for  it  describes  the  earth  and  is  the  source 

"  Geogr.  (Intro.)  ;  letters  from  Margreta  Roos  (copies)  in  Biogr.  "L"  (R.A.). 
See  below,  biography. 

™  See  facsimile. 

^  See  illustrations. 

'^The  book,  in  a  beautiful  state  of  preservation,  leather  bound,  gilt-edged,  is 
now  preserved  in  a  special  case  among  other  books  in  the  R.A.  The  volume 
deserves  to  be  printed  as  a  tribute  to  its  author. 

^' There  is  also  an  account  of  Lindestrom's  return  to  Sweden. 


Literature  of  New  Sweden.  557 

of  many  blessings.    "The  Preface  to  the  Benevolent  Reader" 

is  of  much  interest.  Remarking  that  the  men  who  had  travelled 
much  were  formerly  considered  wise  and  learned,  our  author 
goes  on  to  give  his  ideas  on  evolution  and  the  development  of 
society.  Original  man  wore  no  clothes,  he  was  naked  and  wild, 
gradually  he  covered  himself  with  leaves  of  trees  and  later 
with  skins.  He  wandered  from  place  to  place,  slept  under  trees 
and  "  had  no  other  dwelling,"  "  he  lived  from  the  flesh  of  wild 
animals,  fish  and  fruit  and  drank  water";  he  knew  nothing  of 
luxury,  had  no  government,  no  commerce,  no  trade,  no  agri- 
culture, no  domestic  animals.^^  The  struggle  for  existence  be- 
comes fiercer,  as  food  grows  scarce,  war  develops,  men  begin 
to  congregate,  build  cities,  walls  and  ditches  for  their  protec- 
tion and  choose  rulers  and  establish  governments.  "They 
begin  to  support  themselves  with  their  cattle  and  their  handi- 
craft, tie  trees  together  with  which  to  float  over  rivers,  train 
horses,"  cultivate  the  earth,  plant  vineyards  and  press  grapes. 
Exchange  of  goods  takes  place,  money  is  invented  and  finally 
trade  and  commerce  attain  importance,  culture  develops  and 
the  old  conditions  are  transformed,  men  becoming  more  chaste, 
more  noble,  more  enlightened. 

In  the  chapters  covering  the  journey  to  America  and  the 
events  in  the  colony,  including  the  attack  of  the  Dutch,  as  well 
as  the  return  to  Europe,  Lindestrom  repeats  the  main  facts  of 
Rising's  journal,  but  he  also  gives  some  information  not  to  be 
found  elsewhere.  He  has  been  largely  drawn  upon  by  his- 
torians from  the  time  of  Campanius  Holm  (who  wrote  his 
Description  only  eight  or  nine  years  after  the  completion  of  the 
Geographia)  and  Acrelius  down  to  our  present  day. 

With  a  view  of  interesting  his  readers  (and  also  as  an  aid 
to  those  who  travel)  he  adorned  the  accounts  of  the  journey 
with  stories  and  observations.  At  Calais  pies  were  sold  to  the 
Swedes,  made  from  the  flesh  of  human  beings.  A  barber,  find- 
ing it  a  profitable  business,  murdered  his  customers  by  placing 

^  Incidentally  he  remarks  that  the  life  of  the  old  Swedes  was  like  that  of  the 
Indians  on  the  Delaware  of  his  day. 


558   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

them  above  a  trap  door,  which  gave  way,  when  a  spring  was 
pressed,  landing  the  poor  victim  in  the  cellar,  where  he  was 
killed  and  sold  to  the  pie-baker, — let  those  who  travel  beware ! 
At  Dover,  Lindestrom  saw  a  castle,  which  Satan  had  caused  to 
fly  out  of  the  city  up  on  a  high  hill,  where  the  Devil  ruled  over 
it,  making  it  impossible  for  anyone  to  stay  there  and,  oh 
horribile  dictii,  there  were  many  castles  in  England  to  which 
Satan  took  a  fancy  (whether  on  account  of  the  saintly  lives  of 
the  inhabitants  or  the  contrary  the  author  does  not  say)  and 
over  which  he  held  lordly  sway.  Lindestrom  observed  many  of 
the  customs  of  the  people  and  of  the  conditions  of  the  places 
visited  on  the  course  to  America.  In  England,  "  a  land  with 
no  forests,"  men  and  women  saluted  each  other  with  a  kiss 
when  they  met  (whether  Lindestrom  had  an  opportunity  to 
take  advantage  of  the  custom  he  does  not  say)  and  at  Pirrin- 
quet(?)  the  city  musicians  serenaded  the  Swedish  officers 
"  honoring  them  with  the  most  delightful  and  pleasing  music, 
so  that  they  had  to  open  their  purses."  At  the  Canary  Islands 
where  the  principal  men  spoke  Latin,  though  with  a  Spanish 
accent,  Lindestrom  saw  many  strange  things.  At  the  gover- 
nor's palace  he  attended  a  banquet,  which  consisted  entirely  of 
sweetmeats  and  wines.  He  was  visited  by  "  charming  nuns  " 
and  monks,  who  "  were  good  drinking  brothers,  knowing  how 
to  do  justice  to  the  cup  "  and  he  was  once  on  the  point  of  being 
murdered  by  the  interpreter  for  the  Swedes,^*  on  account  of  a 
"  trifling  affair  not  worth  mentioning."  He  found  the  dress  of 
the  people  quite  different  from  the  habits  of  other  nations, 
"particularly  that  of  the  women,  who  wore  such  large  petti- 
coats with  stays  or  bodices  under  them  that  .  .  .  there  was  no 
door  in  any  house  in  Sweden  large  enough  to  enable  them  to 
pass  through  without  difficulty."  On  the  sea  he  saw  fish  that 
could  fly  a  Swedish  mile  (six  English  miles)  .^^  At  certain 
places  the  sirens  sang  so  beautifully  that  many  of  the  passen- 

"The  interpreter  was  a  Frenchman. 
Concerning  flying  fishes  and   how  they  were  looked  upon  hy  other  writers, 
see  W.  Y.  Bontekoe,  Aventuerlycke  Reyse,  p.  14  ff.     (A  picture  of  a  flying  fish  is 
given  on  page  15.) 


Literature  of  New  Sweden.  559 

gers  "were  so  elated  that  they  jumped  into  the  sea  on  account 
of  this  deUghtful  playing"  and  were  lost^"  and  later,  for 
"  nulla  cala7nitas  sola,"  three  Turkish  ships  pursued  the  Swed- 
ish vessel,  until  these  were  finally  driven  off  by  a  few  shots  and 
the  sight  of  soldiers  on  board. 

The  descriptive  parts  are  also  broken  by  anecdotes  and 
stories,  such  as  the  story  of  an  Indian,  who  brought  gold  to 
Governor  Printz  and  the  Swedish  soldier,  who  at  the  first  sight 
of  fireflies  one  evening,  gave  alarm  that  the  enemy  were  upon 
them  and  caused  the  men  to  fly  for  their  arms. 

By  such  decorations  the  author  of  the  Geographia  sought  to 
give  interest,  color  and  life  to  his  pages — the  book  was  written 
for  publication  to  sell — and  we  must  admit  that  he  has  suc- 
ceeded. Had  the  book  been  printed,  it  is  probable  that  it 
would  have  had  a  relatively  large  sale  for  that  period. 

From  the  above  we  see  that  Lindestrom  is  not  always  serious 
and  his  statements  are  not  always  to  be  taken  at  their  face 
value ;  but  as  a  whole  he  is  reliable  and  we  are  indebted  to  him 
for  many  interesting  facts  concerning  the  colony  as  well  as  the 
savages. 

The  chapters  on  the  Indians"  and  on  the  country  are  based 
on  first  hand  information  and  the  work  as  a  whole  shows  large 
powers  of  observation.  The  descriptions  are  often  vivid,^* 
the  style  is  at  times  animated  (sometimes  burdened  by  Latin 
quotations,  however),  generally  direct  and  natural  and  often 
leaves  an  impression  of  earnestness  that  carries  conviction.^' 
Lindestrom's  maps  and  charts  were  also  largely  the  result  of 
his  own  labors,  assisted  to  some  extent  by  Rising  and  Hudde. 

=»  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXIX. 

"  In  speaking  on  the  religion  of  the  Indians  he  tells  among  other  things  a 
sort  of  a  "Christ  Story"  about  an  Indian  maiden,  who  drank  from  a  creek, 
became  heavy  with  child,  etc.  Repeated  by  Holm.  The  author  hopes  to  publish 
the  Geographia  in  the  near  future. 

^For  a  sample  of  his  style,  see  Sprinchorn,  p.  51  ff.;  Carapanius  Holm,  p.  70; 
Acrelius,  p.  58. 

"  It  is  conceivable  that  his  contemporaries  would  have  read  and  believed  all 
of  his  stories,  if  the  book  had  been  published  and  circulated.  Rising's  books  were 
dry  and  generally  uninteresting;  Lindestrom's  Geographia  is  anything  but  that. 


S6o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Lindestrom  had  many  predecessors;  Henry  Briggs,*"  Van  Laet, 
Van  der  Donck  and  others  presented  material  that  could  be  used 
by  a  geographer  of  the  Delaware  district  and  Lindestrom  was 
probably  acquainted  with  these  as  well  as  with  the  sketches  of 
Minuit  and  Huygen."  He  used  material  from  Rising's  jour- 
nal and  from  other  sources,  but  as  already  stated  the  bulk  of  his 
work  is  original.^^ 

Johan  Campanius,  the  most  noted  of  the  early  Swedish  min- 
isters of  the  Gospel  on  the  Delaware,  also  belongs  here.  He 
had  large  interests;  he  preached  the  gospel;  he  worked  for  the 
conversion  of  the  Indians  and  busied  himself  with  agriculture 
as  well;  he  made  "  astronomical  observations,"  noted  the  length 
of  the  day,  collected  facts  about  the  climate  and  other  phe- 
nomena, and  it  seems  probable  that  he  had  in  mind  to  write  a 
Description  of  America  and  the  Indians.*^  He  strove  earnestly 
to  learn  the  Indian  language  and  by  the  aid  of  Van  Dyck  and 
Huygen  he  seems  to  have  acquired  a  fairly  accurate  and  com- 
plete knowledge  of  the  same.  He  wrote  treatises  on  their 
language**  (partly  preserved  to  us  by  his  grandson),  trying  to 
prove  its  affinity  with  Hebrew  and  hence  the  Jewish  origin  of 
the  American  Indians,"*"  and  between  the  years  of  1 643-1 648 
he  prepared  the  first  known  vocabulary  (of  any  Importance) 
of  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Delaware  with  phrases,  numerals 
and  dialogues  and  a  convenient  compendium  for  learning  their 
dialect.**'  During  the  same  time  he  made  the  first  translation 
of  the   Lutheran   Catechism   into   the  Indian   tongue.     The 

"His  map  (1625)  gives  the  Delaware  River,  see  Nordenskiold's  facsimile. 

"^  Cf.  above,  Chap  XXL 

"Besides  the  Geogr.  there  is  a  shorter  Description  of  Neiv  Sweden  by 
Lindestrom,  novp  preserved  in  N.S.,  H.  (R.A.),  and  an  old  copy  of  the  latter  in 
Ralamb.  Sam!.   (Kungl.  Bib.). 

A  copy  of  his  journal  (essentially  the  same  as  that  pub.  by  Holm  in  his 
Description)  is  preserved  in  Ralamb.  Sainl.  (Kung.  Bib.).  See  bibliography, 
below. 

"The  treatise  referred  to  by  his  grandson  was  probably  the  introduction  to 
the  translation  of  the  Catechism  which  was  published  in  abstract  in  1696. 

'  Cf.  Holm  (transl.),  p.  114  ff.,  who  quotes  Penn  and  Hennepin  to  confirm  the 
opinion.  The  idea  that  the  Indians  are  the  descendants  of  the  lost  tribes  of 
Israel  has  been  perpetuated  in  many  dilettante  books  down  to  our  present  day. 

"See  Johan  Campanius  Holm,  Beskrif.;  Campanius,  Luth.  Cat.,  133  ff. 


The  Frontispiece  in  Campanius's  translation  of  the  Catechism.     From  original  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  Museum. 


Literature  of  New  Sweden.  561 

heathens,  he  says  (whose  good  inclination  he  often  observed, 
when  he  conducted  services  in  the  congregations)  would  hear 
and  read  the  Word  of  God  and  be  converted,  if  they  could  be- 
come acquainted  with  it,  "  but  now  this  is  hidden  from  their 
eyes,  since  they  know  no  other  language  than  their  own  mother- 
tongue."  To  make  it  possible  for  them  to  "  be  partakers  of  the 
holy  truths,"  he  translated  the  catechism,  "that  storehouse  of 
true  principles  of  faith."  Jacob  Swensson,  Van  Dyck  and  Huy- 
gen  undoubtedly  aided  him  in  his  work*^  and  the  translation 
was  probably  ready  in  1648.*^  It  was  revised  in  Sweden  and  in 
1656  Campanius  sent  it  to  the  King  for  publication  together 
with  a  memorial.  It  was  not  printed,  however,  till  1696.^^ 
It  has  been  said  that  the  translation  is  not  accurate  and  that 
Campanius  misunderstood  and  misconstrued  the  Indian  lan- 
guage in  several  particulars, ^^  but  we  must  remember  that  he 
was  a  pioneer  and  did  not  have  the  expert  assistance  at  the  dis- 
posal of  Eliot  a  few  years  later.'^^ 

Governor  Johan  Priiitz  must  also  be  mentioned  here.  His 
education  was  partly  theological  and  he  was  allowed  to  preach 
in  his  father's  church."'^  It  is  said  that  he  kept  a  diary  or 
journal,  which  was  seen  by  a  collector  about  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Two  of  his  reports  sent  from  New  Sweden 
have  been  preserved,^^  which  are  of  great  value  for  the  history 
of  the  colony.  They  are  written  in  clear,  strong  Swedish,  less 
mixed  with   foreign  words  than   Rising's  writings   and  their 

"  Van  Dyck  and  Huygen  were  fairly  well  acquainted  with  the  Indian  lan- 
guage, having  been  in  the  country  for  a  long  time. 

■"  In  the  first  draft. 

"  Campanius,  Lut/i.  Cat.,  foreword. 

™  It  has  been  said  that  Campanius  did  not  know  the  difference  between  the 
singular  and  plural.  But  we  must  remember  that  the  work  was  published  after 
his  death  and  by  people  who  in  all  likelihood  knew  nothing  whatever  about  the 
language,  hence  many  mistakes  might  have  crept  in  which  Campanius  would  have 
corrected,  had  he  published  the  book. 

°  Eliot  was  preparing  to  print  a  Catechism  in  the  Indian  language  in  the 
autumn  of  1653  with  the  assistance  of  T.  Stanton,  a  native  Indian  student,  Plym. 
Col..  Rec,  Acts,  II.  105. 

"  See  biography,  below. 

"See  bibliogr.,  below. 
37 


562   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

sentences  are  less  involved  and  shorter  than  is  usually  the  case 
in  the  documents  of  the  time. 

Among  these  immigrants  and  colonists  who  wrote  journals, 
Johan  Jonsson  Rudberus,  being  only  a  gunner,  takes  a  peculiar 
place.  His  journal,  giving  an  account  of  the  Katt  expedition, 
is  an  interesting  relation  of  the  ill-fated  journey,  full  of  vivid 
pictures  of  the  hardships  and  the  cruelties  that  were  endured 
by  the  unfortunate  people.  The  language  is  simple  and  clear, 
free  from  foreign  words,  and  comes  much  closer  to  the  daily 
speech  of  the  colonists  than  the  writings  of  Printz  and  Rising.^* 

The  journals  kept  by  Van  Dyck,  Huygen,  Minuit  and  others, 
are  apparently  lost,  only  a  few  references  to  them^^  being  found 
and  only  fragments  have  been  preserved  of  Elswick's  journals 
as  far  as  is  known.^® 

"The  Journal  was  discovered  by  the  author  in  Kammararkivet  (Archives  of 
the  Exchequer)  in  1906.  It  vpas  published  by  the  author  with  a  short  introduction 
in  Valkyrian  (New  York),  May,  1909,  but  very  inaccurately,  since  the  proof  sheets 
<were  not  submitted  for  corrections. 

"'  See  above,  Chap.  XXI.  ff. 

"  See  bibliogr.,  below. 


CHAPTER    XLV. 

Relations  with  the  Indians,  1654-1655. 

The  confidence  and  good  will  of  the  Indians,  which  had  been 
disturbed  through  disease^  and  other  circumstances,  were  gradu- 
ally regained  by  the  efforts  of  the  director.  Goods  were  sent 
down  to  the  Horn  Kill  for  trading  purposes  and  presents  were 
distributed  for  the  confirmation  of  the  land-purchase  and  the 
regaining  of  the  friendship  of  the  savages  in  this  part  of  the 
river.  Arrangements  were  also  made  about  this  time  for  a  con- 
ference with  the  Indians  living  above  Christina.  "On  [Satur- 
day] June  17,"  says  Rising,  "  twelve^  sachems  or  princes  of  the 
Renapi  [tribes],  that  is  the  natives  who  dwelled  on  the  western 
bank  of  our  river,  came  together  [in  Printz  Hall]  on  Tenna- 
konk^*  and  when  they  had  all  seated  themselves"  an  oration 
was  delivered  to  them  on  behalf  of  the  Great  Queen  of  Sweden, 
through  Gregorious  van  Dyck,  the  interpreter.  They  were  re- 
minded of  the  former  friendship,  which  existed  between  them- 
selves and  the  Swedes  and  they  were  assured  that  it  would  be 
for  their  mutual  benefit  to  renew  the  old  compact.  "  If  any  bad 
man,"  the  speech  went  on,  "  had  given  them  suspicions,  that  we 
had  evil  in  mind  against  them  (as  was  whispered  among  them) 
they  should  not  believe  such  [things]  ;  but  if  they  would  make 
and  keep  a  treaty  with  us,  we  would  keep  it  irrevocably.  Then 
we  reminded  them  of  the  land,  which  we  had  bought  from 
them,"  says  the  journal,  "  that  they  would  keep  the  purchase 
[intact]  whereupon  they  all  unanimously  answered  with  one 
sound.  Yes.  Then  our  presents  were  brought  in  and  placed  on 
the  floor  before  them,   but  they  indicated  that   the  presents 

'The  disease  which  the  Swedes  had  spread  to  the  Indians,  cf.  above. 
'Lindestrom    says    there    were    ten.       Cf.    the    extract    from    him    printed    in 
Sprinchorn's  N.S.,  p.  51  ff. 
'Tinicum  Island. 

563 


564  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

should  be  portioned  out  to  each  one,  which  we  also  did.  And 
each  sachem  was  given  one  yard  of  frieze,  one  kettle(?),  one 
axe,  one  hoe,  one  knife,  one  pound  of  powder,  one  stick  of  lead 
and  six  awl-points.*  To  the  other  followers,  who  were  16  or 
20  in  number,  some  of  each  kind  was  given.  When  they  had 
thus  received  it,  some  of  them  went  out  to  take  counsel  what 
they  should  answer.  [When  these  returned]  their  field  mar- 
shal, called  Hachaman,  spoke  in  their  behalf,  saying  to  them: 
'  See  how  good  friends  these  are,  who  have  brought  us  such  gifts,' 
reproaching  them  that  they  had  spoken  ill  about  us  and  at  times 
done  us  harm.  Now,  however,  [they]  promised  that  hereafter 
they  would  all  be  our  good  friends,  and  stroked  himself  a  few 
times  down  the  arm,  as  a  great  sign  of  friendship."^  Then  he 
expressed  his  thanks  for  the  gifts  on  behalf  of  them  all  "  and 
said  that,  if  they  had  hitherto  in  the  time  of  Governor  Printz 
been  as  one  body  and  one  heart,  striking  his  breast  [as  he  said 
it],  they  would  hereafter  be  as  one  head  with  us,  grasping  his 
head  [and]  twisting  around  with  his  hands,  as  if  he  wished  to 
tie  a  secure  knot.  Thereupon  he  made  a  ridiculous  comparison, 
saying  that  as  a  callibas^  is  a  round  growth  without  crack  or 
break,  thus  we  should  hereafter  be  as  one  head  without  a 
crack."^  Then  the  Indians  were  asked  "  if  they  all  meant  it 
thus,  whereupon  they  all  made  a  cry  [of  assent].  Thereafter 
the  Swedish  salute  was  fired  from  a  couple  of  cannon,  which 
pleased  them  much.  Then  they  fired  with  their  guns  and 
promised  that  they  would  do  us  no  harm,  nor  kill  our  people 
nor  cattle.  [They  also]  offered  us  permission  to  build  a  fort 
and  house  on  Passayunk,  which  is  their  principal  place  [of 
abode],  where  the  greatest  number  of  them  live  and  they  prom- 
ised that  they  would  keep  all  our  land-purchases   [intact]." 

* "  Och  gafz  ath  hwar  Sackiman,  fryss  en  fanm,  Kdtill  i,  yxe  i,  hacka  i,  knif 
I,  Kruut  Lib.,  bly:  i  Staff  och  3  Lib.,  Sylespet  6,"  Rising's  Journal,  June  17, 
1654  (Up.  B.). 

"Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.). 

'  Calabash. 

'  Geogr.;  Sprinchorn,  51  ff. ;  Holm,  70;  Acrelius,  p.  58.  Rising  says  concerning 
this  speech:  "And  this  he  expressed  with  such  words,  parables,  gestures  and 
signs,  that  we  were  astonished." 


¥  A 


.j^;,'.?f /.-  ^^-^'-y^  C"'®.    v,^.// .Vt— ^-.-^1 

tfc- A  •--  /f  ^^-'.^i^ri^-^-.-  -'-^i 


l.tw"/*--"'      I'M—-   /"  ^  _ 


^. 


;;a/- 


'l>.M      ■V 


-.'-lit'    f;^"«"'-« 


^    ^c^/     V- -*>-'^^v=^•^^>/V 


Indian  ooiifiniiation  cm  the  sale  of  the  .SaiKHiook  to  the  Swedes.     Translated  below,  p.  755.     Original  preserved  in  N.  S. 

I.  (R.  A.),  Stockholm. 


/ 


1 


A^^ 


r.r 


,^.j,>t.^^'U:;^^i;-^^ 


^   — n--lii'lT'i'1t;irii«^rJiir 
iiiimii.il  preserved  in  N.  S.  I,  (K,  A),  Stockholu 


Relations  with  the  Indians.  565 

"  The  land-deeds  were  thereupon  brought  forth  (although  there 
was  only  a  part  of  them  at  hand,  the  rest  [being]  in  Stock- 
holm), but  only  the  names  signed  to  them  were  read.  When 
the  savages  heard  their  names,  they  were  much  pleased,  but 
when  anyone  was  mentioned,  who  was  dead,  they  bent  down 
their  heads."  A  defensive  league  was  also  made,  the  Indians 
promising  that  they  would  regard  the  enemies  of  the  Swedes  as 
their  own  enemies  and  that  they  would  report  any  approaching 
danger,  which  they  might  by  chance  hear  of.  But  although  they 
were  well  satisfied  with  the  Swedes,  "  yet  they  remarked  that 
they  had  received  sickness  from  the  ship  through  which  they 
feared  that  all  their  people  would  perish."  Fire  had  been  seen 
around  the  vessel  at  night  and  the  savages  believed  that  an  evil 
spirit  had  come  In  the  ship.  "A  chief,  sitting  on  a  table,  asked 
for  a  boat  for  two  medlclne-men,  who  should  go  down  to  take 
the  spirit  away,"  but  it  seems  that  no  boat  was  available.  "  We 
gave  them,  however,  the  best  comfort  we  could,"  says  Rising, 
"  that  the  Lord  God  .  .  .  [would  be  able  to  help  them]  and 
if  they  put  their  trust  In  him,  the  plague  would  not  harm  them." 
To  further  satisfy  the  Indians  "  two  large  kettles  and  other 
vessels  "  full  of  sappan  or  porridge  of  Indian  maize  were  placed 
before  them  upon  the  floor  and  some  strong  drinks,  "which  they 
love  exceedingly,"  were  given  them.  During  the  conference  they 
were  much  offended  because  Van  Dyck  contradicted  them,  but 
he  appeased  them  by  praising  their  qualities  and  they  left  Printz 
Hall  well  satisfied  and  in  the  best  of  humor.* 

On  the  morrow,  which  was  Sunday,  a  sachem  by  the  name 
of  Agaliquanes  of  the  MInquas,  "  a  brother  of  their  former 
general,"  came  to  Christina.  He  was  given  presents  for  which 
he  promised  to  keep  good  peace  with  the  Swedes  and  to  cause 
his  people  to  trade  with  them,  for  they  treated  the  Indians  well, 
unlike  the  English  In  Virginia,  "who  used  to  shoot  them  to 
death  wherever  they  found  them."" 

In  the  beginning  of  July  Rising  again  entered  Into  commu- 

'  Rising's  Journal,  June  17,  1654  (Up.  B.)  ;  Geogr.,  June  17,  1654. 
"Rising's  Journal^  June  18,  1654  (Up.  B.). 


S66   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

nication  with  the  Indians  and  on  the  eighth  two  sachems  ap- 
peared at  Christina.    The  lands  sold  to  the  Swedes  by  Mitatsi- 
mint,  who  was  dead,  were  claimed  by  Peminacka.'"     But  "  Pemi- 
nacka,  the  sachem,  now  presented  to  the  Swedes  all  the  right 
and  pretention,  which  he  had  as  the  rightful  owner,  to  these 
lands  na[mely]   Tanakonck  or  the  Sandhook  with  the  lands 
lying  around  there,  as  also  the  land,  which  had  not  yet  been 
bought  all  the  way  from   Ft.   Christina  up  along  the   river, 
especially  Naaman's  Point  to  Mariken's  Point  inclusive,  with 
all  its  dependencies,"  "  and  as  a  sign  [that  the  transaction  was 
legal]  he  gave  two  yards  of  sewant  [to  the  Swedes]  and  fired 
two  muskets."    The  Swedes  reminded  him  that  he  had  also  sold 
these  lands  to  the  D'utch,  but  he  answered  that  he  had  only 
promised  them  to  build  their  houses  and  the  fort  there  for  the 
gifts  they  gave  him,  no  deeds  having  been  made,  and  "  now  he 
retracted  it."     "A  confirmation  of  this  sale  to  the  Swedes" 
was  drawn  up,  which  was  signed  by  "  Peminacka  as  rightful 
owner,"  Johan   Rising,   Johan   Bockhorn  and  Gregorius  van 
Dyck,  on  the  one  side  and  Ahopameck,  Sinques  and  Pinnan  on 
the  other  as  witnesses.^'      Thereupon   Ahopameck   also   pre- 
sented a  tract  of  land  to  the  Swedes,  stretching  "  from  Marikis 
Hook  all  the  way  up  to  half  of  the  Schuylkill,  Tennakonck  and 
other   [lands]   not  mentioned  which  had  been  sold  by  other 
rightful  owners  with  Kingsassingh,   Arunameck,   Mockorhut- 
tingh,  Kokarakungh,  with  all  the  land  and  waters  which  were 
subject  to  it,   Passayungh  excepted   [which  he]    retained   for 
himself."'-     Two  yards  of  sewant  were  presented  to  Rising 
for  confirming  the  purchase  and  two  shots  were  fired.     A  deed 
embodying  both  donations  was  written  in  Swedish,  describing 
the  limits  of  the  two  tracts.     It  was  signed  by  Peminacka  and 
Ahopameck  as  rightful  owners,  and  by  Director  Johan  Rising 
and  Gregorius  van  Dyck,  the  interpreter,  the  whole  ceremony 

"  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXH.,  and  below,  Chap.  XLVII. 
"Rising's  Journal;  "Confirmation,"  July  8,  1654,  N.S.,  I.   (R.A.). 
'" "  The  other  half  [of  the  Schuylkill]  he  said  he  still  wished  to  keep,"  Rising's 
Journal. 


Relations  with  the  Indians.  567 

being  concluded  by  the  discharge  of  two  cannon  at  the  request 
of  the  chiefs. ^^ 

On  the  first  day  of  August  other  Indians  assembled  at  Chris- 
tina, made  speeches,  received  gifts  and  gave  promises  of  friend- 
ship and  good  behavior  towards  the  Swedes,  and  on  the  third 
Jacob  Swensson  was  sent  to  the  White  Minquas'*  with  presents. 
Some  distance  up  the  river  he  was  met  by  the  Sachem  Ondokl- 
asnaky,  who,  in  company  with  other  Indians,  was  on  his  way  to 
Christina.  Some  of  the  savages  returned  to  their  camps  with 
Swensson,  carrying  his  goods,  but  Ondokiasnaky  proceeded  to 
the  Swedish  fort  "where  he  was  well  received,"  renewing  his 
former  alliance  with  the  colony.  Jacob  Swensson  was  very 
successful  on  his  mission.  He  found  the  savages  friendly  and 
well  disposed.  "They  purposed  to  go  to  the  Swedish  fortress 
in  the  autumn  with  gifts  and  to  present  to  the  Swedes  a  piece 
of  land  and  to  keep  a  secure  peace  with  them  and  to  protect 
them  against  all  attack." 

A  few  days  afterwards  a  large  number  of  sachems  and  com- 
mon Indians,  who  lived  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Delaware,'^ 
arrived  at  Christina  and  offered  to  keep  intact  the  old  sales  of 
land.  The  Swedes  promised  to  make  settlements  upon  them  at 
the  first  opportunity  and  to  present  gifts  to  the  Indians.  "At 
this  time  they  received  nothing  except  one  [sachem]  by  the  name 
of  Mister,  who  promised  to  bring  in  all  the  hops  which  grew  on 
his  river."  He  was  given  some  gifts  and  a  bag,  but  he  never 
returned  the  sack  nor  did  he  bring  any  hops  to  the  fort.  It 
seems  that  other  sachems  also  promised  that  they  would  pick 
hops  for  the  Swedes.  Somewhat  later  Ahopameck  again  pre- 
sented himself  at  the  fort,  "  made  great  promises  of  faithfulness 
towards  the  Swedes  and  of  trade  and  demanded  gifts,  which 
were  given  to  him. 

As  the  fall  was  advancing,  the  usual  commercial  relations 

"See  facsimiles;  Rising's  Journal,  July  9;  Rising's  Report,  1654.  The  deeds 
are  dated  July  8,  but  Rising  has  "  Sunday,  July  9  "  in  his  Journal.  The  docu- 
ments were  sent  to  Sweden  on  the  Orn. 

"The  Susquehannas.     Cf.   above,  Chap.  XXI. 

"  "  The  Manteser." 


V 

568   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

with  the  Indians  were  renewed.  The  sloops  were  mended  and 
put  into  repair  for  trading  voyages  and  towards  the  end  of 
August  a  boat  was  sent  up  the  river  to  fetch  the  hops  that  had 
been  promised,  but  it  returned  "with  only  a  little,"  the  gifts 
presented  to  the  Indians  being  of  much  higher  value  than  the 
hops.  Two  boats  were  also  sent  up  the  river  about  this  time  to 
purchase  maize,  but  one  soon  returned  from  Passyunk,  bring- 
ing only  a  small  quantity,  as  the  Indians  had  been  very  un- 
friendly. Jacob  Svensson  who  was  in  command  of  the  large 
sloop  was  more  successful,  and  on  September  27  he  returned  with 
a  cargo  of  400  bushels  of  corn.  About  the  beginning  of  October 
Ahopameck  for  the  third  time  came  to  Christina  to  establish  trade- 
relations  with  the  Swedes.  He  remained  for  two  days,  insisting 
that  a  large  quantity  of  maize  could  be  bought  from  his  people. 
Accordingly  two  sloops  were  sent  up  to  Passyunk  and  in  about 
four  days  they  returned  with  960  bushels  of  maize,  20  bushels  of 
beans,  besides  20  bushels  of  maize  presented  to  Rising  as  a  gift 
from  the  sachem  and  a  few  deer-skins.  Jacob  Swensson  was  as 
usual  the  most  successful,  his  sloop  bringing  in  nine-tenths  of 
the  whole  cargo,  but  he  became  ill  on  the  journey  so  that  he  had 
to  go  ashore  at  Tinicum.  Swensson  was  ill  at  various  times 
during  1654,  but,  although  in  poor  health,  he  was  often  sent  on 
missions  of  trade.  He  recovered  speedily  from  his  last  indispo- 
sition and  in  December  we  find  him  buying  deer-meat  from  the 
savages  at  Appoquenema,  "  for  frieze,  powder  and  lead."^" 

But  although  Rising  allowed  the  savages  "to  pass  freely  in 
and  out"^"  and  treated  them  with  kindness  and  forbearance, 
a  certain  tribe  became  restless  in  the  winter  of  1655  and  "killed 
a  woman  not  far  from  Fort  Christina  .  .  .  and  stole  what 
they  could  get  hold  of.  Later  they  promised  that  they  would 
make  it  good,  but  gave  no  more  than  ten  yards  of  sevant  as 
indemnity."^* 

"Rising's  Journal,  June  6,  i6,  17,  18,  July  9,  August  i,  3,  4,  11,  17,  23, 
September  2,  4,  9,  16,  24,  27,  October  2,  8,  12,  14,  December  3,  1654. 

"When  Ringold  was  in  New  Sweden  in  June,  1654,  he  warned  the  Swedes 
not  to  allow  the  Indians  so  much  liberty  in  coming  and  going,  "  because  they 
were  murderous  men."      Rising's  Journal,  June  6,  1654   (Up.  B.). 

^^ Report,  June  14,  1655;  Rising's  Journal. 


Relations  with  the  Indians.  569 

The  Minquas  remained  friendly,  however,  and  called  them- 
selves "  the  protectors  of  the  Swedes."  For  a  long  time  Rising 
was  desirous  of  buying  a  large  tract  of  land  from  them,  border- 
ing on  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  Thomas  RIngold  advised  him  to 
do  it  in  the  summer  of  1654  and  suggested  that  the  Swedes 
"  should  build  a  fortress  at  Chakakitque  for  the  purpose  of  trad- 
ing with  those  from  Severn,  Kent  and  the  whole  of  Virginia."" 
The  English  also  desired  to  buy  this  land,  but  Jacob  Svensson 
finally  succeeded  in  bringing  about  an  understanding  with  the 
Indians,  and  June  6  "four  sachems  from  the  Minquesser"^" 
came  with  him  to  Christina,  who  let  it  be  understood  that  they 
had  important  things  to  present  from  their  entire  council. 
They  remained  in  the  fort  over  night  and  on  the  following  day 
a  conference  was  held  of  which  Rising  gives  the  following 
account: 

"On  the  7th  of  this  month-'  they^-  with  a  long  oration,  on 
behalf  of  the  joint  council  of  the  Minquesser  and  of  their  united 
nations,  presented  to  us  Swedes  all  the  land  which  is  located  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Virginia  River  (called  Elk  River  in  Eng- 
lish), all  [the  way]  from  the  beginning  of  Chakakitque  Falls 
unto  the  end  of  Amisackan  Falls;  a  land^^*  ...  of  choice  soil 
and  endowed  with  beautiful  fresh  rivers,  so  that  many  thousand 
families,  who  might  be  settled  there,  can  find  their  nourishment. 
And  they  gave  us  this  with  special  ceremonies  for  an  everlast- 
ing possession,  the  land  with  everything  that  might  be  upon  it, 
woods,  the  ground,  birds  and  animals,  soil  and  everything  that 
might  be  in  it  and  could  be  found  useful,  the  water  and  every- 
thing therein  of  fish,  birds  and  animals  (of  which  they  enumer- 
ated a  large  number  and  designated  with  particular  signs). 
[They]  also  promised  that,  whenever  we  would  send  our  people 
there  to  settle  said  land,  they  would  supply  all  the  Swedish 
people  with  venison  and  maize  for  a  year  without  any  remu- 

"  Rising's  Journal,  June  6,   1654;   Report,  July  13,   1654.     Cf.  Chap.  XLVI., 
note  I. 

™  Minquas;  that  is  the  White  Minquas  or  the  Susquehannas  (Susquehannock). 

^June. 

^  The  four  chiefs. 

^■"  About  22  Dutch  miles  in  length  and  12  [Dutch]  miles  in  breadth." 


570   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

neration,  on  the  condition  that  they  could  buy  there  from  us 
cloth,  guns  and  other  merchandise,  which  they  now  purchase 
from  the  Hollanders  and  English  and  that  we  would  settle 
blacksmiths  and  tanners  there,  who  could  make  their  guns  and 
other  things  for  good  pay.  As  a  sign  that  this  donation  would 
be  legal  they  presented  some  beavers  and  then  they  caused  their 
guns  to  be  discharged,  upon  which  they  were  answered  by  a 
Swedish  salute  from  two  cannon.  Thereupon  a  deed  was  made, 
which  they  signed  with  their  marks,  namely  Chakcorietchiaque , 
who  was  sent  by  the  Tehaque  and  Skonedidehaga  nation; 
Svanahandaz,'^^  sent  by  the  true  Minqueser;  JVaskandquaz 
[sent]  by  the  lower  quarter  of  the  Minques;  Sahagoliwatquaz, 
sent  by  the  Serosquacke  [tribe]  .  .  .  And  Mr.  Richard  Lord, 
who  was  there  with  us,  was  greatly  astonished  on  account  of 
the  liberality  and  the  speeches  of  these  Minqueser,  for  they 
presented  to  us  the  lands,  which  the  English  desired  to  have 
long  ago  .  .  .  [But]  we,  [who  are]  mentioned  below  also 
signed  this  letter  of  donation,  Johannes  Rising,  Hend[rick] 
Elswick,  Jacob  Svensson,  Sven  Hook,  the  ship-lieutenant,  Sven 
Hansson,  the  ensign.^*  When  all  this  was  completed,  these 
Minquese  Sachems  took  us  all  by  the  hand  and  Svanahdnddz, 
who  had  been  spokesman,  took  me-^  by  the  hand  and  led  me 
forward  on  the  floor  and  said,  '  as  I  now  lead  you  by  the  hand 
thus  we  will  bring  your  people  into  the  country  and  [we]  will 
sustain  you  there  and  defend  you  against  Indians  and  against 
Christian  enemies.  Thereupon  we  confirmed  this  donation  with 
our  gifts.' "-"  By  this  purchase  the  territory  of  New  Sweden 
was  increased  westward.     It  now  included  the  present  state  of 

^  "  Svanahandaz  "   (Swedish  word  "  Svanhiinder  "?),  swanhands? 

"*This  purchase  is  not  mentioned  by  former  writers. 

™That  is  Rising. 

=°Rising's  Journal,  1655  (Up.  B.)  ;  Report,  June  14,  1655,  N.S.,  L  (K.A.). 
The  dates  in  Rising's  Journal  at  this  point  are  confused.  The  account  follows 
three  entries  of  July  i,  7  and  17,  and  the  coming  of  the  Indians  is  recorded  as 
follows:  "Den  6  hujus,"  etc.,  making  it  appear  that  the  events  took  place  on 
August  6  and  7 ;  but  from  the  Report,  dated  June  14,  and  from  the  fact  that 
Lord  was  present  at  Christina  it  is  clear  that  the  sale  took  place  in  June.  In 
the  margin  of  the  mss.  is  also  "  d.  6  Junij  "  opposite  the  entry  for  "  Den  6  hujus," 
but  this  might  easily  have  been  a  mistake  for  August  6,  1655. 


Relations  with  the  Indians.  571 

Delaware,  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and  Maryland, 
bordering  on  two  great  bays,  with  splendid  possibilities  for  de- 
veloping trade  and  shipping  and,  if  sufficient  resources  had  been 
at  hand,  Rising  would  have  laid  the  foundation  for  a  strong 
settlement  and  a  prosperous  colony  with  means  to  oppose  the 
attaclcs  of  the  neighbors.  As  it  was  the  donation  proved  useless. 
Some  former  landgrants  were  also  confirmed  in  1655,  among 
others,  the  title  to  the  Island  Mekekanckon  and  the  Oytsesing 
land  at  Elfsborg.  The  relations  with  the  savages  continued  to 
be  friendly  during  the  summer  and  autumn  and  it  was  said  that 
they  attacked  the  Dutch  at  Manhattan  to  avenge  the  expedition 
against  New  Sweden.-^ 

"Rising's  Journal;  Geogr.     Cf.  Doc.  I. 


CHAPTER    XLVI. 

Relations  with  the  English,  1654-1655. 

When  Johan  Olofsson  and  Constantin  Gronberg  went  to 
Virginia  shortly  after  Rising's  arrival  to  secure  a  cargo  for  the 
t)rn,  letters  were  sent  with  them  "  to  Governor  Bennet  and  the 
magistrates  in  upper  Virginia  or  Severn^  informing  them  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Swedish  ship  and  offering  friendship  and  neigh- 
borhood." The  governor  and  magistrates  in  Severn  received 
the  friendly  offers  with  much  pleasure  and  sent  a  commissioner, 
Thomas  Ringold,  to  Christina,  who  on  behalf  of  his  superiors 
likewise  offered  neighborly  friendship.  The  efforts  of  Rising 
to  bring  back  some  deserters^  gave  rise  to  further  correspon- 
dence and  towards  the  middle  of 'June  Commander  Lloyd,^ 
Commissioner  March*  and  "Utie,  the  stepson  of  Governor 
Bennet,"  were  sent  to  New  Sweden  to  confer  with  Rising  about 
the  boundary.  On  June  18  Lloyd,  on  behalf  of  the  commission, 
presented  the  English  rights  to  the  river.  The  stock-arguments, 
original  discovery  and  King  James's  grant  to  Lord  Baltimore,'*" 

'  Severn,  a  small  river  in  Maryland,  running  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  passing 
Annapolis  on  the  north  (Thompson,  The  Geogr.  Die,  IV.  419)  ;  also  a  settlement 
by  that  name  on  the  river.  Cf.  Doc,  II.  90-91.  By  "  Upper  Virginia  or  Severn," 
Rising  means  Maryland. 

'  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XLI. 

°  Edward  Lloyd  of  Providence,  Maryland. 

'Probably  John  Marshall. 

'"  The  right  of  a  nation  to  new  lands  has  been  much  written  about.  The 
principles  laid  down  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  her  famous  answer  to  Mendoza 
that  the  Spaniards  had  no  right  "  to  any  places  other  than  those  they  were  in 
actual  possession  of"  (in  other  words  that  discovery  alone  did  not  give  a  valid 
title  to  any  territory,  except  it  be  'actually  settled  and  continually  inhabited') 
were  not  always  adhered  to  by  the  English.  Judged  by  the  Law  of  Nations  as 
interpreted  by  the  ablest  jurists  of  modern  times  the  Swedes  had  a  perfect  right 
to  occupy  and  settle  the  west  bank  of  the  Delaware  (opinions  to  the  contrary  have 
been  expressed  by  judges  who  had  an  insufficient  knowledge  of  the  historical 
facts  involved  in  the  case ;  see  references  to  such  opinions  given  in  Penn,  Mag., 
XXXIII.  2-3).  Bluntschli  says  that  "a  State  does  not  .  .  .  violate  International 
Law  in  seizing  a  country  of  which  another  State  only  took  formal  possession   at 

572 


Relations  with  the  English.  573 

were  as  usual  brought  forth.^  Rising  replied  that  "  King 
James's  donation  .  .  .  was  like  the  donation''  given  by  the 
Pope  in  Rome  to  the  Kings  of  Castilien^  and  of  Portugal,  the 
Pope  giving  what  he  did  not  own  nor  was  able  to  give,"  and,  as 
to  the  discovery  of  the  country,  the  English  had  no  claim,  for 
"  the  Spaniards  first  discovered  it."  The  principles  recognized  as 
deciding  the  right  and  title  of  territorial  acquisition,  said  Rising, 
were,  (i)  "Possession  by  conquest  or  the  occupation  of  de- 
serted and  desolate  land;  (2)  by  donation  from  the  rightful 
owners  or  from  those  who  could  properly  give  it;  (3)  by  pur- 
chase from  the  rightful  owner;  (4)  by  continuous  possession 
and  occupation."  All  these  requirements  were  complied  with 
by  the  Swedes;  they  had  bought  the  land  from  the  owners  or 
received  it  as  a  donation  from  them  and  they  had  occupied  it 
continually,  hence  they  had  the  legal  title.^  "To  this,"  says 
Rising,  "  Mr.  Lloyd  answered  not  a  word."  Before  the  Eng- 
lish commission  took  its  departure,  "  all  neighborly  friendship 
was  promised  "  to  the  Swedes  and  the  relations  with  the  English 
colonies  on  the  south  remained  cordial. 

Rising  also  endeavored  to  establish  friendly  correspondence 
with  the  New  England  settlements  and,  when  Jacob  Svensson 
sailed  for  Hartford  in  June,  he  carried  "  letters  to  the  governor 
and  magistrates  in  that  district,  as  well  as  to  the  former  gover- 
nor-general, Endicott."*    The  letters  were  answered  soon  after 

an  earlier  period,"  and  Vattel  says  that  "  the  law  of  nations  will,  therefore,  not 
acknowledge  the  property  and  sovereignty  of  a  nation  over  any  uninhabited 
countries,  except  those  of  which  it  has  really  taken  actual  possession,  in  which  // 
has  formed  settlements,  or  of  ivhich  it  makes  actual  use,"  while  another  noted 
jurist  states  that  "  the  limits  of  the  occupation  are  determined  by  the  material 
possibility  to  cause  to  be  respected  the  authority  of  the  government  throughout 
the  extent  of  the  occupied  territory."  Cf.  a  good  article  by  T.  W.  Balch  in  The 
Am.  Journal  of  Intern.  Laiv,  April,  1910,  on  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Regions  and 
the  Lain  of  Nations,  where  extracts  from  noted  jurists  are  given. 

"  Lloyd  also  related  that  Sir  Edmund  Plowden  endeavored  to  secure  a  grant 
of  the  country  and  take  possession  of  it,  but  he  was  hindered  by  the  English. 
Journal,  June  18,  1654. 

'Cf.  Papal  Bull,  pub.  by  Hart,  Am.  Hist.  Told  by  Cant.,  I.  40-43. 

'  Castile. 

'Rising's  Journal,  May  24,  27,  June  6,  7,  18,  19,  1654  (Up.  B.). 

'  John  Endicott,  chosen  governor  in  1644.  Cf.  Winthrop,  II.  169  ff.  (Jameson, 
Orig.  Nar.). 


574  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

their  delivery  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  general  court  in  July 
it  was  ordered  (July  5)  that  a  letter  should  be  "sent  to  the 
Swedes  at  Delaware  Bay,  informing  them  of  the  property, 
which  some  in  this  colony  have  to  large  tracts  of  land  on  both 
sides  of  Delaware  Bay  and  River  and  desiring  a  neighborly 
correspondency  with  them  both  in  trading  and  planting  there 
and  an  answer  hereof.""  The  letter,  written  on  July  6,  em- 
bodied the  above  sentiments  and  as  news  of  Whitelocke's  em- 
bassy had  reached  New  England,  Governor  Eaton  looked  for  a 
closer  union  between  the  two  nations  both  here  and  in  Europe. 
He  complained  against  Printz  "  that  he  did  .  .  .  too  much 
comply  with  the  former  Dutch  governor,"  and  he  closed  the 
letter  with  the  hope  that  "  we  .  .  .  may  open  and  settle  a  free 
trade  betwixt  yourself  and  us."^'  "Henry  Rutherford,  master 
of  the  pinnace  called  the  Swallow,"  brought  the  letter  to  New 
Sweden,  where  he  arrived  on  July  22.  Rising  made  immediate 
arrangements  for  refuting  the  English  claims.  The  council  and 
"  the  oldest  [settlers]  in  the  country  were  called  together  "  the 
same  day  for  the  purpose  of  replying  to  Governor  Eaton's 
letter.  Copies  of  the  Indian  donations  of  land  were  made  and 
"  an  attestation,  signed  by  the  oldest  [colonists  was  drafted,, 
stating]  that  the  English  held  no  tract  of  land  in  the  river  by 
proper  purchase."^^ 

These  documents  were  sent  to  the  English  governor,  who 
presented  them  at  the  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  at  Hartford  in  September.  After  some  con- 
sultation the  commissioners  drafted  an  answer  to  Director  Ris- 
ing's statements,  "which  appeared  a  little  strange  to  them." 
They  again  affirmed  that  the  New  Haven  people  had  a  just 
claim  to  certain  lands  on  the  Delaware  and  they  hoped  that 
'the  friendship  and  good  accord  in  Europe  betwixt  England 
and  Sweden  would  have  a  powerful  influence  upon  Rising's 
spirits  and  carriages  in  these  parts  of  America.'     Several  per- 

"M  H.  Col.Rec,  II.  H2. 

"Copy  of  Governor  Eaton's  letter,  July  6,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"Rising's  Journal,  July  22,  1654;  "Attestation,"  etc.,  1654,  N.S.,  I.   (R.A.). 


Relations  with  the  English.  575 

sons  also  spoke  privately  with  Governor  Eaton   "  about  the 
settling  of  the  South  River,"  but  nothing  came  out  of  it.'* 

At  the  general  court  for  the  town  of  New  Haven,  November 
2,  1654,  Governor  Eaton  read  "the  letters  made  in  the  case" 
and  informed  the  court  of  the  interest  in  the  Delaware  Bay, 
shown  by  some  people  at  the  Hartford  Convention.  The  town 
was  desirous  to  see  how  a  settlement  could  be  made,  but  it  was 
said  that  "  scarse  any  [settlers]  .  .  .  manifested  their  willing- 
ness to  go  at  present  to  the  Delaware."  "After  much  debate 
about  It  .  .  .a  committee  was  chosen,  viz.,  Robert  Seely,  Wil- 
liam Davis,  Thomas  Munson  and  Thomas  Jeffery,"  who  were 
to  report  at  a  subsequent  meeting.  These  gentlemen  were  to 
"treat  with  those  of  New  Haven,  who  have  purchased  those 
lands  "  and  to  find  out  "  what  consideration  they  expected  for 
them."  All  persons  willing  to  go  to  the  Bay  should  also  consult 
them.  The  committee  at  once  set  about  to  find  out  who  were 
Interested  in  the  matter  and  "spoke  with  sundry  persons  In 
town,"  but  the  result  did  "  not  answer  the  expectations."  Ac- 
cordingly they  called  "a  meeting  of  the  brethern  and  neigh- 
bors "  to  discuss  the  project  and  It  was  now  said  that  the  people 
"  for  the  most  part  .  .  .  were  willing  to  help  forward  the 
work,  some  in  person,  others  in  estate  so  that  the  work  might  be 
carried  on  and  foundation  laid  according  to  God."  The  meet- 
ing also  expressed  a  desire  that  the  "  governor  and  one  of  the 
magistrates  with  one  or  both  of  the  elders  might  by  their  per- 
sons "  encourage  the  project.  Later  a  church  meeting  was 
called  before  which  the  above  propositions  were  laid.  The 
elders  were  willing  to  further  the  work  and  they  were  pleased 
to  see  that  it  was  begun,  but  Jr.  Davenport,  who  had  been 
asked  to  go  to  the  Delaware,  could  not  engage  in  it  in  person 
on  account  of  his  111  health,  nor  W.  Hooke  "because  his  wife 
was  gone  for  England."  "The  governor  gave  no  positive 
answer,  but  said  it  was  worthy  of  consideration."  People  from 
other  plantations  also  expressed  their  willingness  to  engage  in 
the  enterprise,  "the  rather  If  it  be  begun  by  New  Haven  and 

"  Plym.  Col.  Rec,  Acts,  II.  127  ff. 


576  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

foundations  laid  as  there  and  government  so  carried  on,  think- 
ing it  will  be  for  the  good  of  them  and  their  posterity."  A  new 
company  was  organized  and  it  seems  that  about  fifty  persons 
joined  the  same.  The  committee  which  had  been  appointed  for 
the  management  of  the  company  treated  with  the  proprietors 
"  about  the  purchase  of  the  land,"  who  declared  that  they  were 
"out  about  six  hundred  pounds,  but  were  willing  to  take  half 
of  this  sum,  to  be  paid  in  four  years."  A  report  of  the  above 
transactions  and  the  progress  that  had  been  made  was  presented 
by  the  committee  at  the  meeting  of  the  Court  in  New  Haven 
on  November  27.  The  matter  was  further  discussed  and  the 
two  magistrates,  Samuel  Eaton  and  Francis  Newman,  were 
requested  to  take  charge  of  the  expedition  that  was  to  be  sent 
and  to  "go  with  the  company."  Taking  the  business  into  con- 
sideration they  signified  their  conditional  assent  at  the  court  of 
December  11. 

A  second  letter  seems  also  to  have  been  written  to  Governor 
Rising  in  the  autumn,  which  was  handed  to  Allerton  for  deliv- 
ery at  the  South  River.  Allerton's  intention  was  to  give  it  to 
Elswick  at  New  Amsterdam  with  a  request  that  it  be  delivered 
to  the  Swedish  director,  but  Elswick  had  left  Manhattan  when 
Allerton  arrived  and  the  letter  did  not  reach  New  Sweden  be- 
fore the  spring  of  1655.^* 

It  seems  that  John  Cooper  and  Thomas  Munson  were  ap- 
pointed to  bring  the  Delaware  settlement  before  the  general 
court  for  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Haven  which  was  to  be 
held  in  the  beginning  of  1655.  Presenting  a  petition  to  the 
court  on  January  30,  1655  (English  style  January  30,  1654), 
in  which  were  repeated  the  former  reasons  for  the  settlement  on 
the  river,  they  laid  six  propositions  before  the  councillors;  first, 
that  Eaton  and  Newman  be  allowed  to  go  in  person  to  inspect 
the  country  and  that  their  expenses  be  paid  if  they  feel  disin- 
clined "  to  lay  out  so  much  of  their  estate  " ;  secondly,  that  the 
proposed  settlement  be  made  under  the  protection  of  the  New 

"  Rising's  Journal;  Elswick's  Journal,  N.S.,  II.   (R.A.)  ;  N.  H.  Col.  Rec,  I. 

128  ff. 


Relations  with  the  English.  577 

Haven  Jurisdiction  "  till  .  .  .  they  may  be  able  of  themselves 
to  set  up  a  Com[m]onwealth  according  to  the  fundamentals 
for  [the]  gover[n]m[en]t  laid  at  New  Haven";  thirdly,  that 
the  court  be  asked  to  state  how  many  it  thought  would  be  a 
"competent  number"  to  carry  the  work  to  success;  fourthly, 
"  that  two  great  guns  and  powder  and  what  belongs  to  them 
might  be  granted";  fifthly,  that  those  who  go  to  make  plan- 
tations "may  be  freed  from  rates  and  public  charges"  on  the 
property  left  behind;  sixthly,  "that  a  sum  of  money  may  be 
raised,  which  may  be  employed,  either  to  buy  a  small  vessel  that 
may  attend  the  service  or  otherwise,  as  shall  be  thought  meet."^' 

The  subject  was  taken  up  by  the  court  the  same  day.  Liberty 
was  granted  to  the  two  magistrates  to  accompany  the  colonists 
and  it  was  decided  that  the  question  of  raising  money  for  the 
settlement  should  be  presented  to  the  different  plantations, 
whose  answer  would  be  reported  "  with  all  convenient  speed." 
The  government  of  the  district  was  to  be  controlled  either  by 
the  New  Haven  colony  or  by  the  planters  themselves,  "  pro- 
vided," adds  the  court  records,  "  that  it  be  and  remain  a  part 
or  member  of  this  jurisdiction."  If  the  plantation  should  in- 
crease and  become  as  large  or  larger  than  that  at  New  Haven, 
the  governor  should  reside  "  one  year  in  one  part  and  the  next 
year  in  the  other,  the  deputy-governor  to  be  in  that  part,  where 
the  governor  is  not,"  and  the  "  courts  for  making  laws  "  should 
sit  but  once  a  year,  in  that  district  where  the  governor  lived. 
"  If,"  say  the  records,  "  God  much  increase  [the]  plantations  in 
Delaware  and  diminish  them  in  these  parts,  then  possibly  they 
may  see  cause  that  the  governor  may  be  constantly  there  and  the 
deputy-governor  here." 

It  seems  that  John  Cooper  was  sent  by  the  company  to  ascer- 
tain the  views  of  the  other  plantations  on  the  subject.  He  re- 
turned towards  the  middle  of  March  and  reported  his  success 
"  at  a  General  Court  for  New  Haven,  sixteenth  day  of  March, 
1655,"  called  for  the  purpose  of  letting  "  them  understand  how 

"See  A'.  //.  Col.  Rec,  I.  129-130. 


578   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

things  are  .  .  .  concerning  the  Delaware."'®  He  found  little 
encouragement,  "few  being  willing  to  engage  in  [the  ven- 
ture]," besides  a  report  that  "three  ships  being  come  to  the 
Swedes"  made  the  business  more  difficult,  yet  "after  much 
debate  about  it,  it  was  voted  by  the  town  .  .  .  that  they  will 
be  at  twenty  or  thirty  pounds  charge,  that  Mr.  Goodyear,  Ser- 
geant Jeffery  and  such  others  as  they  think  fit  to  take  with  them, 
may  go  to  [the]  Delaware  and  carry  the  commonwealth's  letter 
and  treat  with  the  Swedes  about  a  peaceable  settlement  of  the 
English  upon  their  own  right  and  then,  after  harvest  if  things 
be  cleared,  [the]  company  may  resort  thither  for  the  planting 
of  it."i^ 

About  the  beginning  of  April,  another  "  General  Court  for 
New  Haven  "  was  called  for  further  considering  the  contemplated 
settlements  at  Delaware  Bay.  The  secretary  of  the  Delaware 
Company  presented  a  note  to  the  court,  stating  several  objec- 
tions to  the  proposed  jurisdiction  of  the  new  plantation,  but 
"  the  business  proceeded  and  diverse  declared  themselves  will- 
ing to  further  it."  As  many  were  willing  to  go,  the  town 
"  agreed  to  lend  the  company  .  .  .  two  small  guns "  besides 
shot  and  powder  and  the  property  of  those  emigrating  was  to 
be  partly  exempt  from  taxes  for  a  period  of  two  years  and  a 
half.i* 

Shortly  afterwards  Vice-Govemor  Goodyear  was  sent  to 
treat  with  the  Swedes.  He  landed  at  New  Amsterdam  on 
his  way  where  he  met  Elswick,  who  was  in  the  town  to  buy 
goods  for  the  Swedish  colony.  Rumors  were  afloat  that  the 
New  Haven  people  were  about  to  send  3,400  men  into  the 

"  Hazard's  view  that  Cooper  came  from  the  Delaware  Bay  is  probably  incor- 
rect. Rising  makes  no  mention  of  Cooper  and  no  English  vessel  arrived  in 
the  South  River  between  February  lo  and  March  15  or  20,  at  least  Rising  makes 
no  mention  of  one.  "  Now  John  Cooper  is  returned "  proves  nothing,  as  he 
might  have  returned  from  the  other  plantations,  but  the  phrase  "  notwithstanding 
the  discouragements  from  the  bay  "  seems  to  point  to  the  fact  that  Cooper  had 
been  there.  It  may,  however,  refer  to  the  report  about  the  three  ships  said  to 
have  arrived  from  Sweden.  Cooper  might  possibly  have  been  as  far  as  New 
Amsterdam. 

"A^.  H.  Cot.  Rec,  I.  130  ff. 

"N.  H.  Col.  Rec,  I.  131-2;  Hazard,  p.  171  ff. 


Relations  with  the  English.  579 

South  River,  and  Elswick  naturally  felt  some  concern  about  the 
situation.  On  the  day  of  Goodyear's  arrival  (April  28)  Els- 
wick had  a  private  conversation  with  Allerton,  who,  having 
large  bills  to  collect  from  the  Swedes,  was  rather  friendly 
towards  them,  and  did  not  wish  to  sec  them  disturbed  in  their 
possessions." 

At  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  April  29  Vice-Governor 
Goodyear  visited  Elswick  with  Allerton  as  interpreter.  The 
usual  claims  of  the  English  were  made  to  which  Elswick  replied 
that  these  ought  to  be  presented  to  Director  Rising  or  to  the 
government  at  Stockholm  and  in  a  friendly  manner,  especially 
since  a  treaty  had  been  made  between  England  and  Sweden. 
Goodyear,  being  somewhat  angered  by  the  way  Elswick  ad- 
dressed him,  was  even  less  satisfied  at  a  second  conference  on 
the  following  day,  which  took  place  in  Allerton's  house  (seven 
A.M.),  when  the  same  questions  were  discussed,  "Elswick  ex- 
plaining certain  things  more  at  length."  Goodyear  was  of  the 
opinion  that  the  Swedish  settlement  was  the  work  of  private 
parties  and  that  it  did  not  concern  the  Swedish  Crown,  but 
Allerton  testified  that  he  had  seen  the  commission  of  Governor 
Printz  with  the  seal  and  signature  of  Her  Royal  Majesty  of 
Sweden  and  he  assured  him  that  the  present  governor  likewise 
had  royal  commission.*"^'  VVe  may  assume  that  Vice-Governor 
Goodyear  reported  these  circumstances  to  the  New  Haven 
people  interested  in  the  Delaware,  for  they  made  no  further 
attempts  at  settlements  there,  while  the  Swedes  were  in  power. 

When  Elswick  made  his  report  of  the  occurrences  and  deliv- 
ered the  letter  from  Governor  Eaton,  Rising  found  that  the 
demands  and  protests  had  been  so  completely  answered  at  New 
Amsterdam  that  he  did  not  think  it  worth  while  to  make  further 
reply.  Director  Rising  was  somewhat  at  a  disadvantage  in 
these  disputes.  Printz  had  carried  most  of  the  original  deeds, 
court  records  and  other  documents  to  Sweden,  in  some  cases, 

"Elswick's  Journal,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  cf.  above,  Chaps.  XXXII.,  XLII. 
°°  Fragment  of  a  journal,  kept  by  Elswick  on  his  journey  to  New  Amsterdam 
in  April-May,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  Rising's  Report,  June,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R..^.)- 


58o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

however,  leaving  copies  behind.  Rising,  properly  thinking  that 
these  records  ought  to  be  in  the  colony,  requested  the  govern- 
ment to  return  them.  It  is  probable  that  this  was  done  on  the 
Mercurius  and  to  this  may  be  due  the  fact  that  so  many  original 
papers  from  the  time  of  Governor  Printz  were  lost.^^  Director 
Rising  also  requested  his  government  to  try  to  effect  some  settle- 
ment between  the  two  nations  in  Europe  of  the  territorial  dis- 
putes here,  but  other  events  frustrated  these  plans. 

"^  See  Rising's  letters  and  reports  from  the  colony,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.,  K.A.),  Ox. 
Saml,  Skokl.  Saml. 


Gov.  Peter  Stiivvesaiil. 


CHAPTER    XLVII. 

Relations  with  the  Dutch  and  the  Overthrow  of  New 
Sweden,  1654-1655. 

I. 

As  we  have  already  seen  the  outlook  for  friendly  and  neigh- 
borly relations  with  the  adjoining  colonies  was  very  good  in 
1654.  New  Haven  merchants  indeed  made  new  plans  for 
settlements  on  the  Delaware  and  the  English  on  the  south 
presented  claims  to  the  river,  but  there  was  no  danger  from 
that  source,  nor  was  there  any  immediate  danger  from  the 
Dutch  at  this  time.*  The  policy  of  the  Swedish  government 
was  always  a  peaceful  one  in  regard  to  its  colony  on  the  Dela- 
ware. In  the  memorial  issued  for  Printz  and  Rising  it  is  ex- 
pressly stated  that  both  sides  of  the  river  ought  to  be  secured 
for  Her  Royal  Majesty,  yet  without  hostility.  Concerning 
Fort  Casimir  the  following  instructions  were  given:  "If  the 
Dutch  could  not  be  removed  by  argument  and  grave  remon- 
strances and  everything  else  which  can  be  done  without  danger 
and  hostility,  then  ...  [it  would  be]  better  in  terminis  pro- 
testandi  to  tolerate  the  Dutch  there,  than  that  the  same  fort 
should  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  English  as  the  strongest  and 
consequently  the  most  dangerous "  and  to  erect  a  Swedish 
stronghold  below  the  Dutch  fort  which  would  control  the  river 
and  make  the  latter  useless,  "since  a  hostile  attack  is  not  com- 
patible with  the  weak  power  of  the  Swedes  in  that  place. "- 
These  instructions  seem  clear  enough.  They  would  have  been 
followed  by  a  trained  military  man  and  friction  avoided.  Printz 
would  have  handled  the  situation  and  it  is  more  than  likely  that 
the  colony  would  have   remained  under  Swedish  jurisdiction 

'  Cf.  above,  Chaps.  XXXVII.,  XLI. 

^"Memorial,"  December  i2,  1653,  §4,  "  effter  een  fiendtligh  antastning  icke 
ar  medh  de  Swanskes  ringe  macht  pa  den  orthen  compatibel." 

581 


S82   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

some  years  longer,  had  he  been  in  command,  when  the  Orn 
sailed  up  the  South  River.  Rising  knew  little  of  the  art  of  war, 
he  had  no  knowledge  of  the  strength  of  the  Dutch  nor  of  the 
restless  energy  of  the  old  veteran,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  and  he  was 
not  acquainted  with  the  condition  of  the  colony  he  was  sent  to 
aid.  As  he  anchored  before  Fort  Elfsborg  on  May  20  the  out- 
look was  gloomy;  the  fort  was  deserted  and  in  ruins.  If  the 
other  Swedish  forts  were  in  similar  condition  he  knew  not  and 
it  would  have  been  better  for  the  colony,  had  he  remained  in 
ignorance  until  he  came  to  Christina.  But  such  was  not  to  be 
the  case.  When  the  commander  of  Fort  Casimir  observed  the 
Orn,  riding  at  anchor  before  Elfsborg,  he  hoisted  the  Prince's 
flag  and  sent  Andrian  van  Tienhoven  with  four  freemen  on 
board  the  ship  "to  ascertain  whence  she  came."  They  re- 
mained on  the  ship  over  night,  "being  well  treated,"  and  from 
these  Rising  learned  the  condition  of  the  Swedish  colony  and 
the  weakness  of  the  Dutch  fort.  He  told  them  that  he  would 
demand  the  surrender  of  Fort  Casimir,  which  had  been  placed 
on  land  belonging  to  the  Crown  of  Sweden,  while  they  in  turn 
assured  him  "  that  they  cared  not  who  possessed  the  fort,  as 
long  as  they  were  allowed  to  dwell  there  safely  and  freely."^ 

As  the  wind  was  favorable  the  following  morning.  Rising 
made  preparations  to  proceed.  At  a  council,  which  was  held  on 
board  it  was  decided  that  they  "should  try  at  this  opportunity 
[to  gain  possession  of  Fort  Casimir]  yet  without  force  and  hos- 
tility, but  with  proper  remonstrances  ...  of  [their]  rights." 
About  eleven  o'clock  the  ship  arrived  before  the  fort,  giving  the 
Swedish  salute,  which  was  not  answered  by  the  Dutch  cannon, 
for  they  had  no  powder,  whereupon  Rising  sent  Captain  Sven 

" "  In  the  evening  of  the  same  day  [May  20]  four  Hollandish  freemen  from 
Sandhoock,  where  the  Hollander's  Fort  Casimir  was  placed,  came  on  board  to  us. 
We  received  them  well  and  told  them  .  .  .  that  we  wished  indeed  to  demand  the 
surrender  of  Fort  Casimir.  .  .  .  With  this  [information]  the  said  Hollanders 
remained  on  the  ship  over  night  and  were  well  pleased  with  it."  Rising's  Journal, 
May  20,  1654. 


{JCI 


r. 


Jh^iSS. 


Ma/acnxt.  m^  "ycrtificcrAtm.  -j-. 
\.^ ^ * 


■'•  -""^  ■■ '         ' ■■■■"  "I         i'.H,f:iiii[i     "     ■,..ii;;'mT  iTttttttttt*         tT'  .i./rrf 


(-■    ^tJ6-+8  (^o   iz.    J?f  9^  1.53  .';o    I 


"  Tree  Falldigheets  Fort  in  Nova  Svecia,  som  ilet  af  ingenieuren  HerrPehr  I.indhestrom  Anno  1654  och  1655  ar 
munierat  ocli  Fortificirat."  {Fort  Trefaldiglieet  (Trinity)  in  New  Sweden,  as  it  was  mounted  and  fortified  in 
the  years  1654  and  1655  by  the  engineer  Pehr  Lindestrtim.)  From  the  original  sketch  in  Lindestrom's  Ceogr. 
"  A  block-house  was  built  [at  Fort  Trefaldighet]  facingthe  river." — Rising.  Perhaps  the  old  fort  was  back  of 
this,  the  tower  and  roof  of  which  can  be  seen  behind  the  second  wall. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  583 

Skute  and  Lieutenant  Gyllengren  ashore  "with  three  files  of 
musketeers,"*  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  fortress.^ 

Tienhoven,  who  returned  to  his  fort  about  8  A.  M.  on  Sun- 
day, reported  Rising's  intention,  requesting  the  commander  to 
put  the  stronghold  in  a  state  of  defence.  But  Bicker,  seeing 
the  uselessness  of  resistance,  "  neither  gave  nor  issued  any 
order."  Meanwhile  the  Swedish  soldiers  were  landed  and 
Bicker  went  down  to  the  shore,  "welcomed  [them]  as  friends 
and  brought  Sven  Skute  into  the  fort,"  where  they  held  a  con- 
sultation, during  which  Skute  presented  the  Swedish  rights  to 
the  land  and  fort,  "promising  Bicker,  his  soldiers  and  colonists 
all  liberty  and  good  offers."  As  the  conference  lasted  for  about 
two  hours  Rising  became  impatient  and  fired  another  salute  for 
an  answer.  Bicker,  desiring  "  a  little  time  for  consultation," 
sent  Andrian  van  Tienhoven  with  two  others  on  board  the  Orn 
to  request  three  days'  delay,  but  Rising  informed  the  Dutch 
envoys  that  he  would  rather  have  an  immediate  reply,  promis- 
ing, however,  that  he  would  await  Skute's  return  before  definite 
action  was  taken.  In  the  meantime  Gyllengren  brought  his 
soldiers  into  the  fort  as  the  gates  were  open  and  poorly  guarded. 
"  When  the  Hollanders  wanted  to  use  their  guns,"  they  were 
told  to  put  them  down  "  and  thus  the  Swedes  took  possession 
of  Ft.  Casimir  without  hostility."  A  Swedish  flag,  which  was 
brought  from  the  vessel,  was  then  raised  on  the  fort  instead  of 
the  Dutch"  and  some  powder  was  supplied  for  the  cannon, 
whereupon  another  salute  was  fired  by  the  Orn,  which  was 
answered  from  the  fort.  Later  Skute  returned  to  the  ship  with 
the  Dutch  commander,  who  again  requested  delay  in  the  sur- 
render; but  Rising  answered  that  it  was  now  too  late,  assuring 
him  fair  treatment  and  freedom  to  remain  or  depart. 

Ft.  Casimir  was  now  in  the  hands  of  the  Swedes;  no  formal 

'Bicker  says  about  20  soldiers  and  Van  Tienhoven  about  30.  Doc,  1.  601, 
602.     Cf.  also  p._6o3  ff. 

"  Lindestrom  says  (probably  without  foundation)  that  a  few  shots  from  the 
large  cannon  were  fired  over  the  fort.      Geogr. 

'A  Dutch  document  declares  that  "Bicker  caused  his  own  boy  to  haul  down 
the  [Dutch]  flag."     Doc,  I.  605. 


584  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

surrender  had  been  made  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  Rising 
could  maintain  afterwards  that  such  actions  were  "without 
force  and  hostility."  Gyllengren  with  some  soldiers  was 
ordered  to  remain  in  the  fort,  whose  name  was  changed  to 
Fort  Trefaldighet,  "because  it  was  taken  on  Trinity  Sunday," 
says  Lindestrom.  The  Dutch  settlement  at  Sandhook.  had  been 
left  more  or  less  to  itself  since  1652.'^  There  were  21  houses 
around  the  fortress,  some  of  which  were  occupied  by  freemen, 
while  Bicker  with  the  soldiers  lived  inside  the  walls.  The  fort 
at  the  time  of  its  surrender  was  manned  by  nine  soldiers  and 
armed  with  twelve  iron  cannon  and  one(  ?)  three  pounder  brass 
gun,  but  there  were  only  63  cannon  balls  and  no  powder.  Some 
of  the  muskets  of  the  soldiers  were  with  the  gunsmith  and  there 
were  only  1,000  bullets  on  hand.  Hence  it  is  clear  that  the  best 
policy  on  the  part  of  Rising  would  have  been  to  have  left  the 
fort  alone;  it  could  do  no  harm,  while  a  new  fort  below  or  the 
rebuilding  of  Elfsborg  would  have  solved  the  problem  without 
hostility. 

Before  Rising  continued  his  course  up  the  river,  the  condi- 
tions upon  which  the  Dutch  could  be  taken  under  the  protection 
of  the  Swedish  Crown  were  read  to  them;  "they  were  well 
satisfied  with  the  remonstrance,"  promising  to  appear  at  the 
earliest  opportunity  before  the  Swedish  council  to  swear  the 
oath  of  allegiance.  In  the  afternoon  of  May  23  Bicker  with 
all  the  Dutch  colonists  and  soldiers  from  Sandhook  arrived  at 
Fort  Christina.  The  new  and  liberal  privileges  granted  settlers 
in  New  Sweden  were  laid  before  them,  which  were  con- 
trasted with  the  privileges  enjoyed  in  New  Netherland;  the 
injuries  they  had  caused  the  Swedes  were  recounted,  but  these 

'In  May  (1654)  there  was  fear  of  an  attack  by  the  English  and  Stuyvesant 
made  certain  "  proposals  to  the  Council  of  New  Amsterdam  in  view  of  .  .  .  [this] 
threatened  attacic  of  the  English."  The  general  opinion  was  that  the  garrison  at 
Fort  Casimir  should  be  withdrawn  and  the  defence  of  the  place  left  to  the  free- 
men. But  on  the  other  hand  Stuyvesant  did  not  consider  it  altogether  wise  to 
abandon  the  fort,  for  it  would  mean  the  surrender  of  the  river  to  others.  The 
council  coincided  with  this  opinion  and  decided  on  May  20  (30),  the  day  before 
Rising  took  possession  of  the  fort,  "  not  to  abandon  Fort  Casimir  nor  to  call  any 
of  the  troops  from  there."      Doc,  XII.  75-76. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  585 

would  all  be  forgotten  and  they  would  be  treated  as  friends  and 
good  neighbors,  if  they  would  swear  allegiance  to  the  Swedish 
Crown  and  the  New  Sweden  Company  and  become  good,  faith- 
ful subjects  of  Her  Royal  Majesty.  "Thereupon  they  all 
begged  pardon  [for  what  they  had  done  in  the  past  against  the 
Swedish  colony],  blamed  everything  on  General  Stuyvesant" 
and  all  "with  one  mouth"  expressed  a  desire  to  remain  in  New 
Sweden  as  Swedish  subjects.  "They  then  took  the  oath  in  the 
open  air  with  a  waving  banner  overhead,"  signing  their  names 
to  the  documents,  after  which  they  were  welcomed  as  subjects 
of  the  Crown  and  invited  to  join  in  a  festive  meal,  prepared  in 
honor  of  the  occasion.  The  Dutch  were  much  pleased.  Bicker 
especially  making  great  promises  of  faithfulness,  aid  and  assis- 
tance to  the  Swedes,  while  Hudde,  "  who  had  been  Stuyvesant's 
instrument  in  his  undertakings  against  New  Sweden,  promised 
that  he  would  now  serve  Rising  as  faithfully  as  he  had  served 
his  former  master."*  As  all  the  Dutch  were  not  acceptable  a 
consultation  took  place  to  determine  who  should  be  allowed  to 
remain.  Papegoja  and  Van  Dyck  brought  forth  grave  charges 
against  Andrian  van  Tienhoven  and  Cornelius  de  Boer,  who 
were  informed  that  they  were  undesirable  in  the  colony.  Boer 
was  accused  of  having  spoken  disrespectfully  about  Her  Majesty 
and  of  having  said  "  that  this  land  had  been  put  up  for  sale  on 
the  Amsterdam  exchange";  as  a  punishment  his  land  was  con- 
fiscated and  his  property,  including  six  or  seven  goats,  was 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  company  until  further  action  should 
be  taken.  Another  Hollander,  "  Sander  Boyer,  was  declared 
to  be  an  evil  and  illreputed  man,  but  [he]  had  a  Swedish  wife. 
Simon  Lane  and  Thomas  Brown,  two  Englishmen,  were  also 
placed  in  the  same  register.  There  was  some  hesitation  about 
these  three,  whether  they  should  be  accepted  [as  colonists]  or 
not,  [but]  on  their  large  promises  that  they  would  be  faithful 
and  honest  "  they  were  allowed  to  remain.^    Three  of  the  Dutch 

'Rising's  Journal,  May  23,  1654;  Lindestrom's  Geogr.,  May  23,  1654. 
°  Boyer    and    I.ane    went    to    New    Amsterdam    without    making    use    of    the 
privileges  offered  them. 


586   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

soldiers  applied  for  permission  to  become  freemen  on  land  that 
they  had  cleared  near  Fort  Casimir  or  Trefaldighet,  while  the 
other  six  soldiers  wished  to  go  to  Manathans  first,  then  return 
to  become  settlers  if  they  found  that  the  colony  would  prosper, 
but  later  they  departed  for  New  Amsterdam  without  informing 
Rising  about  it.  After  their  departure  their  muskets  and 
swords,  which  had  been  left  behind,  were  brought  to  Fort  Chris- 
tina where  they  were  preserved  in  the  armory. 

Rising  being  anxious  to  find  out  how  Stuyvesant  would  take 
the  surrender  of  the  fort  wrote  to  the  Dutch  governor  two  days 
after  his  landing  in  New  Sweden,^''  informing  him  that  Fort 
Casimir  had  been  summoned  to  surrender,  according  to  the 
commands  of  Her  Royal  Majesty,  and  that  the  Dutch  colonists 
had  "  repaired  under  the  obedience  of  the  government  of 
Sweden."  "As  this  is  a  matter  of  greater  consequence,"  the 
letter  goes  on,  "  than  can  be  decided  among  servants,  who  must 
only  obey  orders,  the  sovereigns  on  both  sides  have  to  settle  this 
matter  among  themselves  and  agree  among  themselves  about 
it."" 

Stuyvesant,  having  been  informed,  probably  by  Indians, 
about  the  arrival  of  the  Orn,  sent  a  messenger  at  once  across 
the  country  with  letters  to  Bicker  and  one  addressed  to  the 
Swedish  commander,  in  which  he  congratulated  the  Swedes  on 
their  arrival  and  offered  to  maintain  friendly  relations  with 
them  as  well  as  "  good  correspondence  against  the  Indians." 
On  May  31  Rising  sent  a  reply  with  Stuyvesant's  messenger, 
"  offering  in  return  neighborly  correspondence  and  referring  to 
the  letter  which  had  already  been  sent."'^ 

On  June  3  Rising  in  company  with  Lieut.  Skute  and  Pape- 
goja  visited  the  Dutch  at  the  Sandhook.  The  oath  of  allegiance 
was  again  confirmed  by  22  Dutch  colonists,  who  were  finally 
received  under  the  Swedish  Crown. 

^°  Doc,  1.  606.  The  date  in  the  Doc.  is  May  27,  but  in  Rising's  Journal  the 
letter  is  said  to  be  written  May  26,  while  it  was  sent  May  28.  It  is  therefore 
probable  that  the  first  draft  was  written  May  26,  that  the  letter  was  copied  by 
the  clerk  and  signed  by  Rising  May  27.      Journal,  1654. 

"  The  letter  was  carried  to  New  Amsterdam  by  Peter  Jochim. 

"Doc,  1.  601,  606;  Rising's  Journal. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  587 

About  a  week  after  the  surrender  the  Dutch  commander 
informed  Stuyvesant  about  his  misfortune  and  three  days  later 
Andrian  van  Tienhoven,  being  "  legally  summoned  "  to  appear 
before  the  fiscal  of  New  Amsterdam,  Cornelis  van  Tienhoven, 
to  make  a  relation,  presented  a  written  report  concerning  the 
capture  of  the  fort.  Several  witnesses  were  summoned  to  tes- 
tify,'^ who  related  the  events  of  May  21,  all  blaming  Bicker 
for  not  preparing  means  of  resistance  by  which  the  Swedes 
could  be  properly  opposed.*'* 

On  July  17  (27)  Stuyvesant  reported  the  matter  to  the 
directors  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  enclosing  the 
signed  statements  of  Tienhoven  and  the  other  witnesses.  As 
these  papers  made  strong  accusations  of  disloyalty  and  even  of 
treachery  against  Bicker,  the  directors  required  Stuyvesant  to 
"use  all  possible  means  to  get  hold  of"  him  "that  he  could  be 
punished  as  an  example  to  others."*'  Governor  Stuyvesant 
was  furious  about  the  capture  of  the  fort,  making  up  his  mind 
to  retaliate  when  an  opportunity  presented  itself.  Finding  that 
the  Swedes  were  about  to  send  a  sloop  to  New  England  on  a 
trading  expedition,  he  threatened  that  he  would  capture  it. 
Rising,  however,  was  hopeful  of  the  outcome,  writing  to  E. 
Oxenstierna  that  he  was  not  afraid  of  Stuyvesant's  threats;  the 
English  were  preparing  to  attack  New  Amsterdam  and  Stuyve- 
sant would  find  a  warm  reception,  if  he  should  dare  come  into 
the  South  River.  But  Stuyvesant's  report  was  now  on  its  way 
to  Holland;  its  arrival  there  was  a  signal  for  giving  the  death 
blow  to  the  Swedish  colony  and  It  remained  only  a  question 
of  time,  when  the  entire  river  would  come  under  Dutch 
control.**' 

Peter  Jochim,  who  had  been  sent  to  New  Amsterdam,  be- 
came very  ill  there,  making  it  impossible  for  him  to  return.  In 
September  he  died  and  was  burled,  leaving  a  bill  of  127  florins 

"  But  none  of  the  reports  were  taken  under  oath  and  would  "  have  no  ralue 
in  a  court  of  justice." 

"Doc,  I.  601-6;  Albany  Rec,  IV.  i68;  Hazard,  p.  170. 

"Doc,  XII.  86. 

"Rising  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  July  13,  1654;  Report,  1654. 


588   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

for  the  New  Sweden  Company  to  pay.  The  Indian  guide  who 
accompanied  him  returned  to  New  Sweden  with  letters  on  July 
25,  but  Stuyvesant  said  he  had  nothing  to  answer  to  Rising's 
communication.  He  intimated,  however,  that  he  would  come 
to  the  South  River  himself  and  during  the  summer  rumors  were 
circulated  that  Stuyvesant  intended  to  attack  New  Sweden. ^^ 

In  September,  1654,  when  the  Swedish  ship  the  Gyllene  Haj 
by  mistake  sailed  up  the  North  River,  an  opportunity  of  retali- 
ating the  capture  of  Fort  Casimir  presented  itself  to  Governor 
Stuyvesant.  Immediately  upon  his  arrival  in  the  river  Elswick 
sent  two  of  his  men  to  New  Amsterdam  to  engage  a  pilot,  who 
for  a  money  consideration  would  bring  "  the  ship  to  the  South 
River."  When  they  arrived  in  the  city  they  were  arrested  and 
placed  in  the  guardhouse.  Elswick  was  also  taken  from  the 
ship  and  placed  in  the  tavern  of  Sergeant  Litschoe  under  the 
guard  of  eight  musqueteers,  but  with  "liberty  and  license  to  go 
and  to  come,  to  converse  and  to  trade,  where  and  with  whom  he 
pleased,"  except  during  the  first  week  when  he  "was  forbidden 
to  leave  the  house."  The  ship  was  sailed  up  from  Raritan's 
Kill  to  the  harbor  (September  15).  The  Swedish  flag  was 
hauled  down,  while  the  rudder  was  removed  and  two  servants 
of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  were  placed  on  board  to 
guard  the  cargo.  Elswick  protested  orally  against  these  pro- 
ceedings and  reported  the  matter  to  Rising.  The  letters  were 
brought  to  New  Sweden  by  Richard  Lord,  who  delivered  them 
to  Rising  on  September  24.  According  to  Stuyvesant's  protest 
Elswick  applied  for  a  passport  for  Rising,  permitting  him 
"  without  any  hindrance  to  go  to  New  Amsterdam  to  settle  the 
differences  In  person."  Elswick  then  sent  one  of  his  soldiers 
(promising  him  30  gulden  and  3  yds.  of  cloth  If  he  would 
perform  his  mission  to  satisfaction)  together  with  two  Swedish 
sailors  to  the  South  River  with  a  package  of  letters,  Including 
Elswick's  report.  Rising's  appointment  as  director  of  the  colony 
and  Skute's  commission  as  commander  over  the  military  forces, 
besides  other  papers.*^     Stuyvesant  also   sent  an   open  letter 

"  Rising's  Journal. 

"The  letters  and  documents  were  received  by  Rising  on  September  30. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  589 

inviting  Rising  "  to  talce  refuge  with  him,  since  the  Eng- 
lish of  Gravesend  intend  to  gain  a  foothold  in  the  river."  But 
Rising  did  not  go  to  New  Amsterdam;  instead  he  wrote  to 
Elswick,  giving  the  details  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Casimir,  in- 
structing him  to  present  written  protests  concerning  the  rights 
of  the  Swedes. 

About  the  beginning  of  October  "  Elswick  by  word  of  mouth 
requested  permission  to  sell  some  hides,  seized  and  detained  in 
.  .  .  the  Haj."^^  The  request  was  granted  and  he  was  permitted 
to  sell  the  entire  cargo,  "provided  that  the  proper  proceeds  be 
paid  into  the  hands  of  the  Hon.  Attorney  and  Council  of  the 
Privileged  West  India  Company,  Mr.  Fiscal  Tienhoven,  until 
such  time,  that  proper  restitution  and  lawful  satisfaction  be 
done  and  given  to  .  .  .  the  aforesaid  Hon.  Company  for  the 
surprise  and  capture  of  .  .  .  Fort  Casimir,"  but  it  does  not 
appear  whether  or  not  Elswick  sold  the  skins;  he  certainly  did 
not  sell  the  whole  cargo.  A  little  later,  having  been  called 
before  the  council  to  give  his  answer  to  the  proposals  of  Stuyve- 
sant,  he  informed  the  Dutch  that  Rising  was  neither  inclined  to 
come  to  New  Amsterdam  nor  to  send  deputies.  Accordingly 
the  council  decided  to  have  the  cargo  and  vessel  "  appraised  by 
impartial  men,"  "  to  store  the  durable  and  perishable  goods  in 
the  Hon.  Company's  warehouse  [and]  to  let  the  perishable 
ones  be  sold  either  by  the  factor  himself  according  to  his  desire 
or  in  case  of  refusal  publicly  by  the  auctioneer  to  the  highest 
bidder."  The  vessel  including  all  rigging  was  valued  at 
2,958  :i3  D.  The  inventory  was  presented  to  Lieutenant  Sven 
Hook-"  for  his  signature,  but  he  refused  to  sign  it  "  for  par- 
ticular reasons."  On  October  16  or  17^^  Elswick  presented  a 
written  protest  to  Stuyvesant  setting  forth  the  details  of  the 

"On  October  lo  (20)  the  council  passed  a  resolution  to  detain  the  Haj.  Doc, 
XII.  78- 

™  Hazard  has  wrongly  Sven  Huygens.     Annals,  p.  160. 

''The  copies  in  Doc,  XII.  80-3,  and  Hazard,  pp.  161-2,  are  dated  October 
17.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  i6th  is  the  correct  date,  since  Stuyvesant's 
reply  is  dated  October  27  (n.s.)  and  it  is  not  likely  that  he  would  have  answered 
on  the  same  day  that  he  received  the  protest. 


590   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

siezure  of  the  Haj  and  complaining  about  the  damages  and 
inconveniences  done  to  the  Crown  of  Sweden  and  the  New 
Sweden  Company.^^  Stuyvesant  replied  to  the  protest  on  the 
seventeenth  (twenty-seventh),  pretended  to  believe  that  the 
Swedes  did  not  come  as  "  friends  and  neighbours,  but  as  spies  and 
enemies,"  since  the  ship  did  "  not  enter  through  the  regular  chan- 
nel, ....  but  [through]  an  unknown  passage  behind  Staten 
Island."  For  this  reason  and  in  order  to  retaliate  the  capture  of 
Fort  Casimir,  the  vessel  was  placed  under  arrest.  Stuyvesant  tried 
to  further  vindicate  his  actions  by  showing  the  "  justice  of  his  de- 
mands," reminding  Elswick  of  the  kind  of  treatment  he  and  his 
people  had  received ;  he  did  not  protest  "  against  Her  Royal  Maj- 
esty's order  and  authority,  but  against  her  officers  and  servants  in 
this  country."  Copies  of  several  other  documents,  verifying  the 
protest  from  the  Dutch  point  of  view,  were  also  enclosed  with 
the  letter.2^  On  October  26  Elswick  sent  a  counter  protest. 
He  endeavored  to  refute  Stuyvesant's  claims  of  the  Dutch 
rights  to  the  land  on  which  Fort  Casimir  was  placed,  spurned 
the  idea  that  they  had  come  as  spies,  denied  entirely  that  he  had 
asked  for  a  passport  for  Rising  and  maintained  that  it  was  done 
on  Stuyvesant's  initiative.  The  people,  he  said,  who  came  over 
on  the  Haj,  were  indeed  apparently  allowed  to  go  where  they 
pleased,  but  they  were  persuaded  by  every  means  to  settle  in 
New  Amsterdam  so  that  most  of  them  remained  there.-*  The 
protest  accomplished  nothing,  however,  and  Elswick  was  com- 
pelled to  proceed  to  New  Sweden  without  his  ship.  The  Haj 
remained  in  possession  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company;  her 
name  was  changed  to  Diemen  and  she  was  used  "  for  the  West 
Indian  trade."  But  the  revenge  was  not  complete;  nothing  but 
a  recapture  of  Fort  Casimir  would  satisfy  the  Dutch  author- 
ities.25 

"Copia  von  mein.  Protest.,  etc.,  October  i6,  1654,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.,  K.A.)  ; 
Doc,  Xn.,  80-3. 

^  Doc,  xn.  80-3.     The  protest  was  signed  by  the  council  including  Stuyvesant. 

""Copia,"  etc.,  contraprotesties,  etc.,  November  5  (n.s.),  1654,  N.S.,  L  (R.A., 
K.A.). 

"Rising's  Journal;  Doc,  XH.  83,  note;  Hazard,  p.  170. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  591 

II. 

In  April,  1654,  it  was  said  that  the  directors  of  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company  had  in  mind  to  send  some  two  hundred 
soldiers  to  the  South  River  to  garrison  Fort  Casimir.  There 
was  peace  between  England  and  Holland,  hence  these  soldiers 
would  not  be  needed  against  the  English.  Dutch  ships  were  not 
allowed  to  trade  with  the  English,  but  as  Swedish  ships  could 
buy  goods  in  Holland  and  sell  them  in  the  colonies,  it  was  now 
thought  that  the  soldiers  would  be  sent  to  the  South  River  to 
prevent  such  trading.*® 

The  friendly  relations,  that  existed  between  Sweden  and  Hol- 
land in  the  early  days  of  the  colony,  had  to  a  large  extent  dis- 
appeared-' and,  when  the  directors  heard  of  the  capture  of  Ft. 
Casimir,  they  at  once  resolved  to  revenge  the  act.  Conse- 
quently they  set  about  making  preparations  to  send  reinforce- 
ments to  Stuyvesant,  who  had  proposed  to  go  to  the  South  River 
to  retake  the  fortress,  as  soon  as  he  received  orders  from  his 
superiors.  The  directors  approved  of  the  seizure  of  the  Haj 
as  it  weakened  the  Swedish  colony  and  removed  one  of  the 
means  of  resistance.  Not  only  Ft.  Casimir,  but  the  entire 
South  River,  was  now  to  be  captured  and  in  November  prepara- 
tions for  an  expedition  were  under  way  in  Amsterdam.  "  The 
drum  was  daily  beaten  "  to  call  men  to  enlist  for  service  in  New 
Netherland,  the  directors  being  "  in  hopes  of  sending  over  a 
detachment  of  soldiers  in  the  ship  De  Groote  Christofel  to- 
gether with  an  arquebusier  and  two  carpenters  "  and  the  ship, 
the  Koninck  Salomon,  which  had  been  requested  by  Governor 
Stuyvesant,  was  fitted  out  with  all  speed  so  that  she  could  leave 
for  the  North  River  before  cold  weather  set  in.  Letters  were 
written  to  the  director  on  November  6  (16),  in  which  he  was 
commanded  to  "  do  his  utmost  to  revenge  this  misfortune  not 
only  by  restoring  matters  to  their  former  condition,  but  also  by 
driving  the  Swedes  at  the  same  time  from  the  river."  In  case 
the  winter  should  prevent  the  sending  of  ships  and  new  supplies 

""Ext.  iir  ett  bref,"  etc.,  April  29,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 
"  Cf.  above,  Chaps.  II.,  XVII. 


592    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

and  reinforcements,  Stuyvesant  was  advised  to  proceed  to  the 
South  River  with  such  power  as  he  could  command  as  it  was 
thought  that  his  forces  were  "  about  strong  enough  for  the  occu- 
pation of  New  Sweden,  especially  if  the  said  expedition  should 
be  undertaken  speedily  and  before  the  Swedes  were  reinforced." 
No  other  enemies  were  now  threatening  New  Netherland  and 
the  hope  of  success  was  therefore  good.  He  was  advised  to 
hire  two  or  three  private  ships  in  addition  to  the  Swarte  Aretit-^ 
which  was  on  her  way  there  and  to  engage  "  all  such  freemen  as 
offer  themselves  or  might  be  induced  by  some  other  means." 
Haste  was  imperative  for  it  was  "  feared,  not  without  reason, 
that  .  .  .  the  Swedes  .  .  .  might  get  assistance  and  reinforce- 
ments "  in  the  near  future.-*  On  the  thirteenth  (twenty-third) 
of  the  same  month  it  seems  that  De  Groote  ChristofeP^  was 
also  ready  to  sail,  by  which  a  letter  was  sent  to  New  Amsterdam 
with  the  request  that  "not  only  authenticated  copies  of  the  con- 
veyance and  titles  for  the  purchased  lands  on  the  .  .  .  South 
River,  executed  in  the  year  1651^'  [be  sent  to  Amsterdam]  but 
also  all  such  other  authentical  documents  and  papers  as  may  be 
found  necessary  for  the  confirmation  [of  the  company's  rights 
and  the  establishment]  of  the  indecency  of  these  proceedings 
[of  the  Swedes]  and  the  violation  of  the  so  lawful  possession  of 
the  company."^-  Some  soldiers  and  a  number  of  colonists  were 
likewise  sent  over  on  the  vessel. ^^ 

The  directors,  expecting  that  the  expedition  against  the 
Swedes  would  be  undertaken  in  the  early  part  of  1655  or  early 

'^Sivarle  Areni  {Zwarte  Arend),  the  Black  Eagle.  The  "  Siuarte  Arent" 
carried  the  letter  to  New  Amsterdam  it  seems.  If  that  be  so  the  ship  left 
Amsterdam  on  or  after  November  6  (i6),  1654.  In  a  letter  of  April  16  (26), 
1655,  At  directors  say:  "In  our  last  letter[s]  directed  to  Director  Stuyvesant  in 
private  and  sent  by  the  ships  De  Swarte  Arent  and  [De']  Oroote  C/iristoffel  ..." 
Doc,  XII.  88.  This  vpould  confirm  the  above  view,  but  in  the  letter  of  November 
6  (16)  it  is  stated  that  the  Swarte  Arent  is  "now  on  the  way,"  which  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  ship  had  left  the  harbor.     Doc,  XII.  86. 

"Dof.,  XII.  85-86;  Hazard,  p.  168-9. 

"The  Great  Christopher. 

"The  copy  in  Doc,  XII.  87,  has  the  year  1650. 

"Doc,  XIL  86-7;  Hazard,  170. 

"  Only  one  freeman,  "  Jan  Paulo  Jacquet  with  his  family  "  is  distinctly  men- 
tioned in  the  records,  Doc,  XII.  87;  cf.  Hazard,  p.  170. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  593 

in  the  spring  of  that  year,  were  much  surprised,  when  they  were 
informed  in  a  letter  of  January  12  (22)  that  Stuyvesant  was  in 
Barbadoes  and  their  disappointment  was  great.^**  In  April  they 
began  anew  to  make  preparations  for  the  long  planned  attack 
on  New  Sweden,  at  this  time  "concluding  not  only  to  take  up 
again  the  expedition  in  question,  but  also  to  undertake  and  carry 
it  out  with  more  assurance  of  success."  For  this  purpose  a  ship 
called  De  JVaag,^'"  belonging  to  the  burgomasters  and  council 
of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  was  chartered.  About  200  men  were 
put  on  board  under  command  of  Captain  Frederick  de  Coninck. 
The  ship  was  still  in  the  harbor  May  21  (31 ),  but  it  likely  set 
sail  soon  after  this  date.^'' 

On  several  occasions  the  directors  received  information  from 
Stockholm  that  preparations  were  being  made  to  send  a  ship  to 
the  South  River.  Having  again  had  news  from  Stockholm 
towards  the  end  of  May  about  a  new  voyage,  they  earnestly 
requested  the  council  of  New  Amsterdam  to  "  hasten  so  much 
the  more  with  the  expedition "  to  the  Delaware,  and  not  to 
await  the  return  of  Stuyvesant  if  he  was  still  away  from  New 
Netherland,  when  the  JVaag  arrived.  In  case  of  the  director- 
general's  death  or  absence  from  the  city  the  council  should  open 
the  letters  addressed  to  Stuyvesant  and  carry  out  "  the  orders 
given  therein. "^^ 

Immediately  upon  the  arrival  of  the  JVaag  at  New  Amster- 
dam on  August  3  (13)  preparations  for  the  expedition  were 
begun  and  on  the  sixth  (sixteenth)  Stuyvesant,  who  was  ill, 
issued  an  order  empowering  the  council  and  Capt.  de  Coninck 
to  make  all  necessary  arrangements,  while  a  "  Proclamation, 

"  Stuyvesant  made  the  expedition  to  Barbadoes  without  the  knowledge  and 
consent  of  his  superiors.     Doc,  XII.  89;  cf.  Brodhead;  O'Callaghan. 

^  De  If'aegh  ( tf'aeg,  Waagli,  Waag) ,  The  Scales. 

"May  26  (n.s.),  1655,  it  is  expressly  stated,  "after  the  arrival  of  this  raan- 
o'-war  [De  ll'aag'],"  Doc,  XII.  90.  On  May  31  (n.s.)  the  directors  again  wrote 
to  the  council  of  New  Netherland ;  it  is  not  known  whether  or  not  the  letter  was 
sent  on  the  If'aag,  but  this  is  probable.      Doc,  XII.  90-1. 

''Doc,  XII.  88-91.  To  make  sure  that  the  contents  of  these  private  letters 
would  become  known  to  the  council,  copies  of  them  were  sent  over  on  the  Waag, 
for  "  the  originals  might  be  locked  up." 

39 


594   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

appointing  the  fifteenth  (twenty-fifth)  of  August  a  day  of 
prayer  and  fasting  to  invoke  God's  blessing  on  the  expedition," 
was  issued  at  the  same  time.  A  few  days  later  a  call  for  volun- 
teers was  published,^^  offering  "  a  reasonable  salary  and  board 
money"  to  the  applicants  and  promising  them  a  "proper 
reward "  in  case  of  injury.  The  Jews  were  exempted  from 
military  service  but  on  the  condition,  "  that  each  male  person 
over  1 6  and  under  60  years  [should]  contribute,  for  the  afore- 
said freedom  towards  the  relief  of  the  general  municipal  taxes, 
sixty-five  stivers  every  month."  A  special  commissary  was 
appointed  August  9  ( 19) ,  who  should  "  take  care  and  supervise 
that  all  ammunition  and  victuals  needed  for  the  intended  expe- 
dition ...  be  ordered,  shipped  and  properly  taken  care  of."*' 
On  the  same  date  a  resolution  was  passed  by  the  council 
"  friendly  to  ask  some  of  the  merchant-ships  .  .  .  [then  at 
New  Amsterdam]  into  the  service  of  the  country  with  the 
promise  of  proper  compensation  for  it,"  but  "  in  case  the  skip- 
pers refused,  [they  should  be  pressed]  into  the  service  .  .  . 
with  their  ships,  ammunition,  the  people  with  them,  provisions 
and  implements."^"  In  accordance  with  this  resolution  Captain 
Douwes  was  ordered  on  the  fourteenth  (twenty-fourth)  to 
"keep  himself  ready"  to  embark  upon  receiving  orders,  and 
certain  captains  of  vessels  in  the  harbor  were  commanded  to 
furnish  each  "  two  men  and  their  surplus  of  provisions  and 
ammunition  of  war,"*'  Cornelius  van  Tienhoven  and  Frederick 
de  Coninck  being  commissioned  to  proceed  on  board  the  ships, 
the  Bontekoe,*^  the  Beaver  and  the  Nezu  Amsterdam,  to  enforce 
the  orders.  Three  sloops  and  a  French  privateer  were  hired  for 
the  expedition  and  a  loan  of  "  fifteen  hundred  guilders  in  black 
and  white  wampum"  was  made  by  the  council  to  be  used  on  the 

^  Dated  August  19,  1655. 

**  Foppe  Jansen  was  appointed  to  the  position.     Doc,  XH.  93. 

"Doc,  XU.  93   (August  19,  1655). 

"Doc,  Xn.  95.  Besides  the  two  men  each  ship  was  ordered  to  furnish 
"  200  lbs.  of  codfish,  two  or  three  small  barrels  of  groats,  one  barrel  of  meat  with 
one  barrel  of  bacon  and  300  lbs.  of  bread,  also  as  much  powder  as  they  con- 
veniently could  spare." 

"  The  spotted  cow. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  595 

journey  in  paying  the  soldiers  or  for  presents  to  the  natives. 
Towards  the  end  of  August  all  preparations  were  made  and  on 
Sunday,  the  twenty-sixth  (September  5)  the  fleet^^  set  sail 
"  after  the  sermon."**  The  fleet  consisted  of  "  two  battleships, 
two  small  [merchant]  vessels,  two  boyarts*^  and  a  sloop,"  and 
it  carried  a  force  of  "  three  hundred  and  seventeen  soldiers 
besides  a  company  of  sailors."*" 

Every  means  was  taken  to  prevent  the  Swedes  from  obtaining 
knowledge  about  the  preparations.  Shortly  before  the  expedi- 
tion left  New  Amsterdam  Edmund  Scarborough  desired  to 
return  to  Virginia  with  his  vessel,  but  permission  was  given  only 
on  condition  that  he  would  give  bail  to  the  amount  of  £5,000 
sterling  not  to  enter  the  South  Bay  or  South  River  either 
directly  or  indirectly  and  that  his  people  would  promise  under 
oath  not  to  give  information  to  anyone  on  sea  or  on  land.'*^ 
These  and  other  precautions  were  so  successful  that  Rising  was 
not  aware  of  the  impending  danger  before  it  was  almost  on  him. 

Reports  of  Stuyvesant's  preparations  reached  the  Indians, 
however,  who  straightway  carried  the  intelligence  to  New 
Sweden  that  "the  Dutch  were  about  to  come."  Rising  imme- 
diately called  the  council  together,  who  decided  to  send  two 

"  Two  pilots,  Wessel  Gerritsen  and  Pieter  Lourissen,  were  appointed  to  lead 
the  fleet  to  the  Delaware,  Doc,  XII.  95. 

"Doc,  XII.  91-97;  Hazard,  p.  180  ff. 

"A  bojert  was  a  small  vessel  much  used  in  Holland  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries.  See  Nordisk  Fametjebok,  III.  934-5.  The  IVaag  and  the 
Spiegel  (Dolphijn?)  were  the  two  large  ships.     Lindestrom,  Geogr.,  p.  224. 

"The  fleet  was  composed  of  two  yachts  called  the  Hollanse  Tuijn  (Holland 
Garden),  the  Prinses  Royael,  a  galiot  called  the  Hoop  (Hope),  mounting  four 
guns,  the  flyboat  Liefde  (Love),  mounting  four  guns,  the  vice-admiral's  yacht 
the  Dolphijn  with  four  guns,  the  yacht  Abrams  Offerhande  (Abraham's  offering), 
as  rear  admiral,  mounting  four  guns,"  and  the  ICaag  (Balance).  Hist.  Mag., 
II.  258.     Jameson,  ^'ar.  of  N.  Neth.,  383. 

According  to  Rising  the  force  consisted  of  about  600  to  700  men.  Report,  1655 
(in  another  place  he  says  from  400  to  500,  Journal),  and  this  number  (600  to 
700)  has  been  accepted  as  the  correct  one  by  the  writers.  Lindestrom  goes 
further.  He  says:  "Anno  1655  den  30  Aug.  kom  General  Stuyvesant  med  en 
armee  a  7,500  man  stark."  Geogr.,  p.  223.  Stuyvesant  said  in  1664  that  there 
were  forty  soldiers  and  150  to  i6o  militia,  or  in  all  about  200  men.  Doc,  II. 
233,  442. 

"  Doc,  XII.  94. 


596   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

men  to  Manhattan  to  gather  news  about  Stuyvesant's  move- 
ments. About  the  same  time  Sven  Hook  with  four  men  was 
sent  down  the  river  to  reconnoitre,  but  he  returned  on  the  tenth 
of  August,  having  observed  nothing."  Hans  Mansson  and 
Jacob  Sprint,  however,  who  had  been  selected  to  go  to  New 
Amsterdam  returned  five  days  later  from  "  Staten  Island  ... 
bringing  a  complete  and  sure  intelligence  that  the  director 
general  of  New  Netherland  intended  to  come  ....  [to  New 
Sweden]  with  four  large  and  several  small  ships  and  seven 
or  eight  hundred  men,"  being  ready  to  sail  August  18.  There- 
upon Sven  Hook  was  again  sent  down  the  Bay  with  some 
soldiers,  but  he  soon  returned  without  news.  Having  been 
ordered  down  the  river  a  third  time  to  watch  the  enemy  he 
appeared  on  August  30,  reporting  he  had  seen  two  or  three 
ships  in  the  Bay  the  previous  evening. 

In  the  meantime  the  forts  were  repaired  and  the  best  prepara- 
tions possible  were  made  for  the  defence  of  the  country.  On 
August  16  Sven  Skute  went  to  Fort  Christina  to  confer  with  the 
director  and  to  receive  instructions.**  A  council  of  war  was 
called  at  which  it  was  decided  to  defend  Fort  Trefaldighet  In 
case  the  Dutch  should  attack  it,  a  written  resolution  being  given 
to  Skute,  setting  forth  his  duties.  When  the  Hollanders  ap- 
proached he  "should  send  [a  messenger]  to  their  ships  .  .  . 
to  find  out  if  they  came  as  friends  and  in  any  case  warn  them 
not  to  pass  the  above  mentioned  fort,  for  if  they  did  he  would 
fire  at  them,  which  they  should  not  look  upon  as  [an  act  of] 
hostility."  "  150  lbs.  of  powder,  a  number  of  muskets,  swords, 
pikes,  bullets  and  other  necessary  things  "  were  taken  into  the 
fort  on  the  same  day.  Provisions  were  also  supplied,  47  bushels 
of  rye,  fourteen  gallons  of  brandy,  quantities  of  beer  and  other 
necessaries  being  carried  into  the  storehouse  of  Trefaldighet 
within  a  few  days.'**  The  soldiers  and  freemen  were  also  sup- 
plied with  powder  and  other  ammunition.^'^ 

"Elswick's  Relation,  1655,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 

"Rising's  Journal,  August,  1655;  "Relation  ofwer  thet  ahnfall,"  etc.,  Arfwed- 
son,  p.  24;  Elswick's  Relation,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Rising's  "Reck,  raed  Sod.  Comp.," 
Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

'"Schuldt  u.  Carg.  B.,  1655. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  597 

Stuyvesant  arrived  in  the  bay  about  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon of  August  27  (September  6),  but  on  account  of  the  tide 
and  a  calm  he  was  unable  to  proceed  up  the  river  before  the 
following  day.  In  the  evening  of  August  29  he  cast  anchor  be- 
fore Fort  Elfsborg,  landed  his  men  and  made  his  camp  for  the 
night,'''  while  his  little  force  was  reviewed  and  divided  into  five 
companies,  "each  under  its  own  colors. "^^  During  the  night, 
which  was  very  dark,  hiding  the  maneuvers  of  the  Dutch,  a 
sloop  was  sent  up  to  Sandhook,  where  a  number  of  Swedish 
freemen  were  captured  who  gave  information  about  the  situa- 
tion in  the  colony.  On  August  31  the  fleet  moved  up  the  river, 
"  passed  Fort  Casimir  about  8  or  9  P.  M.  without  any  act  of 
hostility  on  either  side,  [and]  cast  .  .  .  anchor  above  the 
fortress."  Skute  with  his  officers  and  men  were  at  the  guns  as 
the  vessels  sailed  by,  and  when  Sander  Lenertson's  sloop,  which 
was  in  the  lead,  passed  the  fort,  Peter  Lindestrom  asked  the 
commander  if  he  should  fire,  but,  though  all  the  ships  passed 
within  range  of  the  Swedish  cannon  no  orders  were  given,  for 
Skute,  seeing  the  hopelessness  of  the  situation,  wisely  withheld 
orders  to  fire.  The  Dutch  troops  were  landed  and  as  soon  as 
possible  "the  passage  to  Christina  [was]  occupied  by  fifty 
men  "  to  prevent  news  from  reaching  that  place.  Shortly  after 
the  fleet  had  come  to  anchor.  Lieutenant  Smith  with  a  drummer 
and  a  white  flag  was  sent  ashore  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the 

"Lindestrom  relates  that  "the  Dutch  made  their  camp  at  Fort  Elfsborg  for 
the  night,  where  they  blockaded  [the  river]  shot  and  thundered  all  night." 
Geogr.,  p.  224,  "  Hwarest  dee  blockade,"  etc.  The  meaning  of  blockade  is  not 
quite  clear.  In  Swedish  it  means  to  blockade,  to  inclose,  but  it  might  be  used 
here  in  the  Dutch  sense  to  "  work,"  "  to  be  busy,"  etc. 

The  general's  [Stuyvesant's]  company,  of  which  Lieut.  Nuijtingh  was  cap- 
tain, and  Jan  Hagel  ensign-bearer,  was  ninety  strong.  The  general's  second 
company,  of  which  Dirck  Smit  was  captain,  and  Don  Pouwel  ensign-bearer,  was 
sixty  strong.  Nicolaes  de  Silla,  the  marshal's  company,  of  which  Lieut.  Pieter  Ebel 
was  captain  and  William  van  Reijnevelt  ensign-bearer,  was  fifty-five  strong. 
Frederick  de  Koningh,  the  major's  company,  of  which  Pieter  de  Coningckx  was 
ensign-bearer,  was  sixty-two  strong.  The  major's  second-  company,  which  was 
composed  of  seamen  and  pilots,  with  Dirck  Jansz  Verstraten  of  Ossanen  as  their 
captain,  boatswain's-mate  Dirck  CIaesz[en],  of  Mannikendam  as  ensign-bearer, 
and  the  sail-maker,  Jan  Illisz  of  Honsum  as  lieutenant,  consisted  of  fifty  men, 
making  altogether  317  men." 


598    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

fort.  Smith  was  met  at  the  river  by  Lieut.  Gyllengren  with  two 
musketeers  to  whom  he  delivered  the  orders  of  his  commander, 
stating  that  the  Dutch  had  been  informed  by  the  Swedish 
authorities  that  Fort  Casimir  had  been  taken  "  neither  by  the 
orders  nor  the  consent  of  the  Swedish  government  or  of  the 
Swedish  Crown,"  it  was  therefore  the  duty  of  the  Swedes  to 
deliver  up  the  fort  to  its  rightful  owners.  But  Gyllengren  in- 
formed him  that  they  had  received  no  instructions  to  that  effect 
and  that  they  would  fight  to  the  last  man.  Smith,  desiring  to 
speak  with  the  Swedish  commander,  was  thereupon  blindfolded 
and  led  through  the  fortress  into  Skute's  dwelling.  Skute,  wish- 
ing to  write  to  Director  Rising,  requested  some  delay,  but  it  was 
denied,  and  Smith  returned  to  the  ships  with  the  message  that 
the  Swedes  would  not  surrender  without  resistance.*^ 

In  the  meantime  Stuyvesant  landed  his  artillery  and  prepared 
to  lay  siege  to  the  fortress.  Smith  was  sent  a  second  time  with 
a  message,  requesting  Skute  "  under  cover  of  the  Dutch  artillery 
not  to  wait  the  attack  of  their  troops,"  but  to  give  up  the  fort. 
He  was  again  met  by  Gyllengren,  who  made  the  same  reply  as 
before  to  his  demands,  warning  him  not  to  come  a  third  time, 
"for  the  land  belonged  to  the  Crown  of  Sweden."  Smith  once 
more  requested  to  speak  with  the  Swedish  commander,  which 
was  granted  him.  He  was  informed  that  an  armorer  would  be 
sent  to  speak  with  Stuyvesant  and  he  was  told  to  go  to  Director 
Rising  with  his  demands.  The  armorer,  Kampe,  was  then  sent 
to  confer  with  the  Dutch  governor,  who  requested  Skute  to 
meet  him  for  a  personal  interview,  to  which  the  latter  agreed.** 
Thereupon  Skute  with  four  musketeers  met  his  opponent  in  the 
valley  about  half  way  between  the  fortress  and  the  Dutch 
battery.  The  Swedish  commander  repeated  his  request  of  being 
allowed  to  send  an  open  letter  to  Director  Rising.     This  was 

""Forhoor.,"  etc.;  Doc,  XH.  loi  ff.;  Hazard,  183  ff. 

"  Skute  says  that  he  was  requested  to  meet  Stuyvesant  half  way  between  the 
camp  of  the  Dutch  and  the  fort.  But  Stuyvesant  says  that  the  request  came 
from  Skute  and  the  same  statement  is  found  in  Bogaert's  report.  Doc,  XH.  loi ; 
Hist,  Mag.,  n.  258;  Skute's  Report  of  the  capture  to  Eric  Oxenstierna,  August 
31,  1655,  "  Fbrhoor,"  etc.,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  599 

denied  him,  but  an  hour's  delay  for  a  final  answer  to  Stuyve- 
sant's  summons  was  granted.  After  an  hour  Kiimpe  was  once 
more  sent  to  the  Dutch  camp  to  ask  for  a  delay  until  the  next 
morning.  This  concession  was  likewise  obtained  on  the  condi- 
tion that  Skute  would  again  meet  the  Dutch  governor  at  eight 
o'clock,  "because  we  could  not  finish  our  battery  [before  that 
time],"  says  Stuyvesant.^^ 

Skute  now  encouraged  his  people  and  tried  to  spur  them  onto 
make  all  possible  resistance,  but  the  soldiers  were  mutinous  and 
would  not  obey  orders.'^'^  Several  escaped  over  the  walls,  bring- 
ing news  to  Stuyvesant  about  the  conditions  in  the  fort,  and  of 
these  fugitives,  Gabriel  Forsman,  who  was  shot  through  the  leg 
by  Lieut.  Gyllengren,  as  he  climbed  over  the  walls,  died  from  the 
wounds  (the  only  casualty  through  "the  war").  About  fifteen 
soldiers  were  then  placed  under  arrest,  whereupon  the  remain- 
der were  brought  back  to  order  and  obedience.  During  the 
night  Anders  Dalbo  and  Karl  Julius  were  sent  in  a  canoe  to 
Fort  Christina  with  reports  and  a  request  for  aid.  Rising 
encouraged  Skute  to  hold  out  as  long  as  possible,  since  help 
would  soon  be  sent  there,  but  if  he  was  compelled  to  capitulate 
to  do  so  on  as  good  terms  as  possible."' 

The  Swedish  commander  "  did  not  go  to  the  camp  of  the  Hol- 
landers "  on  Saturday  morning  (Sept.  i),  as  Gov.  Stuyvesant 
had  requested,  but  he  sent  Anders  Kampe  at  the  appointed 
hour'**  in  his  stead.  The  Dutch  governor,  however,  insisted  on 
Skute's  coming  and  accordingly  a  second  conference  was  ar- 
ranged between  the  two  commanders  half  way  between  the  fort 
and  the  Dutch  batteries.     Governor  Stuyvesant  once  more  de- 

■' Rising's  Jourruil;  "  Forhoor,"  etc.;   Doc,  XII.   loi ;   Hazard,  pp.  83-4. 

'■" "  Soldaterne  .  .  . ,  som  dock  pa  sistone  alle  giorde  sigh  Rebellyske  och 
goffwe  sigh  alle  dhe  1,000  dieflar,  som  i  Helwete  bor,  at  dhee  icke  skulle  staa, 
fast  dhee  wille  partera  dhem  i  1,000  sr\-ken."  Signed  statement  of  Gyllengren, 
Rev.  Hiort,  Peter  Lindestrom  and  others.  August  31,  1655,  inclosed  with  a 
letter  to  E.  Oxenstierna.  The  document  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Malmsten  in 
Kammararkivet  during  the  author's  visit  to  Stockholm  in  1909.  It  is  now  pre- 
served in  Ox.  Satnl.  (R..\.). 

"Skute's  report,  August  31,  1655;  Rising's  Journal;  Lindestrom's  Geogr. 

"That  is  8  A.  M. 


6oo   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

manded  the  surrender  of  the  stronghold,  but  Skute  still  talked 
of  resistance,  promising  to  make  it  uncomfortable  for  the  Dutch 
soldiers  if  they  should  dare  to  approach  within  reach  of  the 
Swedish  bullets.  To  this  threat  Stuyvesant  replied  that  if  he 
lost  a  man  he  would  not  spare  a  soul  in  the  fort.  At  last  Skute 
came  to  terms,  "  but  he  desired  to  see  Stuyvesant's  orders  before 
he  would  agree  to  anything."  Having  been  brought  on  board 
the  ship  De  Waag,  where  the  orders  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company  were  laid  before  him,  he  resolved  to  surrender, 
whereupon  the  conditions  and  terms  of  capitulation^*  were  dis- 
cussed.'^'^ 

In  the  meantime  Rising  sent  some  nine  or  ten  freemen,''^  who 
had  been  ordered  down  from  the  plantations  to  help  defend  the 
country,  to  Fort  Trefaldighet;  but  as  they  were  crossing  Chris- 
tina River  about  forty  Dutch  soldiers  surrounded  them,  and 
ordered  them  to  surrender.  The  Swedes,  however,  made  oppo- 
sition and  a  fight  ensued,  but  they  were  soon  made  prisoners 
except  two,  who  escaped  across  the  river  in  a  boat  amid  a  shower 
of  bullets.  They  reached  Fort  Christina  in  safety,  while  the 
soldiers  who  pursued  them  were  caused  to  withdraw  into  the 
woods  by  a  ball  from  one  of  the  guns  on  the  battlements."- 

Finally  the  capitulation  and  conditions  of  surrender  between 
Skute  and  Stuyvesant  were  agreed  upon  and  signed  on  board  of 
the  tVaag.  "When  the  clock  struck  two  in  the  afternoon," 
says  Lindestrom,  "a  Dutch  salute  was  given  in  their  camp  and 
answered  .  .  .  from  the  ships  and  it  was  easy  to  understand 
that  an  accord  had  been  made  with  our  commander.""^  The 
capitulation  consisted  of  four  articles  which  contain  two  general 
conditions.  In  the  first  place  all  goods  as  well  as  cannon  and 
ammunition,  belonging  to  the  New  Sweden  Company,  the 
Swedish  Crown  or  private  persons  were  to  be  preserved  intact 

"Signed  the  same  day,  September  i,  1655.  Doc,  XH.  102.  Jameson,  Nar.  of 
N.  Neth.,  384. 

°°  Geogr.,  Rising's  Journal. 

"Lindestrom  gives  the  number  as  60  or  80  men.      Geogr. 
"  Rising's  Relation,  etc.     Arfwedson's  De  Colonia,  etc. 
"Geogr.,  p.  230;  J.  Bogaert's  Relation,  Hist.  Mag.,  U.  258. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  6oi 

and  could  be  removed  by  the  owners  at  any  time;  but  "all 
pieces  of  ammunition,  material  and  other  effects  belonging  to 
the  General  Incorporated  West  India  Company"  must  be  de- 
livered into  the  hands  of  the  Dutch  commander;  and  secondly 
the  garrison  was  accorded  the  honors  of  war.  But  two  im- 
portant points  were  omitted;  Skute  had  neglected  to  insert  an 
article,  stating  the  time  of  the  capitulation  and  the  place  to 
which  the  soldiers  could  go  after  the  surrender."* 

As  Skute  returned  to  the  fort  about  75  Dutch  soldiers  fol- 
lowed him.  Some  time  between  two  and  four  the  gates  were 
opened"®  and  the  commander  marched  out  of  the  fort  with  the 
Swedish  flag  and  twelve  men  in  full  accoutrements  as  his  body- 
guard, the  others  having  only  their  side  arms.  Thereupon  the 
Dutch  troops  filed  into  the  fortress,  the  Swedish  flag  was  re- 
placed by  the  Dutch,  the  Dutch  salute  was  given  and  Fort 
Trefaldlghet  was  again  called  Fort  Casimir.*'®  The  Swedish 
soldiers  were  then  brought  on  board  the  ships  and  a  few  days 
later  (September  7)  they  were  sent  to  New  Amsterdam  on  the 
flyboat  Liefde,  but  the  officers  were  placed  under  guard  in  the 
fort  in  charge  of  two  musketeers  each.  They  were  well  treated  by 
Stuyvesant,  who  dined  them  at  his  own  table."'  After  the  sur- 
render the  Dutch  forces  were  given  a  rest.     On  September  2 

" "  Forhoor  offwer  Com.  Swen  Schu[te],"  etc.,  September  24,  1655,  N.S.,  I. 
(R.A.)  ;  Doc,  XII.  loi ;  Bogaert's  Report,  Hist.  Mag.,  II.  258;  Lindestrom's 
Geogr.;  Hazard,  185. 

"Lindestrom's  account  is  colored  and  unreliable.  He  says:  "Den  i  Septem- 
ber upfordrades  andre  gangen  Fort  Treefalldigheet  igenora  en  Capitein  Lieut, 
hwilcken  Jagh  Peer  Lindestrbm  blef  beordrat  till  att  mota.  .  .  ."  Lindestrom 
accuses  Skute  of  capitulating  without  consulting  the  other  officers  and  relates 
how  he  and  Gyllengren  gave  the  soldiers  a  barrel  of  beer  and  put  them  to  work 
on  the  fortifications,  while  Skute  was  conferring  with  Stuyvesant.  At  four  in  the 
afternoon  the  work  on  the  fort  was  ready  to  withstand  an  attack  of  the  enemy, 
but  then  Skute  had  already  surrendered  and  all  was  lost.     Geogr.,  pp.  225-30. 

"Lindestrora  says:  "  Gafs  Hollenskt  losen  pa  Fort  Treefaldigheet,  sedan 
swarades  uthi  lagret,  och  pa  Skieppen,  therefter  strax  lassades  heela  umgangen 
pa  Fort  Treefaldigheet  samt  uthanwarket,  suarades  sa  ater  medh  alle  styckene  i 
lagret  och  omgang[erne]  pa  Skieppen."     Geogr.,  p.  231. 

"  Lindestrom  says:  "We  who  were  officers  were  placed  under  arrest.  Then 
we  went  into  the  fort  and  a  house  was  placed  at  our  disposal,  where  we  should 
be  by  ourselves  until  further  order.  In  the  evening  we  were  very  splendidly  and 
well  entertained  at  General  Stuyvesant's  own  table  .  .  .  and  while  we  were  in 
their  arrest  we  had  nothing  to  complain  of."     Geogr.,  p.  232. 


6o2    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

(12)  Divine  services  were  conducted  in  Fort  Casimir,  after 
which  Stuyvesant  reported  his  success  to  the  council  of  New 
Amsterdam,  ordering  them  to  appoint  "  a  special  day "  for 
offering  thanks  for  the  victory.®* 

Meanwhile  Rising  was  making  preparations  to  receive  the 
enemy,  if  they  should  pass  Fort  Trefaldighet.  In  the  early 
morning  of  August  31  Elswick  visited  the  settlements  north- 
ward along  the  river"*  and  at  Kingsessing  he  called  together 
the  colonists,  telling  them  "  that  the  time  had  now  come  in 
which  they  could  show  their  fidelity  to  Her  Royal  Majesty  of 
Sweden  by  helping  to  defend  Her  Majesty's  fortresses."  He 
found  the  people  ready  and  willing  to  aid  in  the  defence  and  five 
men.  Mats  Hansson,  Peter  Rambo,  Sven  Gunnarsson,  Hans 
Mansson  and  Mats  Bengtsson,  followed  him  at  once.  On  their 
way  down  the  river  they  landed  on  "  Tenakong  Island,"  at 
which  place  some  soldiers  and  settlers  were  collected  and  from 
there  they  proceeded  in  a  boat  and  two  canoes  to  Christina, 
where  they  arrived  an  hour  before  daybreak  the  next  morning.''" 

When  Rising  found  that  the  Dutch  were  getting  the  upper 
hand  at  Fort  Trefaldighet,  he  sent  Hendrick  Elswick  to  enquire 
what  they  further  intended  to  do.  "  Factor  Elswick  came  from 
Fort  Christina,"  says  Stuyvesant,  "  and  asked  in  a  friendly  way 
and  in  the  name  of  his  director  the  cause  of  our  coming  and 
.  .  .  [desired  to  see]  the  orders  of  our  superiors  .  .  J^  He 
requested  us  to  be  satisfied  with  what  we  had  accomplished, 
without  advancing  further  upon  the  other  Swedish  fort,  using 
at  first  persuasive  and  friendly  words,  afterwards  mingled  with 
menaces."''^  Stuyvesant  was  on  the  point  of  detaining  Elswick 
as  a  spy,  but  finally  sent  him  back  with  the  reply  that  he  had 
come  to  occupy  the  whole  of  New  Sweden  and  that  he  would 

"'  Doc,  Xn.  102. 

°°  Upland,  Finland  and  Tenakong   (Tinicum). 

"Elswick's  Relation,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 

"  Elswick  was  compelled  to  wait  for  two  hours  before  the  interview  was 
granted  as  Skute  was  on  board  discussing  the  terras  of  capitulation.  Elswick, 
Relation. 

'""Doc,  xn.  loi. 


v.v.:':;;.:::::^::::::::::;:: 

ir--:;;-:-;V;:l--i:::::P^>^::::?::::::: 

If  •:••:•••  v/:v;:i:-:::--}S^:-:::f-::- 

%-:-:->Vv^H;)f;v;:::c^::i:i:iri::::i 


■■SlaiUieii  Christina  Hanibn  medli  Skanlzeii  Christina  Kort  in  Nova  Svecia  Sanipc  Hollendarens  belSgringh  An"  1655."  (The 
f  [ofKhnstinahanibn  with  Kort  Christina  in  Xc-w  Sweden  and  the  seigeof  IheiHollender,  in  the  year  1655).  A.  Skieppet  Amstero. 
us  wagen"  (Tlic  sliip  Amsl,rdaiiis  Ifaag  (scales)).  B.  Spegell  Skieppet  (The  ship  Spegtl  i-Virror.  Dolphin  f),  C.  Tennakoncks 
idet  (the  Tennakoncks  land),  D.  Slagen  Borjjh.  Tre  Compagnier  (three  companies),  E.  Christina  Kyi  (River),  F.  Ryt  Flacht,  G 
ggen  liorgh,  Fyra  Canipagnier  (Mosquito-burg.  Four  companies),  H.  Hollandarens  belagring  (the  seige  of  the  Holle'nder),  Rottn 
irgh.  Se.xCompagnier  (Rat  burg.  Six  companies).  I.  Christina  Hambns  Stadh  (the  city  of  Christinahambn ).  K.  Kifiket  (the  kit- 
n),  I..  Kliegen  Hourgh,  Twa  Compagnier  (IHy-burg.  Two  companies),  M.  Timmer  Eylandet  (Timber  Island),  X.  RVt  Flacht,  O. 
TcieKyleu  (Fish  Kill),  1'.  Ryt  Flacht,  y.  Ryt  Flacht.  R.  Hanibn  (Harbor),  S.  Christina  Fort,  T.  Mina  (mine).     From  I.indestronrs 

I 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  603 

not  return  before  he  had  accomplished  his  object.  On  receiving 
this  message  Rising  collected  all  his  people  in  the  fort,  putting 
them  to  work  on  the  walls  and  battlements  day  and  night.  On 
Sunday,  September  2,  divine  services  were  held  as  usual,  after 
which  they  "worked  busily  on  the  fort."  During  the  day  an 
Indian,  who  brought  a  pig  which  he  sold  in  the  fort,  related  that 
he  had  seen  the  Swedish  soldiers  at  Fort  Trefaldighet  carried 
prisoners  to  the  Dutch  vessels  and  this  disheartened  the  garrison, 
but  Rising  tried  to  keep  up  their  courage. 

On  the  same  day  part  of  the  Dutch  force  was  marched  up 
within  sight  of  Christina,   but  Stuyvesant   remained  at   Fort 
Casimir.     On  Monday  morning  the  Dutch  raised  their  flag  on 
the  Swedish  sloop  in  the  river  above  the  Swedish  fort,  and  as 
they  prepared  to  take  a  stand  by  a  house  in  the  neighborhood, 
Lieutenant  Hook  with  a  drummer  was  sent  there  to  inquire 
what  their  intentions  were  and  why  they  took  a  stand  there.''^ 
Before  his  boat  landed  he  obtained  the  assurance  of  the  Dutch 
that  he  would  be  received  according  to  the  rules  governing  the 
treatment  of  messengers  between  contending  parties,"^*  but  he 
was  made  a  prisoner  and  sent  to   Fort  Casimir  in  chains."' 
During  the  night  the  Dutch  rushed  the  work  on  the  trenches 
to  such  an  extent  that  their  battery  was  ready  on  the  following 
day.     The  Swedes  now  supposed  that  Stuyvesant  intended  to 
build  a  fort  there  so  as  to  be  able  to  control  the  whole  district 
below  Christina  River,  for  it  was  not  yet  believed  that  he  had 
come  to  capture  all  the  forts. 

On  September  5  Fort  Christina  was  surrounded  on  all  sides. 

"  Lindestrom  gives  this  occurrence  on  September  6.  "  On  September  6  the 
enemy  demanded  the  surrender  of  Fort  Christina.  Then  Lieutenant  Sven  Hook 
was  ordered  by  Director  Rising  to  answer  [them]."      Geogr.,  p.  233. 

"  According  to  the  Swedish  records. 

"It  is  probable  that  he  offended  the  Dutch  in  some  way.  Lindestrom  says: 
"And  what  words  he  spoke  against  the  Dutch  (for  nahr  talet  och  faldt  hafwer), 
one  cannot  really  know,  [but]  he  was  seized  and  brought  on  board  the  ship 
Amsterdams  iVaag  and  there  locked  into  heavy  chains."  Geogr.,  233;  Bogaert 
says:  "The  13th  was  taken  prisoner  the  Lieutenant  of  Fort  Crist[ina],  with  a 
drummer,  it  being  supposed  that  he  had  come  as  a  spy  upon  the  army,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  drummer's  having  no  drum."  Jameson,  Nar.  of  N.  Neth.,  384-5; 
Hist.  Mag.,  II.  258. 


6o4    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

To  the  southwest  across  the  river  were  three  companies  en- 
trenched around  the  little  batteries  with  four  cannon  which 
were  erected  there;""  at  some  hundred  feet  apart  to  the  north- 
west were  four  companies  and  two  batteries,  each  with  three 
cannon;"'  directly  north  of  the  fortress,  on  the  ground  laid  out 
for  the  city  of  Christinehamn  there  were  six  companies  with 
trwo  batteries  and  six  cannon  ;"*  on  Timber  Island,  a  little  to  the 
east  of  the  town,  two  companies  were  stationed  with  two  bat- 
teries (one  "in  a  new  house")  and  four  cannon.'®  A  short 
distance  below  the  fort  the  river  was  closed  by  the  ships  De 
PFaag  and  the  Spiegel  (Dolphijn?) ,  below  which  the  other  ves- 
sels were  anchored.*"  As  Rising  with  his  people  had  labored 
diligently  to  put  Christina  in  a  state  of  defence,  the  strength  of 
the  fortress  had  been  somewhat  increased  when  the  Dutch  began 
to  invest  it,  entrenchments  being  dug  and  the  walls  improved, 
but  provisions  were  scarce  and  the  director  as  well  as  Elswick 
were  obliged  to  supply  various  things  from  their  own  means. 
Beer  especially  was  used  in  large  quantities  and  Rising  supplied 
five  barrels  of  the  drink  to  the  soldiers  and  freemen  during  the 
siege.*' 

When  Stuyvesant  had  enclosed  Christina  on  every  side  and 
cut  off  all  means  of  escape,  he  sent  an  Indian  to  the  Swedish 
director  with  a  letter,  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  fort  and 
the  entire  river,  after  which  all  the  Swedes  must  leave  or  come 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dutch  government.  Rising  sent  a 
short  reply  with  the  Indian,  stating  that  a  deputation  would  be 

"  The  batteries,  according  to  Lindestrom,  were  made  from  sod  and  protected 
by  gabions  and  breastworks.     It  was  called  "  Slangenborg." 

"  These  batteries  were  built  out  of  logs,  protected  by  breast  works  and  gabions. 
This  battery  which  was  nearest  the  fort  (see  the  map)  was  called  "  Myggen- 
borgh  "  because  there  was  "  such  a  fearful  amount  of  mosquitoes  there."     Geogr., 

234- 

"The  batteries  were  built  of  logs,  filled  in  with  earth  and  covered  with  sod. 
On  account  of  the  large  number  of  rats  there,  it  was  called  "  Rottnbourgh." 
Geogr.,  234. 

"The  kitchen   (see  map)  was  enclosed  in  a  fortified  square.      Geogr.,  234. 

^  Geogr.,  233-4.  The  Spiegel  given  by  Lindestrom  was  known  under  a 
different  name  by  the  Dutch  and  it  was  probably  the  same  as  the  Dolphijn. 

"  Elswick's  Relation,  Rising's  Journal;  "  Reck,  raed  Sod.  Comp.,"  Rising's 
Process  (R.A.). 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  605 

sent  to  Governor  Stuyvesant,  which  would  answer  his  demands 
in  full.  A  council  of  war  was  then  called  to  decide  on  the  course 
of  action  to  be  taken.  The  walls  of  the  fort  were  in  poor  condi- 
tion and  only  one  round  of  ammunition  was  on  hand.  Besides 
the  soldiers  were  out  of  spirits,  some  were  mutinous,  a  few  had 
escaped  over  the  embankments  and  the  general  condition  of  the 
besieged  was  miserable.  Yet  there  was  no  thought  of  surrender 
at  present,  but  on  the  contrary  it  was  decided  to  hold  out  against 
the  enemy  as  long  as  possible.  No  hostilities  should  be  begun 
and  no  occasion  for  action  should  be  given  by  the  Swedes  on 
account  of  their  lack  of  means  of  defence,  but  all  attacks  should 
be  repulsed  until  further  resistance  was  useless  when  they  should 
surrender  on  the  best  terms  obtainable. 

The  Dutch  soldiers  were  now  overrunning  the  territory  above 
Christina  River,  killing  the  cattle,  swine  and  goats  of  the  set- 
tlers, breaking  open  the  houses  and  plundering  even,'thing  they 
could  get  at.  Several  of  the  colonists  had  brought  their  posses- 
sions to  Printz  Hall  for  better  protection,  but  some  Dutch  went 
there  also  who  carried  off  the  propert}'  of  Madame  Papegoja 
and  of  the  others  and  broke  into  the  church,  taking  away  "  the 
cordage  and  sails  for  a  new  ship."  The  Indians  also  did  their 
share  of  the  plundering,  and  on  September  2  they  stole  all 
Clement  Mickelsson's  goods  from  his  house. *- 

Ever}'  hour  the  Dutch  lines  were  drawn  closer  around  the 
doomed  fort.  On  September  7  a  Dutch  flag  was  raised  on  the 
new  ship  in  Fish  River  and  "  Dutch  banners  were  waving 
ever\^where."  In  the  morning  Rising  sent  a  commission  to 
Stu>'\'esant,  who  was  still  at  Fort  Casimir.  The  deputation 
consisted  of  Hendrick  von  Elswick,  Gregorious  van  Dyck,  and 
Peter  Rambo.  A  memorial  in  seven  paragraphs  was  given  to 
them,  defining  their  powers  and  giving  minute  instructions  as 
to  their  procedure.  Elswick,  who  was  to  give  an  oral  answer  to 
Stu\n-esant's  demand  of  surrender,  should  see  that  the  honor  of 

"Rising's  Journal;  Elswick's  Relation;  Doc.,  XII.  105,  109;  Records  of  Gloria 
Dei;  cf.  Acrelius,  pp.  78-9.  "  Hausset  nu  die  Hollender  sehr  ubell  mit 
Todtschlagung  des  Vihes,  und  pliindrung  der  Heusser  aussen  fiihr  dieser  Fort- 
resse."      Elswick's  Relation. 


6o6   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

the  Crown  of  Sweden  and  of  the  Commercial  College  was 
respected,  that  Rising  and  the  other  officers  were  given  their 
proper  titles  for  the  honor  of  their  superiors.*^  The  commis- 
sioners were  to  refute  Stuyvesant's  demands  by  presenting  the 
Swedish  claims  to  the  country,  saying  that  they  would  defend 
it  to  the  last,  they  were  to  endeavor  to  persuade  him  to  abstain 
from  hostilities  on  the  ground  that  a  continuation  of  the  siege 
would  bring  about  a  break  between  the  two  nations  in  Europe, 
and  as  they  were  closely  related  in  religion  they  ought  to  be 
friends,  the  country  being  large  enough  for  both.*^  Elswick 
was  further  to  insist  that  the  dispute  about  the  boundaries  could 
better  be  settled  in  Europe  and  lastly  he  should  protest  against 
the  imprisonment  of  Hook.*'  The  deputation  presented  these 
remonstrances  as  well  as  several  other  protests,  among  other 
things  demanding  that  Stuyvesant  should  withdraw  his  troops 
from  the  fort  at  once.  To  these  protests  and  remonstrances 
Stuyvesant  simply  replied  that  he  was  following  the  orders  of 
his  superiors  who  must  answer  for  the  consequences.*"  On 
September  9  Elswick  in  the  name  of  his  superior  was  ordered  to 
write  a  letter  to  the  Dutch  governor  in  which  he  was  to  protest 
against  the  robberies  and  atrocities  of  the  Dutch  soldiers. 
Stuyvesant  answered  the  letter  the  same  day.  He  allowed  the 
Swedes  no  rights  in  the  river,  refuted  Rising's  arguments  and 
again  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort.  Another  council  of 
war  was  thereupon  called  at  which  it  was  decided  that  Rising 
should  request  an  interview  with  the  Dutch  governor  on  the 
following  day,  "  especially  since  he  had  on  two  successive  days 
.  .  .  demanded  a  conference"  and  a  messenger  was  sent  to 
Stuyvesant,  informing  him  of  the  decision  of  the  Swedish  offi- 

"  In  his  letter  of  September  15  (n.s.)  Stuyvesant  had  not  used  the  proper 
titles  in  addressing  Rising.  See  "  Memorial,"  etc.,  September  6/16,  1655. 
(Copia)   N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

"Elswick  was  also  to  say  that  Rising  would  not  have  attacked  Fort  Casimir 
if  the  gates  had  been  closed,  or  if  the  garrison  had  made  the  least  resistance. 

Elswick  went  to  the  Dutch  governor  in  a  boat  and  the  conference  took  place 
on  the  JVaag.     It  lasted  for  three  hours.     Elswick's  Relation. 

''Doc,  XII. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  607 

cers.*''  The  proposal  was  agreeable  to  Stuyvesant  and  accord- 
ingly the  two  governors  met  between  the  fort  and  the  Dutch 
camp.^*  "  A  complete  reply  was  made  to  .  .  .  [Stuyvesant's] 
lengthy  letter  of  the  previous  day  "  and  more  vigorous  protests 
were  made  against  his  procedure.  But  they  could  come  to  no 
agreement  and  Rising  returned  to  Christina  to  await  further 
developments.  On  the  following  day  the  batteries  of  the  Dutch 
were  brought  to  completion.  Stuyvesant  "  daily  demanded  Ris- 
ing's surrender  with  great  threats  "  and  sent  a  drummer  on  the 
twelfth  (twenty-second)  and  thirteenth  (twenty-third)  requir- 
ing another  colloquy  with  Rising,  and  demanded  that  the  fort 
should  be  surrendered  before  sunset  on  the  last  mentioned  day. 
Meanwhile  the  condition  of  the  besieged  was  daily  growing 
worse,  some  being  mutinous  and  many  being  sick.  The  fort 
had  been  reduced  to  its  last  extremity,  the  guns  of  the  Dutch 
were  pointed  at  the  walls  and  everything  was  ready  for  an 
attack.  The  officers  saw  the  futility  of  further  resistance  and  it 
was  decided  to  capitulate  on  the  best  terms  that  could  be  had. 
At  sunset  Elswick  was  sent  to  Stuyvesant  with  the  reply  that 
Rising  was  willing  to  meet  him  on  the  fourteenth.  Time  and 
place  of  meeting  having  been  agreed  upon,  the  "  director  of  New 
Sweden  "  and  the  general  director  of  New  Netherland  met  one 
another,  "on  the  place  of  parole  between  Fort  Christina  and 
the  headquarters  of  General  Peter  Stuyvesant  in  a  large  and 
beautiful  tent  erected  for  that  purpose."*"  Rising  was  ac- 
companied by  Von  Elswick  and  Jacob  Swensson  and  Stuyvesant 
was  followed  by  Vice-Governor  de  Sille  and  Major  Friedrichde 
Coninck.  The  conference  lasted  for  about  an  hour.  Rising 
warned  his  opponent  not  to  press  things  too  far  as  the  conse- 

"  A  letter  was  sent  with  the  messenger  and  Elswick  presented  a  copy  to  the 
Commercial  College  in  1656.  The  message  was  sent  on  September  10,  Elswick's 
Relation. 

"  Rising  was  accompanied  by  Von  Elswick  and  Stuyvesant  by  the  Vice-Gover- 
nor of  New  Netherland,  De  Sille.  Elswick's  Relation.  There  is  no  mention  of 
this  meeting  in  Rising's  Journal. 

'■' Lindestrom's  Geogr.,  235-6;  Elswick's  Relation;  Doc,  XI.  106.  Rising, 
omitting  the  former  interview,  describes  this  similarly  to  Elswick's  description 
of  the  previous  one. 


6o8    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

quences  might  have  far-reaching  results  in  Europe,  but  Stuyve- 
sant  would  listen  to  no  other  terms  than  "  complete  and  uncon- 
ditional "  surrender.  Finally  Rising  agreed  to  give  up  the  fort. 
The  articles  of  capitulation,  which  had  been  drawn  up  by  Els- 
wick  at  Rising's  request,  undoubtedly  according  to  the  proposi- 
tions and  suggestions  of  the  different  members  of  the  council  of 
war,  were  presented  to  Stuyvesant  for  his  approval.  Very  few 
changes  were  made,  it  seems,  so  that  the  treaty  became  a  most 
favorable  one  to  the  Swedes.  The  capitulation  which  was  to  be 
signed  by  the  two  governors  the  following  day  ( September  15)"" 
consisted  of  eleven  articles,  containing  the  following  main 
points:  The  garrison  should  march  out  of  the  fort  to  Timber 
Island  with  all  the  honors  of  war;  all  property  "belonging  to 
the  High  Crown  of  Sweden  and  the  South  Company  ...  in 
and  about  Fort  Christina"  should  remain  the  property  of  the 
said  parties  and  should  be  turned  over  to  the  owners  whenever 
demanded;  likewise  "all  writings,  letters,  documents  and  deeds 
of  the  High  Crown  of  Sweden  and  the  South  Company  or  of 
private  persons  found  in  Fort  Christina"  were  to  "remain  un- 
touched without  hindrance  and  visitation  In  the  hands  of  the 
governor  and  his  people,  to  take  them  away,  whenever  they 
please";  "the  officials,  officers,  soldiers  and  freemen  .  .  .[were 
to  be  allowed  to]  keep  their  own  movable  goods  unhindered 
and  undamaged  "  and  they  were  allowed  to  dispose  of  them  in 
any  manner  they  saw  fit;  the  Swedes  were  to  have  liberty  to 

°°  Elswick's  Relation;  Doc,  XH.  102.  Hence  it  is  clear  that  the  agreement  to 
surrender  was  made  on  September  14  (24)  and  not  on  the  fifteenth  as 
Rising  says  and  Acrelius  and  others  state.  From  Stuyvesant's  letter  of  Friday 
evening  (about  8  P.M.)  September  24  (n.s.)  it  can  also  be  seen  that  Rising  had 
already  agreed  to  surrender  and  that  only  the  signatures  to  the  document  were 
necessary.  "These  few  lines  are  ...  to  serve  [as  an  explanation?]  to  the 
enclosed  capitulation  entered  into  with  the  governor  of  Fort  Christina,  which,  if 
it  pleases  God,  will  be  signed  and  take  effect  to-morrow."  Doc,  XH.  102.  But 
Rising  says:  "  Altsa  maste  wij  den  15  Hujus "  (n.s.,  September  25),  etc. 
"  Skickades  altsa  dagen  therefter  [September  15]  een  harofwer  uth  till  the 
Hollenske,  att  wij  oss  innan  forsatte  terminer  skulle  betanckia."  "  Relation," 
etc.,  Arfwedson,  p.  30.  Lindestrom  says:  "The  17th  (n.s.,  27th)  of  September 
we  agreed  on  the  terms  and  signed  them."  Geogr.,  235-6.  A  manifest  error. 
Cf.  Bogaerdt's  Report,  Hist.  Mag.,  H.  589;  Acrelius,  p.  73  ff.;  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist. 
So.,  N.S.,  I.  443-8;  Winsor,  IV.  482,  and  others. 


"  Cannon  balls  dug  up  from  the  foundation  ruins  of  Fort  Christina."  Benjamin 
Ferris  says  of  these  balls:  "When  I  consider  the  indubitable  genuineness  of  the 
treasures  —  that  they  are  incontrovertibly  the  deposit  of  the  Swedes  before  the  sub- 
version of  their  authority  on  the  Delaware  in  1655, 1  think  them  the  greatest  curiosity 
pertaining  to  the  original  settlements  on  the  River.  "  From  the  Year-Book  of  the 
Hist.  So.  of  Delaware,  1901. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  609 

leave  the  country  without  hindrance  and  all  who  returned  home 
should  be  transported  to  Gothenburg  free  of  expenses;  Rising 
should  have  the  right  to  admonish  his  own  people  to  return  to 
their  native  land  in  case  some  were  inclined  to  remain,  the  length 
of  I  ^  years  to  be  granted  to  such  as  could  not  go  at  once,  in 
which  "to  dispose  of  their  movable  and  immovable  property"; 
all  who  wished  to  remain  in  the  country  under  the  Dutch  Juris- 
diction should  be  allowed  to  do  so  and  they  were  to  "  enjoy  the 
privilege  of  the  Augsburg  Confession  and  [have]  a  person  to 
instruct  them  therein,"  none  of  the  officers,  who  might  have  con- 
tracted debts  in  behalf  of  the  Crown  or  of  the  company,  should 
"  be  arrested  on  account  of  them,  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
general  [director]  ";  and  finally  Rising  was  to  have  full  liberty 
to  "  inquire  into  the  behavior  of  Skute  and  the  other  officers  dur- 
ing the  surrender  of  the  Fort  on  the  Sandhook,"  and  the  capitu- 
lation should  take  effect  on  September  15."'  "A  secret  article" 
was  also  included,  which,  however.  Rising  maintained  was  not 
secret,  but  made  with  the  knowledge  of  his  people  and  signed  by 
Stuyvesant  "in  their  presence  on  the  place  of  parole."''-  Accord- 
ing to  this  "  secret  separate  article,"  Rising  and  Elswick  were  to 
be  landed  either  in  England  or  in  France,  while  Stuyvesant 
promised  "to  advance  to  Director  Rising  either  in  cash  or  in 
bills  of  exchange  the  sum  of  £300  Flanders.""^  Goods  of 
equivalent  value  belonging  to  the  Swedish  Crown  and  the  New 
Sweden  Company  were  to  be  mortgaged  and  left  in  the  hands 
of  the  general  director  against  receipt,  and  Rising  promised  to 
repay  the  sum  at  Amsterdam  within  six  months. 

In  the  forenoon  of  September  15  (25)  the  two  governors 
again  met  on  the  place  of  parole.  The  articles  "  were  re-ex- 
amined and  found  to  be  correct,"  whereupon  two  copies  were 

"Doc,  XII.  104-5;  Acretius,  p.  73-5. 

'^Rising  calls  the  article  a  "separate  treaty."  The  fact  was  undoubtedly 
that  the  article  was  not  to  be  made  public  at  the  time.  It  was  known  to  Rising's 
people  to  the  extent  that  Elswick  and  the  other  Swedish  officers  present  at  the 
capitulation  became  acquainted  with  its  contents  and  witnessed  the  signing  of 
the  document.     Doc,  XII.  110. 

"  It  is  possible  that  the  "  secret  article  "  was  not  agreed  upon  before  September 
15  (25).     Doc,  XII.  106,  Acrelius,  p.  76. 
40 


6io   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

signed  and  New  Sweden  was  a  Swedish  colony  no  more.  At 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  little  garrison  ("about  thirty 
men")"*  marched  out  of  the  fort"^  "with  beating  of  drums, 
playing  of  fifes,  flying  banners,  burning  matches,  musketballs  in 
their  mouths  and  hand  and  sidearms."*®  The  soldiers  were 
quartered  in  the  houses  on  Timber  Island,  but  the  officers  were 
lodged  in  their  own  quarters  in  the  fort.  The  Dutch  soldiers 
took  possession  of  Christina  as  soon  as  the  Swedes  departed  and 
the  Dutch  flag  was  raised  above  it.®'^ 

Stuyvesant  was  lenient  in  his  demands  of  the  Swedes,  but  he 
had  special  reasons  for  being  so.  A  few  days  after  he  had  left 
New  Amsterdam  with  his  forces  the  Indians  attacked  several 
settlements  in  the  Dutch  colony,  killing  scores  of  settlers."*  On 
September  2  (12),  the  day  after  the  surrender  of  Fort  Tre- 
faldighet  and  the  date  on  which  Stuyvesant  reported  his  success, 
the  council  informed  the  governor  by  letter  that  the  Indians  had 
begun  hostilities  and  committed  many  murders."-'  They  ques- 
tioned the  sagacity  of  subduing  distant  places,  when  they  ran 
the  risk  of  losing  "the  old  property."  They  promised  to  do 
their  utmost  in  defending  the  colony  against  the  savages,  leav- 
ing it  with  Stuyvesant  to  act  according  to  his  judgment  in  the 
matter,  but  they  requested  him  to  send  a  speedy  reply  and  from 
the  tenure  of  the  missive  it  is  clear  that  they  would  rather  have 
him  return  to  defend  New  Netherland  than  to  gain  some  slight 

''Relation,  etc.,  Arfwedson,  p.  28. 

""Elswick  says:  "  Dreij  Uhr  nachmittag  zogen  die  Hollender  ein  und  unsere 
Volker  mit  fligender  Fahne,  slagende  Trummell,  riirende  Pfeiffe,  brandende 
Leiite  sampt  Ober-  und  Untergewehr,  etc.,  auss  dieser  Fortresse  Christina." 
Relation. 

"  Doc,  XH.  104. 

"  Elswiclc's  Relation;  Rising's  Journal;  Lindestrom's  Geogr.,  235  ff. ;  Doc, 
Xll.  104  ff. ;  Rising's  Relation,  etc.,  Arfwedson,  p.  29  ff. ;  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So., 
N.S.,  I.  443  ff. 

"  100  men  were  murdered  in  nine  hours.  Doc,  XH.  99. 

"The  council  reported  to  Stuyvesant  that  one  Mr.  Willet  believed  that  the 
Swedes  had  bribed  these  savages  and  that  through  Swedish  influence  these 
troubles  had  fallen  upon  them,  Doc,  XIL  99.  The  report  was,  of  course,  with- 
out foundation.  Lindestrom  states  that  the  Indians  had  a  conference,  when  they 
found  the  Dutch  were  attacking  New  Sweden,  and  decided  to  attack  New 
Netherland  as  revenge.     Geogr. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  6ii 

advantage  on  the  Delaware.'""  The  letter  was  handed  to  him 
in  the  afternoon  of  September  13  (23),  the  day  before  Rising 
agreed  to  surrender.  It  is  clear  that  these  misfortunes  in- 
fluenced Stuyvesant's  dealings  with  the  Swedes  and,  had  the  let- 
ter arrived  shortly  after  Fort  Trefaldighet  was  captured  and 
before  Christina  was  besieged,  it  is  more  than  likely  that  he 
would  have  returned  to  New  Amsterdam  as  soon  as  possible, 
without  further  molesting  the  Swedish  colony. 

The  council  sent  a  second  letter  to  the  governor  some  time 
after  September  3(13)  advising  him  to  destroy  Fort  Christina 
in  case  it  was  given  into  his  hands,  causing  the  Swedes  to  remove 
from  there,  otherwise  "  for  the  preservation  of  the  most  impor- 
tant object  and  the  consolation  of  the  inhabitants  .  .  .  [to] 
make  speedily  a  provisional  treaty  with  the  governor  of  the 
Swedes  in  regard  to  the  fort  and  the  land  of  Christina,  .  .  . 
and  then  .  .  .  [return  home]  on  the  first  opportunity  with  the 
ships  and  troops,  to  preserve  what  is  left."'"  It  is  not  known 
whether  or  not  this  letter  reached  him  before  the  treaty  was 
signed,  but  it  may  have  come  into  his  hands  on  the  fifteenth 
(twenty-fifth).""  At  any  rate  half  an  hour  after  the  Swedish 
soldiers  had  marched  out  of  the  fort,  he  appeared  "with  his 
officers  and  entire  council  "  before  Rising  in  Christina,  offering 
to  hand  over  the  fort  to  the  Swedes  and  to  make  with  them  an 
offensive  and  defensive  league  on  the  conditions  that  the  Dutch 
be  allowed  to  dwell  undisturbed  in  possession  of  the  land  below 
Christina  River  and  that  the  present  troubles  "  be  forgotten  and 
forgiven."  The  Swedes  were  to  remain  in  possession  of  all  the 
land  north  of  the  fortress  along  the  Delaware  and  "  the  country 
was  large  enough  for  them  both.""*^     Rising  was  naturally 

"^  Doc,  XII.  98-99.  The  copy  in  the  Doc.  is  dated  September  12  (ii.s.),  i655. 
but  in  the'  text  it  is  stated  "  that  in  the  morning  hours  of  the  r^th  inst.  many 
armed  savages  came.  ..."  There  is  a  mistake  somewhere.  Perhaps  the  15th 
inst.  is  a  mistake  for  the  loth  inst. 

"'  Doc,  XII.  100. 

"Mt  had  not  arrived  on  the  evening  of  September  14   (24K 

™"In  the  year  1655,  the  15th  (25th)  of  September,  Peter  Stuyvesant  with  his 
officers  and  entire  council  came  to  me,  Johan  Rising,  in  Fort  Christina  .  .  .  and 
presented  an  unexpected  proposition,  namely,  if  I  would   let  our  people  go  again 


6i2    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

surprised  at  this  unexpected  turn  of  affairs.  He  answered  the 
Dutch  governor  that  the  proposition  seemed  somewhat  strange 
to  him.  He  thought  it  was  too  late  to  come  to  any  such  agree- 
ments, but  he  requested  Stuyvesant  to  present  the  offers  in  writ- 
ing and  promised  that  a  written  reply  would  be  delivered  as 
soon  as  the  Swedish  council  had  considered  the  matter.^"* 

As  it  was  late  and  since  all  the  members  of  the  Swedish  coun- 
cil were  not  in  the  fort,  it  was  decided  to  postpone  the  decision 
until  the  next  day.  The  council,  which  assembled  in  the  fore- 
noon of  September  i6  (26),  consisted  of  Director  Rising, 
Lieut.  Sven  Hook,  who  had  been  released,  Hendrick  von  Els- 
wick,  Gregorius  van  Dyck,  the  gunner,  Johan  Danielsson,  the 
ensign,  Peter  Wendell  and  Peter  Rambo,  besides  some  freemen. 
The  unanimous  opinion  of  the  council  was,  however,  that  Stuy- 
vesant's  offer  could  not  be  accepted.  The  arguments  of  the 
different  members  against  repealing  the  capitulation  may  be 
summed  up  as  follows."^  They  had  no  authority  to  enter  into 
an  alliance  with  Stuyvesant,  guaranteeing  that  no  consequences 
would  follow  as  a  result  of  the  Dutch  attack  nor  to  waive  the 
rights  and  pretences  of  the  Swedish  Crown  to  damages  for  the 
losses  caused  by  the  Dutch;  they  could  not  subsist  in  the  country, 
since  their  provisions  were  gone,  a  great  part  of  their  cattle  and 
swine  were  killed  and  many  of  the  plantations  laid  waste  and 
finally  it  would  be  disgraceful  to  their  superiors  to  reoccupy  the 

with  the  flag  and  occupy  the  fort  and  places  all  the  way  from  Christina  Kill  [up 
the  Delaware]  and  let  the  Hollanders  occupy  what  there  was  below  [Christina 
Kill]  and  assure  him  that  the  Swedes  would  never  complain  about  it,  but  live 
toget-her  [with  the  Dutch]  in  good  friendship — the  country  being  large  enough 
for  both — and  we  should  make  an  offensive  and  defensive  league."  Minutes  of 
the  Council  for  considering  Stuyvesant's  proposition,  September  i6,  1655,  N.S., 
I.  (R.A.)  ;  see  also  Rising's  Journal;  Elswick's  Relation,  1655,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 

""  Lindestrom  says:  "Den  18  September  om  margonen  kora  General  Styfves- 
andh  inn  till  oss  pa  Fort  Christina  medh  sitt  Traabeen  styltandes,  rachte  oss 
handen,  till  bodh  oss  wart  landh  igen  och  all  giord  skada  wedhergialla  willia." 
Geogr.,  p.  236. 

^°''  Gregioius  Van  Dyck :  "  In  consideration  of  the  above  mentioned  reasons, 
[and]  of  the  condition  of  the  country  [I]  agree  with  the  rest.  We  surrendered 
on  favourable  terms  [Stuyvesant  now  tries]  to  entice  us  to  go  into  [the  fort] 
again,  our  superiors  will  have  injury  and  disgrace  through  it,  it  is  therefore 
best  to  stand  by  the  capitulation."  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Council, 
September  16,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)- 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  613 

fort.  After  a  vote  had  been  taken  an  answer  to  Stuyvesant's 
proposition  was  drafted  by  Elswick  which  was  sent  to  the  Dutch 
governor  through  two  soldiers,  informing  him  that  the  Swedish 
council  had  decided  to  abide  by  the  capitulation.'"*' 

Arrangements  were  therefore  made  by  the  Dutch  to  carry 
out  the  articles  of  surrender.  When  an  inventory  of  the  prop- 
erty belonging  to  the  Swedish  company  and  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment had  been  made  (from  September  eighteenth  to  the  twenty- 
second)  which  was  signed  and  sealed,  the  keys  to  the  storehouse 
were  delivered  to  Stuyvesant's  servants  by  the  gunner  Johan 
Danielsson.'"'^ 

The  Dutch  soldiers  had  plundered  many  of  the  plantations 
at  Finland  and  Upland,  during  the  siege,  but  it  is  probable  that 
order  was  restored  soon  after  the  signing  of  the  treaty,  most  of 
the  settlers  going  back  to  their  homes.'"® 

An  article  had  been  included  in  the  treaty  giving  Rising  the 
right  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  the  Swedish  officers  at  the 
surrender  of  Fort  Trefaldighet,  and  on  September  24  a  court- 
martial  was  held  on  Timber  Island,  at  which  an  examination 
was  made  into  the  behavior  of  Lieutenant  Sven  Skute.i"»  He 
was  blamed  for  not  giving  orders  to  fire  on  the  Dutch  ships  as 
they  passed,  although  Lindestrdm  and  Stalkofta  stood  by  the 
guns  ready  to  apply  the  match.  He  was  also  accused  of  not  tak- 
ing council  with  his  officers  about  what  was  to  be  done,  and 
Rising  told  him  openly  that  he  had  disobeyed  his  orders,  while 

"«  The  reasons  for  not  accepting  Stuyvesant's  offer  are  summarized  by  Rising 
as  follows-  (i)  They  had  no  authority  to  make  an  offensive  and  defensive  league 
with  him,  without  the  knowledge  of  their  superiors,  furthermore  it  would  not  be 
advisable  as  the  Indians  had  attacked  New  Netherland  while  the  savages  were 
friendly  to  the  Swedes.  (2)  They  could  not  guarantee  that  no  trouble  would 
arise  from  the  hostilitv,  attacks  and  affronts  he  had  made  agamst  the  colony. 
(,)  It  was  not  to  their  honor  to  reoccupy  the  fort.  (4)  All  pretensions  to 
damages  would  be  waived.  (5)  They  could  not  subsist  in  the  country  since  the 
provisions  were  gone,  most  of  the  cattle  butchered,  the  plantations  ruined  and 
their  credit  with  the  English  destroyed.  Rising's  Journal  (Up.  B.)  ;  cf.  Linde- 
strora's  Geogr.,  pp.  236-7;  Elswick's  Relation. 

™Elswick's  Relation,  1656,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Lindestrora's  Geogr..  pp.  237-8. 

""Elswick's  Relation,  1656,  N.S.,  I.    (R.A.)  ;   Lindestrom's  Geogr.,  p.  237   ff. 

"'Lindestrom  is  inaccurate.      He  gives  the  date  as  September  26.      Geogr., 


p.  239. 


6i4   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

several  other  accusations  were  made  against  him  by  Utter  and 
Raf.  But  he  denied  them  all  and  it  was  brought  out  during  the 
examination  that  the  soldiers  were  mutinous  and  that  he  had 
tried  to  encourage  them  and  to  make  them  "fight  like  men." 
It  seems  that  Skute  had  expected  to  be  held  to  account  for  giv- 
ing up  the  fort,  for  he  prepared  a  statement,  which  being  signed 
by  Lieutenant  Elias  Gyllengren,  Rev.  Peter  Hjort,  Constaple 
Johan  Andersson  and  others,  exonerated  him  from  all  blame. 
It  was  sent  with  a  report  of  the  surrender  to  Eric  Oxenstiema 
on  September  29,  1655.^'° 

"  Preparations  were  now  made  with  all  diligence  for  the  de- 
parture of  the  Swedes"  for  New  Amsterdam  and  the  restoring 
of  order.  Part  of  the  goods  belonging  to  the  New  Sweden 
Company  was  sold  to  the  servants  and  freemen  on  credit  while 
the  remainder  was  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Vice-commis- 
sioner Jacob  Svensson  to  be  sold  in  the  best  way  possible."^ 
Only  a  small  number  of  the  colonists  desired  to  return  to  Swe- 
den. Those  who  remained,  however,  were  obliged  to  swear 
allegiance  to  the  Dutch.  A  "  call  upon  the  Swedes  to  take  the 
oath"  was  drawn  up  and  nineteen  freemen  signed  the  docu- 
ments preserved  to  us.  It  is  likely  that  many  of  the  other 
inhabitants  of  New  Sweden  took  the  oath  later."" 

From  September  25  to  29  the  baggage  of  the  officers,  soldiers 
and  colonists,  who  desired  to  return  to  the  fatherland,  was 
loaded  upon  the  Dutch  ships  and  when  Rising  had  gone  on 
board  the  Waag^'^^  with  his  men  on  October  i  (11)  the  vessels 
set  sail  for  New  Amsterdam,  where  they  arrived  nine  days 
later.  Rising  remained  on  the  JVaag  until  Sunday  afternoon, 
October  14  (24),  when  he  was  advised  by  Elswick  to  visit 
Governor  Stuyvesant  in  his  fort  to  make  complaints  about 
various  damages  done  the  property  of  the  New  Sweden  Com- 

"°  Report  sent  by  Skute  to  Eric  Oxenstierna,  August  31,  and  letter  September 
29,  1655,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.). 

"'Elswick's  Relation,  1656,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

'"Doc,  Xn.  106-7. 

'"  A  salute  of  five  large  guns  was  given,  as  Governor  Rising  arrived  at  the 
ship.     See  Elswick's  Relation;  cf.  Lindestrom's  Geogr.,  p.  239. 


Relations  with  the  Dutch.  615 

pany.  He  also  accused  Stuyvesant  "of  breach  of  the  stipulated 
capitulation,"  because  he  did  not  provide  proper  lodgings,  "  and 
disputes  with  [unfriendly]  words  were  said  to  have  occurred 
between  them."  Two  days  later  Stuyvesant  drew  up  "  an 
answer  and  counter  protest,"  which  was  presented  to  Rising  on 
October  18  (28).^^*  On  the  following  day  Rising  replied  to 
the  counter  protest,  denied  the  accusations  made  by  Stuyvesant, 
repeated  some  of  his  former  complaints,  "  requested  in  all 
justice  that,  according  to  the  capitulation  the  troops  .  .  .  should 
not  be  influenced  to  remain  here,  while  those  conformable  to 
.  .  .  [the]  agreement  [who  desired  to  go],  ought  to  come 
with  [him]  in  the  same  ship  "  and  finally  he  again  protested 
against  all  that  had  been  done  "  to  His  Majesty's  subjects  by 
the  invasion,  beleaguering  and  taking  of  the  whole  South 
River.""'^  The  protest  was  delivered  to  Stuyvesant  by  Els- 
wick,  accompanied  by  Lieutenant  Sven  Hook  and  Peter  Hans- 
son  Wendell  and  it  seems  to  have  remained  unanswered. 

Arrangements  were  now  speedily  made  for  the  transportation 
of  Rising  and  his  men  to  Europe,  orders  concerning  their 
passage  and  landing  being  given  to  the  skippers  in  whose  vessels 
they  were  to  go;"*'  but  the  Dutch,  who  did  their  best  in  per- 
suading the  Swedes  to  remain  at  New  Amsterdam,  prevailed 
on  most  of  the  Swedish  people  to  locate  in  the  colony.^'"  The 
officers  and  people  (37  in  all)"*  who  were  determined  to  leave 
were  finally  placed  on  board  three  vessels  with  their  baggage, 
and  on  October  23  (November  2)  they  went  to  sea. 

"'Elsvvick's  Relation;  Doc,  XII.  107-8.  The  protest  was  brought  to  Rising's 
dwelling  by  the  secretary  of  New  Amsterdam,  Van  Ruyven  and  "  two  good  men." 

^''  Doc.  XII.  109-110;  Elswick's  Relation. 

"'Doc,  XII.  no.  The  money  promised  to  Rising  was  given  in  two  drafts, 
one  on  De  Cruso  of  London  for  1,000  guilders  and  the  other  on  Steenwyck  for  800 
guilders.     Doc,  XII.  iii. 

"'  Elswick's  Relation.  The  people  were  admonished  by  Rising  and  Elswick 
to  return,  but  to  no  avail. 

"'Elswick  says:  "35  Personen  von  uns  Volk."  He  evidently  excludes  himself 
and  Director  Rising,  Relation.  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  Pufendorf  says:  "  Eodem  anno  id 
quoque  insensi  a  Belgis  Sveciae  illatum,  quod  hujus  Colonos  Nova  Svecia  plane 
ejecerint,  cujus  Gubernator  Risinguis  cum  triginta  sex  hominihus  mense  Decembri 
Pleimuthensi  in  portu  Angliae  adpellebat."  De  Rebus  a  Carolo  Gustavo,  etc., 
Liber  II.,  §85   (p.  120).     Cf.  Appendix  below. 


6i6    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

The  ships  arrived  at  Plymouth  on  December  7  (17),  whence 
Elswick  wrote  to  Commissioner  Joachim  Potter,  giving  a  brief 
relation  of  the  circumstances  of  the  capture  of  New  Sweden. 
Rising  went  "  overland  to  London,"  drew  his  money  and  made 
a  report  to  Christer  Bonde,  the  Swedish  Ambassador  to  Eng- 
land. From  there  he  went  to  Amsterdam."^  The  other  pas- 
sengers continued  on  their  way  to  Holland,  arriving  there  in 
January.  They  were  well  cared  for  by  Croon,  the  commis- 
sioner of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  being  lodged  and  fed 
by  him.  Shortly  after  their  arrival  Lieutenant  Hook  made  a 
report  before  Peter  Trotzig  at  Amsterdam  and  several  officers, 
soldiers  and  servants,  who  had  money  due  to  them  from  the  com- 
pany, according  to  a  list  signed  by  Rising,  applied  for  aid.'^" 
Elswick  almost  immediately  set  out  for  Stockholm,  where  he 
arrived  February  6.  On  the  following  day  he  appeared  before 
the  Commercial  College,  presented  a  letter  from  Rising  and 
made  a  report.^  ^^ 

"'  Elswick's  Relation.  In  Holland  Rising's  luggage  was  plundered  and  his 
large  economic  work  was  destroyed.     lit  Vthogh  om  Kibp-Hand.,  etc.,  p.  7. 

""  See  Lindestrom,  Geogr.,  Journal,  no.  1448  ff. 

"^  Elswick's  Relation.  It  is  probable  also  that  he  was  requested  to  prepare  a 
written  report  and  his  Journal  or  Relation  was  presented  a  little  later. 


iJV".  .•./«« <;,-/5  «;,.«..  rf.rM:  f^:;^,--^: 


/^ 


Mt^-_J.^m.  ^l"(yd(iiii,f'  '-3yy^'ri  yw/,»'4;  CaMtfat 


m^ 


Passport  for  Peter  I.iiulestrom  given  by  Johan  Rising  "  on  board  the  Dutch  ship  Bern, 
in  the  Channel,  December  1,  1655." 


BOOK   V. 

®ljp  Atttpriran  Qlmnpattg  anii  tiff  QImflftI]i  ^Exprbttuin.  anh 

tl|p  ^uifiiialj  ^rttktttpnta  uniicr  Sutrl|  Sulr, 

1B54-1BH4. 


■Jx 

u 
Z 


PART    I. 

THE  AMERICAN   COMPANY,   THE  LAST   EXPEDITION 
TO  NEW  SWEDEN  AND  THE  EFFORTS  OF  SWE- 
DEN  TO   REGAIN   THE   COLONY,    1654-1736. 


CHAPTER    XLVIII. 

The  American  Company  or  the  Third  Reorganization 

OF  THE  New  Sweden  Company,  1654-1655. 

Shortly  after  the  sailing  of  the  Haj  Printz  and  Huygen' 
arrived  at  Stockholm  and  made  oral  and  written  reports  to  the 
Commercial  College.  The  servants  and  soldiers,  who  had  ac- 
companied the  governor,  gradually  made  their  appearance  in 
the  capital  also,  relating  their  experiences  and  clamoring  for 
pay.  The  condition  of  the  colony  and  the  urgent  need  for  aid 
was  therefore  well  known  to  the  authorities  and  officers  of  the 
company  and  we  might  expect  a  period  of  great  activity.  Eric 
Oxenstierna,  who  continued  to  be  the  leading  spirit  in  the  efforts 
to  promote  the  interest  of  New  Sweden,  brought  the  matter  up 
for  consideration  in  the  Commercial  College,  which  led  to  the 
proposal  of  certain  plans.  Already  in  the  previous  March, 
before  the  sailing  of  the  Haj,  the  company  had  in  mind  to  send 
out  a  new  expedition,  but  there  was  not  a  sufficiently  large 
capital  in  the  treasury  to  make  an  immediate  journey  possible 
and,  when  the  officers,  soldiers  and  other  servants  presented 
themselves  for  aid,  the  treasury  was  further  reduced." 

'  Printz  landed  in  Gothenburg  on  April  24,  1654,  and  Huygen  undoubtedly 
preceded  him  by  a  few  days. 

^Printz  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  April  25,  1654,  Ox.  Sam!.;  Hans  Kramer  to  E. 
Oxenstierna,  May  25,  1654,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  Several  men  were  paid  by  Kramer, 
John  Matsson,  Pawel  Jansson,  Peter  Meyer,  Peter  Andersson,  Thomas  Jurgensson 
and  Hans  Janeke,  being  mentioned  in  the  Journal  among  those  returning. 
Journal,  no.  11 80  ff. 

619 


620   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

The  company  stilP  had  claims  against  the  government  for 
several  thousand  riks  daler,  but  the  political  situation  was  not 
favorable  for  pressing  these  bills.  The  pleasure-loving  Queen 
no  longer  paid  attention  to  the  duties  of  a  sovereign;  the  state 
treasury  was  empty  through  her  extravagances  and  everything 
was  in  confusion.^  Under  such  conditions  we  can  expect  no 
great  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  little  settlement  on  the  Delaware. 
But  things  were  soon  to  change.  Christina  surrendered  her 
scepter  to  the  great  Charles  X. 

New  life  was  now  put  into  the  machinery  of  the  state  and 
order  was  restored  in  the  various  departments  of  the  govern- 
ment.' The  colony  was  not  neglected  by  the  King  nor  by  the 
Commercial  College,  which  was  still  the  "legal  director"  of 
the  New  Sweden  Company.  In  the  autumn  the  Orn  returned 
from  the  South  River  bringing  Rising's  report  and  requests  for 
more  supplies.®  On  October  4  letters  from  Bockhorn  and  Pape- 
goja,  written  at  Gothenburg,  were  read  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Commercial  College  and  the  colony  was  discussed  at  several 
other  sessions  of  that  body.  The  oral  and  written  reports, 
which  were  presented  by  Papegoja  and  Bockhorn  in  the  autumn, 
helped  to  increase  the  interest  in  the  colony  and  serious  efforts 
were  now  made  to  prosecute  the  undertaking  with  more  vigor. 

Previously  the  college  had  made  attempts  at  establishing 
trade  between  New  Sweden  and  other  places  in  America.  Pal- 
bitsky  was  to  request  trade  concessions  from  Spain  for  the 
Swedish  colony  on  the  Delaware''  and  Israel  Lagerfelt,*  while 
on  his  mission  of  mediation  to  England,®  proposed  that  "  the 
navigation  and  commerce  be  free,  lawful  and  uninterrupted  for 

'  See  above,  Chap.  L. 

*  See  Introduction,  above. 

°  Cf.  above,  Chaps.  L,  HI. 

•  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XXXIX. 

'  Cf.  above,  Chap.  II.,  p.  lo.  Documents  concerning  Palbitsky's  mission  to 
Spain  not  referred  to  on  p.  lo  are  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1651-1655;  Beier  to  Oxen- 
stierna,  March  5,  1652,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.). 

'Israel  Lagerfelt  (1610-1684)  became  vice-president  in  the  Commercial  Col- 
lege in  1654. 

'  Sent  to  England  to  mediate  betiveen  England  and  the  Netherlands. 


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(nviceifi  qra ffcimm'ouj ,cA-  Prr^Tiper^  ma4or,'a/rr,  e4  ffcrnpffrie^)  UTtetu  in 
hff:tft^t4,w  fntxlcaniv^  •  ^Tf^'rtat^^di  •Tnirthf  autvitjffam  twashsniOuJ  l^tt  cum- 
brteJic^x  Ju<t  v\a',^  Q^v/a^c.iiahj  .■'\rani{uj)ueciaL,WefiafD-nllu^  ai- 

'^mirij  z^ffm.ne  ^AxtiLO  0x-(ynliic/rna.9^n; ^oKaru 

e^a/udia.-  Zlrovt'neiali    OccidcntaUum    J\(!T(anJi<irumJ^j^ni<ti^ 
JlcrrcJaU't,  M  (z/tywpha?  .(-fmift-  ^yfloreit-  cMtu'irali'j.Mcffv  ~ 
^JJaront,  in  J\.imit{ie  .Jjfftninii  m    Jihoim ,(t  '.ixjjacn  .{^lyiitii^AiiTiih 


3. 


'O/rffiU-' 


l-irst  page  of  treaty  between  England  and  Sweden  concerning  the  Swedish  colonies 
in  America  and  Africa,  T'psala,  May  8,  1654.  Original  preserved  in  the  Riksarkiv.  Trans- 
lated below,  p.  753. 


L-J Villus .wuiriim  -mienJfivju.nqcTidi'.-.M'piiOb-jMvanda.-  /urtj,  S. 
traJevtiouJ  Vi  n^itmiwi'/ii'j  mca  in  mt,  mtntefTime  rrapu) ,  e1^_ 
Q)uAi{rilth(iM'  uiainuj  mert  ,SiJiM<tii  eemfnre  ■    Return  Utjit/iir   i 
tyf/etufts  e/fla'y\yYnr.i  l6^--'.r 


S"^ 


J^u4h^}tii/U^,k^.  ^k 


Last  page  of  the  Uiiglish-Swedisli  treaty,  sigiu-il  by  Bulstrode  Whitelocke. 


The  American  Company.  621 

Her  Sacred  Majesty  of  Sweden  and  all  her  subjects,  generally 
and  particularly,  .  .  .  throughout  England,  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land as  also  the  Islands  and  ports  subject  and  belonging  to  the 
Commonwealth  of  England  In  Virginia,  New  England,  Guiney 
and  elsewhere,"  to  which  the  Council  of  State  replied  that  the 
trade  and  navigation  of  both  nations  should  be  free  "  except  in 
the  Barbadoes  and  such  plantations,  ports  and  places  in  America, 
belonging  to  the  Commonweadth  of  England,  whereunto  trade 
and  traffic  is  prohibited  without  special  license,  both  sides  ob- 
serving the  laws,  customs  and  ordinances  of  each  place  respec- 
tively, "i" 

In  the  treaty  of  friendship  made  between  England  and  Swe- 
den on  April  II,  1654,  through  Ambassador  Whitelocke  and 
Chancellor  Axel  Oxenstierna,  an  article  was  included  concerning 
the  trade  of  Sweden  in  America,"  and  in  the  special  treaty  of 
May  8  the  same  year*^  [^  ^^g  stated  that  "  the  same  rule  [of 
friendship  and  good  will]  shall  also  be  observed  in  America 
between  the  colonies  of  New  Sweden  and  of  the  English  so  that 
they  may  cultivate  true  friendship  and  refrain  on  both  sides 
from  injuries  and  annoyances."'^'  Again  in  December,  when 
Peter  Coyet,'*  one  of  the  officers  of  the  Commercial  College,'^ 
was  sent  to  England,  he  was  instructed  to  obtain  permission 
from  the  English  government  for  Swedish  merchants  to  trade 
in  the  Barbadoes  "  and  other  islands  and  lands  in  America." 
"  Lastly  he  was  at  the  proper  opportunity  to  present  the  case  of 
the  boundaries  between  New  Sweden  and  Virginia  In  order  that 

'"Council  of  State  to  Lagerfelt,  July  7,  28,  1653,  Foreign  Entry  Books,  151, 
Pub.  Rec.  Office.  Cf.  above,  Chap.  II.,  p.  I2,  notes  16-19;  Thurloe,  State  Papers, 
II.  142-3,  299-301,  314,  etc. 

"  Treaty  Papers,  Sweden,  1618-1672,  no.  69,  Pub.  Rec.  Office;  Whitelocke, 
Embassy.  Cf.  Mss.  32,093,  fol.  320,  Brit.  Museum;  Whitelocke  to  Thurloe, 
Upsala,  March  10,  1653,  jlitJ.  4156,  fol.  92  (or  51  or  49  all  three  given).  White- 
locke writes:  "The  Queene  is  pleased  to  spend  some  time  to  learne  English 
of  me." 

"  For  discussions  which  led  to  the  signing  of  the  treaty  see  Whitelocke, 
Embassy. 

"  See  facsimile  and  appendi.x,  below. 

"Peter  Julius  Covet  (1618-1667)  was  ambassador  to  England  in  1654-5, 
Swedish  commissioner  at  Brede  in  1667,  where  he  died. 

"  Peter  Coyet  was  now  .Assessor  in  the  college. 


622    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

certain  commissioners  might  be  appointed  for  this  purpose,  who 
should  inspect  the  boundaries  and  place  certain  limits  and  land- 
marks [between  the  two  colonies],  that  the  good  friendship 
and  confidence,  which  have  been  renewed  and  consolidated  be- 
tween the  two  nations  here  in  Europe,  might  be  transplanted 
and  enlarged  [over]  there  in  America,  also  that  a  free  trade 
there  no  less  than  here  might  be  commenced  and  established."'" 

Nor  was  the  business  of  the  company  in  Sweden  neglected. 
The  officers  first  of  all  endeavored  to  increase  the  capital  stock 
and  since  most  of  the  old  members  had  not  furnished  the  full 
amount  of  their  shares  they  presented  the  case  to  the  King. 
His  Majesty,  who  was  very  interested  in  the  colony  and  the 
company,  consequently  ordered  the  Commercial  College  to  re- 
mind the  stockholders  that  the  remainder  should  be  paid  and 
they  were  to  take  more  interest  in  the  company.'^ 

It  is  probable  that  Printz  in  his  oral  and  written  reports  to 
the  government  suggested  new  plans  for  the  increase  of  the 
colonial  trade  and  that  he  explained  the  advantages  that  could  be 
reaped  by  the  company  if  a  monopoly  of  the  tobacco  trade  should 
be  granted  to  it  so  that  the  tobacco  could  be  brought  directly  from 
America.  About  this  time  a  certain  Wahlbeck  made  proposals 
for  the  beginning  of  such  a  trade  with  America  and  in  Novem- 
ber he  was  called  Into  the  college,  questioned  as  to  his  plans  and 
asked  "  if  his  Intention  was  to  establish  a  trade  in  New  Swe- 
den."'** Nothing,  however,  seems  to  have  come  out  of  it,  but 
the  question  was  not  allowed  to  drop. 

Towards  the  end  of  1654  the  members  of  the  company  made 
application  for  a  monopoly  on  tobacco,  and  on  December  23 
the  King  Issued  a  Privilegiiim  for  "the  American  Company,"'" 
granting  to  the  same  the  sole  right  to  the  importation  of  tobacco, 

""Memorial,"  etc.,  December  i6,  1654,  Com.  Col.  Reg.   (1651-55),  i,  fol.  43 

(R.A.). 

"R.R.,  December  23,  1654;  Stiernman,  H.  783;  Hand,  och  Ndringar,  Nord. 
Saml.  (Up.  B.)  ;  Journal.  N.S.,  HL  (K.A.)  ;  Com.  Col.  Prot.,  April  ff.,  1654 
(R.A.). 

"Com.  Col.  Prot.,  November  8,  1654. 

"  It  seems,  therefore,  that  steps  had  already  been  taken  for  the  reorganizati  'n 
of  the  New  Sweden  Company  and  that  the  name  was  being  changed. 


The  American  Company.  623 

"  as  an  expedient  and  means,  whereby  it  was  hoped  that  Nova 
Svecia  at  that  time  not  only  would  be  preserved,  increased  and 
improved,  but  also  that  the  nation  by  this  would  find  a  better 
opportunity  and  occasion  to  become  acquainted  with  the  Amer- 
ican navigation  and  trade  and  to  use  it  for  its  great  profit  and 
prosperity."  Any  one  found  importing  tobacco  or  selling  the 
same  would  be  fined  40  marks  silver  money  for  the  first  offense, 
if  the  amount  was  not  over  20  lbs.  (besides  forfeiture  of  the 
lot  imported)  ;  for  the  second  offense  the  fine  was  doubled,  and 
for  the  third  it  was  increased  fourfold  and  so  on  in  geometrical 
progression.  If  more  than  20  lbs.  were  confiscated,  the  owner 
was  fined  20  ore  silver  money  for  each  lb.  besides  the  loss  of  the 
tobacco.^" 

Daniel  Junge  was  appointed  factor  to  fill  the  place  vacated 
by  Bonnell  and  other  steps  were  taken  for  the  furtherance  of 
the  company  at  this  time.  Already  in  1653  there  was  some 
thought  of  reorganization,  but  the  idea  was  dropped  for  ob- 
vious reasons.  In  the  beginning  of  1655,  however,  the  subject 
was  taken  up  in  earnest.  The  bookkeeper,  Hans  Kramer,  was 
appointed  treasurer  to  receive  the  funds.  Letters  were  written 
to  the  heirs  of  the  Oxenstiernas  and  of  Klas  Fleming,  with  the 
request  that  they  not  only  pay  the  remainder  of  their  shares, 
but  that  they  also  "  resolve  to  increase  the  capital  stock  as  much 
as  each  house  was  able  and  the  colony  of  New  Sweden  should 
need."  New  subscribers  were  also  invited  to  join.  As  a  conse- 
quence it  seems  that  inquiries  were  made  about  the  colony  and 
the  advisability  of  investing  in  the  company.  An  answer  to 
these  questions  was  drafted  by  Kramer,  or  some  other  officer,^' 
familiar  with  the  subject.  The  document  states  that  there  is  no 
country  under  the  sun  which  could  bring  greater  profits  than 
New  Sweden ;  everything  which  Sweden  must  procure  from 
other  parts  could  be  raised  and  obtained  there,  if  the  colony 
could  be  put  on  a  prosperous  footing;  for  no  people  in  the 

™  Stiernman,  II.  783-5;  "  Prev.  for  dat  Am.  Comp.,"  December  23,  1654,  R.R., 
fol.  2142   (R.A.)  ;  Com.  Col.  Prot.,  November  8,  1654. 
"  Kramer,  Junge  or  Strorasfcold. 


624   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

world  are  more  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  than  the 
Swedes  and  the  Finns.-^  The  document  was  probably  dis- 
tributed in  copies  to  several  prospective  stockholders."^ 

But  the  result  of  the  efforts  for  the  New  Sweden  Company 
were  minimized  by  the  activities  of  the  Swedish  African  Com- 
pany, which  also  received  the  attention  of  the  Commercial  Col- 
lege, splitting  the  energies  of  that  body.  In  August,  1654, 
"  the  African  Organization  "  likewise  endeavored  to  increase 
its  capital  from  125,000  R.D.  to  300,000  R.D.  There  was  a 
dividend  of  28  per  cent,  on  the  old  capital  and  three  cargoes 
had  just  been  sent  to  Africa,  from  which  it  was  expected  that  a 
gain  of  22  per  cent,  would  be  realized.  New  stockholders  were 
therefore  assured  a  large  profit  and  the  appeals  from  the  direc- 
tors of  the  African  Company  were  probably  more  effective  than 
the  requests  for  a  larger  capital  for  its  older  sister,  the  New 
Sweden  Company.^* 

The  activity  of  the  Commercial  College  in  behalf  of  the 
New  Sweden  Company  was  not  in  vain,  however.  Some  of  the 
old  stockholders  increased  their  capital.  Eric  Oxenstierna  and 
"  his  co-heirs  "  as  well  as  the  heirs  of  Gabriel  Gustafsson  Oxen- 
stierna increased  their  subscription  by  one  half  and  a  contract 
to  this  effect  was  drawn  up  for  their  signature.  Eric  Oxen- 
stierna paid  in  2,000  R.D.,  leaving  his  contribution  only  46.38 
R.D.  short  of  the  amount  subscribed  and  the  Countesses  Maria 
de  la  Gardie  and  Brita  Kurk  paid  1,450  R.D.  each  to  the 
treasurer  (or  promised  definitely  to  pay),  completing  their 
combined  share  of  4,500  R.D.'^®  A  subscription  list  was  also 
drafted  for  new  members  and  Hendrick  Huygen^^  and  the  city 
of  Viborg  in  Finland  joined  by  subscribing  2,000  R.D.^^  each, 

^  Usselinx  expressed  similar  views.      Cf.  above. 

^  "  Swar  pa  een  fragan,"  etc.  (no  date,  but  probably  from  the  beginning  of 
1655),  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 

■■*  Com.  Col.  Prot.,  October  4,  fl.  1654  (R.A.)  ;  "  Swar  pa  een  fragan,"  etc., 
N.S.,  L  (R.A.)  ;  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  August  11   (12),  1654,  January  13,  1655  (R.A.). 

"''According  to  later  documents,  however,  it  is  clear  that  the  total  was  either 
not  paid  up  or  some  of  the  capital  was  later  withdrawn.      Cf.  below. 

^The  company  owed  Huygen  a  large  sum  on  his  salary  and  it  seems  that  he 
agreed  to  accept  shares  in  payment. 

"  Viborg  paid  only  a  small  part  of  this. 


The  American  Company,  625 

while  Stromskold  subscribed    1,209   D.   in   the  beginning  of 
1655.28 

During  several  sessions  of  the  Commercial  College  in  the 
beginning  of  1655  attention  was  given  to  the  company  and  it 
was  decided  to  send  a  cargo  to  the  colony  as  soon  as  possible. 
As  early  as  January  13,  a  letter  was  written  to  Trotzig,  by  order 
of  the  King,  requesting  him  to  buy  a  cargo  in  Holland  for  about 
6,000  florins.  Olof  Andersson  Stromskold  and  Hans  Kramer 
were  appointed  to  draw  up  proposals  and  make  estimates  and 
inventories  of  the  available  means  of  the  company,  which  could 
be  presented  to  the  members  of  the  college  for  consideration. 
On  February  1 1  these  papers  were  laid  before  the  college,  ac- 
cording to  which  the  Crown  owed  the  company  19,34929  R.D. 
at  the  end  of  1653,  besides  the  value  of  three  ships,  amounting 
to  12,500  R.D.  and  some  accounts  due  the  company  from  the 
Admiralty.  But  the  company  had  used  28,255  R.D.  of  the 
South-Ship  Company's  capital  and  it  was  now  proposed  that  the 
government  should  buy  up  these  shares  (from  the  old  stock- 
holders?)^" and  thus  reduce  its  debt  to  the  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany.•'''  The  proposals  were  accepted  by  the  members  present 
and  the  chancellor  himself  undertook  to  present  them  to  the 
King  for  his  approval. ^^     ^j-  jhig  meeting  (February  11)   the 

"Subscription  contracts  for  the  old  and  new  members  (no  date  but  from 
the  beginning  of  1655),  Sbderk.,  1637-59  (RA.)  ;  "  Fort.  uppS  part,  uti  Ara.  C," 
etc.  (no  date  but  from  1655);  "Gabriel  Gustafsons  och  E.  Oxenstiernas  .  .  . 
Andel  i  Comp.,"  etc.  (no  date  but  from  the  beginning  of  1655),  Soderk.,  1637-59 
(R.A.)  ;  Stromskold  till  C.  Bonde,  October  30,  1658,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.)  ; 
Journal,  N.S.,  III.  (K.A.). 

^The  fractions  are  omitted. 

'°  It  is  not  clear  how  the  government  was  to  buy  the  shares  or  to  whom  the 
money  was  to  be  paid.  Perhaps  it  simply  meant  that  the  government  should 
assume  the  shares  and  thus  become  the  principal  stockholder.  Cf.  above,  Chap. 
XXIV. 

^'  Even  then  the  Crown  would  owe  the  company  almost  3,000  R.D. 

''The  account  of  the  government  with  the  company  was  as  follows: 

Debit. 

Riksdaler. 
On  December  31,  1653,  The  Crown  was  indebted  to  the  com- 
pany for  the  sum  of 19,349:  3:10 

The  Crown  was  further  indebted   to  the  company  for  three 
41 


626   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

company  was  fully  re-organized,  and  it  is  from  now  on  com- 
monly called  the  American  Company,  although  the  Official 
Journal  still  retains  the  old  name,^^  in  some  cases,  however, 
using  both  (thus  "the  New  Sweden  or  the  American  Com- 
pany ") .  New  efforts  were  also  made  to  raise  the  capital  stock, 
which  in  February  (1655)  was  as  follows: 

Daler. 

The  South-Ship  Company 27,000 

The  government 9,000 

The  Countesses  Maria  de  la  Gardie  and  Brita  Kurk 6>7SO 

Eric  Oxenstierna  6,75° 

The  heirs  of  Klas  Fleming 2,250 

The  heirs  of  Peter  Spiring 4>500 

The  city  of  Viborg 3,000 

The  Commissary  Hendrick  Huygen 3,000 

Olof  Andersson  Stroraskold 1,209 

Total    63.459" 

A  little  later  Johan  Papegoja  writes:  "A  new  company  has 
also  been  formed,  yet  along  the  same  lines  as  the  former  one, 
much  stronger,   however,   than  it   has  been  before."^^      Olof 

ships,  according  to  the  certificate  of  the  admiralty  of  August 
5,  1646,  namely: 

The  Kalmar  Nyckel,  estimated  at 5,000  R.D. 

The  Fama,  estimated  at 5,000  R.D. 

The  Charitas,  estimated  at M?^  ^'^'  '^'5°° 

The  Royal  Admiralty  was  indebted  to  the  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany on  March  17,  1658,  for  the  sum  of 5,132  4o[4]  16/25 

Total  36,981  43  ■14  16/25 

Credit. 

Riksdalcr. 

Capital  stock  of  the  government  in  the  company 6,000 

As  it  was  proposed  that  the  government  should  buy  up  the 
stock  of  the  South-Ship  Company,  18,000  R.D.,  and  the  other 
money  used  by  the  New  Sweden  Company,  10,255:27  R.D., 

these  sums  were  credited  to  the  government 28,255  ^27 

To  balance  this  account  the  government  is  still  indebted  to  the 

New  Sweden  Company  for  the  sura  of 2,726:16:14  16/25 

Total 36,981 :43  :i4  16/25 

"  H.  Kongl.  Maijt.,"  etc..  Mar.  17,  1655;  certificate  signed  by  Erich  Ryningh, 
August  5,  1646,  Soderh.,  1637-59  (R.A.). 

^  There  is  no  break  in  the  Journal. 

""Fort,  uppa  part  .  .  .,"  etc.,  Soderk.,  1637-59  (RA.)  Journal,  N.S.,  (K.A.)  ; 
"Staten,"  etc.  (copies),  N.S.,  L  (R.A.),  Soderk.,  1637-59  (R.A.)  ;  and  Rising's 
Process  (R.A.). 

"Papegoja  to  Rising,  March  10,  1655,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 


Seal  of  Carl  X. 


Signature  of  Carl  X  (iustaf. 


The  American  Company.  627 

Andersson  Stromskold  was  appointed  director  with  a  salary  of 
600  D.  per  year  (partly  because  Eric  Oxenstierna,  who  had 
been  the  soul  and  spirit  in  the  activities,  was  about  to  go  to 
Prussia).  Hans  Kramer  retained  his  position  as  bookkeeper, 
but  he  was  also  to  act  as  a  co-director  with  Stromskold  and  he 
signed  the  letters,  instructions  and  other  papers  together  with 
him.  The  new  budget  of  the  company  at  Stockholm  was 
estimated  as  follows : 

Per  Month.        Per  Year. 

One  director  5°      D.        600  D. 

One  bookkeeper   37'/2  D.        450  D. 

One  office  boy    i'A  D.         100  D. 

Office  rent  per  year 60       D. 

Eight  cords'"  of  wood 12       D. 

Two  lispund  (18  lbs.)  of  light  (candles) 6       D. 

Three  reams  of  paper 18       D. 

For  ink  and  sealing  wax 6      D.         102  D. 

1,252  D." 

A  new  budget  was  also  made  for  the  colony  (including  the 
following  officers  and  servants)  : 

Military  Officers  and  Servants. 

Per  Month.  Per  Ye»r. 

I  Commandant  75  D.  900  D. 

1  Captain  36  !>.  432  D. 

I  Lieutenant 24  D.  288  D. 

'   I  Ensign 18  D.  216  D. 

1  Guard   15  D-  180  D. 

2  Contaples,  @  8  R.D.,  who  are  also  to  be  armorers, 

each  in  his  fort 24  D.  288  D. 

I  Corporal   9  D-  108  D. 

I  Drummer    7^  D.  90  D. 

36  Common  [soldiers]   @  4  R.D 216  D.  2,592  D. 

I   Provost-marshal    9  D.  108  D. 

1  Executioner 6  D.  7a  D. 

Civil  Officers. 

2  Clergymen  @  10  R.D 30      D.  360  D. 

I   Head   commissary  who   is   to  manage   the   trade   and 

the  bookkeeping   30      D.  360  D. 

1   Fiscal   who   is    also   to   be   the    adjutant   of   the   com- 
mandant        12       D.  144  D- 

'"'8  fambnar,"  Famn,  cord,  128  cubic  feet  (Eng.). 

"Com.  Col.  Reg.,  January  13,  1655;  Journal,  N.S.,  HI.  (K.A.)  ;  "Memorials, 
1655,  den  ult.  feb.,"  etc..  Rising's  Process  (R.A.)  ;  "  Staten,"  etc.  (copies),  N.S., 
I.  (R..^.),  Soderh.,  1637-59  (R.A.),  and  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 


628    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

I  Barber-surgeon    15       D.  iSo  D. 

I  Engineer,  who  is  also  the  secretary 12       D.  144  D. 

I   Assistant  commissary,   appointed  to  be   at  the  Horn 

Kill    rz p.  144  D- 

Grand  total  SS0V2  D.  6,606  D." 

The  salaries  and  wages  of  the  officers  and  servants  of  the 
new  company  in  Stockholm  and  in  New  Sweden  were  therefore 
estimated  at  7,756  D.  (including  office  rent  and  the  like  7,858 
D.),  but  this  does  not  include  all  the  officers  that  were  em- 
ployed in  the  colony.  The  reports  and  letters  of  Johan  Rising 
seem  to  have  pleased  the  authorities  at  Stockholm  and  he  was 
appointed  Commandant  of  New  Sweden.^* 

About  this  time  or  a  little  later  a  new  charter  was  drafted 
in  several  respects  resembling  that  given  to  the  "  Old  South 
Company."  Only  the  company  or  those  authorized  by  it  had 
right,  according  to  this  octroy,  to  sail  to  the  North  American 
coast  north  of  Nova  Spania,  or  to  trade  there  on  pain  of  for- 
feiting goods  and  ships,  and,  as  the  territory  of  New  Sweden 
was  the  property  of  the  company,  no  one  could  settle  there  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  same.  All  the  officers  and  servants  were 
to  be  appointed  and  paid  by  the  company,  but  the  appointment 
of  the  governor  was  always  to  be  ratified  by  the  Crown  and 
1,000  R.D.  were  to  be  paid  into  the  state  treasury  as  often  as 
the  selection  of  a  governor  was  affirmed.  The  company  was 
granted  the  right  to  build  cities  and  forts,  to  provide  for  the 
administration  of  political  and  judicial  affairs  and  to  grant 
privileges  to  cities  and  communities;  it  was  at  liberty  to  import 
duty-free  raw  material  from  America  for  the  supply  of  manu- 
facturing establishments  that  might  be  founded  in  Sweden  and 
all  goods  manufactured  there  could  be  exported  for  }i  %  duty, 
but  usual  duty  was  to  be  collected  on  all  goods  bought  and 
shipped  out  of  the  kingdom;  the  ships  built  in  the  colony  would 
have  the  same  privileges  as  those  built  in  Sweden ;  the  company 
had  the  power  to  give  privileges  to  others  to  sail  to  its  waters 

""Staten,"  etc.  (copy),  N.S.,  L  (R.A.)  and  Soderi.,  1637-559  (R-A.). 

^"Fullmacht  for  Wiilb.  J'lhan  Rysingh  at  wara  commendant  uthi  Nya 
Swerige,"  July  30,  1655.  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ;  cf.  above.  Chap.  XLL, 
appendix,  below. 


The  American  Company.  629 

for  the  purpose  of  trade  by  paying  a  certain  duty;  It  could 
import  tobacco  by  paying  only  2  ore  per  lb. ;  it  could  call  upon 
the  government  for  the  aid  of  soldiers  and  officers,  whose  sala- 
ries and  wages  were  to  be  paid  by  the  company,  and  finally  it 
could  make  treaties  and  compacts  with  the  people  with  whom 
its  people  and  officers  came  in  contact,  whether  they  were  sav- 
ages or  Christians.  The  company  was  to  labor  for  the  con- 
version of  the  heathens  and  the  Augsburg  Confession  was  to 
be  maintained  and  lived  up  to  In  the  colony,  but  other  creeds 
were  also  to  be  tolerated.  Swedish  law  and  order  was  to  be 
maintained,  observed  and  administered,  and  from  the  judg- 
ments that  were  pronounced  (which  the  governor  -rt'as  to  exe- 
cute) there  should  be  no  appeal.  The  sovereignty  of  the  Swed- 
ish government  was  to  be  acknowledged  and  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  colony  should  swear  allegiance  to  the  Crown  as  well  as 
to  the  company.  The  King  also  guaranteed  that  no  ships, 
ammunition  or  cannon  would  be  taken  for  the  use  of  the  gov- 
ernment, unless  it  was  absolutely  necesary  for  the  welfare  of 
the  kingdom  and  then  only  on  certain  conditions.'**' 

The  charter  (or  copy  of  the  same),  as  we  have  it.  Is  dated 
May,  1655,  but  It  is  evidently  drawn  up  somewhat  earlier. 
The  copy  is  not  signed  by  the  King,  nor  is  the  charter  entered 
in  the  Royal  Copy  Book,^'  as  far  as  the  author  has  been  able 
to  find;  but  this  is  no  certain  proof  that  it  was  not  Issued  by  His 
Majesty,  for  all  royal  documents  and  letters  were  not  copied 
into  the  Copy  Book.*^ 

During  Februar)'  and  March  there  was  much  activity  in 
behalf  of  the  company  and  the  colony.  Kramer  made  a  report 
on  the  condition  of  New  Sweden  and  he  and  Stromskold  were 
busily  engaged,  trying  to  place  the  company  on  a  firm  basis, 
while  the  Commercial  College  continued  to  discuss  its  business. 

"  Privilegiura  for  Amerikanska  Compagniet,  May,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  Sprinc- 
horn  (p.  61)  says,  that  it  was  "  utfardat  af  Konungen  i  Maj,  1655,"  but  the  copy 
we  have   is  not  signed  by  the  King   and   we   have  no  means  of  knowing  when  1 

it  was  utfardat  or  if  it  was  issued  at  all.      Cf.  Dr.  Keen  in  Winsor,  IV.  477. 

"  Nor  was  the  charter  printed. 

" Riksregistraluret    (R.A.). 


630   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

It  was  also  decided  to  appoint  a  special  factor  in  Gothenburg 
to  look  after  the  interest  of  the  company  there  and  the  position 
was  offered  to  Ulrick  Steinkamp,  who  accepted  the  same.  No 
salary  was  connected  with  the  office,  but  he  was  to  have  "  a 
reasonable  commission."*^ 

"Steinkamp  to  Kramer,  July  6,  11,  1655.  Soderi.,  1637-39  (R.A.)  ;  Com. 
Col.  Prol,  March  15,  1655  (R.A.). 


CHAPTER    XLIX. 

The  Twelfth  or  Last  Expedition,  1655-1656. 

Preparations  for  a  new  expedition  were  now  begun  in  earnest. 
On  February  12  it  was  decided  that  a  ship  should  be  bought  in 
Holland.  At  a  meeting  four  days  later  letters  from  Rising  and 
Elswick*  were  read,  relating  to  the  capture  of  the  Haj  and 
repeating  the  former  requests  for  aid  and  reinforcements. 
These  letters  gave  renewed  vigor  to  the  activities.  Kramer  and 
Stromskold  were  commanded  to  write  to  Trotzig,  requesting 
him  to  buy  a  ship,  provisions  and  goods  and  a  letter  was  sent 
to  the  latter  informing  him  of  the  above  decision  and  of  the  fact 
that  new  directors  had  been  appointed  for  the  company.  A 
letter  from  the  directors  dated  February  17  was  sent  in  the  same 
package  with  the  request  that  the  commissary  should  buy  a  new 
ship  (or  one  not  more  than  three  years  old)  "of  90  or  100 
lasts,  with  good  room,  six  or  eight  gun-holes  and  with  double- 
sail,"  besides  provisions  and  goods.  He  was  also  to  hire  a  mate 
and  sailors.-  About  the  same  time  negotiations  were  begun 
with  Hans  Macklier  for  the  purchase  of  a  ship  belonging  to 
him  and  some  other  proprietors.*  But  Admiral  Anckarhjelm, 
who  was  requested  to  inspect  the  ship,  reported  that  it  was  "  not 
suitable  for  such  a  dangerous  passage "  and  the  sale  was  not 
effected. •* 

Trotzig,  however,  lost  no  time  in  executing  his  instructions. 
It  seems  that  he  was  unsuccessful  in  finding  a  new  ship  for  sale, 

'Rising's  letter  dated  September  23,  1654,  and  Elswick's  letter  from  New 
Amsterdam.      Cf.  above. 

^"Memorial,"  etc.,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.)  ;  letter  to  Trotzig,  Jan.  13,  Feb.  17, 
1655,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ;  Stromskold  and  Kramer  to  Trotzig,  February  17, 
1655,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ;  Com.  Col.  Prot.,  January  3  ff.,  1655. 

'  Cf.  below. 

*  The  Com.  Col.  to  Anckarhjelm,  .■\pril  14  and  June  30,  1655,  Com.  Col.  Reg. 
(R.A.). 

631 


632    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

answering  the  requirements  of  the  directors,  but  instead  he 
bought  an  old  one  (Merctirius),  at  Saardam,^  which  "he 
caused  to  be  built  anew  entirely."  A  cargo  was  also  obtained 
and  loaded  upon  the  vessel,  which  was  dispatched  to  Gothen- 
burg as  soon  as  it  was  ready,  where  it  arrived  some  time  in 
July.  Anckarhjelm  had  been  requested  to  take  charge  of  the 
vessel  and  he  and  Kramer  managed  the  preparations  of  the 
expedition.®  The  ship  was  leaking  as  it  came  into  port,  making 
it  necessary  to  unload  the  cargo  and  careen  her.  Further  incon- 
venience was  caused  by  the  skipper,  David  Fredricksson,  who 
deserted,  taking  charge  of  a  Dutch  vessel.  Several  sailors  were 
also  needed  and  Anckarhjelm  found  it  very  difficult  to  secure  a 
sufficient  crew,  but  some  Danes  and  Swedes  were  finally  hired. 
About  the  middle  of  August  the  ship  was  again  in  a  condition 
to  receive  its  cargo  of  goods,  brought  from  Holland  and  pur- 
chased in  Gothenburg  and  elsewhere.  Stones  were  brought  on 
board  as  ballast  instead  of  the  sand  in  the  ship,  "  as  sand  was  not 
serviceable  on  so  long  voyages."  Thus  while  Stuyvesant  was 
slowly  advancing  on  the  forts  of  New  Sweden  the  company  was 
making  strenuous  efforts  to  send  out  a  large  expedition. 

Neither  cannon  nor  ammunition  could  be  obtained  at  Gothen- 
burg, "even  if  we  would  pay  their  weight  in  money,"  writes 
Anckarhjelm.  Ten  iron  cannon  (valued  at  380.38  R.D.),  500 
lbs.  of  powder  (valued  at  125  R.D.)  and  500  balls  (valued  at 
22.39  R-D-)  were  therefore  purchased  by  Kramer  in  Stock- 
holm. Kramer  also  bought  provisions  and  other  material  for 
the  journey  at  Vastervik  and  hired  a  new  skipper  at  the  capital. 
The  cannon  and  other  goods  were  sent  by  sea  on  a  sloop,  which 
left  the  city  about  the  end  of  August  with  Hendrick  Huygen, 
Jon  Hindricksson,  the  skipper,  a  barber-surgeon  and  several 
colonists  on  board.  But  the  sloop  encountered  unfavorable 
weather  and  did  not  arrive  at  Gothenburg  before  October  4, 

'  Saardam,  Zardam,  Zaardara  or  Zaandam,  a  town  5'/^  miles  northwest  of 
Amsterdam,  on  the  Zaan. 

'  Kramer  wrote  to  Anckarhjelm  at  short  intervals,  giving  orders,  etc.,  and  the 
latter  kept  the  officers  of  the  company  informed  of  the  progress  of  the  preparations. 
See  Anckarhjelm's  letters  to  Kramer,  1655,  N.S.,  1.   (R.A.). 


M.  T.  Aiickarhjelni's  letter  to  the  directors  of  the  Xew  Sweden  Company.  Septem- 
ber 26.  le.V'i.     Preserved  in  N.  S.  I.  (R.  A.),  Stockholm. 


The  Twelfth  or  Last  Expedition.  633 

delaying  the  expedition.  The  Mercurius  was  almost  ready  to 
sail  about  the  middle  of  September,  but  nothing  could  be  done 
before  the  sloop  appeared.  As  soon  as  the  sloop  had  arrived 
Anckarhjelm  made  great  efforts  to  get  the  ship  to  sea.  Sixty- 
six  barrels  of  salt,  shoes,  cloth,  four  grindstones,  nets,  and 
various  other  articles  were  brought  on  board.'' 

Some  efforts  seem  to  have  been  made  to  gather  colonists. 
On  October  5  Anckarhjelm  writes  that  "  six  families  have  come 
from  Lytestegen(  ?)*  in  Varmland,  as  the  enclosed  list  shows, 
who  relate  that  80  persons  small  and  big  will  come  from  other 
places  in  Varmland.""  Gradually  these  colonists  arrived  in 
Gothenburg  and  on  October  10,  some  64  had  made  their  ap- 
pearance, which  number  had  swelled  to  about  200  a  few  days 
later.  Kramer  warned  the  admiral,  however,  not  to  allow  too 
many  people  to  go  on  board,  that  no  sickness  might  arise  as  it 
happened  in  the  case  of  the  Orn,  and  advised  him  in  one  letter 
after  another  that  the  ship  be  made  ready  and  sent  off. 
Towards  the  end  of  October  the  cargo  was  all  on  board,  but 
a  larger  stock  of  provisions  was  necessary  than  at  first  estimated 
on  account  of  the  increased  number  of  emigrants,  and  the  most 
desirable  colonists  to  the  number  of  85  were  selected  from  the 
whole  (one  hundred  and  ten  being  originally  admitted,  but  in 
accordance  with  the  warning  of  Kramer  the  number  was  re- 
duced). "A  hundred  persons  or  more  were  left  behind"  and 
"it  is  a  pity  and  shame  that  they  cannot  all  go  along,"  writes 
Papegoja.  "  Here  was  seen  such  a  lamentation  and  weeping, 
for  the  unfortunate  ones  have  sold  all  they  possessed,  yea  [they 
have]  done  away  with  home  and  ground  for  half  of  the  value, 

'The  Com.  Col.  to  Trotzig,  May  5,  1655,  and  the  Com.  Col.  to  Anckarhjelm, 
June  30,  July  28,  1655,  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.)  ;  Anckarhjelm  to  Kramer,  July  20, 
25,  August  3,  lo,  17,  24,  September  8,  15,  26,  28,  October  3,  5,  1655,  N.S.,  I. 
(R.A.)  ;  "Reck,  for  kom.  for  Mer.,"  1655;  R.A.  "  Forslag,"  etc.,  1655,  Soderk, 
1637-59  (R..\.)  ;  "  Forslag  hwadh  Skeppet  Mercurius,"  etc.,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ; 
"Rack,  uppa  dett,  som  .  .  .  Mercurius,"  etc.,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Journal,  no.  1246 
ff.;  Com.  Col.  Frot.,  January  3,  March  15  ff.,  1655   (R.A.). 

'There  seems  to  be  no  place  by  that  name  in  Varmland  now.  Letsiigen  is  the 
old  road  between  Nerike  and  Varmland  from  Orebro  via  Quistbro,  Svarta,  Nysund 
(where  it  crosses  the  Let  River)    and  Visnum  to  Christinehamn. 

'Anckarhjelm  to  Kramer,  October  5,  1655,  N.S.,  I.   (R..'^.). 


634   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

journeyed  such  a  long  way  at  their  own  expense  and  are  now 
compelled  to  take  up  the  beggar's  staff,  the  one  going  here,  the 
other  there."" 

Contrary  winds  delayed  the  vessel  about  a  month  after  it 
was  ready  to  sail,  causing  great  expense,  for  the  people  had  to 
be  housed  and  fed  in  the  city  by  the  company.  About  the 
middle  of  November  the  wind  began  to  be  favorable,  and  the 
colonists  were  reviewed  and  brought  on  board.  Some  changes 
were  made  and  the  list  was  increased  to  no  people  (twelve  of 
these  being  old  settlers),'^  making  130  souls  on  the  ship  in- 
cluding the  sailors.^^  The  majority  were  "Swedish  Finns" 
and,  since  Papegoja  did  not  understand  the  Finnish  language, 
he  engaged  one  Hendrick  Olsson,  who  had  been  in  New  Sweden 
before,  to  assist  him.  Hendrick  Huygen  went  to  the  colony  as 
head  commissary  and  he  had  charge  of  the  ship.  A  clergyman, 
Rev.  "  Mathias,"^^  and  the  barber-surgeon,  Hans  Janeke  were 
also  among  the  passengers.  Johan  Papegoja  was  appointed  as 
commander  of  the  people  and  to  his  care  were  intrusted  the 
appointment  of  Rising  as  commandant  and  other  documents.^* 
Johan  Classon  Rising,  the  younger,  a  brother  of  Director  Ris- 
ing, was  also  on  the  ship  and  he  had  charge  of  some  merchan- 
dise, which  was  consigned  to  his  brother  in  New  Sweden. 

On  Saturday,  November  10,  the  ship  drifted  down  to  Elfs- 
borg,^®  but  on  Sunday  the  wind  became  contrary  again.     Here 

"Papegoja  to  Kramer,  November  2,  14,  1655;  Anckarhjelm  to  Kramer, 
•October  10  ff.,  1655,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 

"  Who  had  been  in  New  Sweden  before. 

"A  classified  list  of  the  colonists  was  made  by  Huygen  as  follows: 

Officers  and  old  servants 9 

Swedish  women   2 

Swedish  maidens  2 

Finnish  men,  old  and  young 3J 

Finnish  women  16 

Finnish  maidens  11 

Finnish  children  from  I2  years  and  thereunder 32 

Total 105 

Huygen  to  Kramer,  no  date  but  end  of  November,  SoJerk.,  1637-59  (R.A.). 

"  On  the  authority  of  Acrelius.  It  is  not  certain  that  he  was  on  the  ship, 
Tiowever. 

"  Cf.  above. 

"  Sprinchorn  (p.  62)  says  the  ship  set  sail  on  October  16. 


The  Twelfth  or  Last  Expedition.  635 

she  remained  for  over  a  week.  On  the  twenty-third  she 
"  again  set  sail  before  noon,  with  a  lot  of  other  ships,"  but 
winds  and  fog  again  delayed  the  ship  for  two  days.  On  No- 
vember 25,  however,  the  wind  was  at  last  favorable  and  the 
Merciirius  left  port  for  its  long  journey  across  the  Atlantic. 
In  a  bill  preserved  to  us  the  cost  of  the  expedition  is  itemized 
as  follows: 

Riksdaler. 

The  cost  of  the  ship  Merciirius  in  Holland R.D.  5,383  :i4 

The   cargo  bought   in    Holland 2,569:36 

Provisions  bought  in  Holland 33[']  :[3]o      8,284:32 

Guns  and  ammunition  from  Stockholm 528 :29 

Wages  paid  in  Stockholm  345 

Cargo  bought  in   Gothenburg D.     4,244:  9 

Monthly  wages  for  the  people D.     3,ii4'^iJ'2 

Provisions  consumed  in  Gothenburg  and  on  the  journey  D.     1,716:30 

For  the  preparation  of  the  ship D.     1,911:  1V2 

D.  10,986:30  2,746:35 

Sixty-six  barrels  of  salt  bought  in  Stockholm 165 

For   the   wages   of   the   sailors,   who   were   discharged    in    Gothenburg 

and  other  expenses  i,344 'AS 

Total     13,414:45'= 

The  ship  was  at  sea  nearly  four  months,  but  the  journey 
seems  to  have  been  rather  free  from  casualties  and  sufferings 
so  common  to  former  voyages,  for  there  is  no  mention  of  sick 
people,  when  the  vessel  sailed  up  the  Delaware  on  March  14 
(24),  1656.''  After  obtaining  a  large  cargo  of  tobacco,  the 
ship  set  sail  for  Europe  in  the  summer  and  arrived  at  Gothen- 
burg on  September  6,  1656.  Some  time  later  she  proceeded  to 
Stockholm.'* 

""Rech.,"  etc.;   "  Forslagh,"  etc.,  Sbderk.,  1637-59    (R.A.). 

"In  my  copy  of  Papegoja's  letter  concerning  the  events,  the  date  is  April  14 
(24),  which  is  manifestly  an  error  for  March  14   (24). 

"Letters  from  Anckarhjelra  to  Kramer  (and  Stromskold)  October  10,  17 
(inclosing  a  list),  26,  November  2,  7,  14,  16,  20,  23,  28,  December  3  (ca.),  1655, 
N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  letters  from  H.  Huygen  to  Hans  Kramer,  November  20,  November 
(end  of  month),  1655,  July  11,  1656,  Sdderk.  (R.A.),  to  Arairalitetet,  November 
25,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  Papegoja  to  Kramer,  Nov.  2,  1655;  Papegoja  to  E. 
Oxenstierna,  July  30,  August  9,  1656,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  P.  Meyer  to  Kramer, 
July  20,  November  6,  1655,  Soderk.  (R..^.)  ;  J.  Hendrickson  Lange  to  Kramer, 
November  20,  1655,  Soderk.  (R.A.)  ;  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  July  30,  1655,  fol.  16  ff.; 
"Rackning,"  etc.,  November,  1655,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  "  Rechnung  von  dem  .  .  . 
Mercurius,"   etc.,   July    12,    1655,    N.S.,    I.    (K.A.)  ;    "Rechnung    inleef.    aff   He. 


636   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Rising's  relations  and  letters  of  June  14,  1655,  as  well  as 
Elswick's  letter  of  June  16  reached  the  Commercial  College 
about  the  time  or  shortly  after,  the  sailing  of  the  Merciirius. 
These  documents  led  to  conferences  of  the  interested  parties 
and  on  November  30  the  officers  of  the  college,  ignorant  of  the 
calamity  that  had  befallen  the  colony  and  that  Rising  was  ap- 
proaching the  shores  of  Europe,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  director  in 
answer  to  his  own.  Rising  was  advised  to  cultivate  tobacco 
with  all  zeal,  to  strive  to  make  the  country  feed  the  people,  and 
to  treat  the  Indians  in  a  manner  that  he  should  be  able  to 
monopolize  the  fur  trade.  He  was  admonished  eventually  to 
give  up  trading  with  the  English,  for  their  friendship  in  the 
end  would  prove  of  more  value  to  the  colony  than  their  trade, 
and  he  was  especially  to  refrain  from  issuing  drafts.  He  was 
assured  of  additional  cargoes  at  an  early  date.  Merchandise 
for  a  new  expedition  would  be  bought  in  the  spring  and  efforts 
would  be  made  to  settle  the  disputes  about  the  limits  of  the 
country  through  diplomatic  channels.  The  directors  also  wrote 
to  him.  Their  letter  as  far  as  the  author  is  aware  has  not  been 
preserved,  but  it  was  probably  somewhat  similar  in  contents 
to  that  of  the  college.  On  the  following  day  (December  i) 
the  college  sent  copies  of  Rising's  letters  to  Christer  Bonde,*'' 
the  Swedish  ambassador  at  London,^''  with  the  reply  of  the 
college  and  a  letter  to  the  ambassador  at  the  request  of  the 
directors,  instructing  him  to  try  to  effect  some  settlement  "  in 
the  disputes  about  the  limits  and  titles  of  land  in  America,  so 
that  no  confusion  may  arise  from  it  in  the  future."^^ 

Rentmast.,"  etc.,  November  19,  1655,  Soderk.;  "Rack,  uppa  dett,  som  .  .  . 
Mercurius,"  etc.,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.)  ;  "  Forslagh,  hwad  skeppet  Mercurius,"  etc., 
1655,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.);  "  Rulla,"  etc.  (October  5,  1655),  N.S.,  L  (R.A.);  Journal, 
nos.  1320  ff.,  1401  ff. ;  P.  Andersson  and  P.  Jansson  to  Stroraskijld,  July  20,  1655, 
Soderk.;  Steinkamp  to  Kramer,  July  6,  July  11,  1655,  Soderk.;  Doc,  XIL  120 
ff. ;  "  Kort  Relation";  "Memorial,"  etc.;  "  Kort  Memorial  cm  Com.  .  .  . 
Rising,"  etc.;  "  Efterskfrefne  saker  ahre,"  etc.,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

"Christer  Bonde  (1621-1659)  became  president  of  the  Commercial  College 
after  Oxenstierna's  withdrawal. 

'°  Cf.  above,  p.  12. 

"'  Letter  from  the  Com.  Col.  to  Rising,  November  30,  and  to  Christer  Bonde, 
December  i,  1655,  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  fol.  35  ff. 


CHAPTER   L. 

The  Tobacco  Trade  of  the  American  Company, 
1654-1658. 

The  tobacco  trade  had  again  begun  to  attain  some  impor- 
tance and  the  government,  as  we  have  seen,  aided  the  company 
by  granting  special  privileges.  "The  Tobacco  Ordinance" 
was  printed  and  sent  to  the  governors  and  magistrates  and 
other  local  and  government  officials  throughout  the  kingdom. 
Special  letters  were  also  sent  to  the  collectors  of  customs  and 
others.*  The  tobacco  brought  over  on  the  Orn  was  bought  by 
the  company,  relieving  Rising  of  the  lot,  and  sold  by  the  factor, 
Daniel  Junge.  The  1 1,056  lbs.,  which  Printz  brought  to  Hol- 
land for  the  company,  had  been  sold  there,  but  at  a  loss  of  573 
daler.^  Several  thousand  pounds  were  also  purchased  by 
Trotzig  in  Holland  and  sent  to  Sweden,  where  it  was  sold  by 
Junge.3 

In  February,  1655,  Daniel  Junge,  the  factor  (now  also  the 
treasurer),  offered  to  pay  the  company  16,000  R.D.  for  the 
exclusive  right  of  selling  the  tobacco  in  the  kingdom,  but  no 
arrangements  were  made.*  Junge  also  imported  tobacco  from 
Hamburg  and  Amsterdam  for  the  Swedish  trade,  and  from  the 
time  the  company  received  its  new  privileges  (December, 
1654)  until  the  end  of  February,  1656,  15,390^  lbs.  of  raw 
tobacco  were  sold,  but  "the  spinning,"  which  played  such  an 
important  role  in  1648-52,  was  continued  and  15,950  lbs.  were 

'Com.  Col.  Reg.,  November  9,  1655,  etc.  (R.A.). 

'It  was  sold  bvTrotzig.  Journal,  nos.  1178-S0,  1213  ff.  "Memorial,"  etc., 
Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

'Journal,  N.S.,  III.   (K.A.). 

*"  Memorial,"  etc.,  d.  11  Feb.,  1655,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

'The  15,390  lbs.  were  sold  for  17,363  D.  24  ore.  "  Forteck,"  etc.,  Tobaksk., 
'643-59  (R.A.). 

637 


638    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

spun,  of  which  7,527  lbs.  had  been  sold  in  February,  1656,  for 
1 1,290  D.® 

Much  smuggling  was  done,  however,  and  in  January,  1656, 
Daniel  Junge  was  sent  to  the  cities  to  establish  and  "  organize 
the  tobacco  trade  according  to  the  Royal  Mandate  " ;  but  the 
effects  of  his  efforts  were  not  gratifying,  for  illegal  importation 
continued^  and  "  at  Narva  and  Nyen  they  refused  point  blank 
to  live  up  to  the  orders  of  the  King."*  Soon  reports  of  the 
capture  of  the  colony  reached  Stockholm  and  relations  of 
Rising,  Lindestrom,  Elswick  and  others  were  presented.  The 
finances  of  the  company  were  now  in  a  deplorable  state.  Large 
sums  were  demanded  by  the  returning  people  and  there  was 
little  in  the  treasury  to  pay  them.  Several  loans  had  been  made 
which  drew  an  interest  of  ten  per  cent,  and  the  company  still 
owed  Trotzig  some  2,000  R.D.  for  the  provisions  and  the 
cargo  bought  by  him. 

In  the  early  summer  of  1656  Stromskold  went  to  Prussia, 
where  he  met  Rising  and  Eric  Oxenstierna.  He  also  carried 
with  him  new  proposals  for  aiding  the  American  Company,  put 
forth  in  a  letter  from  Kramer  and  Junge.  The  company  could 
be  kept  going  by  securing  new  stockholders,  but  an  effective 
means  would  be  to  grant  new  privileges,  giving  the  company  ex- 
clusive right  to  sell  the  tobacco  as  well  as  to  import  it.  In  the 
autumn  of  1656  the  Commercial  College  complained  to  the 
King  about  the  matter  and  requested  him  to  grant  sole  right 
to  the  company  to  sell  the  tobacco  also,  so  as  to  increase  the 
income  of  the  Crown.* 

But  the  privileges  were  not  granted.  To  aggravate  matters 
Isaac  Allen,  the  factor  of  Richard  Lord,  appeared  at  Stock- 
holm and  presented  the  draft  of  2,196^4   R.D.     The  Com- 

'  Journal,  no.  1380  ff.;  "  Forteckning,"  etc.,  1656,  Tobaksk.,  1643-59  (R.A.), 
also  in  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  "Extract,"  etc.,  ult.  Nov.,  1656,  Tobaksk.,  1643-59  (R.A.). 

'Until  August  7,  1656,  over  8,000  lbs.  were  confiscated  by  Von  Klaen,  "Ex- 
tract," etc.,  Tobaksk.,  1643-59  (R.A.). 

'The  Com.  Col.  "  Fullmacht  for  .  .  .  Jungh,"  etc.,  January  4,  1655;  the 
Com.  Col.  letter  to  the  Gov.  General  of  Lifland,  February  8,  1656,  Com.  Col.  Reg. 
(R.A.). 

•The  Com.  Col.  Reg.   (R.A.). 


Tobacco  Trade  of  American  Company.         639 

mercial  College  ordered  the  company  to  pay  the  draft  as  well 
as  the  salary  of  Elswick  and  the  duty  on  all  imported  tobacco. 
By  strenuous  efforts  the  bills  were  paid,  but  the  treasury  was 
now  empty.  Daniel  Junge  and  others  advanced  money  for 
buying  tobacco  and  even  made  use  of  their  personal  credit. 
The  Mercuriiis  returned  safely  with  several  thousand  lbs.  and 
thus  the  trade  went  on  as  before.^" 

But  the  demand  for  some  reason  was  not  as  large  as  the 
directors  had  hoped  for.  In  December,  1656,  Daniel  Junge 
and  Ulrick  Steinkamp,  the  factor  of  the  company  in  Gothen- 
burg, had  sold  37,299  lbs.  of  tobacco,  but  39,888  lbs.  were  yet 
unsold  in  the  storehouse  at  Stockholm.  The  importation  con- 
tinued, but  the  duty  became  a  burden  and  complaints  were  made 
to  the  Commercial  College.  In  the  autumn  of  1657  the  col- 
lege resolved  that  only  2  ore  per  lb.  should  be  paid  in  duty  and 
the  excise  paid  by  the  company  before  that  date  was  reduced 
by  one  half — making  a  difference  of  more  than  2,700  R.D. 
for  the  years  1655  and  1656.^*  From  1655  until  the  end  of 
1658  the  company  imported  107,914  lbs.'-  and  paid  over 
4,495 :68  R.D.  in  duty.*^  Illegal  importation,  however,  in- 
creased, making  it  more  difficult  than  ever  to  sell  the  tobacco 
and  one  of  two  things  became  necessary — the  dissolution  or  the 
reorganization  of  the  company. 

"Letter  from  D.  Junge  and  H.  Kramer  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  May  3,  1656; 
"  Kort  Relat.,"  etc.,  1653-59,  Rising's  Process;  "  Erkauf.  Tob.,"  1655-56,  Tobaksk., 
1643-59  (R.A.)  ;  the  Com.  Col.  "till  Kongl.  Maj.,  December  6,  1656,  Com.  Col. 
Reg.;  the  Com.  Col.  "  till  Direk,"  December  12  and  other  dates,  1656 ;  Elswick's 
letter  of  September  12,  1656,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

"R.R.,  July  16,  1656;  the  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  July  24,  1657;  the  Com.  Col.  "till 
Am.  Com.,"  July  31,  1656,  Tobaksk.,  1642-59  (R.A.)  ;  Journal,  1300  ff.   (K.A.). 

"  6,oi2  lbs.  were  imported  directly  to  Viborg  in  Finland  in  1655.  "Am. 
Comp.,"  etc.,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  "Specification,"  etc.,  1655-1660,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.). 

"The  tobacco  imported  for  the  different  years  from  1655  until  1659  was  as 
follows : 

1655    28,758  lbs. 

1656    36,398  lbs. 

1657    19,201  lbs. 

1658    23,557  'bs. 

Total    107,914  lbs. 


CHAPTER   LI. 

The  American  Tobacco  Company,  1658-1662. 

The  colony  was  lost,  but  the  tobacco  trade,  which  had 
proven  itself  the  most  profitable,  could  still  become  a  source  of 
large  gain  to  the  stockholders,  if  placed  on  a  practical  basis. 
The  remedy  proposed  for  the  existing  evils  and  drawbacks  was 
the  re-organization  of  the  company,  the  extension  of  its  activi- 
ties and  a  monopoly  of  the  tobacco  trade  in  the  kingdom  as 
well  as  the  exclusive  right  of  importation.  The  suggestions 
now  met  with  the  approval  of  the  King  and  in  the  spring  of 
1658  the  company  was  re-organized  along  the  above  lines. 

On  May  22,  1658,  the  King  published  a  "placard  concern- 
ing the  importation  and  trade  of  tobacco."'  One  of  the  princi- 
pal reasons  for  the  granting  of  the  privilege  to  the  company 
was  "that  the  productive"  colony  in  Nova  Svecia,  [which  will 
be]  of  great  benefit  to  Us,  our  kingdom  and  subjects,  as  well  on 
account  of  the  navigation  as  on  account  of  the  trade  and  com- 
merce and  the  accompanying  profit  and  advantage,  might  be 
preserved  and  maintained."  The  ordinance  contained  eight 
articles,  defining  the  rights  of  the  company  and  prescribing 
fines  and  punishments  for  those  found  guilty  of  trespassing 
upon  its  privileges.  The  company  was  to  appoint  agents  from 
among  the  residents  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom  to  sell  the 
tobacco,  when  application  for  such  privileges  were  received; 
but,  if  no  application  was  made  by  the  cities  within  three  weeks 
of  the  publication  of  the  ordinance,  the  company  had  a  right 
to  appoint  and  send  its  own  representatives  there.^ 

'  It  was  dated  at  Gothenburg. 

' "  Then  importente  Colonien  i  Nova  Svecia."     Importente  seems  to  have  had 
its  Latin  meaning  of  producing  at  this  time. 
'  Stiernman,  II.  875-80. 

640 


The  American  Tobacco  Company.  641 

The  entire  tobacco  trade  of  Sweden  was  now  placed  in  the 
company's  hands  and  extended  to  almost  every  city,  village  and 
hamlet  in  the  kingdom  and  to  the  principal  centers  in  Finland 
and  the  other  provinces.  It  also  supplied  the  tobacco  for  the 
army  in  the  field.  Stromskold,  Kramer  and  Junge  were  to  re- 
main as  managers  and  they  are  mentioned  as  the  "  Directors  of 
the  American  Company."  Chrispinus  Flygge  was  appointed 
inspector  general  over  the  trade  in  Vastergotland,  Varmland, 
Nerige,  Dal,  Halland,  Skane,  Blekinge,  Bohus  Ian,*  the  city  of 
Gothenburg,  Elfsborgs  and  Skaraborgs  liin,  and  Daniel  junge 
was  appointed  to  the  same  office  at  Stockholm,  with  jurisdic- 
tion over  a  large  territory.  Searchers  to  control  the  trade  and 
guard  the  rights  of  the  company  were  also  engaged^  and  "  in- 
spectors" and  agents  were  appointed  to  sell  the  company's 
tobacco  as  well  as  to  "  inspect  the  tobacco  trade  "  in  their  dis- 
tricts. Contracts  were  signed  by  them  in  which  they  agreed 
to  follow  the  orders  and  regulationsof  the  company,  and  powers 
of  attorney  or  warrants  were  given  them  by  the  directors." 
The  searchers  were  given  one  third  of  the  confiscated  tobacco 
and  in  some  cases  a  wage  of  12  R.D.  a  month. ^ 

Several  applications  were  also  filed  by  private  citizens, 
in  accordance  with  the  ordinance,  for  the  privilege  of  retailing 
tobacco.     These  merchants  or  "contractors"  like  the  agents 

*  The  last  four  provinces  were  ceded  to  Sweden  in  the  treaty  at  Roskilde,  1658. 
Hildebrand,  Sv.  hist.,  V. 

"Jon  Hansson  Fries  and  Mans  Rosell  were  appointed  to  visit  all  vessels  coming 
to  Waxholra.  "  Concept  auf  dera  fullm.,"  etc.,  October  2,  1658,  Tobaksk.,  1643- 
59  (R.A.).  Two  other  Besucher  were  hired  to  work  at  Stockholm,  Lars  Berg  and 
Nils  Matsson,  but  Berg  later  went  to  Enkoping,  Journal,  no.  1539. 

°  Anders  Andersson  was  appointed  inspector  over  the  trade  in  "  Nerike  and 
Vastmanland ";  Pal  Kroger  was  appointed  inspector  in  Jacobstad,  Finland; 
Krister  Hansson  in  Vastervik ;  B.  Hanneman  in  Ekenas  and  surrounding  district; 
Per  Erissmansson  in  Kalmar  Ian  and  city  as  well  as  Oland  and  surrounding  dis- 
tricts. See  Krister  Hansson's  "  Revers,"  November  i8,  1658 ;  B.  Hannemann's 
letter,  December  3,  1658;  Per  Erissman's  Revers,  December  4,  1658;  C.  Flygge's 
letter,  November  9,  1658;  Stromskold's  letter,  June  9,  1658;  Anders  Andersson's 
"Revers,"  July  13,  1658;  Kroger's  "Revers,"  October  26,  1658;  Tobaksk.,  1643-59 
(R.A.)  ;  C.  Schmit's  oligation,  March  19,  1659,  N.S.,  I.   (K.A.). 

^Journal,  nos.   1538,   1539   ff. 

42 


642    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

and  inspectors  of  the  company  signed  rigid  contracts,  and  re- 
tained a  certain  percentage  of  the  amount  they  sold.*    » 

The  accounts  were  still  kept  in  the  old  journal  of  the  New 
Sweden  Company,  but  on  December  31,  1658,  the  book  was 
full  and  a  balance  was  made  as  follows : 

Assets.  d.      gre. 

The   Swedish  government 29,023:195/12 

The  late  Klas  Fleming 227:21^ 

The  heirs  of  Gabriel  Gustafsson  Oxenstierna ii57S 

The  heirs  of  A.  Oxenstierna 70:  6 

The  Admiral  Richard   Clerk 83:24 

The  old  shipbuilding  at  Vastervik 465:11'^ 

Hans  Neuman  and  Robert  Smith 711:  6^ 

Robert  Smith  1,111:14^ 

Capt.  Baerendt  H.  Hopp 457  :i6 

The  large  sea-excise  in  Stockholm 1,042:17  11/15 

The  Royal  Admiralty 9,563  :ioj4 

The  Shipbuilding  Company  at  Vastervik i,575 

The  late  Peter  Friedell 57 :24 '-i 

Cargo  charged  to  Johan  Rising 4,206 :  3  4/5 

The  Commissary  Johan  Rising 3,603  :  6 

The  King  and  Crown  of  Spain 34,693  :i6 

The  West  India  Company  in  Holland 241,133  :24  1/5 

The  ship  Mercurius 8,844:  82/5 

Ulrick  von  Steinkamp  in  Gothenburg 232:302/5 

The  Director  Daniel  Junge 300:153/5 

Journey  of  the  ship  Mercurius  to  Liibeck 530:16  2/5 

The  searchers  employed  by  the  company 106 

Tobacco  (purchased)   under  Peter  Olofsson   ($9614  lbs.) 128 

Confiscated  tobacco  under  Peter  Olofsson    (z^sl^   lbs.) 122:24 

The  district  court  judge  in  Blekinge,  Peter  Durell 1,806:  8 

The  general-inspector,  Mr.  Chrispinus  Flygge 1,685:16 

Total   343i357 :2i  1 1 /20 

'  On  August  31,  1658,  privilege  was  granted  to  Jon  Persson,  Per  Ersson(  ?)  and 
Steffan  Andersson  "  to  be  the  contractors  of  the  company  in  the  city  of  Upsala  and 
the  surrounding  districts."  S.  Volckmar  was  retailer  in  Gothenburg,  J.  Larsson 
in  Mariestad,  Anders  Andersson  in  Vannersborg,  Jacob  Junge  in  Alingsas, 
Fredrick  E[n]gelbrecht(  ?)  in  Lidkoping,  T.  Schneyder  in  Boras,  Per  Wilsson  in 
Odemaldt  (Odemala(  ?) ),  Anders  Olsson  in  Skyffe(?),  Jon  Jonsson  in  Akerstrora 
and  Anders  Persson  in  Skara.  Erick  Ericksson  was  commissioned  to  sell  tobacco 
in  Hedemora  and  surrounding  district.  "  Priv.,"  signed  by  H.  Kramer  and 
Olof  Stromskold,  Stockholm,  August  21,  1658,  and  the  contract  of  these  tobacco 
merchants  (unsigned)  of  same  date,  Tobaksk.,  1643-59  (R.A.).  "Erick  Ericks- 
sons  .  .  .  Revers,  d.  18  August,  1658,"  Chrispinus  Flygge,  Tobaksk.  (R.A.). 


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The  American  Tobacco  Company.  643 

Liabilities.  d.      ore. 

The  late  Peter  Spiring 118:14 

The  capital  of  the  Crown  in  the  company 9,000 

The  capital  of  the  South-Ship  Company 27,000 

The  capital   of  the   late  RiksJrols    (Gabriel   Gustafsson   Oxen- 

stierna)    4-50O 

The  capital  of  the  late  Chancellor 6,750 

The  capital  of  the  late  Klas  Fleming 2,250 

The  capital  of  the  late  Peter  Spiring 4.5°° 

The  ammunition  account  of  the  Crown i.S^S  '•  3 

The  governor  of  New  Sweden,  Johan  Printz 15,660:  7  2/5 

The  South-Ship  Company,  particular  account 19,212 :3i34f 

Peter  Trotzig  in  Amsterdam  (7,263:6  fl.) 3, 913:  9  i/5 

The  budget  of  the  colony 8,481:17  1/15 

His  Excellency  Christer  Bonde 4,2io 

The  Swedish  African  Company ',210 

The  capital  of  Hendrik  Huygen 3.000 

The  capital  of  the  city  of  Viborg 857:204/5' 

Cargo  sent   by   Norfelt   to   Rising 3.700:13  l/s 

Hans  Kramer,  the  bookkeeper 196:143/20 

One  third  of  the  confiscated  tobacco,  due  the  Crown 427:19  1/5 

The  capital  of  the  American  Company 226,785:31  47/60 

Total   343.357 :2i  119/20 

Hans  Kramer,  the  bookkeeper  and  director  of  the  company 
(who  also  continued  to  be  bookkeeper  for  the  African  Com- 
pany), found  his  duties  too  arduous  and  in  October,  1658,  the 
company  engaged  one  Per  Olofsson  as  secretary  at  a  salary  of 
200  R.D.  per  year  with  the  understanding  that  he  should  take 
Kramer's  place  in  January,  1659,  with  an  increase  of  100  R.D. 
Stromskold,  who  for  various  reasons'"  desired  to  withdraw 
from  the  company,  sold  his  shares  to  the  Commercial  College 
and  resigned  his  position  as  director  in  February,  1659.'' 

As  may  be  imagined,  the  business'"  of  the  company  attained 

'Journal,  nos.  1614,  1615. 

"  He  was  sued  by  Rising  for  a  large  sum  and  to  escape  paying  this  was  prob- 
ably the  main  reason  for  his  withdrawal.     Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

"Journal,  no.  1665;  Olof  Stromskold  to  the  Com.  Col.,  November  19,  1658, 
Tobaksk.  (R.A.)  ;  "  Kort  Memorial,  1653-82,"  etc.,  "Kramer,  Oloff  Stromskold, 
etc.,"  July  10,  1657,  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

"13,484  lbs.  of  tobacco  were  distributed  by  Flygge  in  Gothenburg  and  the 
district  assigned  to  him.  (In  1655,  4,763  lbs.  were  sent  to  Gothenburg.  Here 
it  was  ruined  and  it  was  later  shipped  to  Stockholm,  which  circumstance  seems 
to  show  that  the  greater  part  of  the  tobacco  supply  in  Gothenburg  before  1658 
was  obtained  from  smuggling.)      In  1658  J.  Larsson  sold  960!/;  lbs.  in  Mariestad, 


644   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

enormous  proportions.'^  Its  complete  organization  seems  to 
have  worked  almost  to  perfection.  The  searchers  and  inspec- 
tors prevented  smuggling  or  secret  sales  in  any  considerable 
quantities,  although  the  practice  was  not  stamped  out  as  can  be 
seen  from  the  fines  imposed.  But  the  smuggling  business  was 
more  dangerous  than  before  and  less  profitable.  But  com- 
plaints were  soon  made  against  the  company  and  its  methods. 
The  opposition  to  the  company  reached  a  crisis  already  in 
1660.  The  matter  was  brought  before  the  diet,  which  was  con- 
vened in  the  spring  of  this  year,  and  in  the  Royal  Resolutions 
of  March  8  it  is  stated  that  the  King  decided  to  abolish  the 
company  the  following  year,  since  "it  was  considered  harmful 
to  his  faithful  subjects."" 

Already  in  November  the  same  year  the  Commercial  College 
was  instructed  to  dissolve  the  American  Tobacco  Company  and 
to  place  the  tobacco  on  the  excise  lists,  made  before  the  priv- 
ileges of  the  company  were  issued.'^  But  some  of  the  agents 
of  the  company  sold  tobacco  for  some  months  after  the  ordi- 
nance was  published.  Casper  Schmid  in  Vasteras  received  a 
lot  of  5,808  lbs.  in  July,  1661,  and  the  company  was  not 
entirely  dissolved  till  1662.^® 

739  lbs.  were  sold  in  Alingsas  by  June;  Anders  Persson  sold  221  lbs.  in  Skara 
and  F.  E[n]gelbrecht  sold  2,017^4  lbs.  in  Chrisrinehamn.  About  6,000  lbs.  were 
sent  to  the  "  Northern  Army."  These  lots  passed  through  the  hands  of  Flygge. 
Tobaksk.,  1643-1659   (R.A.). 

"The  importation  of  tobacco  by  the  company  was  as  follows  in  1659-60: 

1659    39>o36  lbs. 

1660   52.707  lbs. 

"Specification,"  etc.,  1655-60,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.). 

"  Stiernman,  Riksdagars  beslut,  \\.  1331. 

""  Stiernraan,  IIL  6;  Kong.  Maj.  to  the  Com.  Col.,  March  6,  1661. 

""Casper  Schmid  in  Westeras,"  etc.,  1659-60,  N.S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  Privilegier, 
Patenter,  etc.,  Hand,  och  Ndringar,  Nord.  Saml.  But  see  also  Stiernman,  105  ff., 
123  ff. 


CHAPTER    LII. 

The  New  Tobacco  Company  and  the  American  Com- 
pany AFTER  1662,  1662-1736. 

I. 

It  was  thought  that  the  excise  on  the  imported  tobacco 
would  not  only  not  decrease  after  the  company  was  abolished, 
but  that  it  would  bring  a  larger  revenue  into  the  treasury  than 
the  company  paid.^  After  the  restrictions  were  removed, 
however,  the  tobacco  was  smuggled  into  the  country  in  such 
quantities  that  the  excise  was  very  materially  reduced,  making 
it  necessary  to  publish  new  regulations  in  less  than  two  years, 
and  in  October,  1662,  the  importation  and  wholesale  tobacco 
trade  was  assigned  to  Anders  Andersson  and  Peter  Bohm  of 
Stockholm  for  a  period  of  ten  years  (from  January,  1663, 
until  1 673 ) .  They  were  to  pay  the  sum  of  1 20,000  D.k.m.  for 
the  first  five  years  and  170,000  D.k.m.  for  the  last  five  years, 
being  freed  from  the  "  little  excise."  Former  ordinances  were 
repeated  and  the  privileges  given  to  Bohm  and  Andersson  were 
in  several  particulars  similar  to  those  given  to  the  American 
Company  in  1658.-  Gerhard  Burman  was  appointed  fiscal 
over  the  tobacco  trade  and  new  placards  and  ordinances  con- 
cerning the  trade  were  published  by  the  government  in  1665, 
and  in  1670  letters  were  sent  to  the  governors  and  magistrates. 
But  complaints  were  made  as  usual,  leading  to  resolutions  and 

'Stiernman,  HI.  6  ff. 

'  See  Stiernman,  HI.  105-24.  Some  of  the  excise  received  from  the  duty  on 
the  tobacco  was  to  be  used  as  follows: 

(a)  100,000  D.  copper  money  should  be  used  for  the  payment  of  creditors. 

(b)  200,000  D.  copper  money  for  the  founding  of  workshops  ("  Handt 
warker")   and  the  Orphans'  Home  in  Stockholm. 

(f)   50,000  D.  copper  money  annually  for  the  building  of  a  frigate. 
(d)   8,000  D.  copper  money  for  the  search  for  Swedish  antiquities  and  their 
publication,  etc. 

645 


646   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

royal  letters  (at  the  diet  In  the  autumn  of  1664  it  was  com- 
plained that  poor  tobacco  was  sold)  and  in  1670  new  ordi- 
nances and  contracts  were  made. 

It  seems  that  a  new  company  was  formed  with  Andersson 
and  Bohm  as  principal  stockholders  in  1672,  and  in  May  the 
same  year  the  old  privileges  (of  1662)  were  extended  for  two 
years,  on  the  condition  that  the  company  paid  into  the  state 
treasury  100,000  D.k.m.  The  participants  of  the  company 
now  made  a  new  contract  and  drew  up  a  charter  concerning 
"the  direction  and  management."  In  the  summer  of  1673 
another  "prolongation  of  the  contract  for  the  stockholders  in 
the  Tobacco  Company"  was  issued.  The  contract  was  to  be 
in  force  for  ten  years  beginning  on  January  i,  1675.^  The 
company  was  even  now  at  times  called  the  American  Company, 
for  in  a  document  of  1689  it  is  stated  that  "The  American 
Company"  was  in  dispute  with  the  inspector  Sven  de  Blom 
about  certain  accounts.'* 

II. 

The  American  Company  having  lost  its  special  privileges  in 
1660  was  dissolved  in  1662,  but  the  company  as  well  as  its 
directors  who  figured  in  claims  and  lawsuits  for  a  long  time 
after  this  date  (often  confused  with  the  African  Company)  are 
found  in  documents  and  bills  as  late  as  1736. 

When  Rising  returned  to  Europe  he  applied  to  the  Com- 
mercial College  for  his  salary  and  payment  for  the  supplies, 

^Stiernraan,  HL  6  ff.,  105  ff.,  114  ff.,  123  ff.,  318  fit.,  320,  819  ff.,  821,  828  ff., 
934  ff. ;  "  Fullm.  for  G.  Burraan,"  etc.,  July  21,  1663;  "Patent  om  godt  Tob.," 
etc.,  March  18,  1665;  "  Re  sol.  for  staderne,"  etc.  (par.  7),  August  27,  i668; 
"Tobaksint.  unders.  Revers,  1662,"  etc.;  "Explication  pa  Tobackzc,"  etc., 
December  10,  1663;  "  Resol.  for  Direct.,"  March  2,  1670;  "  Resol.  for  Tob. 
Comp.,"  etc.,  November  24,  1670;  "  Svar  pa  Landsh.  H.  Oxes  bref,"  etc.,  June 
II,  1670;  "  Kongl.  Maj:s  forord.,"  November  27,  1670;  "  Intres.  af  Tobakzc.  sins 
emel.  up.  cont.,"  etc.,  March  28,  1670;  "Jonas  Osterling  och  Anders  Anderssons 
ingangne  cont.  om  tobaksh.,"  April  7,  1670;  "  Sampt.  Instr.  af  tob.  Comp.  .  .  . 
up.  Cont.,"  September  20,  1673;  "Cam  Tien.  Zacharias  Renhorn  att  wara  Tob. 
Comp.  i  Stockli.  afnaraare,"  etc.,  1673;  "10  ars  prolong,  pa  cont.,"  etc.,  June  26, 
1673;  "  Berge  Cronbergs  Ankias  och  J.  Ost[er] lings  ...  up.  Contr.,"  July  26, 
1674.    "  Priv.  och  Patenter,"  etc..  Hand,  och  Ndringar,  Nord.  Saml.  (Up.  B.) 

*  See  De  Blom's  letter  of  September  25,  1689,  and  documents  accompanying 
it,  concerning  the  period  of  1684  to  1689,  N.S.,  L   (K.A.). 


The  American  Tobacco  Company.  647 

which  he  had  provided  the  people  in  the  colony,  and  for  a 
quantity  of  merchandise  sent  to  New  Sweden  on  the  Mercuriiis, 
but  years  passed  and  his  claims  remained  unsettled.  The  King 
ordered  the  college  to  pay  the  sum  in  1669,  but  the  order  could 
not  be  carried  out,  "because  the  directors  had  not  been  named." 
Being  unable  to  obtain  redress  from  the  college.  Rising  tried 
to  secure  his  claims  from  the  company  and  from  Stromskold 
but  without  result.  The  company  claimed  that  he  had  not  kept 
proper  books,  making  him  responsible  for  the  cargo  of  the 
brn.  It  was  also  maintained  that  he  had  used  goods  belonging 
to  the  company  in  buying  tobacco  for  his  own  trade.  Finally 
Rising  was  blamed  for  the  loss  of  the  colony  and  consequently 
it  was  maintained  that  he  was  not  entitled  to  anything.^ 

Rising  died  and  no  settlement  was  made.  His  heirs  kept  up 
the  litigation,  however,  and  there  are  documents  in  the  case 
from  1675,  1680,  1681,  1682,  1683  and  1684  and  probably 
later." 

Governor  Printz  also  had  large  claims  for  salary  and  his 
contributions  to  the  soldiers  and  servants  in  the  colony,  amount- 
ing to  30,060  D.''  His  claims,  however,  were  presented  to 
the  government.  They  were  not  paid  during  his  lifetime,  but 
his  heirs  finally  succeeded  in  collecting  their  different  shares. 
The  last  documents  the  author  has  found  in  the  case  are  from 
1736,  when  the  last  payment  seems  to  have  been  made.'* 

"See  the  large  number  of  documents  in  Rising's  Process  (R.A.)  ;  cf.  also 
Hist.  Tid.  (1896),  p.  46  ff. 

°  Rising's  ProfCJj   (R.A.). 

'The  bills  presented  were  as  follows: 
(i)   Salary  for  12  years 1474°°  ^• 

(2)  Money  advanced  to  the  soldiers  in  New  Sweden,  etc 13,163:185^  D. 

(3)  Money  advanced  to  the  servants  of  the  company 2,496:79'/^  P. 

Total 30,060:79^  D. 

His  salary  was  also  reckoned  for  13  years,  making  15,600  D.  See  "  Likvi. 
forst.,  etc.,  1620-1680,"  Printz  (K.A.)-  In  the  official  Journal  of  the  company 
Gov.  Printz's  account  is  15,660:7  2/5.    See  above,  p.  643. 

'Letters  in  Saml.  Biog.  P.  (R.A.)  ;  Jo/ian  Printz,  396  (K.A.)  ;  letters  from  his 
daughters,  from  De.  Rees,  and  others,  J.  Printz,  173  (K.A.)  ;  "  Likvidat.  forst. 
och  lef.,  1620-1680,"  Ser.,  B.,  No.  221,  Johan  Printz  (K.A.).  There  are  a 
great  many  documents  concerning  Printz  in  this  collection.  Cf.  author's  article 
in  Ungdomsviinnen,  March.  1909. 


CHAPTER    LIII. 

Efforts  to  Regain  the  Colony,  1656-1673. 

I. 

It  is  now  in  order  to  turn  to  the  efforts  made  by  Sweden  to 
regain  the  colony.  Soon  after  the  capture  became  known  in 
Stockholm  the  Swedish  resident  at  The  Hague  was  instructed 
to  protest  against  the  Dutch  occupation  and  on  March  22 
(n.s.),  1656,  Harald  Appelbom  presented  a  memorial  to  the 
States  General,  demanding  indemnity  and  the  restoration  of 
the  colony.  Almost  immediately  resolutions  were  passed  by 
that  body,  as  well  as  by  the  States  of  Holland,  to  the  effect  that 
the  matter  should  be  further  investigated  and  referred  to  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company.' 

The  efforts  led  to  no  settlement,  however.  Appelbom  re- 
ported the  state  of  affairs  to  his  government,  but  the  question 
was  dropped  for  a  time.  The  Swedish  government  was  engaged 
in  larger  matters  and  paper  weapons  alone  could  effect  nothing 
with  the  authorities  at  The  Hague  and  at  Amsterdam. 

Charles  X.  was  at  this  time  extending  the  boundaries  of  his 
kingdom  and  shaping  its  final  geographical  form;  but  as  soon 
as  the  first  smoke  from  his  victorious  cannon  had  blown  away, 
his  far-reaching  plans  even  included  the  recapture  of  the  colony 
on  the  Delaware.  That  the  King  had  serious  intentions  of  re- 
gaining New  Sweden  either  by  diplomatic  means  or  by  the 
sword  is  clear  from  his  remarks  in  the  council  April  15,  1658, 
and  especially  by  the  privileges  given  to  the  American  Com- 
pany about  a  month  later,  where  the  retaking  of  the  colony  is 
taken  as  a  foregone  fact.  Johan  Rising  made  reports  and 
presented  plans  for  its  recapture  and  further  settlement  and 

'Thurloe,  State  Papers,  IV.  599-600;  Doc,  I.  617  fit.;  De  Witt,  VII.  201-2; 
Penn.  At.,  V.  263  ff. ;  Hazard,  p.  210  ff. 

648 


Efforts  to  Regain  the  Colony.  649 

reasons  for  doing  so,  but  wars  with  the  neighbors  required  all 
the  energies  of  the  kingdom,  so  that  nothing  was  done.^ 

An  opportunity  having  presented  itself  for  renewing  the 
claims  in  1663,  however,  the  government  Instructed  its  repre- 
sentatives "  in  their  conference  with  Heinsius,^  the  resident  of 
the  States  General,"  to  demand  the  restitution  of  New  Sweden 
as  well  as  the  payment  of  an  indemnity  to  the  company.  But 
the  Dutch  had  of  course  no  intention  of  returning  the  colony  to 
the  New  Sweden  Company.  They  made  every  effort  to  keep 
intact  what  they  had  won  and  showed  great  concern  about 
certain  preparations  that  were  now  being  made  in  Sweden.* 

Vice-Admiral  Sjohjelm  fitted  out  two  ships  (in  1663),  the 
Falk,  carrying  32  guns,  and  "  a  yacht  with  8  or  10  cannon  "  for 
an  expedition,  the  object  of  which  was  kept  secret.  Sjohjelm 
(or  Zeehelm  as  it  is  written  in  the  Dutch  records)  "was  well 
acquainted  with  the  coast  of  New  Netherland,  inasmuch  as  he 
was  employed  there  in  1641  with  the  ship  Neptunis  from 
Curasao."  Hence  there  was  some  likelihood  that  his  expedi- 
tion was  destined  for  the  Delaware.  Rumors  reached  the 
directors  at  Amsterdam  that  the  ships  would  take  on  board  200 
soldiers  in  the  sound  and  go  directly  to  the  South  River. 
Stuyvesant  was  therefore  ordered  to  be  on  his  guard  and  prop- 
erly prepared.  But  they  were  soon  relieved  of  their  anxiety, 
for  on  the  way  from  Stockholm  to  Gothenburg  the  yacht  was 
wrecked.  The  directors  obtained  news  of  the  mishap,  which 
was  conveyed  to  Stuyvesant,  removing  his  fear  also.  Sjohjelm, 
however,  set  out  with  the  Falk  alone,  manned  with  about 
70-80  sailors,  not  for  the  South  River  but  towards  Africa.  He 
visited  "  Madagascar,  Sambigor,^  Anzoov,"  the  Red  Sea  and 

'Rddspr.,  April  15,  1658;  cf.  Sprinchorn,  p.  81;  Carlson,  Hist.,  I.  (old  ed.), 
p.  160.  A  letter  from  Appelbom  referring  to  the  colony  was  read  in  the  council 
on  April  15,  1658.     Cf.  above. 

'  Nicolaas  Heinsius.  He  was  in  Swedish  service  for  some  time,  later  Dutch 
resident  at  Stockholm. 

*  "  Instruction,"  etc.,  July  4,  1663  (par.  12),  R.R.  (R.A.)  ;  Copia  in  Hollandica, 
Forhandlingar,  1661-1679   (R.A.). 

°Sambeian(?). 

•  Anzooan(  ?). 


6$o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Goa,"  remaining  several  weeks  at  some  of  those  places.  The 
vessel  was  finally  sold  by  the  admiral,  whereupon  some  of  the 
sailors  made  their  way  to  Sweden,  reporting  the  events.' 

It  is  probable  that  Appelbom  reported  his  endeavors  in  be- 
half of  the  American  Company  during  his  visit  to  the  capital 
in  1 663-1 664,  but  no  instructions  to  continue  his  negotiations 
along  these  lines  seem  to  have  been  given  to  him  as  he  left 
Sweden,  but  events  of  peculiar  Interest  to  the  government  soon 
made  the  question  acute. 

In  the  beginning  of  1664  a  number  of  Finnish  families  from 
northern  Sweden  and  probably  from  Finland  landed  in  Holland 
on  their  way  to  New  Sweden.  January  17,  Trotzig  informed 
the  government  about  the  fact  and  suggested  that  such  immigra- 
tion should  be  stopped  unless  Sweden  could  regain  its  colony.* 
This  as  well  as  two  later  missives,  relating  to  the  English  and 
Dutch  complications,^  again  brought  the  attention  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  the  matter  and  on  March  5  a  letter  was  sent  to 
Appelbom,  instructing  him  to  protest  against  the  Dutch  occu- 
pation and  to  demand  again  that  they  should  restore  the  colony, 
"which  they  were  bound  to  do,"  watching  closely  that  they 
should  not  gain  any  advantage  in  their  negotiations  with  the 
English.  Leijonberg,  the  Swedish  ambassador  at  London  at 
this  time,  was  instructed  to  present  the  matter  to  the  English 
government  and  to  complain  about  the  Dutch  encroachments.^** 

The  chancellor  also   requested  Trotzig  to   inquire   further 

'  If  the  expedition  had  been  sent  to  the  Delaware  and  the  two  vessels  had 
arrived  here  safely,  it  is  likely  that  the  colony  would  have  been  recaptured  as 
was  feared  by  Stuyvesant.  See  "  Falken  Exped.,"  166+,  Skepsexp.,  1664.-66 
(R.A.)  ;  cf.  also  Anrep.,  Attart.,  under  Sjohjelm;  Doc,  II.  233,  236;  XII.  445  fl., 
455;  The  Com.  Col.  to  Ch.  Schneider,  concerning  the  ship  Folk  in  the  Sound, 
September  7,   1663. 

'Trotzig  to  the  chancellor,  May  24,  1664,  De  la  Gard.  Saml.  (R.A.).  A 
resume  of  this  letter  is  found  in  Palmsk.  Saml.,  322  f.,  335-6  (Up.  B.). 

'Trotzig  till  Kongl.  Maj.,  January  26,  and  to  the  Riksk.,  February  16,  1664. 
Sprinchorn  (N.S.)  has  a  misprint  or  mistake  in  note  i,  p.  83.  The  letter  is  not 
addressed  to  E.  Oxenstierna  (who  had  long  been  dead),  but  to  De  la  Gardie. 

"To  Appelbom,  March  5,  1664,  R.R.,  fol.  182;  "Memorial  for  Leyonberg," 
April  28,  1664,  R.R.,  fol.  487  ("  Concerning  New  Sweden  and  the  Guinean  case"). 
Letters  were  also  sent  to  Silfvercrona  and  Appelbom  about  the  African  Company, 
R.R.,  July  20,  November  19,  1664  (fol.  202,  257),  April  15,  1665   (fol.  468). 


Magnus  Gabriel  de  la  Gardie.    From.Pufendorf  s  Hist,  du  Reg.  de  CharUs  Guslave. 


Efforts  to  Regain  the  Colony.  651 

about  the  Finnish  families.  Accordingly  Trotz^ig  went  to 
Waterlandt/*  where  the  colonists  were  housed,  to  investigate  in 
person.  He  found  that  they  were  about  "  140  souls,  old  and 
young,  many  children,  boys  as  well  as  girls,  small  and  quite 
large,  who  ran  about  mostly  naked  in  shirts.  The  children  and 
most  of  the  [grown]  people  talk.  Finnish  and  part  of  the  men 
talk  Swedish."  Friends  in  New  Sweden  had  written  to  them 
about  the  "  glories  of  the  country  "  and  one  of  the  immigrants 
showed  a  letter  from  his  brother  dated  in  New  Sweden,  1657. 
They  had  made  their  way  across  Norway  to  Christiania,  in 
some  instances  having  passports  (one  passport  being  dated  at 
"Medelpad,  March  5,  1664,  with  the  Seal  of  the  Socken  upon 
it  in  green  wax"),  and  from  thence  they  were  taken  to  Holland 
on  a  Dutch  vessel,  hired  by  themselves  as  they  said,  but,  as  Trotzig 
supposed  and  as  seems  most  probable,  at  the  expense  of  those 
interested  in  the  colony  on  the  South  River.  They  were  fed 
and  housed  by  the  city-officials  of  Amsterdam  and  rumors 
reached  the  Swedish  representatives  that  the  immigrants  had 
been  enticed  by  special  agents.^^ 

It  is  probable  that  Appelbom  reported  these  rumors  to  the 
government,  for  towards  the  end  of  May,  letters  were  sent  to 
certain  governors  "  about  the  families  that  are  decoyed  out  of 
Finland,"  stating  that  "several  hundred  families  had  been 
enticed  to  leave  their  country  and  go  across  the  mountains  to 
Norway,  in  companies  of  five  or  six  persons  at  the  time."  This 
could  not  be  tolerated  and  the  governors  were  ordered  to  keep 
close  watch  that  it  did  not  occur  again.  If  the  instigators  of 
the  migration  could  be  captured  they  were  to  be  kept  in  arrest.^^ 
A  letter  of  much  the  same  import  was  sent  to  Governor  Baner 
in  June,  requesting  him  to  investigate  the  facts.^"*     Trotzig  was 

"A  district  in  north  Holland,  between  Amsterdam  and  Alkmaar.  Probably 
a  village  by  that  name  also. 

"Trotzig  to  De  la  Gardie,  May  2+,  May  31,  June  26,  1664.  De  la  Card. 
Saml.    (R.A.).     Resume  of  the   first   letter   in  Palmsk.   Saml.    (Up.   B.),   322   f., 

335-336- 

"R.R.,  May  27,  1664,  fol.  641. 

"R.R.,  June  9,  1664.  It  is  hardly  probable  that  Dutch  agents  worked  in 
Finland  to  secure  colonists  for  the  Delaware  colony. 


6s 2    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

instructed  to  present  the  matter  to  the  States  and  demand  that 
the  "  fugitives  "  should  be  returned  to  Sweden  at  the  expense  of 
those  who  had  prevailed  upon  them  to  immigrate  ;^^  but  as  it  is 
not  likely  that  Dutch  officials  or  others  easily  detected  had  a 
hand  in  the  affair  (at  least  no  substantial  evidence  was  at  hand) 
nothing  could  be  done,  and  on  June  26  (n.s.  ?)  Trotzig  wrote^" 
that  the  Finns  were  about  to  be  transported  "  within  fourteen 
days  to  New  Netherland  on  the  South  River,  where  New 
Sweden  is  located."^ '^  These  events  caused  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment to  consider  the  question  of  regaining  the  colony  with  more 
earnestness  and  the  matter  was  taken  up  with  much  energy  by 
Appelbom.  Shortly  after  delivering  his  credentials,  he  re- 
quested a  conference  with  the  Dutch  authorities  and  on  June 
19  (n.s.),  he  presented  a  memorial  to  the  States  General. 
Troubles  with  England  were  brewing — "Parliament  decided  in 
April  ...  to  ask  the  King  for  redress"  for  injuries  suffered 
at  the  hands  of  the  Dutch'* — and  the  States  General  listened 
with  more  attention  to  Appelbom's  protest  than  otherwise 
would  have  been  the  case,  treating  it  with  such  respect  that  a 
resolution  was  passed  upon  it  the  same  day.  De  Heyde  was 
appointed  to  look  up  the  case  and  report.  Apparently  the 
Swedish  ambassador  was  not  satisfied  with  the  progress  made, 
for  on  June  27  (n.s.)  he  again  laid  a  memorial  before  the 
States  General.  This  body  (on  the  same  day)  again  resolved 
to  place  the  controversy  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company,  who  should  try  to  settle  "  the  same  in  a  friendly 
manner."  A  third,  longer  memorial,  was  thereupon  presented 
to  their  "  High  Mightinesses,"  going  into  some  detail  about  the 

"R.R.,  May  27,  1664. 

"  In  the  same  postscript  Trotzig  writes  that  "  Just  now  in  closing,  it  is 
affirmed,  reported  and  said  to  me  that  a  large  number  of  families  of  Finns,  at 
least  140  souls  strong  .  .  .  have  secretly  left  Finland  this  last  winter,  through 
the  direction  and  large  promises  of  evil  persons."  Letter  to  De  la  Gardie, 
Postcript,  June  26,  1664,  De  la  Card.  Saml.  (R.A.). 

"  It  has  also  been  said  that  the  "  Finns  were  sent  to  their  homes  in  Sweden 
and  Finland  in  June."     See  Nordmann,  "Fin.  i  mel.  S<v.,"  p.  151. 

"Ranke,  Hist,  of  Eng.,  III.  417  ff. 


Efforts  to  Regain  the  Colony.  653 

Swedish  claim  to  the  colony  on  the  Delaware.^*  Appelbom's 
memorials  were  answered,  partly  in  writing,  partly  orally  by 
Van  Braeckel  and  other  Dutch  deputies  at  their  conferences 
with  the  Swedish  ambassador.^" 

II. 

In  the  autumn  of  1664  further  conferences  were  held. 
Appelbom  was  told  that  the  claims  of  the  African  Company 
would  be  settled,  but  that  the  New  Sweden  troubles  would  once 
more  be  referred  to  the  Dutch  West  India  Company.^^  In 
October,  however,  the  latter  body  sent  an  answer  to  the  letters 
of  the  States  General,  denying  all  rights  of  the  Swedish  com- 
pany to  the  land  and  the  settlements  on  the  South  River  and 
this  ended  the  matter  for  a  while,  it  "  being  placed  in  the  hands 
of  Messrs.  Van  Ommeren  and  the  other  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses' deputies  for  the  affairs  of  the  .  .  .  [Dutch]  West 
India  Company,  to  inspect,  examine  and  then  to  report  on 
them."22 

In  the  meantime  New  Holland  passed  into  the  hands  of 
England  and  in  February,  1665,  Trotzig  wrote  to  De  la  Gardie 
that  "  news  had  come  in  that  the  English  had  captured  every- 
thing on  the  South  River.''-^*  The  relation  with  England  was 
cordial.  In  July,  1656,  a  "friendship  and  commercial  treaty" 
was  made  between  the  two  nations,^*  and  again  in  the  autumn 
of  1 66 1  another  treaty  of  friendship  was  concluded.  In 
March,  1665,  a  new  treaty  was  signed,  including  among  other 

"This  memorial  bears  no  date,  but  it  was  written  on  or  after  June  27  (n.s.), 
1664. 

*•  Appelbom's  memorials,  June  27,  1664;  Doc,  II.  239-42,  246-7,  258-60 
(where  the  memorials,  etc.,  are  translated)  ;  Penn.  Ar.,  V.  513  ff.  The  answer 
of  the  States  General,  August  29,  1664,  and  letters  from  Appelbom  to  the  Swedish 
government  are  preserved  in  R.A. 

^The  letter  of  the  States  General  to  the  company  was  dated  August  15, 
1664. 

''Doc,  II.  258-90. 

•'Letter,  February  20  (n.s.),  1665,  De  la  Gard.  Saml.  (R.A.). 

""Eng.  trak.,"  No.  3,  A,  B  (R.A.),  especially  §9,  "Quod  ad  Coramerciura 
in  America  habendum,"  etc.  See  also  "  Treat>-  Papers,"  Sweden,  1618-72,  No. 
69,  Pub.  Rec.  Office. 


654   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

things  "  that  a  perpetual  peace  shall  subsist  between  the  two 
Crowns,  both  at  home  and  in  Africa  and  America. "^^ 

It  could  not  be  expected,  however,  that  England  should  turn 
over  to  Sweden  a  territory  she  had  captured  from  the  Dutch, 
and  hence  the  Swedish  government  still  pressed  its  claim  at  The 
Hague,  and  Konigsmark,  who  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to 
France  in  1665,  was  given  a  historical  resume  of  the  relation 
between  Sweden  and  Holland  in  his  lengthy  instruction.^"  also 
stating  that  demands  had  been  made  from  the  Dutch  "to  re- 
store His  Royal  Majesty's  land  in  Guinea  and  America,"  and 
of  this  as  well  as  of  the  other  points  he  was  to  advise  the  French 
government  and  gain  its  sympathy  for  the  Swedish  claims.-^ 

Soon  a  new  opportunity  for  pressing  its  claims  presented 
itself  to  the  Swedish  government.  The  States  General  sought 
the  friendship  of  Sweden  in  the  war  with  England  and  sent  a 
special  envoy  to  Stockholm.  The  Swedish  claims  in  America 
were  now  presented  to  him,  but  he  gave  evasive  answers,  de- 
claring that  Rising  was  to  blame  for  the  capture  through  his 
act  of  hostility.  The  colony  was  not  under  Dutch  control  and 
in  order  to  be  able  to  present  the  Swedish  demands,  proofs  of 
their  validity  must  be  presented.  The  Commercial  College, 
therefore,  aided  by  Kramer,  made  an  inventory  of  the  property 
lost  by  the  American  Company  as  a  consequence  of  the  Dutch 
occupation.  The  Katt  expedition  and  the  claims  against  the 
Spanish  government  were  also  added,  "  since  the  company  was 
unable  to  press  its  claims  [in  Spain]  through  the  actions  of  the 
Dutch,"  and  the  bill  footed  up  to  262,246  R.D.^s 

^Treaty  of  alliance  between  Sweden  and  England,  October  21,  1661 ;  Treat}', 
March  i,  1664/1665;  "King  of  Swe.  full  power,  February  27,  1665,"  and  other 
documents.  Other  treaties  between  Sweden  and  England  were  made  in  July 
(25),  1668,  and  on  April  4/14,  1672.  Treaty  Papers,  Sweden  1618-72,  No.  69, 
Pub.  Rec.  Office. 

"'Dated  May  31,  1665,  in  36  paragraphs,  R.R.,  fol.  642  ff.  (R.A.). 

"Paragraph  30. 

""Akter  ang.  Isbrandt,"  etc.,  (R.A.)  ;  Radspr.,  November,  1665;  R.R., 
December  18,  fol.  804,  December  24,  1665;  "  Forteck.  uppa  K.  Maj.  och  Ameri. 
Comp.,"  etc.,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.)  ;  "  Deductio  Juris,  quod  in  Novam  Sveciam,"  etc., 
February  27,  1667,  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.).  Cf.  Monumenta  polit.,  etc.,  quoted  by  Sprinc- 
horn,  N.S.,  p.  (249)  85,  where  the  sum  is  262,240  R.D. 


Efforts  to  Regain  the  Colony.  655 

At  the  conference  between  the  Swedish  and  Dutch  envoys  in 
the  spring  of  1667  the  question  was  again  considered  and  claims 
and  counterclaims  were  presented.  The  treaty  of  April  13, 
1667,  contained  a  paragraph  relating  to  the  American  Com- 
pany,-" and,  in  the  "treaty  of  friendship,"  three  months  later, 
a  new  paragraph  was  inserted  about  the  American  claims  to  the 
effect  that  these  should  be  settled  according  to  justice  and  as 
soon  as  possible.'"  In  the  following  year  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment again  instructed  its  foreign  representatives  to  find  out  who 
of  the  contesting  parties  was  in  possession  of  New  Sweden  "  in 
order  that  it  might  be  restored."'* 

In  the  beginning  of  1669  a  report  reached  the  Swedish 
government  that  there  were  500  families  in  New  Sweden  for- 
saken and  left  to  themselves.  In  February  a  letter  was  written 
to  the  Commercial  College  about  it  and  Appelbom'-  and  Leijon- 
berg'*  were  instructed  to  correspond  with  one  another  and  do 
their  best  at  their  respective  courts  to  obtain  redress.  About 
two  months  later  Leyonberg  was  enjoined  upon  "  to  try  to 
ascertain  what  England  intended  to  do  with  the  colony"  and 
inform  his  government  about  it.  In  the  summer  a  memorial,'* 
setting  forth  the  rights  of  the  American  Company  to  the  col- 
ony, was  transmitted  to  the  English  government  through  its 
ambassador  at  Stockholm,  and  a  copy  with  a  letter  and  further 
instructions  were  sent  to  Leijonberg.  He  presented  the  case  to 
the  English  officials  and  the  British  representative  to  Sweden 
promised  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  secure  redress.  But  of  course 
nothing  came  out  of  these  efforts.  Leyonberg  was  answered 
that  England  got  the  colony  through  conquest  and  treaty;  it 
was  now  too  late  to  change  the  result.'^ 

^Treaty  at  the  Hague,  April   13,   1667,  §6    (R.A.). 

=" "  Vanskapsf.,"  July  18/28,  1667,  §6,  Holland,  No.  10  C  (R.A.)  ;  Acrelius, 
p.  88. 

"A  new  treaty  was  made  bet\Teen  Sweden  and  England,  July  25,  1668. 
Treaty  Papers,  Sweden,  1618-72,  No.  69,  Pub.  Rec.  Office. 

"^At  the  Hague. 

''At  London. 

** "  Memoriale  juris,  quod  habet  Societas  Sveco-Americana  in  Novam  Sveciam 
ab  Anglis  jam  occupatam  "    (in  eight  paragraphs),  July,   1669,  N.S.,  L    (R.A.). 

"Letter  to  Appelbom,  April   18,   1668;   to  the   Commercial   College,   February 


656   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Two  years  later^"  or  in  the  summer  of  1671  a  letter  was 
written  by  the  Swedish  representative  at  The  Hague  to  De  la 
Gardie,  stating  that  he  "  had  pointed  out  on  several  occasions  of 
what  great  importance  and  consideration  it  was  to  recover  New 
Sweden  ...  It  is  a  country  which  is  flourishing  greatly.  The 
peasants  being  well  suited  are  ardently  awaiting  the  deliverance 
for  which  they  have  been  made  to  hope."  The  letter  goes  on 
to  say  that  the  restitution  ought  now  to  be  much  easier,  since 
the  land  had  been  given  to  an  English  Count. 

Sweden  was  about  to  send  an  embassy  to  London,  and  hence 
it  was  a  proper  time  to  speak  about  it.*^  As  a  consequence  the 
questioii  was  again  renewed  and  in  June,  1672,  a  letter  was  sent 
to  Leyonberg  requesting  him  to  "  try  in  a  polite  way  to  prevail 
upon  England  to  return  New  Sweden.  If  they  would  not 
want  to  give  back  the  land  then  they  [ought  to  be  requested] 
to  allow  Sweden  to  bring  her  colonists  away  from  there."^* 

The  next  year  the  question  was  taken  up  with  Holland  and 
the  third  paragraph  of  the  commercial  treaty  between  Sweden 
and  Holland  (April  22,  1673)  is  devoted  to  the  encroachment 
which  Sweden  suffered  in  America. ^^  But  it  was  all  wasted 
energy.  No  indemnity  was  secured  by  the  Swedish  American 
Company  and  the  colony  was  forever  lost  to  Sweden. 

13,  1669;  to  Leyonberg,  April  28  (and  earlier),  June  30,  R.R.  (fol.  41  ff.)  ; 
"Leyonberg  till  Kongl.  Maj."  (R.A.)  ;  State  Papers,  For.,  Sweden,  1666-7,  No.  6; 
orig.  letters  from  Leyonberg,  1668-70  and  from  others,  State  Papers,  For.,  Sweden, 
1668-71,  No.  7,  Pub.  Rec.  Office. 

^  1669  is  the  last  mention  of  the  colony  in  the  diplomatic  correspondence  used 
by  Sprinchorn.     See  his  N.S.,  p.  86. 

"Letter  to  De  la  Gardie  (in  French),  May  12,  1671,  N.S.,  L  (R.A.). 

"  Pamsk.  Saml.,  322,  f.  337  referring  to  Linsk.  Proloc,  1672,  del  I.  320  (R.A.t 

^  "  Con.  inter  legates  Reg.  Sve.  et  Com.  ord.  Gene.  Foed.  Belg.,"  etc..  Actum, 
Hagae,  22  April/2  May,  1673,  §  3,  Holland,  A'o.  15,  A.B.  (R.A.). 


PART    II. 

LIFE   IN   THE   COLONY,    1655-1664. 

CHAPTER   LIV. 

The  First  Period  of  the  Swedish  Settlements  under 

Dutch  Rule  and  the  Coming  of  the  Mercur'tus, 

1655-1656. 

We  have  now  come  to  the  period  of  the  Swedes  under  Dutch 
jurisdiction,  the  last  period  of  the  present  treatise.  When  the 
articles  of  surrender  had  been  accepted  and  Rising  with  his  men 
was  about  to  leave  the  country,  Stuyvesant  made  provisions 
for  a  temporary  form  of  government.  The  seat  of  power  was 
transferred  from  Christina  to  Fort  Casimir,  and  Captain  Dirck 
Smith  was  appointed  commander,  until  other  arrangements 
could  be  n.ade,  an  instruction  doubtless  being  given  him.  In 
November  Jean  Paul  Jacquet  was  selected  as  vice-director,  who 
was  to  have  "supreme  command  and  authority,"  governing  the 
colony  with  a  council*  under  the  direction  of  Peter  Stuyvesant. 
In  his  instruction  (issued  at  New  Amsterdam)  he  was  required 
to  enforce  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath,  the  regulations  con- 
cerning the  sale  of  liquor  to  the  Indians  and  to  keep  peace  and 
order  in  the  colony.  He  should  require  the  soldiers  and  officers 
to  remain  in  the  fort  over  night,  debarring  all  freemen  from  the 
same,  especially  the  Swedes ;  he  was  to  allow  no  vessels  to  pass 
above  the  stronghold  which  he  was  to  keep  "in  a  becoming 
state  of  defense,"  he  should  take  care  in  distributing  lands  that 
"  at  least  16  or  20  persons  or  families"  were  placed  together  so 
as  to  form  villages,  and  in  order  to  prevent  the  immoderate 
desire  for  land  he  "should  impose  a  tax  of  12  stivers  annually 

'The  council  consisted  of  Andries  Hudde,  E.  Cleyn  and  two  sergeants. 
43  657 


6s8    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

for  each  morgen'"^  he  was  to  lay  out  a  town  on  the  south  side 
of  Fort  Casimir,  where  lots  were  to  be  assigned  and  he  was  to 
provide  for  the  expenses  of  the  government  by  Imposing  excises 
on  goods,  sold  by  the  tavern-keepers  as  follows : 

For  a  hogshead  of  French  or  Rhenish  wine fl.  20 

For  an  anker  of  the  same  wine fl.     4 

For  an  anker  of  brandy,  Spanish  wine  or  distilled  water fl.     7 

For  a  barrel  of  imported  beer fl.     6 

For  a  barrel  of  New  Netherland  beer fl-     4 

Finally  he  should  "look  well  after  the  Swedes"  and  he  was  to 
try  to  remove  such  as  were  "  not  friendly  disposed  to  the  Hon- 
orable Company"  and  send  them  to  New  Amsterdam  if  possi- 
ble. On  December  8  (n.s.)  Vice-Director  Jacquet  took  the 
oath  of  office  before  Peter  Stuyvesant  and  it  is  probable  that  he 
set  out  for  the  South  River  shortly  after.^ 

In  the  meantime  the  Swedes  who  remained  in  the  country 
made  the  best  of  their  situations,  repaired  the  damage  done  by 
the  invasion  as  far  as  possible,  and  settled  down  to  their  former 
peaceful  occupations.  Of  Smith's  rule  we  know  very  little. 
He  ordered  lands  to  be  sown  and  cultivated  and  made  other 
provisions  for  the  welfare  of  the  settlement,  but  he  was  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  the  council  at  New  Amsterdam  for 
"  grave  reasons,"  which  indicates  that  complaints  were  made 
against  him,  and  he  seems  to  have  done  nothing  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  forts.^ 

On  (or  shortly  before)  December  18  (n.s.),  1655,  Jean 
Paul  Jacquet  assumed  his  office  as  vice-director  at  Fort  Casimir, 
and  several  new  ordinances  were  soon  put  into  effect.  Some  of 
the  articles  in  Jacquet's  instruction  would  effect  the  old  settlers 
in  their  rights  if  put  into  execution,  but  caution  was  used  and 
"the  letter  of  the  law"  was  hardly  ever  followed.^ 

Allerton  and  probably  other  traders  visited  the  river  In  the 
autumn,  winter  and  spring  and  several  Jews,  "who  had  put 

-  M  or  gen,  acre,  "  a  superficial  measure  =  600  sq.  perches  of  144  sq.  feet  each." 
Calisch,  IVoordenb.,  H.  441. 

'Doc,  XH.  113  ff.;  Hazard,  p.  204  ff. 
*Cf.  Doc,  XH.  118;  134  ff. 
'Doc,  XH.  133  ff. 


First  Period  under  Dutch   Rule.  659 

goods  on  board  a  ship  for  the  South  River,"  requested  permis- 
sion to  trade  there,  which  was  conditionally  granted  to  them. 
The  Swedish  barks  and  yachts  surrendered  by  Rising  were  used 
on  trading  expeditions,  but  Eindrachfi  stranded  at  Sandy  Hook 
in  January,  1656.  The  council  at  New  Amsterdam  authorized 
Jan  Teunissen,  the  carpenter,  to  save  the  vessel  and  he  was 
promised  200  florins  if  he  succeeded.^ 

A  law  court  was  established  by  Jacquet  shortly  after  his 
arrival,  at  which  several  settlers  presented  their  grievances, 
while  others  were  summoned  to  appear  in  suits.  In  January, 
1656,  some  Swedish  freemen  living  near  Fort  Casimir  appeared 
before  Jacquet  and  his  council  and  requested  permission  to 
remain  on  their  lands  until  the  expiration  of  one  year  and  a 
half,  agreeably  to  the  capitulation,  as  they  had  not  then  any 
inclination  to  change  their  place  of  abode  nor  to  build  in  the 
new  town.  The  petition  was  granted  and  they  remained  undis- 
turbed in  their  possessions.* 

About  March  13  the  ship  Merciir'tus  arrived,  as  we  have 
seen.  Hendrick  Huygen  and  Johan  Papegoja  went  ashore,  pre- 
sented themselves  to  the  Dutch  commander  at  Fort  Casimir  and 
reported  their  instructions  and  intentions,  requesting  permis- 
sion to  land  the  people  somewhere  in  the  river,  until  further 
orders  were  received  from  Sweden.  This  was  denied  them  and 
Huygen  was  arrested  as  an  enemy  of  the  state.  Johan  Pape- 
goja appealed  to  Stuyvesant  in  a  letter,  dated  March  14  (24), 
informing  the  latter  of  the  arrival  of  the  ship  and  requesting 
permission  to  revictual  and  return  unmolested  to  Europe,  also 
remonstrating  against  the  treatment  accorded  Huygen.''  Vice- 
Director  Jacquet  likewise  made  a  report  to  his  superior  at  New 
Amsterdam. 

The  letters,  which  were  "brought  to  Manhattan  by  Aller- 
ton's  ketch,  arrived  there  in  the  night  of  March  18-19  (28-29), 
it  seems,  and  a  meeting  of  the  council  was  immediately  called. 

'  Cf.  above.  Chap.  XXXII. 

'■Doc,  XIV.  117  ff. 

'Doc,  XII.  133  ff.;  Hazard,  p.  208  ff. 

*  Huygen  also  wrote  to  Stuj-v-esant. 


66o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

It  was  decided  not  to  allow  the  Swedes  to  land,  but  they  should 
be  free  to  return  unmolested  and  they  were  allowed  to  provide 
themselves  with  necessary  provisions  for  their  homeward  jour- 
ney. A  pass  was  issued  for  the  ship,  giving  it  free  passage  to 
New  Amsterdam,  where  necessary  supplies  could  be  obtained. 
To  prevent  an  uprising  of  the  Swedes  It  was  decided  to  send 
several  soldiers  to  the  South  River.  It  was  likewise  decided 
that  all  Swedes,  who  had  not  hitherto  taken  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance, should  now  be  required  to  do  so.  Those  "  who  refused 
or  contravened  against  it"  should  be  sent  away  "by  every  op- 
portunity," and  Jacob  Swensson  and  Sven  Skute  were  especially 
named  as  "  undesirable  citizens,"  since  they  held  secret  con- 
ferences with  the  Indians,  being  looked  upon  with  suspicion 
"because,"  says  Acrellus,  "  they^"  often  came  to  the  homes  of 
the  Swedes  and  were,  as  usual,  well  received.""^ 

When  these  Instructions  were  received  at  Fort  Casimir,  Huy- 
gen  determined  to  go  to  New  Amsterdam  and  present  his  case 
in  person.  He  went  over  land,  arriving  at  the  Dutch  fort  about 
April  I  ( 1 1 ) ,  and  delivered  a  written  remonstrance  to  the 
Dutch  council.  The  council  decided  that  his  requests  could  not 
be  granted,  repeated  the  former  promises  of  an  unmolested 
return  voyage  and  stated  that.  If  the  Swedes  persisted  In  their 
designs  and  would  not  leave  the  river,  force  would  be  used  to 
expel  them.  To  show  that  they  were  in  earnest,  It  was  decided 
to  send  the  warship  the  JVaag  there.  Finding  that  he  could 
accomplish  nothing,  Huygen  appeared  before  the  council  the 
following  day  and  accepted  the  proposals,  making  It  unneces- 
sary for  the  Waag  to  proceed  to  the  Delaware.  Huygen  re- 
ported the  outcome  to  Papegoja  and  the  Mercurius  was  soon 
expected  to  arrive  at  New  Amsterdam.  But  over  two  weeks 
passed  and  no  ship  was  heard  of.  Rumors  were  circulated  that 
difficulties  had  arisen  on  the  Delaware  and  on  April  i8  (28) 
it  was  decided  at  a  hurried  meeting  of  the  council  to  send 

"The  savages.  The  council  answered  Papegoja's  letter  on  March  29  (n.s.), 
Doc,  XH.  123. 

^'  Doc,  Xn.  120  flF.;  Acrelius,  p.  91. 


First  Period  under  Dutch   Rule.  66i 

Ensign  Smith  overland  to  the  South  River  with  twelve  to  six- 
teen soldiers  to  ascertain  the  state  of  affairs.  When  Smith 
arrived  there,  however,  the  ship  had  already  landed  the  goods 
and  people.'^ 

Papegoja  gives  the  following  description  of  the  events  in  his 
letter  of  July  30  (August  9),  1656.  In  accordance  with 
Stuyvesant's  orders  "we  decided  to  set  sail  for  Manhattan. 
But  as  soon  as  the  savages  or  Indians  observed  this  they  col- 
lected speedily  in  great  numbers,  came  down  to  us  and  reminded 
us  of  the  former  friendship  and  love,  which  they  had  had  for 
us  Swedes,  above  all  other  nations,  and  said  that  they  would 
destroy  and  exterminate  both  Swedes  and  Hollanders,  unless 
we  remained  with  them  and  traded  as  in  the  past.  Then  all  our 
Swedes,  who  feared  the  savages,  came  to  us  also  and  protested 
strongly  against  us  in  writing,  .  .  .  saying  that  we  would  be 
the  cause  of  their  destruction  if  we  departed  ..."  Papegoja 
was  therefore  unable  to  decide  what  to  do,  but,  seeing  the 
danger  of  refusing  the  request  of  the  angry  savages,  he  com- 
manded the  sk'pper  to  proceed  up  the  Delaware.  (It  has  also 
been  said  that  a  large  number  of  Indians  and  some  old  Swedish 
colonists  went  on  board  the  vessel.)'^  The  ship  then  gave  the 
Swedish  salute  (which  was  answered  by  one  discharge  from  the 
fort)  and  sailed  up  to  New  Gothenborg,**  where  the  people 
were  put  ashore.^'' 

Letters  were  thereupon  written  to  Huygen,  informing  him 
of  the  events,  and  Jacquet  wrote  to  the  Dutch  governor  also, 
at  the  same  time  sending  Hudde  to  make  an  oral  report.  Hudde 
arrived  at  Manhattan  on  April  21  (May  i).  The  same  day 
the  council  read  and  re-read  the  letters  and  declarations  and  re- 
solved to  dispatch  the  Waag  with  troops  for  the  place  of  dis- 
turbance to  bring  the  Mercitrius  from  there  and  settle  the  diffi- 
culty with  the  natives.     Huygen   as  well   as   Papegoja   were 

"Dof.,  XXI.  122  flf. 

"Acrel'uis,  p.  92;  Sprinchorn,  pp.  74-75. 
"  Acrelius  says  the  vessel  was  brought  to  Christina. 

'*  Papegoja  met  his  wife  here  and  probably  remained  in  Printzhof  during  his 
stay  in  the  country. 


662    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

exonerated  from  blame  and  the  former  was  allowed  to  return 
to  his  ship  on  the  Waag,  after  he  had  given  bond  that  he  would 
behave  well  and  attempt  to  settle  the  differences  between  the 
savages  and  the  Christians.^" 

The  councillors  De  Sille  and  Van  Tienhoven  were  com- 
missioned to  go  to  the  river  for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
the  matter.  The  Waag  set  sail  as  soon  as  the  wind  was  favor- 
able, but  when  the  vessel  arrived  in  the  South  River  she  ran  on 
a  sandbank  and  could  not  proceed.  But  when  the  commander 
saw,  says  Papegoja,  that  we  showed  no  hostile  intentions,  he 
requested  the  Swedes  to  help  them  get  the  Waag  off  the  bank, 
as  well  as  to  pacify  the  savages.  When  the  Merctiritcs  arrived 
at  the  bay,  however,  the  Dutch  vessel  was  afloat.  Some  mer- 
chandise was  then  brought  on  board  of  the  latter  ship  which 
was  presented  to  the  savages  in  the  name  of  the  Hollanders  and 
thus  peace  was  restored. 

The  Mercurius  was  later  brought  to  New  Amsterdam,  where 
the  cargo  was  sold  in  July,  after  a  certain  import  duty  had  been 
paid.  Papegoja  desired  to  return  with  the  ship,  but  differences 
arose  between  him  and  Huygen  and  the  former  departed  from 
Manhattan  Island,  on  a  Dutch  vessel  on  June  13  (23)  arriving 
in  Amsterdam  about  the  beginning  of  August.  The  Mercurius 
was  loaded  with  a  return  cargo  and  finally  set  sail  for  Europe 
some  time  during  the  summer.  But  Huygen  remained  in  the 
colony  and  we  find  him  employed  in  various  capacities  in  the 
service  of  the  Dutch."  It  seems  that  the  great  majority  of  the 
newcomers  remained  in  the  colony.  They  were  gradually  given 
land,  and  as  soon  as  they  were  able  they  built  new  homes  and 
cleared  their  plantations. 

"Doc,  XH.  125  ff. 

"Letter  from  Papegoja  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  July  30/August  9,  1656,  N.S., 
I.  (R.A.)  ;  letter  from  Huygen,  June  11,  1656,  Sb'Jerk.,  1637-59  (RA.)  ; 
Stuyvesant  to  Papegoja,  March  30,  1656  (copy),  N.S.,  L  (R.A.)  ;  Trotzig  to  the 
directors,  August  16,  1656,  Soderk.,  1637-59  (R.A.)  ;  Doc,  XH.  120  ff.;  Acrelius, 
p.  91. 


CHAPTER   LV. 

The  Last  Period  of  the  Swedish  Settlements  under 
THE  Dutch,  1656-1664. 

The  Swedes  and  Finns  behaved  well  and  gave  no  trouble. 
Consequently  Fort  Christina  was  allowed  to  go  to  ruin  and 
Papegoja  says  that  it  "was  robbed  of  gates,  windows  and 
chimneys."  Lieutenant  Gyllengren,  Sven  Skute  and  Gregorius 
van  Dyck  remained  here  and  they  naturally  became  the  leaders 
of  the  Swedes  and  Finns.  These  men  carried  on  agriculture 
like  the  rest  and  probably  fared  well.  Disturbances  of  a  milder 
kind  arose  from  time  to  time  and  sometimes  murders  and  graver 
misdemeanors  were  reported  ("the  sister  of  Elias  Gyllengren's 
wife"  being  shot  in  the  autumn  of  1656).  Madame  Pape- 
goja remained  at  New  Gothenborg  and  she  was  allowed  to 
retain  Printztorp,  experiencing  some  difficulty,  however,  in  find- 
ing people  willing  to  cultivate  the  land  on  the  terms  she  offered. 
The  grants  of  many  of  the  other  Swedes  were  confirmed  by  the 
Dutch,  "some  having  deeds  from  Queen  Christina. "^  Various 
improvements  were  made  by  the  Dutch  which  bettered  the 
condition  of  the  Swedes,  bricks  being  made,  roads  improved, 
bridges  built,  fences  constructed,  overseers  and  tobacco-inspec- 
tors appointed,  etc.^ 

In  the  summer  of  1656  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  for 
financial  reasons,  was  compelled  to  surrender  part  of  the  South 
River  to  the  City  of  Amsterdam.-''  The  seat  of  government  of 
the  city's  colony  was  to  be  Fort  Casimir,  whose  name  was 

'As  for  instance  Gyllengren   (through  Araundsson)   and  Sven  Skute. 

-Doc,  XII. 

•'  The  States  General  ratified  the  transfer  in  August  and  arrangements  for  the 
organization  of  the  cir\'s  colony  were  soon  thereafter  made.  The  company 
retained  the  land  above  Ft.  Christina  along  the  Delaware.  It  has  been  stated  by 
some  that  the  "  city's  colony  "  was  above  Ft.  Christina.     Ferris,  p.  io6,  etc. 

663 


664   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

changed  to  New  Amstel,-''  while  Christina  (changed  to  Altena) 
was  to  be  the  center  of  power  for  the  company's  colony,  and 
Stuyvesant  was  commanded  to  garrison  the  latter  as  well  as 
Fort  New  Gothenborg  with  eight  or  ten  soldiers. 

Jacob  Alrichs  was  appointed  director  at  New  Amstel  In 
December,  but,  being  delayed  by  a  shipwreck  and  other  mis- 
fortunes, he  did  not  arrive  at  his  destination  before  the  spring 
of  the  following  year.  Quite  a  large  number  of  colonists  also 
arrived  with  hlm.^ 

In  the  meantime  complaints  were  made  against  Jacquet.  He 
was  finally  removed  from  office  and  put  In  arrest,  but  he  was 
later  released.  Fort  Christina  was  placed  In  a  better  state  of 
defense  with  the  arrival  of  Alrichs  as  the  Dutch  still  distrusted 
the  Swedes,  the  new  director  being  commanded  to  watch  them 
closely. 

In  the  spring  of  1658  Governor  Stuyvesant  went  in  person  to 
arrange  matters  at  the  Delaware.  The  Swedes  were  required 
to  swear  a  new  oath  of  allegiance,  but  they  requested  to  be  ex- 
empt from  taking  sides  If  trouble  should  arise  between  Sweden 
and  Holland,  which  was  granted  them. 

The  country  was  now  divided  into  court  jurisdictions  and  the 
Swedes  were  given  a  sort  of  self-government  at  Tinicum 
Island.*  About  the  same  time  Sven  Skute  was  elected  captain; 
Anders  Dalbo,  lieutenant;  Jacob  Swenson,  ensign;  Gregorius 
van  Dyck,  sheriff;  and  Olof  Stille,  Matts  Hansson,  Peter 
Rambo  and  Peter  Cock  were  elected  magistrates.^  On  May  8, 
(1658)  they  appeared  before  Stuyvesant  with  a  petition  for 
certain  privileges.  They  requested  Instructions  for  their  guid- 
ance, they  desired  a  court  messenger  and  free  access  to  Fort 
Altena,  so  that  they  could  get  assistance  in  case  of  necessity  and 
they  petitioned  that  nobody  should  be  allowed  to  leave  the 
colony  without  the  knowledge  of  the  magistrates.  The  Swedes 
and  Finns  gradually  gained  the  confidence  of  the  Dutch  author- 

'^ Nieutuer-Amstel  after  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Amsterdam. 
'Doc,  Xn.,  n.    Alexander  d'  Hinoyossa  was  made  lieutenant. 
'  Their  council  met  there. 
'  Some  of  these  had  been  elected  before  this. 


Last  Period  under  Dutch  Rule.  665 

ities,  and  performed  many  valuable  services  for  them  as  inter- 
preters and  guides.  They  cut  masts  and  other  timber  and  by 
their  thrift  were  able  to  supply  much  of  the  food  used  by  the 
soldiers.** 

The  crops  were  poor  in  1658,  there  being  too  much  rain. 
Butter,  cheese  and  salt  were  scarce  and  sickness  was  general. 
The  total  number  of  inhabitants  was  now  about  600  souls,  but  it 
is  not  possible  to  say  how  many  of  these  were  Swedes  and  Finns. 
The  cattle  and  horses  belonging  to  the  Dutch  West  India  Com- 
pany were  given  out  for  half  of  the  increase  to  the  Swedes  and 
Dutch,  a  custom  employed  by  Rising  as  we  have  seen,  but  com- 
plaints were  made  that  the  horses  were  ill-treated." 

On  July  20  (30),  1658,  Willem  Beeckman  was  appointed 
commissary  and  vice-director  for  the  West  India  Company  at 
Fort  Altena  with  highest  authority  over  the  company's  officers, 
"except  in  the  district  ...  of  New  Amstel,"  and  his  instruc- 
tions in  eight  articles  were  given  to  him  on  October  18  (28). 
He  was  to  have  the  oversight  and  supervision  of  the  Swedes  and 
was  to  be  the  custom-officer  and  auditor  in  the  country,  being 
required  to  be  present  at  New  Amstel,  when  ships  arrived  there 
or  whenever  his  duties  so  required. 

Beeckman  proposed  to  tax  the  Swedes  and  Finns  to  the 
amount  of  400  guilders  a  year,  thus  providing  for  the  current 
expenses,  and  the  directors  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company 
did  not  approve  of  giving  them  officers  of  their  own,  but  Stuy- 
vesant  replied  to  their  orders  for  discharging  these  officers  and 
appoint  Hollanders  in  their  stead,  that  he  thought  that  the  best 
way  to  win  the  hearts  of  the  Swedes  was  by  lenient  methods  of 
governing  them.  The  Swedes  were  also  called  upon  to  do 
military  duty,  but  they  objected  strongly,  and  the  Dutch  had 
no  power  to  force  them,  Beeckman  reporting  that  if  an  emerg- 
ency should  arise  "they  would  be  more  cumbersome  than  use- 
ful." Troubles  arose  with  the  English  as  well  as  the  savages, 
keeping  the  Dutch  in  constant  alarm,  and  they  were  therefore 

'Doc.  XII.  212  flF. 

'Doc,  II.  8  ff.,  50  ff.,  etc.;  XII.  187  ff.;  Hazard,  242  ff. 


666   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

compelled  to  treat  the  Swedes  and  Finns  with  more  respect  and 
consideration  than  would  otherwise  have  been  the  case.* 

Attempts  were  made  from  time  to  time  to  settle  them  in 
villages,  to  simplify  the  jurisdiction  over  them,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1660  the  fiscal,  De  Sille,  was  instructed  to  engage 
some  of  them  as  soldiers  or  to  persuade  them  to  settle  near  New 
Amsterdam  as  freemen,  asking  "  with  all  imaginable  and  kindly 
persuasive  reasons "  the  Swedish  sheriff's  and  commissaries 
"  help  and  intercession."  But  they  were  opposed  to  removal 
and  De  Sille  was  unsuccessful  in  his  mission. 

Jacob  Alrichs  died  December  20  (30),  1659,  and  Alexander 
d'Hinoyossa  was  made  provisory  director  in  his  stead.  The 
Swedes  and  Finns  now  numbered  about  130  men  who  could 
bear  arms  according  to  the  report  of  Van  Dyck.*^  Disputes 
arose  among  them  about  this  time  on  account  of  the  distribution 
of  land,  perhaps  largely  occasioned  by  the  fact  that  many  of  the 
Finns  did  not  understand  Swedish,  making  business  transactions 
difficult.  In  the  spring  of  1660  some  twenty  Swedish  and 
Finnish  families  desired  to  remove  to  the  neighborhood  of  New 
Amstel,  but  it  appears  that  they  were  forbidden  to  do  so. 
Later,  however,  D'Hinoyossa  invited  others  to  settle  there. 
The  Swedes  and  Finns  contrived  throughout  this  period  to  trade 
with  the  savages,  but  they  were  somewhat  restricted  in  their 
freedom  by  D'Hinoyossa,  giving  rise  to  complaints  and  dis- 
satisfactions. 

The  Swedes  and  Finns  were  very  successful  in  cultivating  the 
land,  and  many  of  them  undoubtedly  had  attained  prosperity, 
and  they  were  very  desirable  in  the  colony,  requests  being  made 
that  more  agriculturists  be  sent  here,  "  not  Hollanders,  how- 
ever, but  other  nations  and  especially  Finns  and  Swedes,  who 
are  good  farmers."  A  grist  mill  was  built  by  Johan  Stalkofta 
(Stalcop),  L.  Petersson  and  Hans  Block  in  the  summer  of  1662 
at  the  Falls  of  the  Turtle  Kill  and  the  old  mill  erected  by  Printz 
was  kept  in  repair. 

'Doc,  H.,  XH. 

"'  In  August,  1657,  Rev.  Megapolensis  wrote  that  "  at  least  two  hundred " 
Swedes  and  Finns  lived  above  Ft.  Christina.     Jameson,  Nar.  of  N.  Neth.,  p.  395. 


Last  Period  under  Dutch  Rule.  667 

In  the  autumn  of  1663  the  Swedes,  Finns  and  other  nations^ 
had  erected  about  no  good  boweries,  stocked  with  about  200 
cows  and  oxen,  20  horses,  80  sheep  and  several  thousand  swine. 
The  settlers,  as  we  have  seen,^"  wrote  to  relatives  and  friends  in 
Sweden,  praising  the  land  and  inviting  them  to  come  over. 
They  were  also  encouraged  by  the  Dutch  authorities  to  do  so, 
and  as  a  result  several  settlers  arrived  from  Sweden  from  time 
to  time.  In  the  summer  of  1663  the  skipper  Peter  Luckassen 
brought  a  number  of  colonists  to  the  South  River,  among  whom 
were  some  30  Swedes,  and  in  December  Alexander  d'Hinoyossa 
arrived  there  with  1 50  colonists,  including  32  or  more  Finns  and 
probably  some  Swedes." 

The  colony  was  peaceful  as  a  rule  also  during  this  period. 
A  few  minor  disturbances  arose,  however,  and  Evert  Hindrick- 
son,  the  Finn,  was  accused  of  maltreating  Joran  Kyn  and  other 
grave  complaints  were  made  against  him.  He  was  brought 
into  court,  tried  and  banished  from  the  colony  as  a  dangerous 
character.  Peter  Meyer  was  also  accused  of  disturbance  and 
assaults  and  several  other  cases  of  like  nature  were  brought  into 
court.  The  Swedes  and  Finns  continued  to  have  their  own 
officers  and  some  were  even  employed  in  the  service  at  the  forts. 
Timon  Stidden,  who  remained  here,  continued  to  act  as  barber- 
surgeon  and  he  treated  the  ill  and  wounded  as  far  as  he  was 
able.  Witchcraft  also  played  a  role  in  the  settlement  in  this 
period  and  Margareta  Matsson  was  said  to  be  a  witch,  as 
Henry  Drystreet  was  told  about  this  time.  The  fish  in  the  river 
continued  to  be  plentiful  and  the  settlers  obtained  some  provi- 
sions from  this  source  as  well  as  from  hunting.  Many  deserted 
the  colony  on  account  of  debts  or  for  other  reasons  and  a  num- 
ber went  to  settle  among  the  English  in  Maryland ;  but  a  few 
returned  from  time  to  time.^- 

"  Probably  Germans  are  meant.     There  were  also  a  few  Danes  in  the  colony. 

"Cf.  above,  Chap.  LII. 

"  Doc,  XII.  421  ff. 

"Peter  Meyer  ("a  subject  of  Sweden")  came  into  Maryland  from  New 
Amstel  in  1661  with  wife  and  children  and  was  granted  permission  by  the  council 
to  settle  there. 

Axel     Stille     (from    New    Amstel),    Peter    Jacobs[s]on,     Marcus    Sipherson 


668    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Little  Is  known  of  the  religious  history  of  the  Swedes  and 
Finns  during  this  period.  According  to  the  articles  of  surrender 
they  were  allowed  to  retain  a  minister  of  the  Gospel  of  their 
own  confession  and  were  to  be  undisturbed  in  their  services,  a 
concession  that  was  later  regretted  by  some  of  the  Dutch. 
Lars  Lock  remained  here  and  he  seems  to  have  conducted 
regular  services  in  the  church  at  Tinicum.  He  was  given  a 
salary  by  the  Swedish  commissaries,  probably  raised  by  volun- 
tary collections  from  the  settlers.  Rev.  Lock  continued  to  have 
trouble  and  in  1661  his  wife  was  unfaithful  to  him  and  eloped 
with  another  man,  causing  Inconvenience  and  law-suits.  Having 
obtained  a  divorce,  he  married  again,  however,  but  the  mar- 
riage was  declared  null  and  void  by  the  Dutch  authorities,  be- 
cause he  performed  the  ceremony  himself.  Later  he  was  fined 
50  florins  for  marrying  a  young  couple  without  proclamation  In 
the  church  and  against  the  will  of  their  parents.  He  as  well  as 
Olof  Stille  objected  to  the  interference  of  the  Dutch  court, 
saying  that  the  consistory  in  Sweden  alone  had  jurisdiction  over 
the  case.  Rev.  Lock  also  had  other  troubles,  and  one  time  he 
was  "fearfully  beaten  and  marked  in  his  face"  by  Peter 
Meyer,  who  was  summoned  to  appear  in  court,  but  the  affair 
was  settled  between  the  parties  themselves.  Acrellus  asserts 
that  a  priest  by  the  name  of  Mathlas  came  out  here  on  the  ship 
Mercurius,  but  he  returned  to  Sweden  with  the  vessel  accord- 
ing to  the  same  authority.^*  As  many  Lutherans  resided  at 
New  Amstel  who  desired  a  minister,  they  applied  for  permis- 
sion to  call  a  young  man  by  the  name  of  Abelius  Zetskorn  or 
Setskorn  to  serve  them.  The  Swedish  commissaries  at  Tinicum 
desired  to  have  him  preach  in  their  church,  but  Rev.  Lock  ob- 
jected "  to  it  with  all  his  influence."     Setskorn  preached  there 

(Sifversson),  Clement  Mickels[s]on,  Andrew  (Andreas)  Cleraent[s]son,  Hendrick 
Hendricks[s]on,  Peter  Montson  (Mansson),  Ma[t]thias  Cornelisen(  ?),  Hendrick 
Mathias[s]on,  Joh[a]n  Wheeler,  Bartholimeus  Hendricks[s]on,  Cornelius  Urin- 
s[s]on,  Joh[a]n  Urin[s]son,  Andrew  Toreson  (Andreas  Thors[s]on),  Paul 
Joh[a]n[s]son,  Gothofried  Harnner  are  also  given  in  the  Md.  Archives  as  coming 
from  the  Delaware.  They  were  given  permission  to  live  there  as  "  free  denni- 
zens."  Md.  Archi'ves,  HI.  428-30. 
"  Cf.  above. 


Last  Period  under  Dutch  Rule.  669 

on  the  second  day  of  Pentecost,  however,  and  he  received  a  call 
as  school-master  with  the  same  salary  as  the  preacher  enjoyed, 
but  the  people  "of  New  Amstel  would  not  let  him  go,"!*  and 
Lock  remained  alone  among  the  Swedes  and  Finns,  north  of 
New  Amstel.  The  population  was  now  too  large  for  the  work 
of  one  preacher  and  besides  the  language  question  complicated 
matters.  Many  of  the  Finns  could  not  understand  Swedish 
during  the  first  years  and  these  were  without  religious  instruc- 
tion. As  time  went  on,  however,  the  Swedish  language  became 
predominant,  the  Finns  and  Dutch  gradually  acquiring  the 
same.''' 

In  the  autumn  of  1663  the  entire  Delaware  district  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  city  of  Amsterdam  and  D'Hinoyossa  was  made 
commander.  The  Swedes  and  Finns  were  now  absolved  from 
their  former  oaths  and  required  to  swear  new  allegiance.  This 
they  refused  to  do,  unless  they  were  granted  "  the  same  privi- 
leges in  trading  and  other  matters  as  they  had  had  under  the 
government  of  the  Hon.  Company,"  being  inclined  rather  to 
remove  than  to  submit  to  the  conditions  offered  them. 

Many  new  plantations  had  now  been  begun  by  the  Swedish 
and  Finnish  settlers  and  land  grants  were  made  and  confirmed 
by  the  Dutch.  The  customs  and  manners  remained  the  same  as 
in  the  former  period,  the  bath-house,  the  Finnish  and  Swedish 
log-cabins,  the  splinter-sticks,  and  all  the  other  utensils  and 
implements,  which  we  have  learned  to  know  in  previous  chap- 
ters, continued  to  be  used.  The  domestic  animals  had  greatly 
increased,  the  fields  were  comparatively  numerous  and  in  many 
cases  large,  and  the  settlement  had  acquired  a  certain  stability 
and  form.  The  colony  had  not  been  a  success  from  the  Dutch 
point  of  view,  however.  Thousands  of  florins  were  borrowed 
and  expended  and  other  thousands  were  needed  to  put  the  col- 
ony on  a  prosperous  footing. 

In   1664  rumors  of  a  Swedish  attempt  at  recapturing  the 

"There  is  no  direct  evidence  that  the  Swedes  tried  to  get  rid  of  Lock  as  is 
stated  by  Norberg,  p.  6,  Smith,  Hist,  of  Del.  Co.,  p.  90 
''Doc,  XIL,  IL 


1 


670   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

river  were  afloat  in  Holland,  as  we  have  seen,  causing  some 
uneasiness  until  it  was  reported  that  the  expedition  had  been 
wrecked.  A  large  number  of  Finns  were  about  to  depart  for 
the  colony  In  the  spring  and  other  measures  were  taken  to  build 
up  the  settlement.  But  Dutch  rule,  except  for  a  short  interval, 
was  drawing  to  a  close  on  the  Delaware  and  in  America.  The 
English  forces,  sailing  up  the  Hudson  in  the  autumn,  compelled 
Stuyvesant  to  surrender  on  September  3.  On  the  same  day  Sir 
Robert  Carre  was  commissioned  to  proceed  to  the  Delaware 
for  the  purpose  of  bringing  that  colony  under  the  power  and 
authority  of  the  English  Crown.  Carre  arrived  at  the  Dela- 
ware on  September  30  and  on  October  i  ( 1 1 ) ,  the  articles  of 
capitulation  were  signed.  The  inhabitants  were  to  be  protected 
in  their  estates  under  the  authority  of  the  English  King;  the  old 
magistrates  were  to  continue  in  their  jurisdiction  as  formerly, 
and  "the  sheriff  and  other  inferior"  officers  should  remain 
in  power  for  six  months  until  other  steps  could  be  taken;  all 
the  people  were  to  enjoy  religious  liberty  and  be  free  "  as  any 
Englishman  "  upon  the  taking  "  of  the  oath,"  and  anyone  was 
allowed  to  depart  from  the  river  within  six  months  after  the 
date  of  the  articles.  We  are  now  at  the  beginning  of  a  new 
era  and  the  following  years  belong  to  another  period.*® 

"Doc,  n.,  HL  68  ff.,  XHL  113  fit.;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  Col.,  t66i-68,  p.  2sfr 
ff.;  Hazard,  Register,  I.  16;  Min.  of  Pro.  Council,  I.  93  ff.;  Penn.  Mag.,  V.  169,  X. 
269;  Acrelius,  Beskrif.,  89  ff.;  Hazard,  208  ff.;  Norberg,  p.  6. 


APPENDICES. 


APPENDIX   A. 

Brief  Biographies. 

Anckarhjelm,  Martin  Thijsen  (his  Dutch  name  was  Maarten 
Thijsen),  was  born  in  Viissingen.  He  served  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company  for  some  time  and  in  1644  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
fleet  which  De  Geer  sent  to  Sweden  in  aid  against  Denmark.  The 
same  3'ear  he  entered  Swedish  service  and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  the 
nobility,  whereupon  he  was  given  the  name  of  Anckarhjelm,  He  was 
used  in  various  capacities  by  the  government  and  his  services  were  of 
great  value  to  Sweden.  He  often  prepared  ships  for  commercial  expe- 
ditions to  foreign  countries.  At  times  he  supplied  large  sums  of  money 
to  the  Crown  and  he  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany as  well  as  mercantile  and  manufacturing  establishments  in  his 
adopted  country.  Anckarhjelm  received  several  honors  from  the  Swedish 
government  and  in  1653  he  was  made  an  admiral  in  the  navy.  He  died 
in  Stockholm,  1657. 

Printed  Sources.  Munthe,  Sv.  sjiJhj.j  V.  195  ff . ;  Nordisk  familjebok 
(2d  Ed.),  1.920;  Holf berg,  Bio^r. /eAT.  (2d  Ed.),  I.  29;  Hand.  ror.Skan. 
Hist.,  V.  87  if.,  XX.  303  ff. ;  Kernkamp,  De  Sleutels  van  de  Sont. 
Histories  of  Holland,  Denmark  and  Sweden  give  facts  about  him. 

Manuscripts.  I.  Riksarkivet.  A  great  number  of  letters  in  R.R.  to 
Anckarhjelm  and  letters  from  him  in  N.S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  letters  from 
Anckarhjelm  to  Axel  Oxenstierna  {Ox.  Saml.)  ;  letters  from  the  Com. 
Col.  to  Anckarhjelm  (Reg.,  1653). 

II.  Flottans  arkiv.  A.  A  great  many  "  Skrifvelser  till  Anckarhjelm," 
1645  (about  23  in  all)  ;  1646  (about  23),  March  18,  fol.  245,  February 
28,  fol.  203,  from  fol.  765  to  1053,  etc.;  1647,  letters  to  Anckarhjelm  in 
Portugal,  February  6,  fol.  74  etc.;  1653,  January  12,  20,  April  30,  May 
2,  6,  II,  14,  etc.  (concerning  the  fitting  out  of  ships  and  procuring  of 
provisions),  June  24,  fol.  386,  etc.;  1655,  March  22,  April  2,  5,  7,  12, 
fol.  30,  etc.  (concerning  the  shipbuilding  establishment  at  Gothenburg. 
He  was  to  collect  material,  etc.),  May  17,  August  30,  etc.;  1657, 
February  3,  fol.  47  (concerning  money  advanced  by  Anckarhjelm).  A 
44  673 


6/4   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

great  many  other  entries  found  in  the  different  volumes  of  the  Am.  Reg. 

B.  Ankomnaskrifvelser  (till  amiralitetet).  A  great  many  letters  from 
Anckarhjelm  to  the  Admiralty  {Sixty  during  1646,  etc.). 

III.  Kammararkivet  also  contains  various  letters  and  documents  con- 
cerning Anckarhjelm. 

Appelbom,  Harald,  was  born  in  1612  at  Soderby  in  Sweden.  Became 
correspondent  in  Holland  in  1642  to  take  the  place  of  Samuel  Blom- 
maert.  In  1647  he  was  made  commissary  at  Amsterdam.  In  1652  he 
was  sent  to  England  to  take  the  place  of  Spiring,  who  died  in  London 
the  same  year.  Appelbom  was  made  a  resident  at  the  Hague  after  his 
return  to  Holland  and  he  presented  protests  against  the  Dutch  encroach- 
ments and  occupation  of  New  Sweden.  He  died  at  the  Hague  on  March 
8,  1674.  Besides  his  diplomatic  duties,  he  was  engaged  in  literary  pur- 
suits and  translated  into  Swedish,  Barclay's  Argenis,  "  the  Indian  saga," 
En  Book  om  konungars  Liuus  eller  Conduite,  etc. 

Printed  Sources.  Nordisk  familjebok  (2d  Ed.),  I.  1242;  Schiick  och 
Warburg,  Sv.  lit.  his.,  I.  375,  378,  etc.;  Hand.r'6r.Skan.Hist.,Y\l.  77; 
IX.  94  ff.  Thurloe,  State  Papers,  I.  ff. ;  Hazard,  Reg.  Penn.,  I.; 
Hazard,  Annals;  Doc.,  I.,  II.;  Aitzema,  V.,  etc.;  the  histories  of 
Sweden,  Holland  and  England  contain  references  to  him. 

Manuscripts.  Diplomatic  correspondence  in  Riksarkivet,  Stockholm. 
Memorials  and  letters  at  the  Hague  and  letters  in  the  Record  Office, 
London. 

Beier,  Johan  (von),  was  born  in  Berlin,  on  May  10,  1606  (?),  and 
died  in  Stockholm  September  13,  1669.  He  entered  Swedish  service  in 
1632  (?).  In  1637  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Commercial 
College  and  in  1642  he  became  "  postmaster  here  in  the  kingdom 
[Sweden]."  The  same  year  it  was  proposed  in  the  council  that  he 
should  be  put  on  the  budget  of  the  chancery  and  become  secretary  in  the 
old  chancery,  handling  the  German  correspondence.  He  edited  the  first 
paper  in  Sweden  in  1645.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany and  took  much  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  colony.  Reports  and 
letters  from  New  Sweden  were  often  sent  to  him  and  he  at  times  paid 
the  colonists  and  sailors,  who  had  served  the  company. 

Printed  Sources.  De  la  Gard.  Arch.,  VI.  12  ff. ;  Rddspr.,  II.  ff . ; 
Nordisk  familjebok  (2d  Ed.),  II.  1228-29;  Hofberg,  Biogr.  lex.,  I.  66; 
Anrep,  I.  135;  Sv.  Biogr.  lex.,  Ny  foljd,  II.  49-54.  (This  account 
is  inaccurate,  but  it  gives  a  great  many  interesting  facts  about  him.) 
Holm,  Sv.  all.  postv.,  I.-III.  (a  good  work)  ;  Sv.  postv.  alder. 


'ir^M£^^      (-1^^%^ 


Clirister  Bonde.      (See  pp.  616,  636). 


vnoc 


Willeiii  Usseliiix  (see  p.  69.S). 


[Aiidries]  Hiulde.     See  pp.  408  IT.,  581  IT 


Swen  Scliiite.     (See  p.  451  IT.) 


qqS'^^  -^"^^^ 


Sveii  Hiirik.      (Seep.  6S1.) 


\ 


(itist.'ilT  Print/.. 


Henrich  von  Klhswich.      (,See  p.  6S0. ) 


I'aciiniiles  of  the  signatures  of  Usselinx,  Hudde,  CUistaf,  Piintz,  Hook,  Bonde,  Sknte  and  Klswick.  For  the  hand- 
«  lilinK  of  Anckarhjehu,  see  p.  632,  of  Beier,  p.  132,  of  S.  Blomniaert,  p.  92,  of  Van  den  Bogaert,  p.  142,  of  Bonde,  p. 
17'',  of  Brahe,  p.  238,  of  Burell,  p.  238,  of  Carl  X  Gustaf  p.  626,  of  Christina,  p.  501,  of  Peter  Coyet,  p.  479,  of  Durell,  p. 
17'^  of  Van  Dyck.  pp.  128-129,  of  Klas  Fleming,  p.  238,  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  p.  52,  of  Huygen,  p.  318,  of  Kramer,  pp. 
Ji3,  452,  642-643,  of  Lagerfelt,  p.  479,  of  Van  Langdonk,  p.  200,  of  Lindestrora,  pp.  518,  .S,S4,  of  Macklier,  p.  194,  of  Min- 
uit,  pp.  96-97,  of  Axel  Oxenstierna,  p.  IS^,  of  Eric  Oxenstierna,  p.  479,  of  Gabriel  Oxenstierna,  p.  2,38,  of  Papegoja,  pp. 
454-455,  of  Johan  Printz,  pp.  318,  444-447,  of  Ridder,  pp.  198-199,  of  Rising,  pp.  564-565,  616,  of  Ruttens,  pp.  184-185,  of 
Schotting,  p.  233,  of  Spiring,  p.  154,  of  Stuyvesant,  p.  4,32,  of  Trotzig,  pp.  282-283,  of  Whitelocke,  p.  620,  Weis,  p.  124. 


Brief  Biographies.  675 

For  his  writings  see  Biogr.  lex.,  Ny  f'oljd,  II.  53-54;  Hammarskold, 
Sv.  IVitterh.,  p.  173  (but  several  of  the  works  given  there  belong  to  his 
son,  Johan  Gustaf  von  Beier  (1646-1705),  who  was  a  poet  and  author). 

Manuscripts.  R.R. ;  Letters  from  Beier  to  the  government  (R.A.) ; 
letters  to  A.  Oxenstierna  {Ox.  Saml.)  ;  letters  to  De  la  Gardie  {Sandb. 
Saml.,  K.A.)  ;  letters  in  Dahlb.  Saml.  (R.A.)  ;  letters  in  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

Blommaert/  Samuel,  was  born  in  Antwerp  on  August  2i,  1583. 
From  Antwerp  Blommaert's  father  removed  to  England,  where  he  died 
in  September,  1 591.  Young  Samuel  was  sent  to  school  in  London  by 
his  stepmother.  (His  mother  died  when  he  was  about  a  year  old  and 
his  father  married  again.)  Later  he  was  sent  to  the  Hague,  Haarlem, 
Amsterdam,  Hamburg  and  other  cities  to  learn  the  trade  of  a  merchant. 
In  1603  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  and 
went  to  the  East  Indies  the  same  year,  where  he  spent  almost  seven 
eventful  years.  In  September,  1610,  he  took  passage  on  the  ship  Hoorn 
and  arrived  at  Texel  the  following  June. 

On  his  return  to  Holland  he  settled  at  Amsterdam  in  the  business  of 
a  merchant.  Here  he  prepared  expeditions  to  the  Indies  and  soon 
became  "  an  important  man."  He  also  became  a  stockholder  in  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  and  was  elected  one  of  its  directors  several 
times.  He  was  appointed  factor  of  Eric  Larsson  von  der  Linde  (a 
Swedish  citizen  and  nobleman)  and  he  had  large  transactions  in  grain 
and  copper  with  the  Swedish  government  in  1630  and  1 63 1  and  perhaps 
earlier.  He  was  also  interested  in  Swedish  manufacturing  establishments 
and  obtained  privileges  from  the  government.  Through  Falkenberg  and 
Le  Blon  he  was  brought  into  communication  with  Axel  Oxenstierna  and 
in  1636  he  was  made  Swedish  commissary  at  Amsterdam  with  a  salary 
of  1,000  R.D.  a  year  (paid  out  of  the  Dutch  subsidies)  and  allowances 
for  travelling  expenses.  Finding  that  his  position  as  a  representative  of 
the  Swedish  Crown  and  as  the  principal  promoter  and  shareholder  in  the 
rival  Swedish  company  became  obnoxious  to  his  fellow-members  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  and  a  source  of  much  disagreeable  criticism, 
he  withdrew  from  the  Swedish  service  in  the  summer  or  autumn  of  1642 
(the  last  letter  I  have  found  to  him  is  dated  April,  1642,  N.  S.,  I.,  R.A.), 
for  in  July  arrangements  were  made  at  Stockholm  to  appoint  some  one 
in  his  place  (see  above,  p.  156). 

'There  were  many  others  by  the  name  of  Blommaert  at  this  time.  Thomas 
Blommaert,  who  removed  to  Sweden  and  advanced  the  Swedish  iron  and  brass 
industries.  He  had  also  dealings  with  the  commercial  companies.  Andriaen 
Blommaert  was  a  trader  in  New  Netherland,  skipper  on  the  Hope,  etc. 


(i7^   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Blommaert  was  interested  in  the  Dutch  settlements  in  America.  In 
company  with  Godyn,  De  Laet,  Van  Rensselaer,  Paauw  and  Hamel  he 
founded  a  colony  on  Brand-pylens  Island,  having  a  tenth  share  in  the 
same,  and  he  registered  a  colony  on  the  Fresh  River  in  November,  1629, 
which  was  never  settled,  however.  He  was  one  of  the  patrons,  who 
bought  land  on  the  South  River  before  the  coming  of  the  Swedes  and 
established  the  unsuccessful  Swanendael  colony  of  which  he  owned  one 
fifth.  He  had  also  plans  in  1630  to  establish  a  colony  on  the  "  Island  of 
St.  Martin  or  Barbadoes  among  the  Caribbean  Islands."  His  name  was 
attached  to  several  places  in  America.  The  Fresh  River  was  called 
Blommaert' s  River  after  him,  but  the  name  did  not  last.  "  The  fourth 
creek  above  Fort  Orange  on  the  west  side  "  of  the  Hudson  was  also 
named  Blommaert' s  Kill;  "  Bargenal  Inlet "  was  called  Blommaert's 
Point;  five  small  islands  lying  north  of  Fort  Orange  were  called  Blom- 
maert's Islands  and  a  farm  near  by  was  known  under  the  name  of 
Blommaert's  Burg. 

He  continued  to  serve  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  and  was  a 
member  of  its  board  of  accounts  in  1647."  He  was  alive  in  October, 
1650,  and  is  mentioned  as  lately  dead  on  June  20,  1652.  It  is  therefore 
probable  that  he  died  in  the  spring  or  early  summer  of  1652  (hence  not 
in  1654  as  is  stated  by  Y,U3.s,  De  Froedsch. van  Amst., l.^y^;  Kernkamp, 
Zweed.  Arch.,  23). 

Sources.  The  best  and  only  account  is  given  by  Professor  Kernkamp 
in  his  Zweed.  Arch.,  p.  3  fE. 

Documentary  materials  besides  those  used  by  Prof.  Kernkamp  are 
found  in  Doc,  I.  43,  70,  88  ff.,  217,  248  fE.,  320,  330,  406  £f.,  480, 
518  ff.  Kam.  Kol.  Reg.,  October  6,  1632;  September  10,  1636;  Novem- 
ber 22,  1641  (K.A.)  ;  Rddspr.,  IX.;  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.  and  K.A.) ;  De 
Vries,  Korte  Historiael;  Van  Ren.  Bowier  Mss.,  ed.  by  Van  Laer  and 
Hand.  ror.  Skan.  Hist.,  IX.  At  Sjoholm  (Sweden)  is  a  letter  or  bill 
from  him.     (See  Catalogue  in  R.A.) 

Bonnell,"  Benjamin,  was  an  Englishman*  of  some  means,  who  seems 

"  In  Doc.  I.  248,  the  signature  is  given  as  J.  Blommaert,  but  this  must  be  a 
mistake. 

"There  were  a  number  of  Bonnells  (Bonnel)  in  America.  Abraham,  Jacob, 
Joseph,  John,  Nathaniel  Bonnel,  etc.  See  New  Jersey  Archives,  II.  336,  IV.  203 
ff.,  V.  142,  etc.,  IX.  185  ff.,  etc.  The  name  was  also  found  in  England  during 
Bonnell's  time.     Thurloe,  State  Papers. 

*  On  July  17,  1655,  B.  Bonnell  addressed  a  letter  to  Thurloe  asking  for  aid 
in  which  he  says:  "It  is  ray  unhappinesse  and  not  my  sin,  that  makes  me  suffer; 
and  most  of  my  suffering  is  for  being  an  Englishman  and  for  having  been  ever 


Brief  Biographies.  677 

to  have  been  a  merchant  at  Amsterdam  for  a  time.  He  resided  in 
Spain  and  Portugal  for  about  twenty  years  ("weil  ehr  .  .  .  woU  20 
Jahre  in  Spanien  und  Portugal  sich  ufienth.").  About  1625  he  went 
to  Sweden  to  establish  a  glass  factory.  He  was  later  engaged  by  the 
South  Company  to  begin  the  manufacture  of  glass,  but  the  venture 
failed.  He  remained  in  Stockholm,  however,  and  testified  to  the 
honesty  and  good  character  of  Looff  in  the  latter's  quarrels  with  the 
directors  of  the  old  South  Company.  In  the  autumn  of  1640  he  was 
appointed  factor  of  the  New  Sweden  Company  at  Stockholm  (see  above, 
Chaps.  XVn.,  XIX.).  In  the  autumn  of  1651,  he  was  commissioned 
to  go  to  England  to  look  after  the  interests  of  Sweden  (above.  Chap. 
XXXI.,  p.  299)  and  in  the  following  year  he  was  again  sent  there  to 
endeavor  to  secure  the  release  of  the  arrested  ships  of  the  Swedish 
African  Company.^  He  arrived  at  London  on  February  17,  1653, 
where  he  was  received  with  greater  ceremony  and  respect  than  his  rank 
entitled  him  to.  In  1656  he  once  more  went  to  London  in  his  former 
capacity.  He  seems  to  have  returned  to  Sweden  in  1660  (there  is  a 
"  supplik  from  him  to  the  Crown,"  no  date,  but  undoubtedly  written  in 
1660). 

Printed  Sources.  (No  biography.)  Thurloe,  State  Papers,  II. 
142-3,  216  ff.,  299-301,  314,  360,  III.  References  to  him  and  his 
mission  in  Ellen  Fries,  Eric  Oxenstierna;  but  Dr.  Fries  is  mistaken  in 
calling  him  a  merchant  from  Gothenburg.  When  he  was  sent  to  Eng- 
land the  first  time  he  had  been  factor  in  Stockholm  for  the  New  Sweden 
Company  for  several  years.  (See  above.)  Other  references  are  found 
in  Heimer,  Dipl.  for.,  p.  69  fi.;  Granlund,  En  sv.  koL,  p.  17  ff. 

Manuscripts.  Documents  in  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.)  and  N.  S.,  I.-III. 
(K.A.)  ;  letters  from  Usselinx  to  A.  Oxenstierna  {Ox.  Saml.)  ;  letters 
from  Bonnell  to  A.  Oxenstierna  {Ox.  Saml.)  and  to  Christina,  also 
letters  from  him  to  Carl  X.  (January  9,  1657 — March  14,  1660,  one 
in  Swedish,  the  rest  in  French)  ;  "  Fragepunct.,"  etc.,  signed  by  Bonnell 
and  others,  July,  1634,  Skepsk.,  1629-50  (R.A.).     See  index  below. 

Brahe,  Per  Abrahamsson,  d.  y.  ( Jr.) ,  was  born  in  1602.  He  belonged 
to  one  of  the  richest  and  most  influential  families  in  the  kingdom  and  was 

true  and  faithful  to  my  native  country,  which  hath  bred  me  many  enemys  in 
Swedland."     Thurloe,  Slate  Papers,  III.  655. 

°  He  arrived  in  Gothenburg  on  his  way  to  London  on  November  30,  1652,  and 
intended  to  set  sail  on  December  18,  but  was  delayed  here  by  contrary  winds  until 
February  5,  1653,  and  landed  at  Gravesend  on  February  14,  1654.  Bonnell  to 
A.  Oxenstierna,  December  i,  17,  1652;  February  14,  18,  1654,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.). 


678    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

an  intimate  friend  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.  He  spent  some  years  in  the 
army,  but  peaceful  occupations  were  more  to  his  taste  and  he  soon  with- 
drew from  the  field.  He  was  appointed  governor-general  of  Prussia  in 
1635,  and  governor  of  Finland  in  1637  and  again  in  1648.  He  took 
great  interest  in  the  Finnish  people,  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
University  of  Abo,  established  schools  and  founded  numerous  cities. 
Finland  owes  more  to  him  than  to  any  other  man  of  olden  times.  His 
wise  government  gave  rise  to  a  proverb  that  has  become  a  part  of  the 
Swedish  language.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  State  for  a 
number  of  years  and  he  took  great  interest  in  New  Sweden,  giving  Printz 
valuable  advice.  He  became  a  member  of  the  government  in  1660, 
during  the  minority  of  Carl  XL  and  died  in  1680. 

Sources.  Hofberg,  Biogr.  lex.,  I.  128;  Finsk.  biogr.  handbok,  I.  254-5, 
and  the  bibliography  given  there.  See  also  Settervall,  Sv.  hist,  bibl.,  for 
further  bibliography.     Cf.  index,  below. 

Campanius  Holm.,"  Rev.  Johan  (Johannes),  the  son  of  Jonas  Peter, 
was  born  at  Stockholm  in  the  congregation  of  St.  Klara  on  August  15, 
1601.  He  went  through  the  schools  of  his  native  city  and  after  finish- 
ing his  studies  at  the  gymnasium  he  entered  the  University  of  Upsala, 
where  he  studied  theology  with  distinction  until  he  was  ordained  on 
July  19,  1633.  In  March  (23),  the  following  year,  he  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  a  Swedish  legation  to  Russia  and  when  he  returned  he  was 
employed  as  schoolmaster  in  Norrtalje,  a  small  Swedish  town  on  the 
coast,  a  short  distance  north  of  Stockholm.  Later  he  became  preceptor 
and  resident  clergyman  at  the  Orphans'  Home  of  Stockholm.  On 
February  3,  1642,  he  was  formally  called  by  the  government  to  go  to 
New  Sweden,  where  he  remained  over  five  years.  (For  his  activities  as 
an  author  and  his  labors  in  America  see  above,  Chap.  XLIV.) 

Campanius  left  the  colony  with  his  family  in  May,  1648,  with  a  good 
recommendation  from  Governor  Printz.  His  services  in  New  Sweden 
were  appreciated  by  the  authorities  and  he  was  made  first  preacher  to  the 
Admiralty  on  the  Skeppsholm,  an  island  in  Stockholm  (the  station  of  the 
Swedish  navy)   already  on  August  5.     The  following  year  (1649)   he 

'  There  was  a  military  preacher  by  the  name  of  Anders  Campanius,  on  the 
ship  Fortuna  in  1653,  Am.  Reg.,  October  8,  1653.  There  were  several  others  by 
the  name  of  Holm  at  this  time.  One  Johan  Holm  was  engaged  at  the  court  in 
1652  ff.  He  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  the  nobility  in  1653.  See  Biogr.  (R.A.). 
One  Eric  Holm  held  high  offices  in  Stockholm  at  this  time  and  he  was  also  made  a 
nobleman  in  1653.  There  were  also  other  Holms.  Holm,  or  Holmiensis  indicates 
that  Campanius  was  from  Stockholm. 


Brief  Biographies.  679 

became  rector  of  the  pastorate  of  Frosthult  and  Hernevi,  where  he 
remained  until  his  death.  After  a  short  illness  he  died  on  September  17, 
1683,  and  was  buried  in  the  Church  of  Frosthult,  where  a  handsome 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory.  The  church  books  giving  the 
details  of  his  labors  in  his  congregation  are  now  deposited  in  Landsarki- 
vet  at  Upsala.  Campanius  was  somewhat  of  a  scholar,  knowing  Latin 
perfectly,  and  he  was  interested  in  literature  and  in  the  natural  sciences. 
He  seems  to  have  been  an  able  preacher  and  he  performed  his  duties 
with  faithfulness  and  legends  about  him  lived  on  among  the  Swedes  on 
the  Delaware  for  more  than  a  century.  Acrelius  says  (l759)  that, 
"since  he  associated  much  with  the  savages,  a  legend  still  circulates  to 
the  eiifect  that  he  journeyed  up  into  the  country  among  them  and  made 
his  way  to  Sweden  by  land." 

Printed  Sources.  (No  complete  biography.)  J.  E.  Fant,  Up.  drkest. 
herdam.,  I.  401-2 ;  Holm  (transL),  pp.  107-8;  Acrelius,  Beskrif.,  p.  8g. 

Manuscripts.  Church  books  of  Frosthult,  1649,  ff. ;  N.  S.,  I.  (Up. 
Domkap.);  N.  S.,  HI.  (K.A.) ;  Beier's  letters  to  A.  Oxenstierna, 
164.7-8.     See  index,  below. 

Christina,  the  famous  Queen  of  Sweden  and  daughter  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  was  born  at  Stockholm  on  December  8,  1626.  Her  education 
was  thorough  and  extensive  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  she  could  write  and 
speak  German  and  Latin  fluently  and  had  a  good  knowledge  of  Greek. 
On  December  8,  1644,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  she  ascended  the  Swedish 
throne,  but  already  tired  of  her  duties  she  resigned  her  crown  in  1654. 
At  Innsbruck  she  formally  accepted  the  Catholic  faith  the  following  year 
and  was  received  with  great  splendor  at  Rome,  where  she  lived  (except 
at  short  intervals)  the  rest  of  her  days.  She  revisited  her  native  land  in 
1660  and  again  in  1667  and  made  pretentions  to  the  throne.  She  died 
at  Rome  in  April,  1689. 

She  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  queens  that  ever  ruled.  She 
called  artists,  philosophers  and  scholars  to  her  court  and  astonished  them 
by  her  brilliancy  and  versatilitj'.  But  she  was  not  suited  for  a  ruler  and 
her  government  was  almost  disastrous  to  Sweden.  Had  a  more  states- 
man-like sovereign  occupied  the  Swedish  throne  from  1638  until  1654, 
New  Sweden  would  have  had  a  different  story. 

Printed  Sources.  See  any  Cyclopedia.  Bibliography  very  large.  Cf. 
bibliography  and  index.  There  is  a  good  article  by  E.  Meyer  on  "  The 
Literary  work  of  Christina  in  Italy,"  in  Samlaren,  1 884,  p.  65  fif.  A 
list  of  her  works  is  given  on  p.  98  ff. 


68o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Elswick,  Hendrick  von,  a  merchant  from  Liibeck.  Moved  to  Stock- 
holm, where  he  continued  in  his  trade,  as  it  seems,  until  the  autumn  of 
1653.  Being  appointed  factor  in  New  Sweden  in  the  early  part  of  1654, 
he  went  to  Porto  Rico  in  the  same  year  and  presented  the  claims  of  the 
Swedish  government  for  the  ship  Katt.  He  arrived  in  New  Sweden  in 
the  autumn  of  1654.  He  was  an  able  and  faithful  commissary  and  his 
books  are  complete  and  full  of  information.  He  returned  to  Sweden  in 
1656  and  was  paid  his  salary  by  Kramer. 

Manuscript  Sources.  See  bibl.  below.  Rising's  Relations;  Rising's 
Journal;  Elswick's  Journal  (fragment)  and  Relation;  Elswick's  letters 
to  Eric  Oxenstierna  (referred  to  above) ;  documents  in  N.  S.,  I.  and 
Sbderk.  (R.A.) ;  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1653-6;  Geogr.  (R.A.).  See  index, 
below.     Cf.  also  Doc,  I.,  Xll. 

Fleming,  Klas  Larsson.  One  of  the  greatest  names  in  Swedish 
history  at  this  period.  He  occupied  various  responsible  positions  in 
the  kingdom  and  everjrwhere  his  great  energy  and  large  ability  effected 
marvelous  results.  He  reorganized  the  Swedish  navy  and  it  was  largely 
through  his  efforts  that  Sweden  was  able  to  cope  with  Denmark  on  the 
seas  in  the  war  of  1 644-1 646.  From  the  first  he  took  charge  of  the 
affairs  of  the  New  Sweden  Company,  and  had  he  lived  it  is  likely  that 
New  Sweden  would  not  have  been  so  greatly  neglected. 

Fleming  was  born  in  1592  and  he  was  killed  by  a  stray  bullet  from  a 
Danish  batterj',  July  26,  1644. 

Printed  Sources.  Munthe,  Sv.  sjohj.,  V.  3  ff. ;  Nordisk  familjebok, 
VHI.  565-6;  Hofberg,  Biogr.  lex.,  I.  339;  Biogr.  lex.,  IV.  562  ff. 
(For  the  Fleming  family  see  Biogr.  lex.,  IV.  531.)  A  great  many  of 
the  Flemings  were  called  Klas,  see  ibid.,  538  ff. ;  Stiernman,  H'of.  Minnen, 
I.  55  ff.  For  older  bibliography  see  Biogr.  lex.,  IV.  564.  Lykpredikan 
Sfwer  Then  adle  och  Welborne  Herre,  Herr  Claes  Flemming  .  .  .  aff 
D.  Olavo  Laurelio,  Stock.  1645,  Palmsk.  Saml.  (Up.  B.),  417,  pre- 
dikan  no.  2,  p.  149. 

Documents  are  found  in  Hand.  ror.  Skan.  Hist.,  II.  80,  92,  112,  V.  86 
ff.;  VIII.  27  ff.;  IX.  80  ff.,  164;  XXIV.  288,  etc.  (Fleming's  letter  to 
C.  von  Falkenberg  concerning  grain,  etc.,  November  25,  1631,  IX.  80  ff. 
etc.)  ;  Stiernman,  Kungl.  br.,  etc.,  II.  190  ff. ;  Rddspr.,  1629-1644. 

Manuscripts.  Thirty-four  letters  (1627-44)  from  Fleming  to  A. 
Oxenstierna  (see  Munthe,  Sv.  sjohj.,  V.  p.  ix,  and  Sonden,  A.  Oxen- 
stierna {Ox.  Saml.)  ;  Ndgra  Clas  Fleming  papper  1630  ock  1640  talen 
(R.A.)   (not  made  use  of  by  Munthe)  ;  also  Ox.  Concepter;  Documents 


Brief  Biographies.  68  i 

in  Soderk.  and  Tobaksk.  (R.A.);  Klas  Fleming  to  Brahe,  1637-4O, 
Skokl.  Saml.  (R.A.)  ;  there  are  also  letters  in  (K.A.)  Reg.  signed  by 
him,  also  letters  written  to  him  in  N.  S.,  I.  (K.A.).  In  "  Baner  bref," 
etc.,  are  letters  signed  by  Fleming  alone  and  by  him  and  J.  Casimir  (R. 
Library  Stkh.). 

Fluviander,  Rev.  Israel  Holg,  "  was  the  son  of  Governor  Printz's 
sister."  He  came  to  America  in  1643  and  remained  here  until  March, 
1647,  preaching  at  Elfsborg  and  Christina.  Holm  says  that  he  became 
rector  in  Ods  congregation  in  the  diocese  of  Skara,  but  Sprinchorn  informs 
us  that  he  is  not  mentioned  in  the  church-books  of  this  congregation. 
Sprinchorn,  N.  S.,  p.  29,  note. 

Manuscript  Sources.  Journal,  N.  S.,  III.  (K.A.)  ;  Beier's  letters  to 
Oxenstierna,  1647,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.).     See  index,  below. 

Gustavus  Adolplius,  the  greatest  ruler  and  statesman  of  the  Scandi- 
navian North,  the  reorganizer  of  the  military,  political  and  economic 
systems  of  Sweden  and  the  founder  of  modern  warfare,  was  born  in 
Stockholm,  on  December  g,  1594,  and  died  on  the  battle-field  of  Liitzen 
on  November  6,  1632. 

Sources.  The  bibliography  is  very  large.  See  any  Encyclopedia  or 
bibliography  of  historical  writings. 

Hook,  Sven,  applied  for  permission  to  go  to  America  in  the  service  of 
the  government  or  the  company  in  1653  and  came  here  on  the  Haj  on 
the  eleventh  expedition.  He  served  in  the  settlement  in  the  capacity  of 
a  lieutenant  and  returned  to  Sweden  after  the  capture  of  the  colony.  It 
seems  that  he  entered  the  navy  upon  his  return  to  his  native  country  and 
it  appears  that  he  was  in  charge  of  the  ship  Postryttaren  in  1658.  The 
same  or  another  Sven  Hook  was  commander  of  the  Haj  in  1647.  See 
N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.) ;  Com.  Col.  Reg.  (R.A.).  Memorial  for  Sven  Hook, 
Am.  Reg.,  July  I,  1658.     See  index,  below. 

Kieft,  Willem,  was  the  sixth  governor  of  New  Netherland  (1638- 
1647).  He  assumed  the  government  of  the  colony  about  the  time 
Minuit  arrived  in  the  Minquas  Kill.  The  settlements  were  not  in  the 
best  condition  and  things  did  not  improve  much  with  his  coming. 
Indian  massacres  and  other  troubles  arose,  due  to  Kieft's  policies.  He 
was  on  friendly  terms  with  Governor  Printz,  however,  and  there  was 
not  much  trouble  between  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  during  his  time.  He 
left  the  colony  in  1647  and  was  drowned  in  a  storm  on  the  coast  of 
Wales.     No  accurate  biography. 

Printed  Sources.    Histories  of  New  York;  Jameson,  Nar.  of  N.  Neth., 


682    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

66,  211,  etc.;  Doc,  I.,  XII.;  Nat.  Cyclo.  of  Am.  Biogr.,  VI.  91-2  (not 
accurate).    Cf.  index,  below. 

Kramer,  Hans,  a  German.  He  was  appointed  book-keeper  for  the 
New  Sweden  Company  in  1640  and  continued  in  this  capacity  until  the 
dissolution  of  the  American  Company  in  1662.  He  was  also  director  in 
the  company  after  1655  and  held  the  positions  of  book-keeper  and  director 
in  the  African  Company.     He  was  alive  in  1668. 

Sources.  Letters  and  bills,  N.  S.,  I.-II.  (R.A.)  ;  Soderk.,  1637-59 
(R.A.);  N.  S.,  I.-III.  (K.A.);  Rising's  Process  (R.A.)  ;  Mss.  in 
Afrik.  Komp.,  I.-III.  (R.A.)  and  in  Nord.  Saml.  (Up.  B.).  Cf.  index, 
below. 

Lindestrom,  Peter  Martensson,  was  the  son  of  Marten  Mansson, 
who  was  knighted  and  assumed  the  name  of  Lindestrom.  Peter  Linde- 
strom studied  at  the  University  of  Upsala,  whereupon  he  secured  employ- 
ment as  secretary  in  the  College  of  Mines  for  two  years.  Again  entering 
the  university  he  specialized  in  mathematics  and  the  art  of  fortification 
for  some  time.  In  1653  he  was  appointed  to  go  to  New  Sweden  as 
engineer  (cf.  above,  p.  554  ff.).  He  did  great  service  for  the  company, 
but  he  was  not  satisfied  with  his  position  here,  and  Rising  could  with  diffi- 
culty persuade  him  to  remain  in  the  autumn  of  1654.  He  returned  to 
Europe  with  the  director  and  visited  the  fortifications  at  Plymouth  and 
eleven  other  forts  in  England  during  his  stay  there  in  December,  1655.^ 
He  went  through  Holland,  Germany  and  Denmark  on  foot.  He  was 
robbed  at  Grensmohlen(  ?)  and  arrested  at  Wismar,  but  he  was  released 
and  given  full  satisfaction,  whereupon  he  continued  his  journey  and 
arrived  in  Sweden  after  many  adventures.  In  March,  1657,  he  was  in 
Stockholm  and,  finding  that  there  was  a  vacancy  in  the  army,  he  applied 
for  the  position  of  fortification-engineer  and  secured  the  appointment 
(his  commission  being  dated  April  8,  1657).  He  was  then  stationed  in 
Jamtland  "  to  continue  the  fortification  "  there.  Later  he  took  part  in 
the  campaigns  against  the  Danes  "in  Skane  and  Norway."  In  1661 
he  went  abroad  to  seek  his  fortune  in  foreign  nations,  but  he  returned 
in  a  "  couple  of  years,"  unable  to  obtain  what  he  wanted.^     Again  in 

'  Near  the  English  coast  his  chest  filled  with  instruments,  maps  and  descrip- 
tions was  to  be  transferred  in  a  boat  from  the  ship  Bontekoe  to  the  Bern,  on 
November  i,  1655;  but  as  it  was  hauled  upon  the  latter  vessel,  it  was  struck 
against  the  side  so  violently  that  the  cover  came  open  and  all  the  instruments, 
valued  at  150  R.D.,  were  lost.  The  charts  and  descriptions  were  recovered,  how- 
ever.    Geogr.,  73. 

'  He  could  have  secured  a  position  in  "  General  Rylios'  army,"  if  he  could 
have  proven  that  he  had  had  a  longer  experience  as  an  engineer.  It  seems  that 
his  stay  in  New  Sweden  did  not  count. 


Brief  Biographies.  683 

January,  1666,  he  applied  for  a  recommendation  from  the  College  of 
War,  having  in  mind  to  serve  under  Gustaf  Wrangel  "  on  German 
soil."  Finally  he  married  and  settled  at  Brosater.  About  1679  he 
"  became  afflicted  with  a  painful  suffering  in  all  his  limbs "  and  from 
1683  until  his  death  in  1691  he  was  confined  to  his  bed,  making  work 
almost  impossible.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  however,  he  wrote 
his  Geographia  which  was  completed  in  its  present  form  shortly  before 
his  death.  "  His  last  will  was  that  the  book  should  be  presented  to  the 
King."  He  was  given  donations  of  land  (Knapla  and  Wedhyx)  In 
165 1  and  several  other  grants  later,  but  he  died  in  very  poor  circum- 
stances, due  to  his  illness  and  the  expenses  connected  with  it.  His 
widow,  Margreta  Roos  ("about  sixty  years  old"  in  1691)  was  given 
200  R.D.  by  the  government  in  May,  1693. 

Printed  Sources.     No  accurate  biography.     Anrep,  Attart.,  W.  772. 

Manuscripts.  Geogr.  (R.A. )  ;  letters  from  Lindestrom  in  Biogr.  L. 
(R.A.) ;  letters  from  Margreta  Roos  in  N.  S.,  II.  (R.A)  ;  letter  dated 
January  15,  1666,  in  "oordnade  buntar  "  (K.A.)  ;  letter  to  Com.  Col. 
in  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.);  Rising's  Journal;  Red.  Kol.  Akt.,  266  (K.A.)  ; 
Saml.,  A.  I,  fol.  906,  Bergskol. 

Macklier,  Hans,  settled  at  Gothenburg^ some  time  before  1629  (Berg 
says  between  1620  and  1630).  He  was  of  a  Scotch  noble  family  and 
had  been  an  officer  in  the  English  navy.  At  Gothenburg  he  became  a 
merchant,  importing  salt  and  the  like.  He  supplied  the  government 
with  goods,  became  wealthy  by  his  trade  and  did  great  service  to  his 
adopted  city.  He  acted  as  commissary  for  the  New  Sweden  Company 
after  1646  and  was  of  great  aid  in  the  preparations  of  some  of  the  expe- 
ditions. He  received  many  honors  from  the  city,  being  its  representative 
at  Stockholm  on  several  occasions  and  in  1649  he  was  made  a  Swedish 
nobleman  ("introduced  in  1652").  He  befriended  the  Marquis  of 
Montrose  during  the  latter's  stay  in  Gothenburg  and  advanced  him 
60,000  R.D.  in  1649,  also  making  over  to  him  a  large  quantity  of  arms. 
He  was  made  an  English  baron  in  1650.  He  married  twice  and  had 
many  children.  He  died  in  1666  and  was  buried  in  the  German  Church 
at  Gothenburg.  All  the  letters  the  writer  has  seen  from  him,  are  writ- 
ten in  German. 

Source.  Letters  to  A.  Oxenstierna  (R.A.)  ;  manuscripts  in  Gothen- 
burg; N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.);  N.  S.,  I.-ni.  (K.A.);  Anrep,  Attart.,  U. 
848  a.;  Berg,  Saml.  till  Goteb.  hist.,  I.  89-90,   120   (and  bilagor)  ; 

'  He  also  had  a  brother  in  Sweden. 


684   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Radspr.,  I.  185;  11.  141,  184;  V.  127,  VII.  279.  327,  343;  XI.  lOI,  183, 
303,  333;  Gardiner,  Hist,  of  the  Com.  and  the  Protec,  I.  212. 

Minuit,  Peter,^"  the  third  governor  of  New  Netherland  and  the  first 
of  New  Sweden  was  born  at  Wesel  on  the  Rhine  about  1580-5.^^  He 
was  probably  educated  at  the  Gymnasium  of  Wesel.  He  married  the 
sister  (?)  of  Hendrick  Huygen  and  knew  and  associated  with  the 
wealthiest  and  most  influential  men  in  his  home  town.  During  the 
Spanish  occupation  of  the  city  (1614-1629)  trade  was  ruined  and 
prosperity  disappeared  and  it  appears  that  he  removed  about  1623  or  1624 
for  in  the  spring  of  1625  it  is  stated  that  he  "had  left  for  foreign 
countries,"  his  wife  having  gone  to  Cleves.  It  is  probable  that  he  went 
direct  to  Holland  (likely  to  Amsterdam)  and  that  he  secured  profitable 
employment  there  through  the  influence  of  the  Huygen  family. 

In  1625  he  was  appointed  general  director  of  New  Netherland,  begin- 
ning his  duties  here  in  1626.  His  rule  was  wise  and  successful,  but  he 
made  himself  obnoxious  to  a  strong  party  among  the  directors  and  he 
was  recalled  in  1 63 1.  He  left  New  Amsterdam  in  the  beginning  of 
1632  and  returned  to  Holland. 

His  activities  from  1632  until  1635  are  practically  unknown.  About 
this  time  he  offered  his  services  to  Samuel  Blommaert  and  he  soon 
became  interested  in  the  colonial  and  mercantile  plans  of  Sweden.  He 
was  introduced  to  Oxenstierna  and  Spiring  and  he  suggested  the  first 
practical  plan  to  the  chancellor  for  the  colonizing  of  the  Delaware  and 
proposed  the  name  New  Sweden.  He  did  not  specify  the  territory  to  be 
settled,  but  that  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware  is  meant,  can  be  seen 
from  other  circumstances.  Being  unnecessary  for  us  to  recount  his 
labors  while  in  the  Swedish  employ,  since  it  has  been  done  elsewhere 
(above  Chaps.  XI.-XIV.,  XXL),  we  pass  them  over.  His  two  vessels 
arrived  in  the  Delaware  about  March  15,  1638.  He  bought  lands  from 
the  Indians,  built  a  fort  at  Minquas  Kill  and  left  the  colony  in  June. 

On  his  way  home  at  the  island  of  St.  Christopher,  he  was  invited  as  a 
guest  on  a  ship  called  the  Flying  Deer.  Suddenly  a  terrible  storm  arose. 
The  ship  was  blown  out  to  sea  and  was  never  heard  of  again,  Minuit 
and  the  other  passengers  disappearing  forever. 

"  Kapp  is  mistaken  in  thinking  that  his  name  was  Frenchified  by  American 
historians.  According  to  Kapp  the  name  ought  to  be  written  Minnewitt,  but  he 
used  the  French  form  himself  and  spelled  it  Minuit,  hence  I  don't  see  that  we 
have  a  right  to  change  it.  Cf.  facsimile ;  Doc,  I.  43,  etc.  It  is,  however,  also 
written  Minnewit  in  the  documents,  see  Doc,  I.  291,  etc.  See  Kapp.  Sybels  Hist. 
Zeit.,  XV.  232. 

"  His  father  was  Jan  Minuit  and  his  mother  was  Sara. 


Brief  Biographies.  685 

It  has  been  said  that  Minuit  was  a  German.  He  was  indeed  born  in 
Germany,  but  his  parents  were  of  Walloon  or  of  French  descent  and  his 
education  must  have  been  Dutch  (and  probably  partly  French)  for  he 
writes  Dutch  (and  in  Dutch  characters  although  his  spelling  is  sometimes 
German)  even  to  Oxenstierna  and  it  is  extremely  improbable  that  he 
would  have  used  that  language  in  writing  to  the  Swedish  chancellor,  /'/ 
he  had  knoivn  German.  There  was  a  large  Dutch  colony  in  Wesel  and 
that  Minuit  belonged  to  this  and  associated  with  Dutch  or  "  Batavized  " 
Walloons  is  probable.  His  relative  Hendrick  Huygen  (from  Wesel,  said 
to  have  been  a  born  Frenchman,  however)  likewise  used  the  Dutch 
language  in  his  correspondence  with  the  Swedish  authorities. 

Printed  Sources.     No  good  biography.    The  most  complete  is  that  by 
F.  Kapp,  Peter  Minnewit  aus  Wesel  in  Sybels  Hist.  Zeit.,  XV.  225  ff. 
The  Hist.  Mag..  2d  S.,  HI.  205  ff. ;  Zeit.  des  Berg.  Gesch.  Ver.,  1867 
Acrelius,  Beskrif.;  Odhner,  A^.  S.,  8  fE. ;  Doc.  I. ;  Fan  Ren.  Bowier  Mss. 
Kernkamp,  Zweed.  Arch.;  Rddspr.,  1636-8. 

Manuscripts.  Blommaert's  letters  to  Oxenstierna  (Ox.  Saml.)  ; 
Spiring  to  Oxenstierna;  Fleming  to  Oxenstierna  {Ox.  Saml.).  See 
bibliogr.  and  index,  below. 

Nertunius,  Rev.  Matthias  Nicolaus,  was  well  educated.  He  was 
engaged  to  go  to  America  in  1649  on  the  Katt  but  he  was  wrecked  with 
the  other  passengers  near  Porto  Rico.  Robbed  of  his  property  and  per- 
secuted "  for  religion's  sake  "  he  finally  made  his  way  to  Sweden  after 
many  hardships.  His  troubles  did  not  end  here,  however.  He  suffered 
want  and  privation.  He  complains  most  bitterly  to  the  chancellor  that 
"  he  had  suffered  for  some  space  of  time  in  this  famous  capital,"  exclaim- 
ing that  of  him  it  could  truly  be  said  what  the  poet  sings:  "Through 
various  accidents  through  so  many  dangers  we  strive."""  Together  with 
Joachimus  Lycke  he  prayed  the  chancellor  "  to  stretch  out  a  helping 
hand  "  as  he  was  "  not  only  lightly  tinged  but  deeply  dyed  with  afflic- 
tion." In  1653  he  again  decided  to  try  his  luck  in  New  Sweden  and 
this  time  he  reached  his  destination  safely.  He  returned  with  Rising  and 
was  recommended  to  the  grace  of  the  archbishop  by  the  directors  of  the 
Commercial  College  in  October,  1656. 

Sources.  N.  S.,  I.-II.  (R.A.) ;  N.  S.,  I.-III.  (K.A.) ;  Com.  Col. 
Reg..  October  3,  1656. 

"*  "  Vero  verius  dici  potest  quod  Poeta  canit:  'Per  varios  casus,  per  tot  dis- 
crimina  rerum  Tendimus,  etc'  "  Letter  from  Nertunius  and  Lycke,  no  date,  but 
about  the  autumn  of  1652.    N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.). 


686   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Oxenstierna,  Axel,  was  born  in  Upland  on  June  i6,  1583.  Like 
Per  Brahe  he  belonged  to  one  of  the  most  influential  families  in  Sweden. 
He  received  a  thorough  education  and  studied  at  Jena,  Rostock  and 
Wittenberg.  He  soon  became  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in  his  country 
and  while  still  a  young  man  he  was  employed  on  important  diplomatic 
and  other  missions.  He  was  made  chancellor  in  16 12  and  became  the 
right  hand  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  the  formation  and  execution  of  the 
great  plans  that  were  to  place  Sweden  among  the  leading  powers  of 
Europe.  After  the  death  of  his  king  he  became  the  virtual  ruler  of 
Sweden  for  many  years  and  through  his  genius  the  cause  of  the  Protes- 
tant allies  finally  triumphed.  He  was  greatly  interested  in  the  settle- 
ments on  the  Delaware  and  through  his  initiative  the  New  Sweden 
Company  came  into  being.  "  He  was  the  greatest  statesman  of  Sweden 
below  the  throne  " — the  first  place  must  be  given  to  Gustavus  Adolphus 
— and  with  the  exception  of  Richelieu  "  he  was  the  greatest  uncrowned 
statesman  of  the  age,"  "  the  great  man  of  the  continent,"  as  Cromwell 
called  him.     He  died  in  1654. 

Sources.  No  complete  biography.  Hofberg,  Biogr.  lex.,  II.  252; 
Nordisk  familjebok,  and  English,  German  and  French  Encyclopedias. 
Cf.  bibliogr.  below,  also  Odhner,  Sv.  in.  hist.,  p.  36  ff.,  73  ff.  The 
manuscript  material  for  a  biography  is  vast,  and  is  found  almost  all  over 
Europe.     His  writings  are  being  published  at  Stockholm. 

Oxenstierna,  Eric,  the  son  of  Axel  Oxenstierna,  was  born  on  Febru- 
ary 13,  1624.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Upsala,  whereupon 
he  spent  about  two  years  in  foreign  travels  and  studied  at  Amsterdam 
and  Leyden.  He  possessed  many  of  the  great  qualities  of  his  great  father 
and  became  one  of  the  leading  diplomats  and  statesmen  of  his  country, 
although  he  died  at  an  early  age. 

In  1652  he  was  appointed  president  of  the  Commercial  College  and 
was  the  leading  force  in  the  renewed  activities  in  behalf  of  New  Sweden 
in  1653.  The  following  year  he  was  made  chancellor  to  succeed  his 
father.  He  was  made  governor-general  of  Prussia  in  1655  and  died 
there  in  1656,  at  the  age  of  thirty-two. 

Printed  Sources.  The  best  biography  is  by  Ellen  Fries,  but  it  is  not 
complete  and  not  always  accurate.  Cf.  Wrangel,  Sv.  lit.  forb.  med.  Hoi. 
(also  in  Dutch  transl.)  ;  Hofberg,  Biogr.  lex.,  H.  254,  and  other  Swedish 
biographical  works. 

Papegoja,  Johan,  made  several  journeys  to  New  Sweden,  arriving 
here  for  the  first  time  in   1643.     He  married  Armegot  Printz  about 


Brief  Biographies.  687 

1645,  but  the  marriage  does  not  seem  to  have  been  a  happy  one.  It 
appears  that  they  had  five  children,  two  girls  and  three  boys  (Bernt, 
Gustaf  and  Goran).  The  girls  and  at  least  two  of  the  boys  were  born 
in  New  Sweden,  probably  Goran  and  Bernt,  who  were  sent  to  Sweden 
with  Rising  after  the  capture  of  the  colony  and  they  arrived  safely  at 
their  grandfather's  (Governor  Printz's)  home  in  the  spring  of  1656. 
Johan  Papegoja,  who  desired  to  enter  the  naval  service  already  in  1645, 
became  captain  in  the  Swedish  navy  about  1661  (Anrep  says  in 
1663).^^  He  lived  at  Ramstorp,  where  he  owned  an  estate,  and  it  seems 
that  he  died  in  1667. 

The  family  name  of  this  branch  of  the  Papegojas  became  extinct  before 
1720.  It  has  been  said  that  the  last  male  representative  of  the  family 
died  in  1774,  but  in  a  document  written  in  September,  1720,  a  few  days 
after  the  death  of  the  last  daughter  of  Governor  Printz,  it  is  stated  that 
"  Bernt  Papegoja  died  without  children  and  with  him  that  family  became 
extinct." 

Bernt  like  his  father  entered  the  navy  and  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  It  seems  that  he  was  later  commander  of  the  castle  of  Lecko. 
His  brother  Goran  entered  the  army  and  took  part  in  the  war  of  1676 
against  the  Danes.  He  advanced  to  the  rank  of  major.  Gustaf  Pape- 
goja became  captain  in  1673  and  commander  in  1675.  He  died  in  1675. 
(In  some  manner  about  half  of  the  writer's  notes  on  Johan  Papegoja 
and  on  Trotzig  were  lost  and  it  was  not  possible  to  replace  the  material 
as  the  sources  are  in  Sweden.) 

Printed  Sources.  There  is  no  biography.  Anrep,  Attart.,  III.  157; 
Manuscripts.  Palmsk.  Saml.  (Up.  B.),  230,  fol.  230,  377-89.  "  Rela. 
om  sin  adm.  No.  53,  1661  "  (by  Printz),  Skr.  fr.  landsh.  till  K.  Maj. 
(R.A.);  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.);  N.  S.,  I.-III.  (K.A.);  Red.  Kol.  Act. 
Printz   (KA.)  ;  Am.  Reg.   (Fl.  Ark.). 

Printz,  Gustaf,  son  of  Governor  Johan  Printz,  came  to  New  Sweden 
in  1643.  He  was  employed  here  as  an  officer,  finally  given  the  rank  of 
lieutenant.  He  returned  to  Europe  in  command  of  a  vessel  in  1653.  It 
seems  that  he  had  in  mind  to  return  to  the  colony  on  the  tenth  expedition, 
for  travelling  expenses  were  supplied  to  him  on  December  22,  1653,  but 

"  In  the  "  Rela.  om  sin  admin.",  etc.,  Printz  states  under  date  of  December  I, 
1661,  that  Capt.  Johan  Papegoja  was  paid  493:16  D.  {Skr.  fr.  landsh.  till  K. 
Maj.  (R.A.).  Anrep  has  probably  taken  his  statements  from  Palmsk.  Saml.,  230 
f-  377-89  (Up.  B.),  where  it  is  stated  that  Johan  Papegoja  became  skeppskapten'm 
1663.  It  is  also  stated  there  and  in  .'\nrep  that  he  became  major  in  l6y6  (this  is 
nine  years  after  his  death!). 


688    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

for  some  reason  he  did  not  go,  probably  because  his  father  had  left  the 
colony.  In  1656  he  was  in  Elbing  on  some  duty.  The  next  year  he  was 
again  in  Sweden,  seeking  employment  in  the  Swedish  army.  Through 
the  influence  of  Per  Brahe  he  was  finally  given  an  appointment  in  "  Of. 
Herr  H.  Horns  Regemente  af  Wastg.  Reuttery"  about  July,  1657, 
with  a  salary  of  820  D.,  but  he  died  in  Skane  the  same  year. 

Sources.  No  biography.  Letters  to  Per  Brahe,  Skokl.  SamL,  to  A. 
Oxenstierna,  Ox.  SamL;  Com.  Col.  Prot.;  Journal,  N.  S.,  III.  (K.A.)  ; 
Wastg.  Ryt.j  Krigsarkivet. 

Printz,  Johan,  was  born  in  Bottnaryd,  Smaland,  Sweden,^^  on  July 
20,  1592.  He  went  to  school  in  his  home  district  and  later  attended 
the  universities  of  Rostock  and  Greifswald,  but  he  was  soon  compelled 
to  return  home  on  account  of  financial  straits.  In  1620,  however,  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  made  it  possible  for  him  to  go  abroad  again.  He  studied 
at  Leipzig,  Wittenberg,  Jena  and  other  places,  but  circumstances  once 
more  forced  him  to  break  off  his  studies.  He  was  made  a  prisoner  by 
some  soldiers,  who  compelled  him  to  accompany  them  to  Italy,  and  he 
was  now  thrown  into  a  long  list  of  adventures.  After  spending  some 
time  in  the  field,  in  French  and  Austrian  armies,  he  returned  to  Sweden 
in  1625.  Thereupon  he  entered  Swedish  service  and  it  has  been  said 
that  the  King  gave  him  two  fully  barbed  steeds  from  his  own  barn. 

In  1630  he  became  cavalry  captain  and  four  years  later  he  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  major.  In  1635  and  1636  he  fought  in  Ger- 
many under  the  command  of  Ture  Bjelke  and  was  captured  by  the 
imperial  forces  in  February  of  the  latter  year.  "  He  bought  himself 
free,  however,  for  800  R.D.,"  which  were  returned  to  him  by  the  gov- 
ernment. In  1638  he  was  again  promoted,  receiving  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel. Two  years  later,  when  he  was  in  the  city  of  Chemnitz 
with  only  a  few  soldiers,  he  was  compelled  to  surrender  after  a  heroic 
defense.  Returning  to  Sweden  soon  after  he  made  a  grave  mistake  in 
not  securing  a  passport  and  leave  from  Johan  Baner,  the  commanding 
general.  As  a  consequence  he  was  arrested  in  Stockholm  and  accused  of 
having  surrendered  the  city  with  disgrace.  He  was  tried  by  the  College 
of  War,  but  this  body  exonerated  him  in  the  surrender  of  Chemnitz 
(it  was  even  brought  out  that  he  made  a  most  heroic  stand  against  the 
enemy),  and  it  was  thought  that  he  had  been  punished  sufficiently 
through  his  imprisonment  for  his  neglect  to  secure  a  passport.     The 

"  It  is  difficult  to  see  how  the  statement  widely  circulated,  that  Printz  was 
born  in  Germany,  could  have  arisen. 


Brief  Biographies.  689 

Council  of  State,  however,  reversed  the  sentence  and  removed  him 
from  his  command  "  as  a  warning  to  other  insubordinate  officers." 

In  1642  he  was  requested  to  become  governor  of  New  Sweden  and  in 
July  the  same  year  he  was  knighted.  He  was  governor  of  the  colony 
from  1643  until  the  autumn  of  1653.  When  he  returned  to  Sweden  he 
was  received  with  favor  and  was  again  given  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1657 
he  was  appointed  commandant  of  the  castle  at  Jonkoping  and  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  made  governor  of  Jonkopings  Ian.  He  died  on  May 
3,  1663. 

Printz  was  twice  married.  His  first  wife,  Elizabeth  Bock,  died  in 
1640.  Before  his  departure  for  New  Sweden  in  1642  he  married  Maria 
von  Linnestau  and  his  family  accompanied  him  to  the  colony.  He  had 
six  children,  who  attained  to  maturity  (five  girls — Armegot,  Catharina, 
Christina,  Elsa  and  Gunilla — and  one  boy — Gustaf). 

He  was  of  a  religious  nature,  as  religion  was  taken  in  those  days.  It 
is  said  that  he  often  read  the  Bible  and  he  was  permitted  to  preach  in  his 
father's  congregation  while  a  student.  The  English  said  that  he  was 
"  furious  and  passionate,  cursing  and  swearing  upon  every  occasion  "  and 
the  Swedes  themselves  accused  him  of  tyranny  and  ill  treatment,  but  we 
must  not  take  any  of  these  statements  at  their  face  value."  Printz  was 
a  soldier,  educated  in  the  rough  school  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and 
his  language  was  not  characterized  by  restraint,  but  he  was  not  the 
tyrant  and  ruffian  he  is  often  made  out  to  be.  He  was  of  heavy  build 
and  it  is  probable  that  he  increased  in  weight  as  years  grew  upon  him. 
The  Indians  called  him  the  big  tub  and  de  Vries  speaks  of  him  as  weigh- 
ing over  400  Ibs.'^ 

Printz  has  received  much  unjust  criticism  from  historians.  He  per- 
formed his  duties  faithfully  as  governor  of  New  Sweden  and  his  services 
as  governor  of  Jonkopings  Ian  were  marked  by  ability  and  executive 
power.  He  was  strict  in  his  demands  and  required  absolute  obedience 
from  his  subjects.  He  was  of  hot  temper  and  at  times  he  went  beyond 
his  limit,  but  his  rule  as  a  whole  was  just.  He  was  in  many  ways  a 
remarkable  character  (his  adventures  before  entering  Swedish  service 
in  1630  border  on  romance)  and  he  deserves  a  prominent  place  among 
the  early  governors  of  the  American  settlements. 

"  See  above,  Chaps.  XXXII.,  XXXVIII.  and  index  below. 

"  "  Was  ghenaemt  Capiteyn  Prins,  een  kloeck  Man  van  postuer  die  over  de  vier- 
hundert  pondt  woeg."     De  Vries,  Korte  Historiael,  p.  184.     The  statement  that 
he  was  a  heavy  drinker  is  not  borne  out  by  the  documents. 
45 


690   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Printed  Sources.  There  is  no  complete  biography  of  Printz.  Biog- 
raphies and  references  to  him  are  found  in  all  Swedish  and  large 
American  biographical  works  and  histories.  Cf.  Pufendorf,  Der  Sch. 
und  Deut.,  etc.,  I.  332,  540;  II.  45-6;  Pufendorf,  Drot.  Christinas 
hist.,  etc.  A  biography  was  published  by  the  present  writer  in  Ungdoms- 
vdnnen,  March,  1909,  pp.  84-5. 

Manuscripts.  Letters  from  him  to  the  King,  March  14,  1658 — 
December  30,  1658  (15  in  all) ;  January  9,  1659 — December  28,  1659 
(39  in  all)  ;  Landsh.  skr.,  Jonk.  Idn.,  1 640-167 1  (R.A.) ;  A  journal  of 
his  official  acts  (R.A.)  ;  R.R.,  January  30,  1659;  February  6,  10, 
December  10,  1659,  etc.;  letters  from  him  to  P.  Brahe,  Skokl.  Sarnl.;  to 
A.  Oxenstierna,  Ox.  Saml.;  also  letters  in  Biogr.  (R.A.).  In  Kam- 
mararkivet  are  a  large  number  of  documents  concerning  him.  Likvida- 
tioner,  1620-80,  Ser.  B.,  No.  221,  etc.  (Also  letters  from  the  daughters 
of  Printz  in  these  collections  in  K.A.)     Cf.  below,  index  and  bibliogr. 

Armegot  Printz  married  Johan  Papegoja  in  New  Sweden.  She 
lived  in  Fort  Christina  until  August,  1654,  when  she  removed  to  Tini- 
cum  Island. 

In  May,  1662,  she  sold  the  island  to  De  la  Grange  for  six  thousand 
florins,  whereupon  she  seems  to  have  taken  her  personal  property  to 
Printz  Torp  and  returned  to  Sweden,^"  where  she  met  her  husband  for 
the  last  time.  She  came  here  again  before  March  8,  1671,  and  settled 
at  Printz  Torp.  As  the  second  half  of  the  price  for  Tinicum  was  not 
paid,  Armegot  "obtain[ed]  a  judgment  upon  the  verdict  of  a  jury  .  .  . 
against  Andrew  Carr  and  Priscilla,  his  wife,  for  the  sum  of  3000 " 
florins  and  in  the  spring  of  1673  the  governor  confirmed  the  decision, 
empowering  the  sheriff  to  put  Armegot  "  into  possession  of  the  said 
island  and  the  stock  thereon."  She  now  returned  to  Tinicum,  where 
she  continued  to  live  until  her  final  departure  for  Sweden"  in  i676(  ?).^^ 
She  probably  lived  upon  her  husband's  estate  Ramstorp,  at  least  at  inter- 
vals after  her  return.    She  died  on  November  26,  1695. 

Madame  Papegoja  was  given  many  privileges  by  the  Dutch.'"     She 

"On  her  way  home  she  was  paid  3,000  florins  in  Holland  on  July  31,  1662. 

"  Having  sold  the  island  to  Peter  Kock. 

"*  On  pp.  646-649  Fernow  prints  a  "  Census  of  the  responsible  housekeepers " 
between  two  documents  from  April  21,  1680,  and  May  i,  1680,  making  us  believe 
that  Armegot  was  still  in  the  country.  But  it  is  an  error  and  the  census  must 
have  been  made  a  few  years  earlier.    Doc,  XH.  646-649. 

Armegot  had  two  sons  in  the  Swedish  war  of  1675-1679  and  not  two  sons-in- 
law  as  is  stated  in  Mem.  of  Long  Isl.  Hist.  So.,  1.  and  elsewhere. 

"  Acrelius  is  mistaken,  however,  in  stating  that  the  Dutch  gave  her  "  ist.  godd 


Brief  Biographies.  691 

carried  on  agriculture  and  distilled  small  quantities  of  liquors  from  corn. 
She  had  difficulty  in  finding  servants,  however,  to  perform  her  vv^ork.  In 
1672  she  had  "only  one  man-servant"  and  was  compelled  to  hire  other 
people  in  harvest  time.  She  was  a  woman  of  some  ability,  and  seems  to 
have  been  of  an  overbearing  nature,  irritable  and  self-willed,  and  the 
Swedes  complained  greatly  about  her  tyranny. 

Printed  Sources.  No  biography.  The  article  in  Prarieblomman, 
1903,  p.  148  fl.  is  not  reliable.  Sources  for  her  life  are  found  In  Doc, 
XII. ;  Sluyter's  Journal,  Mem.  of  Long  hi.  Hist.  So.,  I.  177  ff. ;  Hazard, 
Annals;  Acrelius,  Beskrif.;  Penn.  Mag.,  II.  467. 

Manuscripts.  In  Kammararkivet  among  the  Printz-papers;  N.  Y. 
Col.  Mss.,  XX.  fol.  26,  82,  XXI.  fol.  51. 

Catharina  Printz  married  Major  Pylfelt  and  died  in  1703. 

Christina  Printz  married  Governor  Orneklo.  She  died  on  January 
13.  1696. 

Elsa  Printz  married  twice,  the  first  time  Von  Rohr,  the  second  time 
Lagmannen  Jacob  du  Rees  who  died  on  May  9,  1720.  Elsa  died  on  the 
twenty-fourth  of  September,  1720. 

Gunilla  Printz  married  Major  Gyllenpatron  and  she  died  on  Febru- 
ary I,  1697.    Red.  Kol.  Act.  (K.A.). 

Ridder,  Peter  Hollender.  Ridder  was  of  Dutch  or  low  German 
origin  (his  German  letters  prove  this  and  his  attempts  at  Swedish  were 
not  successful  at  least  not  before  1655).  The  date  of  his  arrival  in 
Sweden^"  cannot  be  determined.  He  entered  Swedish  service  about 
1635-^  and  was  used  in  various  capacities  by  the  Admiralty  in  Finland 
and  Sweden.  In  1639  he  was  engaged  to  go  to  New  Sweden.  He 
arrived  here  on  the  second  expedition  and  remained  as  governor  of  the 
colony  until  February,   1643. 

Some  time  after  his  return  to  Sweden  he  was  again  given  a  position 
in  the  Swedish  navy  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  (a  rank  which  he  had 
before  going  to  America).  He  was  made  captain  in  i648(  ?)  and  sent 
to  Riga  on  commercial  voyages  about  this  time;  chief  for  Gothland's 

Oxe:  nagra  godda  Svvin  och  tilrackelig  brodsad,"  Beskrif.,  100.  She  requested 
permission  from  the  Dutch  in  1660  to  be  allowed  to  pay  these  things  in  taxes, 
Doc,  XII.  310. 

"He  had  a  brother  in  Sweden  in  1640. 

^  There  is  some  conflict  in  his  statements  about  entering  Swedish  service.  In 
1644  he  says  that  he  had  served  the  Crown  over  five  years  (that  would  give  us 
about  1638  or  1639),  but  in  1659  he  says  that  he  had  served  the  government  for 
twenty-four  years,  this  will  give  us  the  year  1635  as  the  time  when  be  entered 
Swedish  ser\-ice. 


692    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Company  1 648-165 1  and  went  to  the  island  of  Gothland  to  collect 
money  and  contributions  for  the  navy;  he  was  sent  to  Finland  at 
various  times  to  superintend  the  conscriptions  and  took  part  in  the 
war  of  1658-9  with  honor.  He  advanced  to  major  in  1660  and  he  was 
employed  on  various  missions  and  important  expeditions  by  the  Admiralty 
until  1666,  when  he  became  hopman,  later  (1669)  commander,  at  the 
castle  of  Viborg  in  Finland.  (Several  donations  of  land  had  also  been 
given  him  in  Viborgs  liin  and  socken  already  in  1650.) 

After  his  strenuous  life  and  many  hardships,  he  was  now  given  a 
position  where  he  could  spend  the  remainder  of  his  numerous  days  in 
peace  and  quietness.  Viborg  Castle  had  once  been  of  great  importance 
as  a  guard  against  Russian  hordes;  but  this  importance  was  lost  long 
before  1666  and  little  attention  was  now  paid  to  its  maintenance  as  a 
fort  and  stronghold.  It  is  therefore  probable  that  Ridder  had  little  to 
do.  He  was  married  before  going  to  New  Sweden.  He  had  at  least 
two  sons,  Peter  Peterson  Ridder  and  Constantin  Ridder,--  and  at  least 
four  daughters.  There  is  some  uncertainty  about  the  year  of  his  birth 
as  well  as  the  year  of  his  death.  But  his  son  Constantin  writes  the  day 
after  his  death  ("f  gar  som  war  den  23  huius,"  the  letter,  however, 
being  without  date),  that  he  was  84  years  old  when  he  died  and  that  he 
had  served  the  government  for  56  years.  Now  if  he  entered  Swedish 
service  in  1635  (and  the  statement  of  his  son  is  correct)  he  must  have 
died  in  1691  and  in  that  case  he  was  born  in  1607.-^ 

Printed  Sources.  There  is  no  biography.  Short  mention  of  him  in 
Ruuth,  Viborgs  Stads  hist.,  I.  392-3,  G.  Lagus  Ur  Wiborgs  hist.,  1\. 
pp.  62-3,  and  Zettersten,  Sv.  flot.  hist.,  H.  228,  622. 

Manuscripts.  A  large  number  of  letters  to  him  in  Am.  Reg.  {Fl. 
Jr.),  1638,  April  14,  June  19,  November  3,  December  22;  1639,  March 
II,  May  16,  July  8;  1646,  February  5;  1648,  February  21,  26,  June  23, 
October  27;  1649,  April  20,  Sept.  13;  1650;  1651,  August  22,  Septem- 
ber 23;  1653,  February  8,  18,  March  4,  August  20,  October  21 ;  1655, 
February  2,  December  13,  15;  1656,  April  4,  May  22,  June  18,  20, 
December  23;  1657,  January  15,  April  3,  May  i,  14,  June  11,  July  9, 
16,  August  20;  1658,  December  21;  1659,  January  2;  1660,  July  18, 
December  7  (also  a  large  number  of  letters  from  him  in  Inkomna 
skrifvelser) .     Letters  and  other  documents  in  Red.  Kol.  Act.,  No.  313 

"^  Lagus  mentions  only  one  son. 

"That  this  is  approximately  correct  {perhaps  correct)  is  borne  out  by  other 
facts,  for  we  know  that  he  was  alive  in  1685  and  that  he  was  dead  in  1693. 


Brief  Biographies.  693 

(K.A.).  Peter  H.  Ridder  till  Kung.  Maj.  and  letters  from  Constantin 
Ridder,  Ursula  Ridder,  John  Elvers,  Otto  von  Mengden,  Biographica 
(R.A.).  Peter  Ridder  to  Carl  X.,  July  5,  1659  (R.A.).  Letter  to  Klas 
Fleming,  May  13,  1640,  N.  S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  letters  from  Ridder  to  A. 
Oxenstierna,  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.).  See  index  below.  For  a  history  of 
Viborg  Castle  see  Ruuth,  Viborgs;  stads  hist.,  I.  254  ff. 

Rising,-*  Johan  Classen,-''  was  born  in  161 7  (if  his  own  statement  is 
correct)  and,  after  graduating  from  the  Gymnasium  at  Linkoping,  he 
entered  the  University  of  Upsala  in  the  autumn  of  1635.  After  his 
university  studies  he  spent  several  years  in  foreign  countries  (he  was  for 
a  time  a  student  at  Leyden),  partly  as  a  companion  to  Count  Tott  and 
Sten  Bjelke,  partly  on  stipends  given  by  De  la  Gardie  and  Queen  Chris- 
tina and  "  he  travelled  through  many  kingdoms,  countries  and  provinces, 
observed  their  manners,  laws  and  statutes  and  learnt  various  tongues  and 
languages."  The  stipends  given  to  him  by  the  government  entailed  the 
condition  that  he  should  study  commerce  and  trade  and  write  a  treatise 
on  these  subjects.  For  this  purpose  he  revisited  Holland  in  1647  and 
1650  and  spent  some  time  in  Amsterdam,  which  possessed  the  greatest 
and  most  perfectly  organized  commercial  system  of  that  time.  As  he 
returned  to  Sweden  the  Commercial  College  was  being  organized  and  in 
the  summer  of  1 651  he  was  appointed  secretary  in  this  department  of  the 
government.  He  resigned  in  the  autumn  of  1653,  however,  being  com- 
missioned to  go  to  New  Sweden  as  an  assistant  to  Governor  Printz. 
Shortly  before  his  departure  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  nobleman. 
He  arrived  here  in  1654.  After  the  fall  of  New  Sweden  he  returned 
to  Europe  and  landed  in  England.  After  a  visit  to  London  he  went  to 
Holland,  where  his  books,  manuscripts  and  clothes  were  confiscated  and 
sold  at  auction  and  from  there  he  proceeded  to  Elbing  in  Prussia,  where 
he  met  Eric  Oxenstierna  and  made  a  report  to  him.    In  December,  1657, 

"^  Rising  was  the  name  of  the  district  (socken)  where  Johan  Rising  was  born 
and  he  adopted  that  name.  There  are  over  eight  places  by  the  name  of  Risinge 
in  Sweden.     Rising's  father  was  Rev.  Clas  Botvidi. 

■°  Rising  had  two  brothers  by  the  name  of  Jo/ian  Rising,  one  of  whom  went  to 
New  Sweden  on  the  Mercurius  in  1655;  the  other  lived  at  Gothenburg  and  held 
several  offices  there.  One  Johan  Rising  (not  mentioned  by  Dr.  Fries)  was 
lieutenant  on  the  ship  Fatken  in  1659,  and  it  is  stated  in  Med.  fr.  S'V.  Riksark., 
V.  p.  151,  that  he  had  been  governor  of  New  Sweden.  But  this  is  of  course  a 
mistake.  There  are  several  memorials  and  letters  to  this  Rising  in  Am.  Reg. 
November  9,  December  8,  15,  1660,  etc.  (Fl.  Ar.).  A  Johan  Rising  was  living  in 
Norrkoping,  who  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  relation  to  the  director  of  New 
Sweden. 


694   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

he  settled  at  Elbing,  having  been  appointed  general  inspector  over  the 
collection  of  tolls  in  Prussia  and  Pomerania,  with  a  salary  of  1,200  R.D. 
annually.  But  his  duties  virere  not  to  his  liking.  Already  in  October, 
1658,  he  asked  to  be  released.  It  seems  that  nothing  better  was  offered 
him,  however,  and  he  remained  at  his  post.  During  his  stay  there  he 
wrote  several  reports  and  memorials  and  collected  further  materials  for 
his  great  work.  But  in  1660  he  was  compelled  to  leave  his  office  and 
return  to  Sweden,  since  Elbing  was  captured  by  the  enemy.  He  was 
now  without  permanent  employment  and  he  was  for  years  unsuccessful 
in  his  attempts  to  collect  his  salary  and  other  bills  dating  from  the  time 
of  his  directorship  of  New  Sweden.  (Only  a  very  small  part  of  his 
salary  was  ever  paid  him,  and  his  bills  against  the  American  Company 
were  never  collected,  in  fact  the  officers  of  the  company  maintained  that 
he  owed  the  same  several  thousand  dollars.)  In  1665  he  was  made  an 
assessor  in  the  newly  organized  Maritime  Court  with  a  salary  of  400  D. 
a  year,  but  the  court  was  not  put  into  operation  and  the  officers  were  of 
course  paid  no  salary.  With  the  exception  of  some  aid  from  his  patron, 
the  Swedish  Mecenas  De  la  Gardie,  Rising  was  dependent  on  what 
little  he  could  make  in  this  way  or  that  and  it  is  not  clear  how  he 
managed  to  live.  (His  relatives,  however,  supplied  funds  for  him  in 
later  years.)  His  life  was  one  of  intense  hardships  and  privation.  He 
continued  his  literary  labors,  however  (see  above,  Chap.  XLIV.,  Rising 
as  an  author),  and  his  ambition  and  burning  desire  to  complete  his  one 
great  work,  A  Treatise  on  Trade,  never  deserted  him.  But  he  labored 
under  tremendous  difficulties.  He  was  forced  to  occupy  the  most  miser- 
able quarters,  and  he  was  barely  able  to  provide  sufficient  clothing  for 
his  body.  Cold  prevented  him  from  doing  thorough  work  in  winter  and 
when  summer  came  necessary  books  and  other  materials,  yes  even  ink, 
were  wanting.  He  was  ever  in  debt  and  kind-hearted  people  and  royal 
intercession  alone  saved  him  from  the  prison  bars.  Under  such  condi" 
tions  it  is  a  wonder  that  he  could  accomplish  what  he  did.  The  end 
came  in  April,  1672.  It  is  a  sad  picture  to  see  the  former  director  of 
New  Sweden,  the  first  writer  of  importance  on  economy  and  commerce 
in  this  country,  "  ages  ahead  of  his  time  in  his  views,"  die  in  a  small, 
miserable  hovel  in  a  tailor's  hut.  A  later  age  has  been  more  considerate 
and  more  charitable,  and  his  books,  which  could  not  be  sold  during  his 
lifetime,  are  eagerly  sought  for  by  the  collector  and  they  often  bring  a 
comparatively  large  price. 

Printed  Sources.     There  is  no  complete  biography.     The  best  is  that 


Brief  Biographies.  695 

of  Ellen  Fries  in  Hist.  Tid.  (1896),  p.  31  ff.  but  it  is  not  accurate. 
Older  and  less  accurate  articles  are  to  be  found  in  Biogr.  lex.,  Ny  foljdj 
VIII.  495  ff. ;  Stiernman,  Matrikel;  Anrep,  Attart.;  Nordisk  fam'il- 
jebok.  References  to  him  are  found  in  Wrangel,  Sv.  lit.  forb.  med  Hol- 
land (a  splendid  work) ;  Fryxell,  Berdt.,  XVIII.  123  ff. ;  Carlson,  Hist., 
II.  66;  Arvvedson,  De  Col,  Nova  Svecia;  Doc,  II.,  XII. 

Manuscripts.  Letters  from  him  to  E.  Oxenstierna,  Ox.  Saml.;  letters 
to  the  King,  to  De  la  Gardie  and  others  (R.A. )  ;  letters  and  reports  in 
N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.)  and  N.  S.,  I.  (K.A.)  ;  and  a  large  number  of  manu- 
scripts in  Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

Schotting,-"  Timon  van,  was  born  in  Flanders,  1603,  and  went  to 
Sweden  with  his  father  about  the  age  of  24.  He  settled  at  Gothenburg 
and  seems  to  have  engaged  in  mercantile  business  there.  In  1639  he  was 
appointed  factor  for  the  New  Sweden  Company,  but  his  bills  were  often 
faulty  and  he  allowed  some  of  the  goods  to  go  to  ruin  under  his  care, 
making  his  resignation  necessary.  Later  he  became  burggraf-''  in  Gothen- 
burg and  received  other  honors.    He  died  in  1674. 

Sources.  Manuscripts  in  N.  S.,  I.-III.  (R.A.)  ;  N.  S.,  I.-III. 
(K.A.).  Anrep,  III.  661;  Berg.  Saml.  till  G6t.  hist.,  I.  79-80.  Cf. 
index,  below. 

Spiring-**  Silfverkrona,  Peter.  Spiring  was  the  son  of  a  wealthy 
Dutch  merchant.  He  came  in  touch  with  A.  Oxenstierna  about  1623 
(a  memorial  dated  "  d.  24  Junio,  A.  1623,"  being  the  first  paper  in  the 
Ox.  Saml.  from  him),  and  he  was  soon  employed  by  Sweden  in  various 
capacities.  He  was  sent  to  Holland,  1635,  to  represent  Sweden  and  to 
try  to  obtain  subsidies  from  the  States  (Oxenstierna  considering  him 
more  suitable  for  this  mission  than  Camerarius,  says  Aitzema,  II.  340) 
and  later  he  was  made  resident  at  the  Hague.  In  1636  he  received  the 
title  of  nobility  with  the  name  of  Silfverkrona,  and  from  now  on  he 
always  signed  his  name  "  Peter  Spiring  Silbercron  van  Noresholm."  He 
did  great  service  to  Sweden  and  was  often  called  upon  to  give  advice  in 
commercial  and  other  matters.  He  was  one  of  the  stockholders  of  the 
New  Sweden  Company  and  always  took  a  keen  interest  in  its  business. 
He  presented  several  memorials  to  the  States  General  concerning  ships 
belonging  to  the  company  and  he  was  always  of  aid  to  the  expeditions  on 

"  It  was  often  written  by  himself  and  others  with  an  en,  Schottingen. 

"  Burg-grefve,  "  the  highest  office  in  the  cities  of  Gothenburg,  Malmo  and 
Norrkoping."     The  title  was  retained  at  intervals  in   Gothenburg  until  1719. 

™  His  brothers,  Isaac  and  Arent  Spiring  also  had  dealings  with  the  Swedish 
government  and  served  the  same. 


696   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

their  route  to  or  from  America,  when  they  went  by  way  of  Holland. 
Although  a  Hollander  he  was  a  true  friend  of  his  adopted  country.  He 
was  highly  valued  by  the  chancellor,  who  often  listened  to  his  counsel. 

In  the  autumn  of  165 1  he  was  ordered  to  go  to  London  on  a  diplo- 
matic mission  to  look  after  Swedish  interests  and  to  endeavor  to  gain 
the  good  will  of  Cromwell  and  the  English  Parliament.  But  on  the  day 
set  for  an  audience  with  Cromwell,  he  became  severely  ill  and  died, 
shortly  afterwards,  on  February  9,  1652. 

Printed  Sources.  Thurloe,  State  Papers;  Odhner,  Sv.  delt.  i.  Fastf. 
fredsk.,  p.  46,  N.  S.,  p.  7-8;  Heimer,  De  dipl.  forb.  met.  Sv.  och  Eng., 
1633-54,  p.  65  ff.;  Anrep,  Attart.,  HI.  725;  Fryxell,  Handl.,  I,  56  fif.; 
Rddspr.,  I.  ff.  volumes.  The  larger  histories  of  Sweden,  Denmark, 
Holland  and  England  contain  many  references  to  him. 

Manuscripts.  His  letters  to  A.  Oxenstierna  from  1623  until  Decem- 
ber 8,  1 65 1,  are  collected  in  six  large  bundles  in  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.). 
Most  of  the  letters  are  written  in  German  (copied  by  a  secretary, 
Niepeisen  and  others,  and  signed  by  Spiring),  some  are  in  Dutch  (often 
in  his  own  hand),  others  are  in  French.  Several  letters  to  Spiring,  Am. 
Reg.  (Fl.  Ar.),  1633  ff-  There  are  many  documents  concerning  him 
in  Kainmararkivet,  Red.  Kol.  Akter,  No.  319  (where  Spiring's  will  is 
found,  dated  June  20,  1643);  King  to  the  Kam.  Kol,  February  22, 
1653,  etc.  There  are  also  a  great  number  of  letters  to  Spiring  in  Kam. 
Kol.  Reg.  (K.A.)  and  in  R.R.  (R.A.) ;  letters  and  bills  from  him  in 
N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.),  N.  S.,  I.-ni.  (K.A.).  See  bibliography  and  index 
below. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter.  He  was  probably  born  in  1602  in  Friesland. 
Being  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  he  received  a  good  education.  Soon  after 
leaving  school  he  entered  military  service,  losing  a  leg  at  St.  Martin, 
1644,  and  had  served  a  long  apprenticeship  before  he  was  appointed  to 
the  directorship  of  New  Netherland  in  1646.  He  took  charge  of  the 
colony  in  May,  the  following  year.  He  was  an  active  governor  and  the 
colony  prospered  during  his  reign.  Accusations  of  various  kinds  were 
made  against  him,  but  most  of  these  were  unjust  and  we  must  assign 
him  the  first  place  among  the  governors,  who  ruled  over  New  Nether- 
land. He  showed  more  firmness  against  the  neighbors  than  his  prede- 
cessor. He  erected  a  new  fort  on  the  Delaware  and  finally  captured  New 
Sweden ;  but  he  was  himself  to  suffer  the  same  penalty  as  he  had  inflicted 
upon  Rising,  and  New  Netherland  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  English 
in  1664.     Stuyvesant  remained  in  the  colony  under  the  English  govern- 


Brief  Biographies.  697 

ment,  thus  escaping  the  fate  of  Rising,  and  he  died  at  New  York  in  1682 
about  the  age  of  eighty. 

Printed  Sources.  There  is  no  accurate  biography.  In  the  Nat. 
Cyclop,  of  Am.  Biog.,  V.,  p.  138  ff.,  it  is  said  that  he  died  "  in  seclusion 
upon  his  farm  in  August,  1672,"  the  statement  on  his  tombstone  also 
being  accepted  that  he  was  80  years  of  age  at  that  time  and  born  in  1 602 ! 
The  article  in  Appleton's  Cycl.  of  Am.  Biog.,  V.,  p.  735,  is  a  better  one. 
Facts  about  him  can  be  found  in  all  the  histories  of  New  York.  See  also 
Fiske,  The  Dutch  and  Quaker  Col.;  Doc.  I.-II.  See  bibliography 
below  and  index. 

Torkillus,  Rev.  Reorus,  was  born  at  Molndal,  near  Gothenburg 
(now  a  manufacturing  town)  in  1608.  He  attended  school  at  Lidkoping 
and  Skara  and  was  later  called  as  a  lecturer  to  the  High  School  of 
Gothenburg.  Here  he  was  employed  as  a  chaplain  to  the  superintendent, 
Andrew  Printz,  until  he  was  sent  to  New  Sweden  on  the  second  expedi- 
tion in  1639.  He  had  much  trouble  with  the  Hollanders  of  the  Re- 
formed Faith,  both  on  the  journey  to  America  and  in  the  colony,  and 
his  labors  here  were  not  very  pleasant.  He  was  the  first  preacher  in  New 
Sweden  and  the  first  Lutheran  clergyman  to  serve  in  America  and  as 
such  he  is  worthy  of  remembrance.  He  was  married  and  had  one  child. 
He  seems  to  have  been  ill  during  the  greater  part  of  1643.  He  died  on 
September  7,  1643  and  was  buried  by  Campanius. 

Sources.  Rrnhpr.,  IV.,  Journal.  N.  S.,  III.  (K.A.)  ;  Holm,  Beskrif., 
p.  107;  Norberg,  Sv.  kyr.  mis.,  p.  3. 

Trotzig,  Peter,-''  was  born  in  Sweden,  but  he  moved  to  Amsterdam 
and  became  a  merchant  there.  He  was  employed  by  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment in  Amsterdam  in  1642  to  take  the  place  of  Blommaert,  and  con- 
tinued to  serve  his  country  for  a  great  many  years,  being  made  a  com- 
missary in  1661.  He  hired  Dutch  sailors,  officers  and  skilled  laborers  for 
Swedish  service,  he  bought  ships  and  caused  others  to  be  built  and  he  was 
employed  in  various  commercial  transactions.  He  was  the  factor  of  the 
New  Sweden  Company  in  Holland  and  purchased  many  of  the  cargoes 
sent  to  the  Delaware.  About  1666  he  returned  to  his  native  land  and 
was  employed  in  the  city  government  at  Stockholm.  He  was  knighted 
and  changed  his  name  to  Trotzenfelt.  (The  author  lost  most  of  his 
notes  on  Trotzig  with  those  of  Papegoja,  making  it  impossible  to  give 
further  details.) 

His  two  brothers  Anthoni  and  Johan  Trotzig  were  engaged  in  cannon 
manufacture  in  Sweden  at  this  time.  See  Am.  Reg.,  1650;  1651,  June  i8;  1652; 
June  7  (F.  A.). 


698    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Printed  Sources.  Wrangel,  Sv.  lit.  forb.  med.  Holland.  Manuscripts 
in  Am.  Reg..  1643  ff.  (Fl.  Ar.) ;  Kam.  Kol.  Reg..  1642  ff.  (K.A.)  ; 
R.R.  (R.A.)  ;  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.)  ;  letters  to  A.  Oxenstierna  {Ox.  Saml.) 
and  to  De  la  Gardie  (R.A.).    See  index  below. 

Usselinx,  Willem,  the  founder  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company 
and  of  the  Swedish  South  Company,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  June,  1567. 
After  receiving  a  business  education  in  his  native  town  he  spent  several 
years  abroad,  in  Spain,  Portugal  and  the  Azores,  and  returned  to  Hol- 
land a  wealthy  man,  about  1591.  He  soon  formed  the  idea  of  founding 
trading  companies  and  from  1 600  until  his  death  (about  1647),  he  was 
engaged  in  the  promotion  of  great  projects  and  plans  of  colonization  and 
trade. 

Source.  A  good  biography  by  J.  F.  Jameson,  Pap.  of  the  Am.  Hist. 
Ass.,  n.,  p.  161  ff. 

Whitelocke,  Bulstrode,  was  born  in  1605.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  which  he  left  without  a  degree,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1626.  He  became  a  member  of  Parliament  and 
served  the  government  in  various  capacities.  In  1653  the  Council  of 
State  nominated  him  as  ambassador  to  Sweden  and  he  was  pressed  by 
Cromwell  to  accept  the  post.  His  mission  was  successful  and  after  his 
return  to  England  he  was  appointed  to  other  important  offices.  He  died 
in  1675.  Whitelocke  was  a  voluminous  writer,  even  writing  plays,  and 
he  was  a  great  copyist,  several  "  original  manuscripts  "  being  preserved 
of  some  of  his  writings.  His  Swedish  Embassy,  being  a  journal  of  the 
embassy,  is  a  work  of  much  value. 

Sources.  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.  LXI.,  p.  no  ff.  and  the 
references  there;  Schelling,  The  Eliz.  Drama. 


APPENDIX    B. 

Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants  and  Settlers  in 
New  Sweden,  1638-1656. 

I.     garrison  and  servants  at  ft.  CHRISTINA  IN  NEW  SWEDEN, 

1638-1640. 

Officers. 

Mans  Nilsson  Kling,  commander. 

William  Laury,  provost  (provost-marshal).^ 

Hendrick  Huygen,  commiss. 

Soldiers  and  Servants. 

Clas  (Klas)  Jansson  and  twenty  other  soldiers. 
The  negro  slave  Anthony. 

II.     GARRISON,  SERVANTS  AND  FREEMEN  IN  NEW  SWEDEN, 

1640-1643. 

Officers. 

Peter  Hollender  Ridder,  commander. 

Mans  Nilsson  Kling,  lieutenant. 

Joost  van  Langdonk,^  commissary. 

The  Rev.  Reorus  Torkillus. 

The  Rev.  Christopher. 

Gregorius  van  Dyck,^  assistant  commiss. 

Joran  (Goran)  Olsson*  (from  Osmo?),^  provost  (profoss). 

Per  Anders [s] on,  guard  and  skipper  on  the  yacht. 

'  It  is  not  possible  to  determine  with  certainty  whether  Laury  came  here  on  the 
first  expedition  in  1638  or  on  the  second  in  1640.  He  returned  to  Sweden  on  the 
Kalmar  Nyckel  in  1642.    He  was  probably  an  Englishman.    Journal,  no.  146. 

^  He  returned  to  Europe  in  1642  upon  the  arrival  of  Hendrick  Huygen. 

"Returned  to  Europe  in  1642. 

*  Joran  also  written  Jurgen. 

°  Osmo,  a  socken  or  district  in  Stockholms  Ian. 

699 


700   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Soldiers,  Servants  and  Freemen. 

Clas  Classon.  Anders  Nilsson  Nagel. 

Ambrosius  Ericksson.  Pafvel  Nilsson. 

Per  Gunnarsson.  Mats  Olofsson. 

Johan  Hindricksson,  constaple.  Steffan  Olofsson. 

Martin  Guttersson."  Anders  Olsson  Brandt. 

Clas  (Klas)  Jans  [s]  on  (Jansen).  Mats  Sifversson.^ 

Anders  Joransson,  constaple.  Anders  Svensson.* 

Anders  Larsson  Dalbo.  Nils  Svensson.* 

Mickel  Larsson,  from  Osmo.  Olof  Svensson. 

Johan  Matsson,  constaple.  Bengt  Thomasson. 

For  other  freemen  in  the  colony  at  this  time  see  above,  Chap.  XVIII., 
pp.  151-53;  appendix  B,  IV. 

The  following  returned  to  Europe  in  1643:  Lieutenant  Peter  Hollen- 
der  Ridder,  The  Rev.  Christopher,  Per  Andersson,  Bengt  Thomasson, 
Johan  Hindrickson,  Olof  Svensson,  Clas  Classon  (the  carpenter),  Joran 
Olsson  (the  provost-marshal),  Johan  Matsson  and  Johan  Papegoja. 

in.    ROLL-LIST  OF  THE  MALE  INHABITANTS  OF  NEW  SWEDEN  IN 

1643-1644. 

(Adapted  from  the  list  of  Gov.  Printz,  1644.) 

I.     At  Fort  Christina.^" 

Officers  : 

Lieutenant  Johan  Papegoja    i 

Commissary   Hendrick   Huygen    I 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Johan  Campanius i 

°  Martin  Gottersson. 

'  Also  written  Mats  Siwersen. 

'  Andreas  Swenson. 

"  Nils  Swenson. 

"RULLA. 

oppa  altt  deedt  Folck,  sasom  vthi  Nye  Swerigie  ahro,  huru  thee  pa  alle  platzer 
och  plantatier  fordelte  ahro,  som  vnder  specificeres  pro  Anno  1644. 

Officererne 
widh  Cihrstina  Skantz: 

Johann  Paapegaia    i 

Commissen  Hindrich  Hugenn  1 

Pastoren  M  :r  Johann  Companius  i 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      701 


Barber-surgeon  Hans  Janeke I 

Trumpeter  Erick  Andersson   I 

The  gunner  Mats  Hansson i 

The  blacksmith  Mr.  Hans  Rosback i 

The  provost-marshal  Johan  Olofsson i 

Balbererenn  M  :r  Hannss  

Trurabetarenn  Erich  Andersonn    

Constapel   Matz   Hansonn    

Smedenn  M  ;r  Hanns   

Proposenn   Jahan   Oluffzonn    

Effterschreflfne  aflf  Compagnitz  Folckett  plantera  Tooback  vpa  plantatien  weedh 
Cihrstina: 

Knut   Marthensonn    

Peer   Gunnersonn   Rambo    

Marthenn    Gottersson    

Lars   Andersonn   Vlff    

Manns  Andersonn   

Lars   Kackin    

Svann  Gunnersonn    

Marthenn  Glaasere 

Joenn  Torsonn    

Oluff   Torsonn    

Anders  Timbermann    

Effternembde  ahro  Timberman  pa  Halmenn: 

Class    Claasonn    

Tommas  Timbermann    

Effterskrefne  ahro  forordnade  att  waara  continve  pa  Slupenn: 

Skepperen   Andress    

Lars  Tommesonn   

Bengt    Torsonn     

Vndertecknade  arbeeta  Tobakz  faat  och  annat  kyperj : 

Lauriss   Kyper    

Lukass   Personn    

Swine  Wachterenn : 

Anders  Minck  medh  sin  sonn ) 

Claas  Andersonn   ] 

Poickenn  som  wachtar  boskapen  : 

Svvenn    Swensonn     i 

Molnaren  som  ahr  continue  hoos  quarnen: 

Anders    Dreijer    I 

Comis:  Hindrick  Hugens  drengh: 

Gaatfreedh  Herraansonn   i 

Saldater  weedh  Cihrstina: 

Erich  Taat    i 

Marthen   Hansonn    I 

Lars   Jacobsonn    i 

34 


702   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

The  following  people  of  the  company  plant  tobacco  on  the  plantation  at 
Christina: 

Knut  Martensson  Vasa 

Per  (Peter)   Gunnarsson  Rambo   

Marten   Gottersson    

Lars  Andersson   Ulf    

Mans  Andersson    

Lars  Kackin  (Kock?)    

Sven  Gunnarsson   

Marten  Martensson  Glasare  (also  Glasbiten) 

Jon  Thorsson   

Olof    Thorsson    

Anders  Mats(  ?)  Persson  (Person),  the  carpenter 

The  following  are  carpenters  on  the  island: 

Claas  Claason   

Thomas  Goransson  (also  Jurgensson)  the  carpenter 

The  following  are  appointed  to  be  on  the  sloop  continually : 

The  skipper  Andries  Lucas  [sen]  (he  returned  to  Holland  in 
1646)     

Lars  Thomasson 

Bengt  Thorsson    

The  laborers  listed  below  make  tobacco  casks  and  other  cooper's  articles: 

Lauris  the  Cooper   

Lukas   Persson    , 

The  swineherd: 

Anders  Classon  Mink  with  his  son 

Clas  (Klas)  Andersson   

The  boy  who  herds  the  cattle: 

Sven   Svensson    

The  miller  who  is  continually  at  the  mill : 

Anders  Kristiansson  Dreijer 

The  servant  of  Com.  Hendrick  Huygen: 

Gotfried  Harmer   

Soldiers  at  Christina: 

Erick  Akesson  Tatt    

Martin   (Marten)    Hansson    

Lars  Jacobsson    

Total  at  Fort  Christina   34 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      703 


II.    At  Fort  Elfsborg." 
Officers  : 

Lieutenant  Sven  Skute 

Head  guard   {wachtmaster)   Gregorius  van  Dyck. 

Gunner  Johan  Matsson    

Drummer  Sven  Andersson 

Rev.    Israel    Holg   Fluviander    

Common  Soldiers: 

Nicklas  Bock    

Johan  Gustafsson   

Peter    Meyer    

Isack  van  Eissen  (or  von  Eysen)    

Constantinus  Gronberg   (Griinenburg)    

Peter  Jochim  (Jochem,  Joachim)   

Anders   Jonsson    

Bengt  Hindricksson   (also  Hindersson)    

Anders  Andersson    

Jacob  Svensson   (Svvenson)    

Walle  Looer  (also  Lohe  and  Loo) 

Jon  (Joen)  Nilsson  the  tailor 

Knut   Liljehok    

Total  at  Fort  Elfsborg 

"  Officererne 
widh  Skantzenn  Elssborgh: 

Leutenampten  Swann  Skuuta   

Wachraesteren  Gregorius  van  Dicke 

Constap :  Jahaan  Matzonn    

Trumbeslageren  Swann  Andersonn    

Giemene  Saldater: 

Nicklaus  Bock  

Jahann   Gustaffzonn    

Fetter    Meijer     

Isack   vann   Eissenn    

Constantinos  Gronebergh  

Fetter    Jochim    

Anders  Joensonn    

Bengt   Hindrichsonn    

Anders   Andersonn    

Jacob    Svvensonn     

VValle  Looer   

Joenn  Skreddere  

Knut  Liliehock   


17 


704   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

III.    At  the  Schuylkill  Plantation.^^ 
Officer  : 

Lieutenant  Mans  Kling i 

The  working-people,  who  plant  tobacco  on  the  plantation  in  the 
Schuylkill: 
Pafvel  Jonsson.     (Probably  the  same  as  "Jons  Pafvelsson, 
servant  of  the  Company  "  who  died  here  in  the  summer 

of    1645.)    

Sven   Larsson    

Hindrick  Matsson    

Mats    Pipare(  ?)     

Ambrosius   Ericksson    

Anders  Larsson  Dalbo 

Peder  (Peter)  Larsson  Keck  (Cock)   

Total  at  the  Schuylkill   8 

IV.     At  the  Upland  Plantation. ^^ 
Officers  : 

Per  Liljehok i 

Elias  the  tobacco-planter   I 

Mickel  Nilsson,  the  blacksmith   i 

^  Officer  erne 
widh  Skyllerkill: 

Leute :  Manns  Klingh   i 

Arbetz  Folcket  som  planta  Tooback  pa  plantatien  weedh  Skyllerkill: 

Pafvell    Jonsonn     

Swenn   Larsonn    

Hindrich   Matzonn    

Matz  Pipere   

Ambrosius  Erichsonn    

Anders  Daalbo  

Fader   Kick    

8 
"  Officererne 
widh  Vplanndh: 

Fader  Liliehock    

Elias  Toobakzplantere    

Sraeden  Mickell  Nilsonn   

Effterskrefne  Arbeetare  planta  Tooback  weed  plantatien  Vplandh: 

Hindrich    Matzonn    

Matz  Hansonn   

Iffwer  Hindersson   

Jahann   Andersonn    

Hanns   Mansonn    


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      705 

The  following  laborers  plant  tobacco  on  the  plantation  at  Upland: 

Hindrick  Matsson    

Mats   Hansson    

Ifvar  (Ivar)  Hindersson 

Johan  Andersson  Stalkofta 

Hans    Mansson    

Eskill    Larsson    

Lars  Bj6r[n]sson   , 

Bertil   Eskilsson    , 

Johan  Ericksson   

Jacob  Spaniol   (the  Spaniard?)    , 

Clemet  (Klement)  Joransson 

Total  at  Upland   14 

V.    At  Fort  Tinicum.^* 
Officers: 

Governor  Johan  Printz i 

Gustaf  Printz,  son  of  Governor  Printz i 

Hindrick  Olsson,  servant  of  Governor  Printz i 

Eskill  Larsonn    i 

Lars    Bibrsonn    I 

Bertill   Eskilsonn    i 

Johann    Erichson    I 

Jacob   Spaniol  (?)     i 

Clemet  Jbrensonn  i 

"  Officererne 

widh  Tennakungh: 

Governeuren  Jahann  Printz   i 

Satt  offuer  proffwiantet  och  rechningerne: 

Carll   Jahansonn    i 

Skriflfwaren: 

Knut   Personn    i 

Bosse  Smedenn: 

Mester  Niklaus  i 

Constapelz  Maat  hooss  dhee  4  sraa  kopperstyckenn  pa  Tennakungh: 

Svvenn  VVaass  i 

Saldaterne,  som  dageligen  folia,  foresa  och  achta  pS  Governeuren: 

Elias    Gyllenngrenn    i 

Hanns  Liineburger    i 

Jorann    Snohuitt    i 

Lars    Andersonn    i 

Anders   Andersonn    i 

Nils   Anderssonn    i 

46 


7o6   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Placed  over  the  provisions  and  accounts: 

Carl  (Karl)  Johansson i 

The  secretary  Knut  Persson   i 

The  gun-smith  Master  Nicklas i 

The  gunner  [whol  is  in  charge  of  the  small  copper  cannon  on 
Tinicum  : 

Sven    Vass    i 

The  soldiers  who  daily  follow  and  serve  the  governor: 

Elias  Gyllengren    i 

Hans  Liineburger i 

Joran    (Goran)    Kyn    Snohvit    {Snow-white,    probably   so 
called  on   account  of  his  complexion.     Goran,  same  as 

George )    I 

Lars  Andersson    i 

Anders  Andersson    i 

Nils   Andersson    i 

Johan  Andersson    i 

Mans  Nilsson,  "  from  Trammegiald  "^*^ i 

The  laboring  people,  who  are  appointed  to  cut  hay  for  the  cattle 
and  also  in  the  meantime  to  follow  the  governor  on  the 
little  sloop: 

Anders  Svensson   Bonde    i 

Per  Andersson    i 

Anthoni,  the  negro  ("  the  black  ")   i 

Olof  Ericksson    i 

Total  at  Fort  Tinicum    19 

Jahann   Andersonn    i 

Manns   Nilsonn    i 

Arbetz  Folcket,  som  ahr  forordnadt  till  att  slaa  hoo  for  booskapenn,  sasom 
och  dess  eraellann  folia  Governeuren  pa  denn  lilla  Jachtenn: 

Anders  Bonde  i 

Perr   Andersonn    i 

Antoni  Swart   i 

Oloff    Erichsonn     i 

17 

""Tranegarde(  ?),  Elfsborgs  Ian,  southwestern  Sweden. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      707 

The  following  have  died  in  New  Sweden  in  1643  and  1644:^' 

Officers  : 

On  September  7,  1643,  the  preacher  Reorus  Torkillus  at 
Christina    I 

On  July  18,  1643,  the  corporal  Karl  Hakansson  at  Elfsborg.  i 
Soldiers  : 

On  June  lO,  1643,  Mickel  Kyrsner  at  Christina i 

On  July  3,  1643,  Mans  Larsson,  from  Bratta,  at  Elfsborg. .    i 
On  July   5,    1643,   Erick  Hindersson,   from   Sodertelje,   at 

Christina    I 

"  Effterskrefne  ahro  Anno  1643,  1644  vthi  Nye  Swerigie  medh  diiddh  affgangne: 

Officer  erne: 
Den  7  Septemb.  1643,  Predikanten  herr  Regardh  vthi  Kirstina. . . . 
Den  i8  Juli  1643,  Corporal  Carll  Hackensonn  vthi  Elfzborg 

Sdldaterna: 

Den  10  Junij  1643,  Mickell  Kyrssner  wid  Kirstina   

Den  3  Julij   1643,  Mans  Larsonn  widh  Elfzborgh 

Den  5  dito  1643,  Erich  Hindersonn  vfidh  Kirstina 

Den  3  Augustij  1643,  Rutkiert  Tysk  widh  Kirstina 

Den  (?)  Novemb:  1643,  Johenn  Hartman  weed  Tennakungh. . . . 
Den  4  Martij    1644,   Bleff  vtaff  dhe  wille  i  hielslagne  eraellan 
Kirstina  och  Elfzborgh  eflfterskrefne  Saldater: 

Marthenn    Bagge     

Marthen    Finne    

Vtaff  Compag:  Arbetz  Folck  ahro  dode  blefne: 

Den  9  Julij,  1643,  Friman  Jbnns  Pafvelsonn  widh  Vplandh 

Den  lo  dito  1643,  Carll  Marckusonn  widh  Elfzborgh 

Den  12  dito  1643,  Marthenn  Biorsonn  weedh  Vplandh 

Den  29  dito  1643,  Matz  Jorensonn  widh  Kirstina 

Den  30  dito  1643,  Joen  Isacksonn  wid  Elfzborgh 

Den  31  Juli,  1643,  Bonden  Per  Mickellsonn  weed  Elfzborgh.... 
Den  31  dito  1643,  Bonden  Larss  Andersonn  ifran  Alandh  weed 

Elfzborgh     

Den  13  Augusti,  1643,  Pafuel  Pafuelson  weed  Elfzborgh 

Den  14  dito  1643,  Jacob  Tommeson  weed  Kirstina 

Den  30  dito  1643,  Peder  Oloffzon  ifran  Giefle  wed  Elfzborgh. . . . 

Den  31  dito  1643,  Joenn  Jerpe  widh  Elfsborgh 

Den  10  Decemb:,  1643,  Zachriss  Andersonn  weedh  Kirstina.... 

Den  II  dito  1643,  Pafwell  Personn  weed  Skyllerkill   

Den  I  Marti,  1644,  Frimann  Jahann  Finne  benembd,  drungknadh 

weedh  Vplandh   i 

Den  7  dito  1644,  Een  angelssman,  huilkenn  haffuer  taaget  sigh  een 

swensk  hustru,  mordade  och  i  hiellslegne  aff  dhee  wille....     2 
Den  4  dito  1644,  Giert  Elekenn  i  hielslagenn  aff  dhee  wille  eraellan 

Kirstina   Skantz   och   Elfzborgh    i 


7o8   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

On  August  [3],  1643,  Rutkiert  Tysk  (also  Rother  Tijck) 
from  Hamburg,  at  Christina   

On  November  (?),  1643,  Johan  Hartman,  from  Hamburg, 
at  Tinicum   

On  March  4,  1643,  the  following  soldiers  were  killed  by  the 
savages  between  Christina  and  Elfsborg: 

Martin  Bagge,  from  Roslagen,  Sweden 

Martin  Thomasson,  the  Finn,  from  Osterbotten 

The  following  laborers  of  the  company  have  died: 

On  July  9,  1643,  the  freeman  Jons  Pavelsson  at  Upland  — 

On  July  10,  1643,  the  freeman  Karl  Markusson  at  Elfsborg. 

On  July  12,  1643,  the  freeman  Martin  Bj6r[n]sson  at  Up- 
land     

On  July  29,  1643,  the  freeman  Mats  Jorensson  at  Christina. 

On  July  30,  1643,  the  freeman  Jon  Isacksson  at  Elfsborg. . 

On  July  31,  1643,  the  peasant  Per  Mickelsson  at  Elfsborg. . 

On  July  31,  1643,  the  peasant  Lars  Andersson,  from  Aland, 
at  Elfsborg   

On  August  13,  1643,  [the  peasant?]  Pafvel  Pafvelsson  at 
Elfsborg 

On  August  14,  1643,  Jacob  Thommasson  at  Christina. . . . 

On  August  30,  1643,  Peter  Olofsson,  from  Gefle,  at  Elfs- 
borg     

On  August  31,  1643,  Jon  Jarpe  at  Elfsborg 

On  December  10,  1643,  Sakris  Andersson  at  Christina. . . . 

On  December  11,  1643,  Pafvel  Persson  at  the  Schuylkill.. 

On  March  i,  1644,  the  freeman  called  Johan  the  Finn, 
drowned  at  Upland   i 

On  March  7,  1644,  John  Johnson,  an  Englishman,  who  took 
a  Swedish  wife,  was  murdered  and  killed  [with  his  wife] 
by  the  savages    2 

On  March  4,  1644,  Giert  Elcken,  [was]  killed  by  the  sav- 
ages between  Fort  Christina  and  Elfsborg I 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      709 

The  Following  Returned  Home  to  Sweden  in  1644:" 
Officers  : 

Captain  Christer  Boije   (Boje)"*   i 

The  barber-surgeon  Timon  Stidden i 

Soldiers: 

Esbjorn  Martensson  from  Stockholm i 

Pafvel  Smal  from  Stockholm.    Came  here  in  1643 i 

Total   123 

Deceased    26 

Departed  for  Europe   4         30 

Living  male  inhabitants 93 

English  Planters  at  Varkens  Kill  near  Elfsborg 
UNDER  Swedish  Jurisdiction." 

Elias  Baily    

William  Braunvell  (?)    

Robert  Coxwell    

John   Erie    

Thomas  Marod    

Mr.  Spinning  (?)    

John  Wall  (  ?)   (John  Wallin  or  Woollen  ?) 

7 
The  male  Swedish  inhabitants  of  the  colony  as  given  above 
including  five  others  not  given  by  Printz^' 98 

"  Effterskrefne  forrese  heer  ifran  till  gamble  Swerigie: 

Officerer: 

Christer  Boije  i 

Predikanten  herr  Israeli    i 

Balberen  Mester  Zim   i 

Sdldaater: 

Esbiornn    Marthensonn     i 

Pafuell   Smaal    i 

Suramal    i2i 

Datvm  Kihrstina  denn  20  Junij   1644 

JoHEN  Printz 
manu  propria.     Odhner,  A'.  S.,  37-39;  N.  S.,  I.    (R.A.). 
"*  Boije  belonged  to  a  Swedish-Finnish  noble  family.    There  were  several  by 
that  name  in  Sweden  and  Finland  at  this  time.     Cf.  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.). 
"From  Ace.  B.,  1643-8. 

"  Mickel  Johansson,  who  came  here  in  1641  is  not  mentioned  in  the  above  list. 
He  returned  to  Sweden  before  1648.  Mans  Svensson  Lom,  Olof  Stille,  Axel  Stille 
and  Eskil  Larsson  are  also  not  given  in  Printz's  list. 


7IO   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Total  number  of  male  inhabitants  of  New  Sweden  in 
1644 105 

IV.    ROLL  LIST  OF  THE  PEOPLE  WHO  WERE  ALIVE  IN  NEW  SWEDEN 
ON  THE  FIRST  OF  MARCH,   1648." 

Officers  : 

Governor  Johan  Printz. 

Lieutenant  Gustaf  Printz.  (Not  given  in  Kramer's  list  of  March, 
1648.    He  returned  to  Sweden  in  1652.) 

Lieutenant  Johan  Papegoja. 

Lieutenant  Schwenn  Schuute  (Sven  Skute),  came  here  with  Gov. 
Printz  in  1643. 

The  preacher  Lars  Carlsson  Loock  (Lock),  who  went  to  New  Sweden 
with  the  ship  Swan  from  Gothenburg  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  Septem- 
ber, 1647. 

The  barber-surgeon,  Hans  Janeke,  "  from  Konigsbergh,  who  went  to 
New  Sweden  on  the  ship  Fama  in  1643  and  settled  there  on  the 
thirty-first  of  March,  16^44,  in  the  service  of  the  Crown." 

The  head  guard  (watch-master)  Gregorius  van  Dyck,  who  returned  to 
"New  Sweden  with  Governor  Printz  in  1642." 

Soldiers^  Freemen  and  Servants: 

Clas  (Klas)  Jansson,  freeman,  "  who  went  over  to  New  Sweden  with 
Commander  Pieter  Minuit  in  1637." 

Anthony,  a  Morian  or  Angoler,-"  who  was  a  purchased  slave,  brought 
here  on  the  Grip  in  1639. 
The  following  arrived  here  on  the  Kalmar  Nyckel  in  1640: 

Peer  (Per)  Gummersson  (Per  Gunnarsson)  Rambo,  freeman.  (Prob- 
ably from  Rambo,  Degersfors  socken,  Vasferbotten,  Northeastern 
Sweden. ) 

Peer  (Per)  Andersson,  skipper  on  the  Speel-yzcht. 

Anders  Svensson  Bonde,  served  as  constaple  (gunner)  at  New  Gothen- 
borg  from  May  I,  1643,  until  September  i,  1653,  and  returned  to 
Sweden  with  Printz  in  1653.    He  returned  to  the  colony. 

Mans  Andersson,  freeman. 

Joen  Toorsson  (Jon  Thorsson),  freeman. 

"  Based  on  a  list  in  Kramer's  handwriting  (probably  a  copy  from  a  list  sent 
to  Sweden  by  Printz  in  1648),  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.). 

*" "  Morian  [negro]  or  Angoler "  indicates  that  he  came  from  Angola,  the 
Portuguese  Colony  in  West  Africa  near  the  river  Kunene. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      711 

Anders  Larsson  Daalbo  (Dalbo)  provost-marshal.  (Probably  from 
Dalbo  on  the  island  of  Gothland,  or  he  may  have  come  from  Dalarna.) 
He  was  a  tobacco  planter  in  1644.  On  November  i,  1647,  "he  was 
hired  by  Printz  to  serve  among  the  soldiers  as  provost-marshal "  at  the 
rate  of  6  R.D.  a  month.  He  served  until  November  15,  1648,  when 
he  left.    He  entered  the  service  again  about  December  15,  1650. 

Swenn  (Sven)  Larsson  Maarbo,  laborer. 

Swenn  (Sven)  Gunnarsson,  freeman.     (Probably  a  brother  of  Per.) 

Larss  Svvensson  (Lars  Svensson),  freeman. 

Marten  (also  Martin)  Guttersson  (or  Gottersson),  laborer.    Returned 
to  Sweden  on  the  Orn  in  1654.     Died  in  Sweden  in  the  autumn  of 
1654. 
The  following  arrived  here  in  1641:^^ 

Claess  Claesson,  a  Dutch  carpenter.     He  returned  to  Sweden  in  1653. 

Laurens  Andriesson,  the  barman,  a  Hollander,  who  came  here  on  the 
ship  Kalmar  Nyckel.     He  returned  to  Sweden  with  Claesson  in  1653. 

Matz  (Mats)  Hansson,  appointed  gunner  in  1641,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  until  December  i,  1646,  when  he  was  made  a  freeman,  came 
over  on  the  Kalmar  Nyckel. 

Gottfriedt  Hermer  (Gotfried  Harmer,  also  Hermansson),  who  went 
over  on  the  ship  Charitas  in  1641  as  a  cabin  guard,  later  became  an 
assistant  to  Commiss.  Huygen. 

Hfwer  (Ifvar)  Hindricksson  (Cf.  above,  p.  151),  laborer,  was  hired  by 
Mans  Kling  in  1641  and  came  over  as  a  farm  hand. 

o 

Johan  Ericksson  from  Angermanland  (Northeastern  Sweden,  bordering 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia),  was  hired  by  Mans  Kling  in  1641  as  a 
laborer.  Became  soldier  on  October  i,  1646.  Deserted  in  1651, 
leaving  a  debt  of  1,017  florins  behind. 

Anders  Hansson,  freeman,  was  hired  by  Mans  Kling  as  a  farm  hand  in 
1 64 1  and  was  later  made  a  freeman. 

Jacob  Sprint  from  Nyland  (northern  Sweden)  was  hired  by  Kling  in 
1641  as  a  farm  hand,  was  later  appointed  a  soldier. 

Powell  Joensson  (Pafvel  Jonsson  or  Jonsson),  from  Jiimtland,  was 
hired  by  Kling  in  1641  as  a  farm  hand.  On  October  i,  1646,  Gov- 
ernor Printz  hired  him  as  a  soldier  for  4  R.D.  a  month.  He  returned 
to  Sweden  with  Printz. 

Axel  Stille,-'*  was  hired  by  Hing  in  1641  as  a  farm  hand  and  was  later 
made  a  freeman. 

°Cf.  above,  p.  151  ff. 

"'  Probably  from  Lanna  socken,  Roslagen,  Stockholms  Ian. 


712   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Hindrick  Matzon  (Matsson),  was  hired  by  Kling  in  1641  as  a  farm 

hand  and  was  later  made  a  soldier. 
Johan(n)  Andersson,  from  Strangnas,  was  hired  by  Kling  in  1641  for  a 

farm  hand.    On  October  i,  1646,  he  was  hired  by  Printz  to  serve  as 

soldier.    He  seems  to  have  left  with  Printz. 
Olof  (f)  Ericks[s]on,  was  hired  by  Kling  in  1641  for  a  farm  hand. 
Mat(t)s  Hansson  from  Borga  (Finland),  the  servant  of  the  late  Mr. 

Klas  Fleming,  was  sent  here  in  1641  to  serve  the  company  and  was 

later  made  a  freeman. 
Peer   (Per,  Peter)   Larsson  Kock   (Cock),  freeman,  was  sent  here  in 

1641  to  serve  the  company  and  was  later  made  a  freeman. 
Eskell  (Eskil)  Larsson,  laborer,  was  sent  here  in  1641  by  the  College 

of  War,  to  serve  as  a  punishment,  because  he  deserted  from  the  army ; 

later  he  was  made  a  free  laborer. 
Hanss   Mansson,  from   Skara,  was  sent  here   from  Gothenburg  as  a 

laborer  in  1641  and  was  later  made  a  freeman. 
Lars  Andersson  from  Gothenburg,  the  cook  on  the  sloop  here. 
RofE  Toorsson  (Olof  Thorsson),  laborer,  who  came  here  as  a  midship- 
man on  the  Kalmar  Nyckel  in  1641. 
Lars  Biorsson   (Bjornsson),  laborer,  who  came  here  as  a  midshipman 

from  Gothenburg  in  164 1. 
Lucas  Persson,  sailor  on  the  sloop  here  who  went  over  as  a  sailor  in  1641 

on  the  ship  Charitas. 
Knut  Martensson  Wasa  (Knut  Martinsson  Vasa),  probably  from  Vasa 

in  Finland,  freeman,  went  over  as  a  sailor  on  the  ship  Charitas  in 

1 641,  later  made  a  freeman. 
Lars  Thomsson  (also  Thomasson),  from  Weddinge,  sailor  on  the  sloop 

here,  came  over  on  the  ship  Charitas  as  a  sailor  in  1641. 
Matz  Olufsson   (Mats  Olofsson),  wood  sawj'er  here,  came  over  as  a 

sailor  on  the  Kalmar  Nyckel  in  1641. 
Mans  Swensson  Loom  (Svensson  Lom),  freeman,  had  been  a  lieutenant 

before  and  came  over  on  the  Charitas  in  1641. 
Olof  (f)  Stille,"^''  freeman,  a  mill-wright,  with  his  family  consisting  of  a 

wife  and  two  children. 
Siwirt  or  If(f)wert  Siewertsson  (Ifvar  Sifversson),  came  over  on  the 

Charitas  as  a  freeman  in  1 64 1. 
Anders  Christiaensson  (Kristiansson),  the  miller,  came  to  New  Sweden 

from  Gothenburg. 

""  "  From  Roslagen,  Lanna  socken  and  Penningsby  gdrd." 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      713 

Mans  Jurrensson  the  Finn,  freeman,  was  sent  here  on  the  ship  Kalmar 
Nyckel  in  1 64 1  as  a  laborer,  later  he  became  a  freeman. 

Clement  Jurgensson  (Goransson)  the  freeman,  was  sent  here  as  a  serv- 
ant of  the  company  and  was  later  made  a  freeman. 

Hinrich  Matzon  (Matsson),  the  Finn,  was  hired  as  a  soldier  by  Printz 
on  October  i,  1646,  served  until  March  i,  1648,  when  he  was  made 
a  freeman. 

Eskiell  (Eskil)  Larsson,  or  Lars  Eskiellson,  was  sent  here  in  1641  and 
was  later  made  a  freeman. 

Bartell  Eskielsson  (Eskilsson),  came  here  with  his  father  Elskiel  Lars- 
son  and  was  later  made  a  freeman. 
The  following  arrived  here  in  1643: 

Knuut  Peersson  (Knut  Persson),  secretary.    Died  before  the  autumn  of 

1653. 
Swen(n)  Andersson,  drummer,  served  here  until  1655. 
Nicholaes  Borck  (Nicklas  or  Nickolaus  Bock),  corporal. 
Hans  Liineburger   (Lynberger),  soldier  from  Stralsund    (at  that  time 

belonging  to  Sweden).    Came  on  the  Fa/na.    He  died  in  New  Sweden 

about  the  middle  of  June,  1650. 
Lars  Andersson,  soldier,  "  fran  Saltuna  socken.'"""    He  served  here  until 

September  i,  1653,  and  returned  to  Sweden  with  Governor  Printz. 
Joen  Nielsson    (Jon  Nilsson),  "soldier  from  Skanings  hdrad,"  Skara- 

borgs  Ian. 
Lars  Jacobsson,  soldier. 
Elias  Gyllengren  (Gyllengren),  constaple  at  Ft.  Korsholm.     Served  as 

soldier  until  March   I,   1648.     Served  as  constaple  from   March   i, 

1648,  until  July  31,  1651,  when  he  returned  to  Sweden.     He  came 

here  again  in  1654. 
Anders  Andersson  Homman,  "  from  Saltuna  socken."    Came  here  on  the 

Swan  in   1643,  served  as  soldier  until   March   I,   1648,  from  which 

time  until  1653  he  served  as  trumpeter.     Zettersten,  Sv.  fl.  hist.,  H. 

609. 
Jurgen  Schneeweiss  (Goran  Kyn  Snohvit),  soldier. 
Peter  Meyer  (Meyer),  soldier  from  Gothenburg. 
Constantinus  Griinenborgh  (also  Konstantin  Gronberg),  "soldier  from 

Mark  Brandenborg." 
Johann   Olufsson    (Johan   Olofsson),   was   hired   to  serve   as   provost- 
marshal  in  1642.     Came  here  on  the  Fama.     Returned  with  Printz 

in  1653. 

"""  SoIIentuna  socken,  Stockholms  Ian. 


714   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Peter  Jochimson  (Peter  Jochum  or  Jochim),  soldier  from  Slesvik- 
Holstein. 

Isack  von  Eyssen  (van  Eisen  or  Eissen),  from  Stockholm.  Served  as 
soldier  until  August,  1643,  vi^hen  he  was  made  a  corporal  at  a  wage 
of  6  R.D.  a  month. 

Jacob  Swensson,  "  from  Sarestad  in  Askerad,"-^'^  constaple  at  Christina. 

Michell  Nielsson  (Mickel  Nilsson),  blacksmith. 

Thomas  Jurgensson  (Goransson),  carpenter,  returned  to  Sweden  with 
Printz  in  1653. 

Marten  Martensson  (Martin  Martinson)  Glassbijten,  freeman. 

Johan  Gustaffsson  (also  Johan  Gostasson),  from  KinekuUe,  Sweden. 
Came  here  on  the  Swan  in  1643.  Served  as  soldier  until  1653,  when 
he  probably  became  a  freeman. 

Niels  (Nils)  Andersson,  "from  Mallpa(?)  in  Kinna-'^  hundred." 
He  served  here  as  a  soldier  until  the  middle  of  March,  1649,  when  he 
died,  owing  the  company  35:42  R.D. 

Anders  Andersson,  the  Finn,  was  sent  here  from  the  Castle  of  Elfsborg 
as  a  punishment.    Returned  to  Sweden  in  1653. 
The  following  arrived  here  in  1644  on  the  Fama: 

Jan  Matzon  (Johan  Matsson),  constaple  (gunner)  at  Fort  Elfsborg. 
Engaged  as  constaple  on  April  i,  1644,  at  6  R.D.  a  month.  On 
December  i,  1646,  his  wage  was  raised  to  8  R.D.  a  month.  He 
served  as  constaple  until  September  i,  1650,  when  he  was  engaged  as 
skipper  on  the  sloop  at  25  florins  a  month.  From  August  15,  1651, 
until  September  I,  1653,  he  served  again  as  constaple.  He  returned 
to  Sweden  with  Governor  Printz. 

Anders  Joensson^^  (Jonsson),  soldier,  was  engaged  on  the  first  of  Decem- 
ber, 1643,  by  the  nobleman  Johan  Papegoja.  Served  as  soldier  until 
August,  1653.     He  was  executed  on  August  I.  1653. 

Wolle  Lohe  (Walle  Looer),  soldier,  was  engaged  by  the  nobleman 
Papegoja  on  December  i,  1643.  Seems  to  have  left  the  service  in 
1653  and  returned  to  Sweden. 

Swen  Swensson  (Sven  Svensson),  a  youth,  went  to  New  Sweden  with 
Papegoja  in  1643. 

"''  Askeryd  socken,  north  Vedbo  harad,  Jonkopings  Ian. 

°"'Kinda(?)   hundred  in  Ostergotlands  Ian. 

^  He  is  probably  the  same  as  Anders  Jonsson,  from  Nykoping,  who  was  here 
in  1642.  In  that  case  he  returned  to  Sweden  in  1643  and  came  here  a  second  time 
in  1644. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      715 

Skipper  Dirck  (Diedrick)  Jacobsson,  skipper  on  the  sloop  in  the  river, 
was  taken  into  the  company's  service  in  New  Sweden  on  August  lO, 
1646.    He  died  here  about  1650  (before  1652). 

Hindrick  Olufsson   (Olofsson),  the  Finn,  was  taken  into  the  govern- 
ment's service  in  New  Sweden  as  a  soldier  on  September  i,   1646. 
(The  list  has  December  i,  1646.)     He  owed  the  company  28:32  R.D. 
in  September,  1653. 
The  following  are  not  found  in  Kramer's  list: 

Acke  Israelsson  (also  Israel  Ackesson)  came  here  in  1641  according  to 
Journal,  N.  S.,  HI.  (K.A.),  and  returned  to  Sweden  in  1654  on  the 
drn{?).  Cf.  Monatg.  B.,  1642-56,  but  he  is  not  mentioned  in 
Printz's  list  of  1644  nor  in  the  list  of  1648  unless  he  is  given  under  a 
different  name.  In  the  list  of  1644  is  an  Erich  Taat  (Erick  Akesson 
Tatt),  however. 

Peter  Bock  (not  given  in  list  of  1648  nor  in  list  of  1644),  probably  a 
son  of  Nicklas  Bock,  who  came  here  in  1643.  Signed  the  Indian 
certificates  of  July  13,  and  July  16,  1651. 

Anders  Mats(  ?)  Persson  (Person),  the  carpenter,  was  here  in  1644  and 
is  mentioned  as  being  in  New  Sweden  in  1649,  but  he  is  not  given  in 
the  list  of  1648. 

Total  number  of  male  inhabitants  In  1648:  83. 
Names  of  the  fortified  places  in  New  Sweden  in  1648: 

1.  Fort  Christina. 

2.  Fort  Elfsborg. 

3.  Fort  New  Gothenborg. 

4.  Fort  New  Korsholm  on  the  Schuylkill. 

5.  Molndal. 

6.  Tarne  (Torne).     (Probably  erected  about  1647  after  Vasa  had 

been    abandoned.      Called    after   Tarne    (Torne),    at    the 
northern  point  of  Bay  of  Bothnia.) 
The  folloiving  returned  to  Sweden  in  1648: 

Erick  (Eric)  Andersson,  the  trumpeter,  came  here  in  1643,  served  the 
Crown  until  July  1,  1645,  when  he  became  a  freeman.  On  February 
I,  1647,  he  again  entered  the  service  of  the  Crown  and  remained  in 
the  service  until  April  i,  1648.    He  came  here  again  in  1654. 

Mans  Nilsson  Kling,  Rev.  Johan  Campanius,  the  blacksmith  Hans  Ros- 
back,  Anders  Classon  Mink,  Knut  Liljehok,  Mans  Nilsson,  Eric 
Akesson  Tatt  (who  served  as  a  soldier  from  1643  until  April  i,  1648), 


7i6   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 


Johan  Andersson  (soldier),  Friedrich  Hans  Koch  (barber-surgeon), 
and  Bengt  Hindricksson  (Hindersson).^^ 

V.    LIST  OF  OFFICERS,  SOLDIERS,  SERVANTS  AND  FREEMEN  IN  THE 
COLONY,  1654-1655.'* 

Officers. 


Rising,  Johan,  director. 

Papegoja,  Johan,  lieutenant.^" 

Elswick,  Hendrick  von,  commis- 
sary (1654). 

Svensson,  Jacob,  assistant  com- 
missary. 

Skute,  Sven,  captain. 

Hook,  Sven,  lieutenant  (1654). 

Gyllengren,  Elias,  lieutenant. 

Lindestrom,     Peter,     engineer 

(1654).^ 
Stake,     Mans,^°     provost-marshal 

(1654)- 
Kampe,      Anders,       rustm'dstaren 

(armorer)    (1654). 
Julius,     Carl     (Karl),     schreiber 

(secretary)-'    (1654). 
Junge,    Jacob,     packhausechreiber 

(1654),  from  Gothenburg. 
Hjort,    Peder     (Peter)     Larsson, 

Rev.  (1654). 


Lock,  Lars  Karlsson,  Rev. 
Nertunius,  Matthias,  Rev.  (1654). 
Olofsson,    Anders     (also    Anders 

Olsson),  corporal   (1654). 
Peters  [s]  on,     Peter,     trumpeter 

(1654). 
Peters [s] on,  Peter,  drummer^'* 

(1654). 
Schalbrick(?)=^    Johan,    drummer 

(1654),  from  Reval. 
Lars[s]on,  Anders,  sergean  t 

(1654). 
Lars  [s]  on.     Nils,     Gewaldiger^** 

(1654). 
Stidden,  Timon,^^  barber-surgeon. 

Anderson,  Lars,  munsterschreiber 
(muster-clerk)    (1654?). 

Andersson,  Sven,  trumschlager 
(drummer). 

Dyck,  Gregorius  van,  wachtmas- 
ter  (head  guard). 


^  He  was  a  brother  of  Christiernus  Alsinius,  Rector  Scholae  of  Stockholm. 

"The  names  have  been  gathered  from  N.  S.,  I.-II.  (R.A.)  ;  N.  S.,  I.-III. 
(K.A.)  ;  Rising's  Journal;  Doc,  XII.,  and  private  ^letters.  1654  after  the  names 
indicates  that  the  persons  came  here  in  1654  on  the  Orn.  It  is  the  intention  of  the 
writer  to  publish  a  more  complete  list  in  a  following  volume,  which  will  com- 
prise names  of  Swedish,  Dutch,  Danish  and  Norwegian  settlers  from  1656  to  1700, 
also  indicating  the  localities  where  the  colonists  lived.  For  some  names  not 
given  here  Cf.  Chap.  XXXVIII.  note  45  and  p.  726  below. 

"Returned  to  Sweden  on  the  Orn. 

^Probably  the  same  as  Mans  Person  Stake. 

"  Came  on  the  Haj,  1654.    Arrived  in  New  Sweden  November  30,  1654. 

^'°  He  is  probably  same  as  Peter  Peters[s]on,  trumpeter. 

"  Mss.  have  Schialbrich,  Schialbrick  and  Schallbrucher. 

^°  One  Ms.  has  Gevaliar.  Gavaldiger  was  the  old  Swedish  name  for  a 
constable,  also  a  prisonkeeper. 

'""From  Hammel,"  Hammal{?),  north  of  Sundsvall,  Sweden.  His  mother 
lived  at  Stockholm  in  1641. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      717 


Soldiers,   Servants  and  Free- 
men. 

o 

Akerman,  Hakan  Persson  (or 
simply  Hakan  Persson),  soldier 

(1654). 
Anders    i    Salungen(?),    freeman 

(1654). 
Anders,  the  Finn,  freeman  (1654). 
Andersson,  Anders,  freeman. 
Anders[son],       Benjamin,       free- 

man(?)    (1654)- 
Anders[s]on,  Eric,  soldier  (1654). 
(Erick)  Anders  [s]on's  widow.^" 
Anders[s]on,  Hindrick,  freeman^' 

(1654). 

Anders[s]on  Sta(h)lkof  (f)ta,^-' 
Johan,  gunner. 

Anders [s] on,  Jons,  Smidt  (black- 
smith)   (1654). 

Anders[s]on,  Lars,  the  Finn,  sol- 
dier.'^ 

Anders [s] on,  Mans  (also  Moens 
Andriesen). 

Nils  Anders  [s]on's^*  widow 
(1654). 

Anders [s] on.  Nils,  miiller  (the 
miller). 

Anders[s]on  Husgalen  (House- 
crazy),  Olof  (1654). 


Andriasson,    Mans,    freeman 

(1654). 
Backare(?)     (the    baker),    Isack 

(1654). 
Olof    Bagge's    widow,^'    freeman 

(1654). 

Bankson  ( Bengtsson ) ,  Andrew 
(Andreas),  b.  1640. 

Benckson  (Bengtsson),  Erick,  sol- 
dier  (1654). 

Bengts[s]on,    Israel,    soldier 

(1654). 
Bengts[s]on,    Mathias,    free- 

man(?)^''   (1654). 
Bengts[s]on,  Mats"  (1654). 
Bertils[s]on     Likagod      (just     as 

good),  Olof,  soldier   (1654). 
Bickert    (Bicker),    Gerrit. 
Boijs  (Boyer),  Alexander,  Dutch 

freeman. 
Brun  (Brown),  Thomas,  an  Eng- 
lish freeman. 
Braueversche,   Hustro  Agneta'* 

(1654). 
Burke(?),  Cornelius  (1654?). 
Bus(?),  Lars  (1654?). 
Carson     (Karsson),    Nils,    Junge 

oder  pojke^'  (1654). 
Clasen,  Abbe,  skipper  (1654). 


"Andersson  died  on  the  journey  or  in  New  Sweden  before  June  9,  1654. 

"  III  June  9,  1654. 

=^Later  changed  to  Stalcop    (Cf.  Acrelius    (trans.),  p.   192,  265.).     Stdlkofta 
means  steel-coat  or  jaclcet. 

There  are  two  or  three  with  same  name. 

"Nils  Andersson,  freeman,  died  on  the  Urn  or  before  June  9,  1654. 
Bagge  died  on  the  journey  or  in  the  colony  before  June  9,  1654. 

"  He  lived  at  Kingsessing. 

"Probably  the  same  as  Mathias  Bengt[s]son. 

*  It  is  difficult  to  see  what  the  name  is.     Hustro  Agneta,  Frau  (fru)  Agneta? 
But  Braueversche  may  mean  that  she  brewed  ale  in  the  colony. 

''Boy. 


7i8    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 


Clementsson      (Clemetson),     An- 
ders, soldier  (1654). 
ColHnns(?),    Lars   Andersson 

(1654). 

Dalbo,  Anders  Larsson,  freeman. 

Daniels[s]on,  Gosta  (Josta),  sol- 
dier" (1654). 

Daniels[s]on,  Gustaf   (1654). 

Danielsson,  Johan,  Arklimastare 
(gunner)    (1654). 

Eckhoff,  Jan,  freeman  (1654?). 

Ericksson,  Abraham  (1654). 

Lars  Ericks[s]on's  wide w*^ 

(1654). 
Ericksson,  Olof,  freeman. 
Esbjorsson    Skraddare     (tailor),*^ 

Lars  (1654). 
Esbjornsson, Lars,  soldier*^  (1654). 
Eskelsdotter,  Margareta"  (1654). 
Eskils[s]on(?),   Bertil    (Bartill), 

the  Finn.*^ 
Eskelsson,  Abraham,  soldier 

(1654). 
Eskelsson,  Mats  (1654). 
Esselse(?),    Mathias,    freeman 

(1654). 
Evers,  Peter  (1654). 


Forsman,  Gabriel  Samuels[s]on, 
soldier  (1654). 

Fransson,*^  Olof,  freeman. 

Friland,  Samuel  Pers[s]on,  free- 
man (1654). 

From,*^  Hindrick  Lars[s]on,  sol- 
dier  (1654). 

Grimm,  Otto   (1654). 

Gronberg  (Gronenbergh,  Gryne- 
berg,  Griineburg),  Constanti- 
nus,  freeman. 

Gunnarsson,  Sven,  freeman.'" 

Gustafs[s]on  (Gostasen),  Anies 
(?),  freeman(?)«  (1654). 

G6stas[s]on,  Johan  (Jon),  gun- 
ner^"  (1654?). 

Gustafs[s]on,  Johan  (?). 

The    widow    of    Rolof    de    Haes 

(1654). 
Hakans[s]on,    Nils,    freeman(?) 

(1654). 
Hans [s] on,  Klas,  freeman  (1654). 
Hans[s]on,  Mats." 
Hans [s] on    Friskebonde,    Olof^^ 

(1654)- 
Hermers(?),  Peter  (1654). 


"Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653  for  4  R.A.  a  month.    Josta  or  Gosta. 

"Ericksson,  freeman,  died  in  the  colony  before  June  9,  1654.  His  widow  took 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Swedish  Crown. 

'"  Hired  in  Stockholm  in  1653  for  4  R.D.  a  month. 

"  Probably  same  as  the  foregoing. 

"  Margareta  Elskelsdotter,  Margarete  the  daughter  of  Elskel   (Elskil). 

"  He  lived  at  the  Schuylkill. 

"Doc,  Xn.  107,  has  Olof  Franien.     He  was  ill  on  June  9,  1654. 

"  From  =1  good,  pious. 

"  Lived  at  Kingsessing. 

"Doc,  xn.  107,  has  Gostaffsen  Anies  instead  of  Anies{?)  Gbstaffsen  (Gus- 
taf sson). 

°°  Mss.  has  Giostason,  may  be  the  same  as  Johan  Gustafs[s]on. 

"Probably  same  as  Mats  Hans[s]on,  who  was  hired  in  1641  at  Gothenburg  to 
serve  as  gunner  at  Christina.     Cf.  above. 

"  Fiskebonde,  "  fish-peasant." 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      719 


Hijden      (Hiden?),     Anders 

(1654). 
Hindricks[s]on,   Anders,   freeman 

(1654). 
Hindricks[s]on,  Hindrick,  soldier 

(1654). 
Hindricks[s]on,    Ifvert    (Juert, 

I  vert,  etc.),  freeman.^^ 
Hindricks[s]on,  Johan,  freeman" 

(1654). 
Isgra    ( Icegrey ) ,   Olof ,   soldier 

(1654). 
Jacobs [s] on,   Hindrick,   soldier 

(1654). 
Jacobs[s]on,  Johan,'^'*  freeman(?) 

(1654). 
Jacobs [s] on,  Johan,  sagemiilsmeis- 

ter  (mill-wright)   (1654). 
Jacobs[s]on,  Johan,   freeman 

(1654). 

Jacobs [s] on,  Pader  (Peter),  free- 
man (1654). 

Jans[s]on,   Anders,'^"    freeman(?) 

(1654?). 
Jans [s] on,    Bernt     (Baernt    Jan- 
sen)"   (1654). 


Jans[s]on,  Hans,  the  Finn  (1654). 
Jockum  (Jochim),  Peter,  freeman. 
Johans[s]on,  Girret  (1654). 
Johans[s]on,    Herman     (Harman 

Janz[on]),  freeman   (1654). 
Johans[s]on,    Henrick,    freeman"' 

(1654). 
Johans[s]on,    Hindrick"'"    (1654). 
Johansdotter,""  Karin   (1654). 
Johans[s]on,  Philip  (1654). 
Johansson,  Simon,  soldier  (1654). 
Tomas  (Thomas)  Johans[s]on's^^ 

widow   (1654). 
Jons[s]on,  Anders,  soldier  (1654). 
Jons[s]on,  Bengt, freeman  ( 1654). 
j6ns[s]on,      Joran      (Goran, 

George),  freeman  (1654). 
Jons[s]on,  Hans,  soldier"^  (1654). 
Jons[s]on,  Olof  (1654). 
Jons[s]on,     Paul,     freeman*'^ 

(1654). 
Jorans[s]on,  Nils,  soldier  (1654). 
Justen(?),    Jan,***    freeman(?) 

(1654). 
Klemels[s] on,""  Anders  (1654). 


•'  He  lived  at  the  Schuylkill. 

"He  was  ill  in  June,  1654. 

"May  be  same  as  Johan  Jacobs[s]on  Sagenmuhmeister. 

"'Doc.  XII.  107  has  Andries  Jansen. 

"  May  be  the  same  as  Bengt  Jons[s]on. 

°*This  can  hardly  be  the  same  H.  Johans[s]on  who  escaped  from  Ft.  Tre- 
faldighet,  for  he  joined  Elswick  on  his  own  accord  on  August  31.  Elswick's  Rela- 
tion, see  also  N.  S.,  II.   (R.A.).     He  lived  at  the  Schuylkill. 

'"Escaped  from  Ft.  Trefaldighet  in  1655. 

'"The  daughter  of  Johan   (Jon). 

°' Thomas  Johans[s]on,  freeman,  died  during  journey  on  Orn  or  in  colony 
before  June  9,  1654. 

°^  May  be  same  as  Hans  Jans[s]on  Finne. 

•'Lived  at  the  Schuylkill. 

"Doc.  XII.  107.    Possibly  the  same  as  Johan  Gustafsson(  ?). 

"  Probably  Klementsson. 


720   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 


Kock    (Cock),    Peter    Lars[s]on, 

freeman. 
Lasse    Kock    (Cock,    Cocke),    b. 

1646. 
KoskeU?),  Johan. 
Krum,  Marten  (Martin),  soldier 

(1654). 
Kyn,  Gjorgen  (Gorgen  or  Goran, 

Joran). 
Kypere,**"  Lukas  (1654). 
Larsdotter    (the  daughter  of 

Lars),"  Karin  (1654). 
Larsdotter,*^  Karin  (1654) 
Lars[s]on,    Anders,    freeman"" 

(1654). 
Bartil    Lars[s]on's   widow'" 

(1654). 

Larsson,  Hindrick,  the  Finn,  sol- 
dier (1654). 

Lars  [s] on,  Jons  (1654). 

Lars [s] on,  Lars,  Freiiwerbo- 
ther(?)   (1654). 

Lars[s]on,  Markus  (1654). 

Mats  Lars[s]on's  widow'^  (1654). 

Lars[s]on,    Pafvel     (Pawel) 

(1654). 

Lars [s] on,  Peder  (or  Per),  sol- 
dier (1654). 

Lane,  Simon,  an  Englishman. 


Lom,  Mans,  the  widow  of. 
Lorans  (Lorensen  or  Lorensson), 

Frans'2  (1654). 
Lukas      Kriiger,      Sigesmundus,''* 

(1654). 

Mans [s] on,   Hans.''* 

Mansson  Klockare  (parish- 
clerk),'^  Lars   (1654). 

Mans [s] on,  Peder  (Peter),  free- 
man (1654). 

Matzdochter,  Carin  (Karin  Mats- 
dotter)   (1654). 

Mats[s]on  Kjaring  (Woman), 
Anders  (1654). 

Mats [s] on,  Hindrick,  the  Finn, 
freeman  (1654). 

Mats[s]on,  Hindrick,  freeman. 

Mats[s]on  Skrika,  Johan,  soldier 

(1654). 
Mats  [s]  on,     Martin      (Martin), 

freeman  (1654). 
Matsson,  Mats  (Matz  Matzon), 

the  blacksmith  (1654). 
Mats[s]on,    Mathias    (Mats)'* 

(1654). 
Mats  [s]  on. 

Marten) 
Mats  [s]  on. 


Morten    (Martin, 

(1654).  ^ 

Nils,    sagkvarnsmas- 
tare,"  from  Torshalla   (1654). 


™  Kypare  =  barman. 

"  The  small  maid-servant  of  the  company. 

"  The  large  maid-servant  of  the  company. 

"Ill  June  9,  1654. 

"Bartil  Lars[s]on,  freeman,  died  on  voyage  or  before  June  9,  1654.     Oath. 

"  M.  Larsson,  freeman,  died  on  voyage  or  in  colony  before  June  9,  1654. 

"Probably  a  Dutchman. 

"  "  Cordewanbereiter,"  Preparer  of  Cordowan  leather. 

"  Lived  at  Kingsessing. 

"  Klockare,  a  sacristan,  a  parish-clerk,  one  who  leads  or  aids  in  singing. 

"  Lived  at  the  Schuylkill,  probably  on  Province  Island. 

"  Millwright  from  Torshalla,  Sodermanland,  Sweden. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      721 


Mickelsson,  Clement(?),  freeman      Nils[s]on,    Torgel     (Torkil?) 

(1654)-  (1654). 

Mickels[s]on  Fischer,  David      Olof  in  Slobijen  (1654). 


Olofs[s]on,    Bjorn,    freeman 

(1654). 

01ofs[s]on,  Johan  (1654). 

Olofs[s]on  (Oloi?son),  Lars,  sol- 
dier  (1654). 

Olofs[s]on,  Mats,  soldierJ^ 

01ofs[s]on,  Mathias  (1654). 

Olofs[s]on  Raf,  Nils  (Nilsz 
RaafI)    (1654). 

PafveIs[s]on  (Pawelson),  Mans 
(1654). 


(1654). 
MickeIs[s]on,    Erick,   soldier 

(1654). 
MickeIs[s]on,  Jacob  (1654). 
Mickels[s]on,    Lambert,    freeman 

(1654). 
Mjolnare    (the   miller).   Nils 

(1654). 
Morris,     William,      freeman(?), 

probably  an  Englishman. 
Mort,      Peter,      Proviant-screiber 

Martinson    (Martensson)     Glas-  P^fveIs[s]on  Peder  (Peter,  Per), 

are     (glasbiten,     the     piece     of  '°''^'"  (1654)- 

glass),  Martin  (Morten),  free-  Pers[s]on,  Jon  (1654)- 

P^3P_  Pers[s]on,  Johan, soldier^"  ( 1654). 

Mortens[s]on   Vasa,    Knut,    free-  Pers[s]on  i  Bogen   (at  the  Bog), 

man.  Samuel  (1654). 

Mortens [s] on,    Morten    (Martin  Peters [s] on     (Persson),    Lucas, 

Martinsson),   freeman    (1654).  freeman(?). 

Nils  Snickare   (carpenter   (1654).  Peters[s]on,"     Samuel,     freeman 

Nils[s]on    Jute    (Dane?),  (1654). 

B6rge(?)   (1654).  Preutz  (Pryss  also  Prentz),  Hans, 

N  .  .  .  ,  David,  soldier."  Stenhuggare  (stone  cutter),  sol- 

NiIs[s]on    Skraddare    (tailor),  dier'^  (1654). 

John  (Jon,  Joen,  Johan),  free-  Quist,  Pafvel  Nils[s]on,  soldier'^ 

man.  (1654). 

Nils [s] on,    Peder    (Per),    soldier  Rambo,  Peter^*  (Per)  Gunnarson. 

(1654).  Rase(?),  Olof,  soldier  (1654), 


"Came  here  on  the  Haj  in  1654. 

"Probably  same  as  Mathias  01ofs[s]on.    Lived  at  the  Schuylkill. 

"Probably  same  as  Jon  Pers[s]on. 

"  Pieterson. 

"  Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1654. 

"Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653. 

"Lived  at  Kingsessing. 


47 


722   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 


Rosenmann(?),  Marten  (Martin) 

(1654). 
Rudenius,    Lars    Jons  [s]  on,    sol- 

dier^°  (1654). 
Samuel  i  (at)  Frijandan  (1654). 
Schaggen,  Johan  (1654). 
Schal    (Skall),   Peter,   the  tanner 

(1654). 

Skate  i  (at  the)  Slobyen(?),  free- 
man (1654). 

Schoffel,  Jan  (Johan  Skofvel), 
freeman  (1654). 

Skog,  Jonas,  soldier  (1654). 

Skog,  Jan  Mans  [s] on   (1654). 

Scott,  Richard  (an  Englishman?). 

Skute,  Johan  (John),  son  of  Capt. 
Skute,  b.  Sept.  4,  1654. 

Smed    (the  blacksmith),  Nicholas 

(1654)- 
Sprint  (Sprinck),  Jacob. 
Stake,  Mans  Persson  (1654). 
Stille,  Axel,  freeman. 
Stille,  Olof,  freeman. 
Swartz  (Black),  Antoni  (Anthony 

the  negro ) ,  the  slave.*" 


Swartz  (Black),  Lars''  (1654). 
Swens[s]on,    Anders,    sailor 

(1654). 
Thomasson,  Klas  (Claes  Tommas- 

sen),  freeman  (1654). 
Thomasdochter       (Thomasdotter, 

daughter  of  Thomas),  Elin,  the 

company's  maid-servant  (1654). 
Thomas [s] on    (Thomson),    Lars, 

freeman. 
Thomas  [s]  on  Thomas,  freeman. 
Thorsson,  Anton  (Anthony  Thor- 

son)  (1654). 
Thorsson,  Olof. 
Thors[s]on  Svardfejare,^'  Sander 

(Alexander)    (1654). 
Utter,   Nils   Mats[s]on,   soldier^' 

(1654). 
Hans[s]on   Wendel,    Peder 

(Peter),  ensign  (1654). 
Zakariasson      (Zachariezon     and 

Zacharieszon),    Anders,    soldier 

(1654). 


''Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653. 

"He  made  several  purchases  from  the  company  in  1654.  He  may  have  been  a 
freeman  at  this  time. 

''He  may  have  been  a  negro  or  called  Black  (Svart)  on  account  of  his 
complexion. 

"Hired  in  1653.     Sword-cutler,  bladesmith,  furbisher. 

"  Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      723 

soldiers  and  colonists  hired  to  go  to  new  sweden,  whose 
presence  there  has  not  been  determined." 

For  other  sailors  on  the  Haj,  besides  those  given  below,  see  above  Chap. 

XXXIX.,  note  44. 

Andersson    Snickare     (cabinet-  dier.'"^ 

maker),  Nils,*'  soldier.  Norman  Ostens[s]on,  Nils,  sol- 
Eric[k]s[s]on,  Bengt,  upper  boat-  dier."^ 

swain. °^  01ofs[s]on,   Sigfrid,  boatswain.^"* 

Ericks[s]on,  Eric,  from  Orebro.®^  Olofsson    Skinnare    (skinner), 
Erics[s]on,  Johan,  boatswain.**  Nils.^"^ 

Hakans[s]on  Brodd,  Sven.°^  Olofsson,  Johan,  common  sailor.^"* 

Hansson,  Anders,  gunner.*'  Petersson,    Johan,    from    Stock- 
Johansson,  Gustaf.*'  holm.^°' 

Johans[s]on,  Jacob,  boatswain.*'  Stegsson,  Hans. 

j6rans[s]on,  Eric,  boatswain.*"  Swens[s]on,  Anders,  boatswain.'"' 

Jostsen,  Berent,  "  sailmaker."'**  Stake,  Lars  Ericks[s]on,  sol- 
Stijrman,    Matheus,    the   ship-car-  dier(  ?).'"* 

penter.'"'  Torkels[s]on,  Olof,  boatswain.^'* 
Mat  [s] on    Menlos,    Mickel,    sol- 

"  Most  of  these  were  on  the  Haj  and  stayed  in  New  Holland.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  many  of  them  went  to  New  Sweden  after  1655. 

"  Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653  for  4  R.D.  a  month. 

""On  the  Haj,  1654.    Stayed  in  New  Amsterdam. 

"  Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653,  for  4  R.D.  a  month;  he  probably  left  on  the  Haj. 

"On  the  Haj,  1654. 

°^  Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653  to  serve  in  New  Sweden  for  a  wage  of  4  R.D. 
a  month.    He  probably  went  on  the  Haj  and  stayed  in  New  Amsterdam. 

'"On  the  Orn,  1654.  Probably  same  as  Anders  Hansson  who  was  paid  15:18  D, 
in  1641  by  the  Admiralty.     He  perhaps  died  on  the  journey. 

"  Hired   at  Stockholm  in   1653. 

"On  the  Haj,  1654,  remained  in  New  Amsterdam. 

"On  the  Haj,  1654,  remained  in  New  Amsterdam. 

'"  On  the  Haj  in  1654. 

'"'On  the  Haj  1654,  stayed  in  New  Amsterdam. 

"'Hired  in  Stockholm  in  1653. 

"'Hired  in  Stockholm  in  1653. 

'"On  the  Haj,  1654. 

'"Hired  at  Stockholm  in  1653  for  4  R.D.  a  month. 

'""On  the  Haj,  1654. 

'"Hired  in  Stockholm  in  1653  for  4  R.D.  a  month. 

""On  the  Haj,  1654. 

""Hired  in  Stockholm  in  1653. 

""On  the  Haj,  1654. 


724   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

VL    A  list  of  some  OF  THE  OFFICERS  AND  SOLDIERS,  WHO  RE- 
TURNED TO  EUROPE  WITH  DIRECTOR  RISING  IN  1655.'" 

Roll  List  of  the  officers  and  soldiers,  who  return  to  the  fatherland,  and 
undoubtedly  are  to  receive  each  a  month's  wage  from  Peter  Trotzig  in 
Amsterdam,  according  to  this  inventory : 

R.D. 

Lieutenant  Sven  Hook 16 

Engineer  Peter  Lindhestrom 12 

Ensign  Petter  Wendhell   (Vendel) 12 

Rev.  Matthias  Nertunius 10 

Rev.   Petrus    (Peter)    Hiort 6 

Armorer  Andhers  Kiampe    6 

Corporal  Andhers  Olufsson 5 

The  commissary  of  stores  Petter  Mort 8 

Drummer  Swen  Andhersson   6 

Grefrijderen  (freeman)   Biorn  Olufsson   5 

The  tailor,   Lars  Essbiornsson    4 

The  soldier  Marten  Crum  (Krum) 4 

The  soldier  Hans  Preutz  (also  Pryss) 4 

The  soldier  Lars  lonsson   4 

The  soldier (  ?)   Carl  Julius   4 

The  soldier  Andhers  Kiampe 4 

The  soldier  Hakan  Akerman   4 

The  soldier  Hans  likorn  (also  Ekor,  squirrel) 4 

The  soldier  Pafwel  Quist  (Kvist) 4 

The  soldier  Erich  Bengtsson 4 

Total    20  158"=' 

Vn.    ROLL  LIST  OF  THE  COLONISTS,  ABOUT  TO  GO  TO  NEW  SWE- 
DEN, WHO  HAVE  BEEN  EXAMINED  AND  WRITTEN  DOWN 
TO  THE  SEVENTEENTH  OF  OCTOBER,  1655: 

From  Frijsdalen:'^'^^ 

Johan  Grels[s]on  with  wife  and  three  children 5 

Martin  Pafvelsson  with  wife  only 2 

Nils  Nilsson    (also  Niels  Nielsson)   with  wife  and  four 

children    6 

""The  list  contains  all  but  17  names  of  the  people  who  returned  to  Sweden. 
*"  Original  list  signed  by  Rising,  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.),  a  draft  (varies,  the  amount 
given  is  148:15  R.D.)  in  Soderk.  1637-59  (R.A.). 

""Probably  Fryksdal  in  Karlstads  stift,  Varmland,  Sweden. 


Lists  of  Officers,  Soldiers,  Servants,  etc.      725 

Anders  Larsson  with  wife  and  five  children 7 

Mats  Matsson   (also  Matz  Matzon)   with  wife  and  one 

child   3 

Olof  Olofsson  (also  Oluf  Olufsson),  a  servant i 

Gertrud  (Gertrudh)   a  [maid]  servant i 

Joen  StafIes[s]on(  ?),  the  blacksmith    i 

Karin  Andersdotter    (Karin  the  daughter  of  Anders),  a 

widow  with  one  child 2 

Marcus  Sigfriedhsson,  a  servant i 

Joran  Joransson,  a  servant I 

Nils  Simonsson  with  wife  and  three  children 5 

Joran  Sigfridsson  with  wife 2 

Hindrick  Jacobsson  with  four  almost  grown  sons 5 

Grels  Grelsson  (also  Greels  Greelsson),  a  servant i 

Eric  Matsson  (Erich  Matzon),  a  servant i 

Lars  Larsson,  a  servant   i 

Olof  Clemetsson,  a  servant   i 

Jonss  Hindricksson,  a  servant I 

[EJlissabeth    Esekelsdotter     (daughter    of    Esekiel?),    a 

servant   l 

Olof  Olofsson  (Oluf  Olufsson),  a  servant i 

From  Lijtestegen  :"* 

Thomas  (also  Thomes)  Jacobsson  with  wife,  maid-servant 

and  three  children    6 

Pafvell  Persson  with  wife,  maid-servant  and  three  children.  6 

Olof  (Oluf)  Philips [s] on  with  wife  and  five  children.  ...  7 

Pavel  (Pafvel?)  Nils[s]on  with  wife  and  two  children. .  4 

Olof  Nils[s]on  (also  Oluf  Nilsen),  with  wife  only 2 

Lars  Bengtsson  with  wife,  man-servant  and  four  children .  .  7 

Jons  Jons [s] on  with  wife  and  six  children 8 

Carol  (Carl)  Jons [s] on  with  wife,  maid-servant  and  three 

children   6 

Eric  Martensson  (also  Erick  Martenson),  with  wife  and 

two  children   4 

Johan  Simonsson  (Simonsen)  with  wife  and  three  children.  5 

"'  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XLIX. 

"'Brunskog,  north  of  lake  Varmelen  in  Varraland,  Sweden. 


726   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

From  Brunskogh  Siocke'\n :^^^ 

Anders    Jacobsson    with    wife,    maid-servant    and    three 

children   6 

Total .Tio"« 


NAMES  OMITTED  IN  LIST  V.  ABOVE  (p.  716  ff.): 

Botsman,  Anders.  Matsson,  Anders. 

Ekor,  Anders.  Persson,  Hakan. 

Larsson,  Alexander   (Sander).  Persson,  Mans. 

Larsson,  Olof.  Ref  (Raf),  Nils. 

Mansson,  Jon  (Johan).  Sakrisson,  Anders. 

The  above  were  all  soldiers  except  Botsman  and  they  were  paid 
various  sums  by  Rising.     Rising's  Process  (R.A.). 

"'The  list  was  made  by  Admiral  Anckarhjelm  on  October  17,  1655,  and  sent 
with  a  letter  of  the  same  date  to  Kramer.  It  is  now  preserved  in  N.  S.,  I.  (R.A.). 
In  all  probability  all  of  these  no  colonists  remained  here. 


APPENDIX    C. 

Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents. 


Instruction, 

Hwarefter  Generale  Commercie  Collegium  will  opa  Sodre  Compag- 
nietz  wagnar,  att  Commissarien  uthi  bemte.  Gen.  Comm.  Collegio, 
Edle  och  Walb.  Johan  Rissing,  uthi  Nya  Swerige  och  annorstades  i 
America  a  bemte.  Compagnietz  tianst,  sassom  een  Assistentz  Radh  sigh 
skall  hafva  att  forhalla. 

I. 

Skall  han  efter  alia  formago  dar  han  trachta,  att  han  uthi  denne 
tianst  Hens.  Kongl.  Maijttz.  war  allernadigste  drottningh  sampt  Fader- 
neslandzens  ahro  och  Reputation  dar  soker  at  uthwidga  och  stabiliera, 
och  till  den  anda  medh  flijt  effterfollier  alt  dett,  som  kan  tiana  till 
Kongl.  Maijttz.  Intention  medh  Sodre  Compagniet  dar  i  warket  att  stalla, 
all  hinder  och  skada  efter  sitt  basta  weth  och  macht  att  afwaria  eller  i 
tidh  tillkanna  gifwa ;  hwar  till  Gouverneuren  medh  alle  dhem,  som  dar  pa 
Kongl.  Maijttz.  och  Compagnietz  wagnar  bora  giora  och  latha,  till- 
warkia  och  handen  rackia  skola. 

2. 

Skall  han  iampte  Gouverneuren  omvardnat  draga,  att  een  flitigh 
Gudztianst  dar  hallas  matte,  och  at  alia  sigh  under  den  Augustaniske 
bekennelssen  undergifwa,  och  at  alia  fafiinga  disputer  till  Sinnes  for- 
hittzningar  fortagas  och  afwarias,  Sa  at  alt  till  Eenigheet  i  dett  stycket 
och  Gudz  nampne  till  ahro  sckickas  och  stallas  matte. 

3- 
I  synnerheet  schal  hans  bestallningh  wara,  att  han  medh  Gouver- 
neurens  Radh  skall  tillsee,  at  landet  mate  uthi  godt  schick  stallas,  Sa 
wall  medh  Politike  Regiringen  och  Justitie  wasendet,  Sassom  och  medh 
Commercierne  och  till  coloniens  ratta  innrattningh  och  formehringh 
goda  Ordinancier  forfatta  och  att  dhe  sampteligen  draga  omsorgh  att 

727 


728   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

uthi  godh  defension  emoth  alia  fienttliga  anfall,  matte  pa  alia  gorlige  satt 
stalt  och  schickatt  warda. 

4. 
Skall  han  iampte  Gouverneuren  medh  dhe  om  Hggande  Engell-och 
HoIIendske  Colonier  sassom  och  medh  dhe  wilde  Americaner  sokia  all 
tillborlig  wanskap  att  halla,  och  hwar  Kongl.  Maij  :tt  och  Compagnietz 
Interest  i  nagon  matto  nagot  fornahr  befinnes  att  skee,  ta  gripa  till  dhe 
medell,  som  dar  till  efter  lagenheterna  beqwamligast  kunna  befinnas,  doch 
icke  latteligen  till  nagon  af  dhem  omliggiende  uthbrista,  uthan  sa  wida 
som  Coloniens  nodige  forswar  fordra  kan,  in  till  dess  att  frambdeles  af 
Compagniet  derom  ordres  forfattes  kunna. 

5. 
Alle  dhe  Personer,  af  dhe  omliggiande  Nationer,  som  till  landzens 
bruuck,  Faatackt,  Fiskerijer  eller  annat  nyttigt  tianliga  finnes  kunna, 
skall  han  med  Gouverneurens  godtfinnande  sokia  under  Colonien  att 
draga;  Man  afwaria  och  borttskynda  dhem  som  nagon  schada  eller 
intrangh  skulle  tyckias  tillskynda  och  medh  sigh  bringa;  Uthi  hwilket 
alt  han  een  serdeles  forsichtigheet  anwanda  och  bruka  skall  uthi  synnerheet 
nu  medh  Gouverneuren  ofver  och  anlaggia,  huruledes  man  kunde  medh 
det  forsta  dhe  HoUendske,  som  sigh  icke  lange  sedan  hafwar  oppa  landet 
dar  een  Skantz  Upkastatt  och  dar  indhsatt,  uthur  och  ifran  dhen  ortten 
qwitt  warda,  doch  medh  all  gorligh  forsichtigheett. 

6. 

Dherhooss  schall  han  brede  widh  Gouverneuren  nooga  tillsee,  att 
landetz  Grantzer  forwidgade  warda  matte,  och  sielfwa  landet  ath  Colo- 
nierne  tillborligen  uthdeelas,  sa  att  hwar  och  een  sa  mycket  jordh 
bekommer,  som  han  markias  kan  wal  hafda  kunna,  till  dess  ordres  af 
Compagniet  derom  giorde  warda;  lamwal  och  att  hwar  sitt  landh  pa  till- 
borligett  satt  och  medh  flijtt  brukar  och  bebygger,  och  till  dhen  anda  i 
hwar  district  wysse  uppsichtesman  stalla,  hwilka  darom  beskeed  inlef- 
werera  skola. 

7- 

Skall  och  det  sa  lagas,  att  alt  det,  som  Colonierne  af  landetz  Cultur 
och  bruck  ofwer  deras  egit  hwshaldz  behof  winna  och  forofwa  kunna, 
maga  pa  wissa  ortter  for  billigheet  foryttra  kunna,  och  altssa  sigh  nagon 
fordeel  daraf  foskaffa,  hwarigenom  dhe  deste  mehra  till  flytt  upwackias 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     729 

matte,  sa  att  dhe  och  frambdeles  kunna  nagot  hafwa  till  Landzens 
styrckio  och  forswar  att  gifwa  och  wederwaga;  Hwarast  alt  sadant  sa 
forhandlas  och  stallas  skall,  att  icke  fremmande  uthan  Compagniet  och 
Colonien  diiraf  matte  nytto  och  fordeel  hafva,  eller  athminstonne  ingen 
skadha. 

8. 
Fordenskulldh  skall   Commissarien  bredewidh  Gouverneuren  uthsee 
beqwanliga   ortter,   hwarast    bijar   och   landflackier,   sa   wall    som    och 
Stader  och  handels  platzer  anlaggias  och  inrattas  kunna. 

9- 
Efter  att  Lagh  och  Ratt  itt  af  dhe  fornambste  Stycken  iblandh  alia 
Folck  till  roligheet  och  wal  Lefnadh  halles  och  achtas;  Ty  skall  han 
tillijka  medh  Gouverneuren  darom  draga  forsorgh,  att  dhiir  stalla  dhe 
Personer,  som  efter  Sweriges  Lagh  och  lofliga  sedwana  wetha  att  domma, 
pa  dett  att  Riitt  och  rattfardighcet  i  Landet  sin  gangh  hafva  matte. 

10. 
Han  schall  ocksa  Jampte  Gouverneuren  medh  flytt  tillsee,  huruledes 
Fiskerierne  sa  wall  i  Revieren  och  des  kylar,  som  uthe  i  Sioen  effter  andre 
Nationers  satt  och  bruck  i  werkett  stallas  kunne,  alt  till  Landzens  och 
Compagnietz  gagn  och  fordeel. 

II. 
Deslykest  schall  der  och  eftersokias,  om  dar  i  Landet  nager  Minera- 
lier  opfinnas  kunna,  Iblandh  hwilka  Jam  och  koppar  till  Landzens  eller 
Coloniens  nodtorfft  allenest  brukas  skola,  och  alldeles  inthet  uthforas 
maga;  Men  wal  Guldh  och  Solwer,  hwar  Gudh  lyckan  gofwo,  att  dhe 
Upstackias  matte. 

12. 

Bredewidh  att  pa  akerbrwket  och  Landzens  Uproyande,  hwar  uthaf 
Sadh,  Ortter,  Rotter,  Hampa,  Lyn,  Fruchter  sampt  pa  allehanda  Faii- 
tacht,  daraf  Kostwahrurne  dar  tillwarkias  matte,  skall  godh  insicht 
hafvas;  Sa  schall  dar  och  Tabaksplantagen  medh  all  flytt  fortsattias, 
Jamwal  och  tillsees,  om  dar  icke  Ingifahr,  Suckerrohr  och  annat  sadant 
nyttigt  kunde  sta  till  att  planta;  Om  hwilket  alt  och  sadant  mehra  han, 
Commissarien,  brede  widh  Gouverneuren  een  flytigh  forsorg  draga  skall. 

13. 

Efter  att  i  Landet  wilde  wynrancker  af  atskillige  slagh  finnes,  ty  skall 
Commissarien  efter  moyeligheeten  sa  laga,  att  dhe  dar  matte  Cultiveras 


730   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

till  Landzens  gagn  och  basta  och  dartill  een  snell  wynarbetare  af  nagon 
ortt  sigh  forsee,  sa  och  wynstockar  uhr  ander  ortter  tytt  frambdeles  for- 
skrifwa  och  forskaffa. 

14. 
Efter  att  och  ingen  ringa  nytta  af  barande  traan  och  dheras  fruchter 
undfangas  plagar;  Ty  skall  han  sin  flytt  och  therom  gora  och  folcket 
dartill  halla,  att  dhe  sadanne  fruchtbarande  Traan,  som  landet  efter  des 
ortt  draga  kan,  medh  flijtt  plantera  och  underhalla. 

15. 
Dhesforuthan  schall  han  pa  alle  noble  skogar,  som  dar  ahro  i  Landet 
een  nooga  Upsicht  taga  latha,  sa  att  dhe  icke  onodigt  uthhuggas  matte, 
uthan  sparsambligen  till  nytto  och  i  rattan  tydh  matte;  Jamwal  och 
Trawerket  i  ratt  proportion  tillagas  eftersom  dedh  till  eett  eller  annat  pa 
sine  ortter  sigh  kan  schickas  och  begaras. 

16. 

Sedan  hwadh  nytta  man  sigh  dar  i  landet  af  Jacht  pa  Wildh  diur  och 
Foglefangie  gora  kan,  Skall  han  och  sa  desslykest  medh  flyt  tillsee  och 
efter  som  sigh  bast  giora  lather  gode  Ordres  darofwer  stalla.  Thesslykest 
och  tillsee,  om  Climaten  medhgifwa  kan,  och  dar  Silkels  matkar  sattias 
kunde,  efter  dar  nogh  Muhlbars  Traan  waxa,  hwaruthaf  sedan  Silke 
till  stoor  fordeel  framdeles  matte  bekommas. 

17- 
Emadan  som  Uthaf  Commercierne  (genom  Gudz  wallsignelsse)  for- 
wanttas  dhen  fornambste  fordeel,  som  Kongl.  Maij  :tt  och  Compagniet 
emot  the  anwande  stora  kastningar  af  denne  Colonie,  skall  hafva  att 
niuta;  Ty  gifvas  har  medh  mehrbem:te  Commissarien  fullmacht,  dett 
Stycket  uthi  sin  Upsicht  och  Direction  at  taga,  medh  alt  dett  der  widh 
och  der  uthaf  dependerar  och  medh  hogsta  flytt  darhan  medh  Gouver- 
neurens  tillhielp  trachta,  att  han  heela  Suid-Rivierens  handell  uthur  de 
fremmandes  och  uthi  ware  Swenskes  bander  kan  bringa  och  stalla. 

18. 
Fordenschuldh  schall  han  widh  sitt  affreesande  tillsee  att  han  Man  af 
godhe  Capital  uthi  wagen,  serdeles  uthi  Goteborgh,  der  han  kan  dispo- 
nera  att  dhe  tillkommande  Wahr  och  Sommar  tytt  till  Nya  Swerige  for 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    731 

sanda  Skepp  till  att  trafiquera,  halst  efter  han  dhem  lean  forsakra.  Hen  :s. 
Kongl.  May:ttz:  nadigste  wilia  wara,  att  alle  dhe  Swanske  Undersa- 
thare,  sum  nu  wele  medh  egne  Skeep  dar  i  Suid  Riveren  handel  drifwa, 
skola  dett  fritt  sa  wall  medh  dhe  wilde  som  medh  dhe  angrantzande 
Christne,  Jamvviill  och  medh  sielfwe  Compagniet  obehindrade  giora 
maga,  och  icke  mehra  an  2  pro  cento  dar  i  Recognition  till  compagniet 
gifwa  efter  den  Taxa,  sum  pa  godzet  diir  stalles  kan,  och  sedan  ta  the 
sadanne  wahrur,  som  dhe  i  Suid  Riviren  dar  uphandlat  hafvva,  och  medh 
Swenske  Skep  i  nagon  Swansk  hampn  inbringandes  warda,  skola  dhe 
dhem  dar  Tullfryt  uthlasta  och  foryttra  maga,  allenast  dhe  een  Certifi- 
cation ifran  Gouverneuren  och  Commissarien  darpa  wysa,  att  samma 
wahrur  dar  i  Suid  Riviren  och  icke  annorstades  uphandlade  ahro.  Thes- 
foruthan  dhem  dar  till  mehra  att  animera,  skall  han  hwar  och  een  for- 
sahra  maga,  att  dhem  skall  frijtt  wara,  dar  i  Landet  Colonierer  att 
indsattia,  Landhet  dJirmedh  Tabakz  plantager  och  annat  sigh  till  nytto 
att  bruka  och  ewerdeligen  emot  billigh  recognition  behalla  pa  dhe  ortter, 
dar  Compagniet  icke  till  seerschiltz  egendomb  dhet  intagit  hafwer  for 
sigh  att  bruka. 

19. 
Fordenskuldh  skall  han,  nar  Gudh  will  han  medh  detta  folcket  lyckeli- 
gen  i  Landet  ankommer,  medh  Gouverneuren  uthsee  for  Compagnietz 
serskillte  egendomb  ett  Stycke  walbelagit  gott  Landh,  Huilket  med 
Colonierer  skall  besattias  och  saledes  bestallas,  att  dhe  wahrur,  som  af 
dett  Landzens  Cultur  falla,  och  ofwer  des  torff  tillwarkas  kunna,  matte 
sa  wall  pa  dhe  omliggiande  Custer  och  Oyer,  sasom  och  ath  Africa  och 
Europa  forsandes  och  foryttras;  Nembl.  Sadh,  Ohl,  Brodh  och  Bran- 
nevvyn  ath  dhe  Spanske  och  Caribeske  Oyerne,  Jamwall  ath  Fiskeryerne 
widh  Terra  Neufor^  och  Rio  Grande  de  Canada  och  annorstades, 
Trawerckie  och  Wynfaat  ath  Canarierne,  Portugall,  Algerbo,  Spanien 
och  Franckerijke;  Till  hwilke  foresagde  ortter  han  skall  maga  forreesa 
till  att  trafiqvera,  nodigt  folck  till  Coloniens  formehringh  att  forskaffa, 
och  elliest  beqwemligheterne  af  ortterne  vthsee,  alt  till  Compangnietz 
och  Coloniens  nytto,  nar  lagenheeterne  dedh  medhgifwa  kunna. 

20. 
Skall  han  sin  flytt  giora,  att  alt  hwadh  som  af  dhe  raa  Wahrarne, 
som  dar  falla  uthi  Manufacturer,  nu  effter  handen  skall  kunna  dar 

'  Terra  Nova  =  Newfoundland. 


732   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

tillreedas  och  upwarkias,  Till  Exempel  Braden  och  allahanda  Trakarell, 
hwilke  warda  dyrtt  for  slide  mangestades  i  America  och  pa  Carybis 
Oyerne,  Samskede  Skinn  och  hudar,  Cordwan,  Larefft,  Toghwerk, 
Tiaru  och  annatt,  matte  medh  flytt  tillwarkas  och  bearbetas. 

21. 

Alle  dhe  wahrur,  som  particuliere  Colonierer,  ehwilke  dhe  och  wara 
mage,  dar  i  Landet  tillwarkat  hafwa  och  dhem  willia  uth  till  handels 
forsanda,  skola  dett  frijtt  giora  maga,  allinast  dhe  derfore  een  Recogni- 
tion till  2  pro  C"  uthi  Uthgaende  gifwa. 

22. 

Sedan  skall  han,  Commissarien,  i  synnerheet  brede  widh  Gouverneuren 
hafwa  Fullmacht  att  emottaga  och  i  forwahringh  stalla  dhen  Cargasoen, 
peningar  och  Medell,  som  uhr  Faderneslandet  tijtt  till  Nya  Swerige  af 
Compagniet  forsanda  warda,  dhem  sammaledes  och  quittera  och  sedan 
eflter  dhe  medhgifne  Ordres  dhen  Cargasoen  ath  dhe  Wildhe  eller 
andra  omliggiande  folck  till  Compagnietz  fordeel  igenom  een  Com- 
pagnietz  dar  till  bestallte  Factor  foryttra  och  nooga  Rachningar  diir 
ofwer  halla  latha,  och  dhem  efter  richtigheetz  befinnande  tillijka  medh 
Gouverneuren  underteckna.  Sammaledes  skall  dett  och  skee  medh  dhe 
wahrur,  som  dar  ifran  till  Fadernes  Landet  till  retour  forsandas  af 
hwilka  bagge  sydor  Rachningh  itt  Exemplar  dar  i  Landet  till  Acterne 
fohras  och  forwahras  skall,  och  itt  hijtt  ofwersandas. 

23- 

Iblandh  dhe  fornambste  Styckier,  som  han  uthi  denna  sin  bestallningh 
hafwer  till  att  achta,  skall  detta  wahra,  att  han  tillijka  medh  Gouver- 
neuren skall  sokia  alia  dhe  wagar,  hwar  medh  han  dar  medell  kan  up- 
bringa  till  att  belohna  dhe  betiantte  och  understodia  andre  beswar,  dari- 
genom  ta  Compag'.  nagon  lindringh  och  forkoflringh  for  store  Expenser, 
hwar  icke  nagon  winst,  athniuta  kunde.  Thett  wari  sigh  ta  igenom  een 
ratt  bestallningh  och  direction  i  handelen  eller  af  Landzens  Cultur  och 
des  Inkombster  eller  af  Fiskerijerne  eller  af  Manufacturer  eller  af 
publike  Krogar  eller  af  sma  Accijser  opa  fortahringen  eller  af  hwadh 
maneerligit  och  lampeligit  salt  dett  hiilst  wara  kan  daraf  folcket  dhe  sigh 
minst  markia  kunna  att  beswarade  warda. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     733 

24. 

Thesse  och  andre  fleere  nodige  Stychior,  som  till  Landzens  forswar, 
Upkompst  och  forkoffringh  Jamwall  och  Commerciernes  fortsattiande 
landa  kunna,  Skall  mehrbem'^.  Commissarien  tillijka  medh  Gouverneu- 
ren  dar  efter  sitt  basta  forstandh  och  macht  sassom  een  Ehrligh  Patriot 
bor,  i  nooga  acht  taga  och  i  werket  stalla,  sa  att  alt  till  Compagnietz 
forded,  Landzens  ahro  och  wallstandh,  matte  medh  Troo,  Forsichtig- 
heett  och  flijtt  dirigerat  warda.  Hwarfore  han  af  Kongl.  Maij  :tt  medh 
all  Nade  till  befordringh  skall  ansedd  och  af  Compagniet  pa  alia  gorliga 
satt  belohnt  warda.    Actum,  Ubsala,  d.  15  Decemb.,  A.  1653. 

Pa  dragande  Kails  och  Embetes  wagnar, 

Christer  Bonde. 

Erich  Oxenstierna  Axellsson. 

Martin  Augustini  Sohn  Leyonskoldh. 

II. 

Bestallningsbrejf-  for  Capitenen  Swan  Skuthe  uthi  Nya  Swerige. 

Dett  Kongl.  Generale  Commercie  Collegium  Gior  harmedh  wetter- 
liglt  att  hafwa  antagit  Breffwyssere  Ehrligh  och  Manhafftigh  Swan 
Skuthe  oppa  Sodre  Compagnietz  wagnar  for  een  Capitain  ofwer  dett 
Landh-  och  Wiirfningz-folck,  som  till  Coloniens  forstarckningh  a  Nya 
Swerige  nu  medh  Cronones  Skepp  Ornen  (dar  till  Gudh  lyckan  for- 
lahna)  arnas  at  ofwersandas.  Och  sassom  hans  plickt  daruthinnan 
fornambligast  skall  besta,  att  han  denna  sin  tianst  uthi  alle  dhe  Styckier, 
som  een  Capitain  agnar  och  bor,  fliteligen  och  troligen  forestar  Hen  :s 
Kongl :  Maij  :ttz  tianst  och  Sodre  Compagnietz  gagn  och  basta,  i  alia 
matte  soker  att  framnia  och  befordra,  skadha  och  forhinder  i  tijdh  till- 
kanna  gifwa  och  afwaria.  Alltssa  skall  han  efter  sin  ankompst  till  Nya 
Swerige  (dar  Gudh  lyckan  tillgifwe)  medh  flijt  och  troheet  sigh  diirom 
winlaggia,  att  han  alt,  hwadh  som  af  hans  Embetes  plicht  fordras,  i 
werket  staller,  och  dar  uthinnen  Gouverneurens  ordres  sa  i  dett  eena  som 
i  dett  andra  tillborligen  folgier  och  effterlefwer.  Hwarfore  skall  han 
deremot  hafwa  Ahrligen  att  niuta  dhen  lohn,  som  honom  for  Capitains 
platz  uthi  dhen  giorde  Staten  af  bem'^.  Compagniet  pafordh  ar,  iamwall 
och  frambdeles  af  Kongl.  Maij  :tt  een  Nadigh  wedergallningh  och  avance- 
ment  formedelst  Compagnietz  Promotion  till  een  hogre  Charge  otuif- 
wellachtigt  formoda.    Wy  wele  fordenskulldh  att  Gouverneuren  sampt 

"  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1654. 


734   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

andre  Compagnietz  betiantte  daruthe  wille  honom  Swan  Skuthe  for  een 
Capitain  erkanna  och  uthi  denne  tillfortrodde  Charge  tillborligen  main- 
tenera,  och  sassom  hans  godha  forhallande  och  lagenheeterna  af  sakernes 
forlopp  medglfwandes  warda,  honom  avancera  och  befordra,  hwareffter 
alle  the,  som  thetta  angar  skole  hafwa  sigh  att  ratta.  Detta  till  wisso 
hafwa  wij  medh  egna  banders  underskrifft  och  General  Commercie- 
Collegij  wanlige  Secret  bekraffte  lathit.  Datum,  Ubsala,  den  13 
Decemb.,  A.  1653. 

Pa  dragande  kails  och  Embetes  wagnar, 

Christer  Bonde. 

Erich  Oxenstierna  Axellsson. 
Morten  Augustini  Sohn  Leyonskoldh. 

III. 

Instruction,^ 
Hwarefter  Generale  Commercie  Collegium  oppa  Sodre  Compagniets 
wagnar  will  att  Ehrligh  och  Manhafftigh  Hans  Amundson  oppa  Reesan 
till  Porto  Rico  och  sedan  till  Nya  Swerige  sassom  och  dar  i  landet  sigh 
skall  hafwa  at  forhalla  och  efterratta. 

I. 
Forst  skall  ban  medh  all  flijtt  uppa  dryfwa,  att  Gallioten  Gyllende 
Haije  medh  alt  sitt  tillbehor  medh  dedh  forsta  bar  ifran  matte  affiirdigat 
warda,  hwaropa  han  skall  hafwa  Commendo  och  bestiillningh  af  een 
Skepz-Capitain  uthi  Sodra  Compagnietz  tianst,  och  sigh  nu  straxts  ther 
medh  bar  ifran  ath  Goteborgh  begifwa. 

2. 

Skall  han  uthi  Oresundh  widh  Helsingoor  sattia  latha  och  daraf 
Kongl:  Maij:ttz  war  Allernadigste  Drottningz  Resident  begiira  een 
Styreman,  som  bem««.  Galliot  till  Porto  Rico  och  Nya  Swerige  styra  kan, 
effter  som  till  Walb^".  H"".  Residenten  allereeda  ahr  aviserat  wordit, 
att  han  der  forskaffa  wille. 

3- 

Efter  the  ordres,  som  honom  bar  allareeda  gifne  ahro,  skall  ban  bar 
det  folck,  som  till  Galliotens  ofwerforssell  och  Compagnietz  tianst 
nodigt  befinnes,  antaga,  medh  onodigt  folck  sigh  inthet  for  denna  gangen 

'  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1653. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     73  s 

belada,  warandes  honom  allenast  forundt  4  personer,  som  till  Landzens 
arbete  och  fordeel  diir  i  Nya  Swerige  brukas  mage. 


10. 

I  synnerhet  skall  ban,  Hans  Amundsson,  ther  hafwa  bestallningh  af 
een  Capiten  till  Sioes,  och  af  Compagniet  hwar  Manadh  niuta  till 
underhaldh  Tiugu  Fyra  Richzdaler.  Hwarfore  ban  skall  serdeles  wara 
forplichtadt  till  att  taga  alt  dedh  i  acht,  som  tber  i  landet  till  Skepz 
bygningen  kan  landa  och  bora,  och  dhen  pa  alia  giorliga  salt  sokia  till 
att  beframia,  seandes  till  att  Materialierne  i  rattan  tijd  falte  och  tilla- 
gade,  sa  och  allahanda  Sorter  af  Fahrkostar,  deels  tiiinlige  pa  dhen 
Custen,  deels  hijt  ath  att  segla,  bebygda  warda. 


Actum,  Ubsala  den  13.  Decemb.  A".  1653. 
Pa  dragande  kails  och  Embetes  wagnar, 

Erich  Oxenstierna  Axellson. 
Marten  Augustini  Sohn  Leyonskoldh. 


Christer  Bonde. 


IV. 

Till  Leuten :  Swan  Hook,''  om  den  forordningh  vthi  den  Commission, 
Capiten  Hanss  Amundsson  war  gifwen  sa  till  Porto  Rico,  som  sedan  till 
Nya  Swerige;  Och  at  Hindrich  Elsswich  i  des  stalle  ar  numehra  for- 
ordnat,  etc. 

Emadan  sassom  Wij,  Swan  Hook,  af  serdeles  orsaker  hafwe  foran- 
drat  den  Commission,  Capiten  Hans  Amundsson  war  gifwen,  sa  till 
Porto  Rico  som  sedan  vthi  Nya  Swerige,  och  i  det  stallet  forordnatt 
Ehrligh  och  Forstandigh  Hinrich  Elsswich,  hwilken  fuller  heela  Direc- 
tionen  till  reesans  befordringh  fohra  skall,  men  hwadh  Commendo  pa 
Skepzfolket  angar  iampte  dhen  Vpsicht,  som  sielfwa  Skeppet  medh  all 
dess  Reedskap  och  tillbehor  tarffwer,  dett  hafwe  Wy  edher  harmedh 
welat  tilltroo,  Vthi  dhen  forhopningh  at  i  drage  sorgh  fohre,  huru  alt 
ma  schickeligen  och  wall  tillga,  och  goodh  ordre  iblandh  Skepzfolcket 
vnderhallas  medh  inbordes  godh  samia  och  eenigheet.  Vthi  detta  och  alt 
annat  maste  i  effterlefwa,  Hwadh  Admiralen  Ankerhielm  wijdare  effter 
ware  Ordres  eder  forehallandes  warder,  och  sasom  i  pa  behorigh  ortt 
wela  och  skola  kunna  Rackenskap  gohra,  och  till  swarsstanda.    Nar  i  nu 

*  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1654. 


736   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

saledes  denne  edher  ombetrodde  tianst  troligen  och  wall  hafwa  forestadt, 
och  medh  Gallioten  Gyllenheij,  folliandes  Factorens  Elsswich  inradande 
och  Disposition,  anlanda  till  Nya  Swerige,  Sa  hafwe  Wij  skrifwit  Com- 
miss.  Johan  Risingh  till,  at  han  eder  darsammastedes  Vpdrager  Leute- 
nampt  Charge  till  Sioss,  och  at  i  vnder  bans  Direction  ma  hafwa  opsicht  pa 
Sodre  Compagnietz  Skeep  och  des  reedskap  med  alt  det  till  Seglations 
vthreedningh  Sodre  Compagniet  tillkommer  taga  i  godh  forwahringh 
och  wetha  at  giora  darfore  godh  reeda  och  rackenskap,  stallandes  eder 
vthi  alt  detta,  som  i  welen  forhoppas  at  wij  vthaf  sadan  eder  flijt  och 
troheet  ma  blifwa  fororsakade  i  basta  matton  edher  at  ihugkomma  och 
Promovera.  Befahle  eder  bar  medh  Gudh  Alsmechtigh.  Ubsala,  d.  4 
Martij,  A".  1654. 

Pa  dragande  kails  och  Embetes  wagnar, 


Erich  Oxenstierna  Axellson. 
Israel  Lagerfeldt. 


Christer  Bonde. 


P.     DuREEL,  Secret. 


V. 

Instruction,^ 
Hwarefter  General  Commercie  Collegium  will  att  a  Sodre-Compag- 
nietz    wagnar    des    tillforordnade    Factor    i    Nya    Swerige,    Hindrich 
Elswich,  sa  i  sin  ombetrodde  Tianst  dar  sammastadz  som  i  sin  Com- 
mission till  Porto  Rico  skall  wetha  att  efter  ratta. 

I. 

Eftersom  Kongl.  Maij".  war  Allernadigste  Drottningh  hafwer 
nadigst  behagat  att  tilltroo  Generale  Commercie  Collegiumet  direc- 
tionen  aff  Sodre  Compagniet,  och  Gouverneuren  i  Nya  Swerige,  Johan 
Printz,  tillijka  med  Commissen  Huygen  nu  ahre  reeste  darifran  och 
Vnder  wagen  hijtt  ath,  den  Commission,  och  sassom  Capitain  Hanss 
Amundsson  icke  allenast  i  Nya  Swerige  Vthan  och  till  Porto  Rico  war 
betrodd,  for  serdeles  schaal  och  orsaker  skuUdh,  ahr  blefwen  forandratt; 
Hwarfore  hafwer  General  Commercie  Collegium  for  een  nodtorfft 
erachtat,  at  nu  straxt  och  oforsummeligen,  efter  Commissarien  Johan 
Rising,  som  for  nagot  kortt  till  Nya  Swerige  ahr  ailardigatt,  och  dhen 
dar  till  wijdare  ordre  och  sa  lange  een  wiss  Gouverneur  ater  kan 
blifwa  forordnat,  Directorium  darsammastades  fohra  skall,  Vthij  Sodre 

"  Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1654,  fol.  34  ff.  Only  the  first  and  tenth  paragraphs  are 
printed. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     737 

Compagnietz  tianst  antaga  och  till  een  Factor  forordna  och  ofwerschicka 
dytt  uth,  Hindrich  Elsswich,  at  han  bade  vthj  Nya  Swerige  Commissens 
Huygens  stalle  fortrada,  och  i  Porto  Rico  Sodre  Compagnietz  A".  1649 
lijdne  skada  affordra  skall,  vthi  hwilka  bagge  Ahrenders  och  Tiansters 
forrattningar  General  Commercie  Collegium  honom,  Elsswigh,  denne 
Ordre  och  rattelse  hafwer  welat  medgifwa. 


10. 
Nar  nu  Elsswich  denne  sin  Commission  till  Porto  Rico,  salunda  som 
for  bemalt  iihr,  hafwer  foriittat,  skall  han  dirigera  sin  Cours  medh 
Gallioten  ath  Soder  Revieren  i  Nya  Sverige,  och  sa  snart  han  tijtt 
anlander  gifwe  sigh  an  hoos  Commissarien  lohan  Rising,  offerera  honom  sa 
Kongl.  Maijttz.  warallernadigste  Drottningz  som  General  Comm.  Colegy 
breff,  och  dar  iampte  latha  honom  wetha,  hwadh  han  [i]  Porto  Rico 
vthrattat  hafwer,  sasom  och  det  han,  Elsswich,  wore  pa  Sodre  Compag- 
nietz wiignar  for  een  Factor  in  Nya  Swerige  antagen,  och  derfore  ofwer- 
kommen.  Och  sassom  Elsswich  fuller  weth,  dett  Directionen  af  wercket 
dar  vthe,  halst  nu  emadhan  ingen  Gouverneur  ahr,  ware  Commissario 
Risingh  tillbetrodd ;  Sa  skall  han  och  wetha  honom  at  ga  tillhanda  vthi 
alia  the  saker,  som  han  kan  tanckia  landa  Kongl.  Maijtt.  och  Sodre  Com- 
pagniet  till  behagh,  nytta  och  tianst.  Enkannerligen  skall  bans  ahoga 
och  Embete  daruthinnan  besta,  at  then  Cargasoen,  Penningar  och  medell, 
som  Sodre  Compagniet  i  Nya  Swerige  hafwer,  ma  efter  Commiss.  Risings 
ordre  icke  allenast  blifwa  hallen  i  godh  forwahringh,  vthan  och  fohras 
till  bok  och  richtigh  Rachningh,  och  at  alt  hwadh  som  Vthgifwes  eller 
inkommer,  det  angar  anten  wahra  egne  Swanske  eller  handelen  medh 
dhe  wildhe  eller  andre,  at  det  flijtigt  och  noga  annoteras.  Effter  som 
han  skall  wara  omtancht  richtige  Bocker  och  Riickenskaph  halla  ofwer 
all  Compagnietz  Cargasoen,  Medell,  Peningar  och  hwadh  eliest  Com- 
pagniet dar  uthe  hafwe,  anten  det  ahr  harifran  kommit  eller  dar  i  Nya 
Swerige  waxt  eller  acqvirerat  eller  af  dhe  wildhe  eller  andra  forwaxlat 
eller  elliest  Vpnegotierat.  Han  skall  och  icke  mindre  Vpteckna  alt, 
hwadh  diir  vthifran  gar  och  siindes  hijt  hem,  sa  att  bade  Vthgaende  och 
inkommande  halles  i  richtighet,  och  sa  iust  som  han  dett  in  for  Gudh, 
Hens.  Kongl.  Maijtt.,  Gen.  Comm.  Coll.  och  Sodre  Compagniet,  ia  hwar 
ahrligh  man  will  och  skall  kunna  answara.  Dett  ar  sa  hwadh  Generale 
Commercie  Collegium  hafwer  godtfunnit  Factoren  Hinrich  Elsswich 
bade  i  Porto  Rico  och  i  Nya  Swerige  a  Compagnietz  wegnar  at  forratta, 

48 


738   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

tilltroer  sa  det,  som  hwadh  mehra  kan  infalla  hanss  flijt  och  dexteritet, 
at  han  ma  sigh  wist  forsakra  at  blifwa  darfore  medh  alt  gott  ihugkomnet 
och  recompencerat.    Actum,  Ubsala,  d.  4  Martij,  A".  1654. 
Pa  dragande  kails  och  Embetets  wagnar, 


Erich  Oxenstierna  Axelson. 
Israel  Lagerfeldt. 


Christer  Bonde. 

P.    DUREEL. 


VI. 

Instruction, '^ 

Aussgegeben  Vom  General  Commercie  Collegio  wegen  der  Lobl.  Suder 

Compagnie,  Darnach  sich  der  Capitain  Johan  J.  Bockhorn  auff  dem 

Konigl.  Schiffe  Ornen,  auf  seiner  Reise  nacher  New  Schweden  zurichten 

hatt. 

I. 

Anfanglichen  soil  er  dafiir  sorge  tragen,  das  weder  am  SchifE  nach 
aller  gerethschafft,  so  zu  dieser  Reise  erfordert  wirdt,  nichtes  ermangle, 
Sondern  alles  dergestallt  angeschaffet  undt  bestellet  werden  moge,  damit 
Er  sich,  nechst  Gottlicher  Hiilffe,  diese  Reise  hin  undt  wieder  zu  ver- 
richten  sicherlich  getrawn  konne. 

a. 

Von  alien  in  Schiff  geladenen  Guthern  undt  wahren  sollen  zweij 
Special  verzeichnussen  oder  Inventaria  verfertiget  werden,  welcher 
bemelter  Capitain  Johan  Bockhorn  nebenst  den  Capitain  Swen  Schutte 
unterschreiben  soil,  undt  soil  von  solchen  verzeichnussen  eines  in  Gothen- 
burg an  H.  Admiral  Anckerhielm  geliefert  undt  zuruck  gelassen,  das 
andere  aber  mittgenommen  werden. 

3- 
Darnach  soil  Er,  im  Gottes  Nahmen,  ohne  alien  fernern  Zeit  Verlust, 
wander  bestimbte Termin  zuseinem  Ausslauf  herbeynahet,  auch  wetter 
undt  wind  dasselbe  zulasset,  nebenst  einen  der  Lobl.  Suder  Compagnie 
zugehorigen  Galliot,  Gylldehayn  genandt,  zu  Segel  gehen,  undt  seinen 
Cours  den  geradesten  undt  beqwamsten  weg  nach  Nova  Svecia  oder  der 
Siider  Rivier  zunehmen,  auch  unterwegen  gute  undt  fleissige  vorsorge 
tragen,  damit  dass  bem:'<'  Galliot  nicht  etwas  zuruck,  Sondern  dass 
solches  allezeit  biss  an  den  orth,  wo  sich   die  bequamste  gelegenheit 

'Com.  Col.  Reg.,  1654. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    739 

praesentiren  wirdt,  das  es  seinen  Cours  nacher  Porto  Rico  nehmen  kan, 
unter  seinen  defension  undt  beschiitzung  bleiben  mogte.  Nichts  weniger 
soil  Er,  Capitain  Bockhorn,  auch  verpflichtet  sein  auf  sein  unterhabendes 
Schiff  zunehmen  die  einigen  Coloniers,  so  der  Capitain  Hans  Amunds- 
sohn  bey  seiner  ablauffung  nacher  Porto  Rico,  auf  dem  Golliot  unnotig 
mit  zugehen  ernehtet,  undt  selbige  gleichfals  als  die  Seinige  nacher  Nova 
Svecia  bringen. 

4- 
Auch  soil  Er  guth  Regiment  unter  dem  Schiffsfolck  halten,  Sie  zu 
aller  frommigkeit  undt  erbahren  Leben  ehrmahnen,  Die  Bethstunden 
nicht  vernehten,  sondern  fleissig  abwarten  lassen,  undt  insonderheit 
darauf  sehen,  dass  alles  friedlich  unter  dem  Schiffsfollk  undt  Coloniers 
zugehen  moge. 

5. 
Fur  die  geladene  Guther  soil  Er  fleisige  serge  tragen,  damit  nichtes 
darvon  verkommen  oder  einigen  Schaden  nehmen,  Sondern  alles  (vvie  as 
nahmen  haben  mag)   der  gebiihr  nach  wohl  in  acht  genommen  werden 
mogte. 

6. 
Alldieweiln  der  Boutiellier  oder  Schaffer  auf  dem  SchiiTe  Ornen  nicht 
allein  zu  unterhalltung  der  Cronen,  Sondern  auch  der  Compagnie  vivres 
gesetzet  ist,  alss  soil  dem  Capitain  Bockhorn  obliegen  mit  Capitain  Swen 
Schuten,  ernstlich  dariiber  zuhalten,  damit  der  Schaffer  die  Coloniers  so 
wohl  alss  das  Schiffs  folk,  doch  einen  ieden  von  den  seinigen  in  Essen 
undt  trincken  accommodire,  undt  gleichwohl  auch  so,  damit  die  vivres 
nicht  unnotig  Consummiret  oder  gemissbreuchet  werden  mogten,  auch 
mehr  gemelten  Boutiellier  dahin  halten,  dass  Er  Ihme,  wie  auch  Capitain 
Schuten,  einen  ieden  von  den  seinigen  eine  richtige  Rechnung  einliefre. 

7. 

So  oft  etwas  wichtiges  fiirfallet,  soil  Er  mitt  dem  Capitain  Swen 
Schuten  undt  andern  bei  sich  habenden  Officieren  uberlegen  undt  berath- 
schlagen,  was  am  besten  dar  in  gethan  zu  werden  dienet,  allerzeit  mit  ein 
ander  guthe  einigkeith  undt  Correspondence  halten,  einen  den  andern,  so 
oft  es  die  Noth  erfordert,  in  seinen  dingen  mit  Rath  undt  That  zu  hiilffe 
erscheinen,  undt  Ihr  augenmerk  in  allem  auf  den  gemeinen  Nutz  undt 
dienst  der  lobl.  Siider  Compagnie  richten. 


740   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

8. 

Er  soil  auch  ni'cht  unterlassen  ein  Tagk  Register  oder  Journal  zu 
halten,  undt  darinen  alles  was  etwa  denckwiirdiges  passiret,  so  wohl  auf 
der  hinn-  alss  auf  der  Ruckreise,  fleissig  anzeichnen,  undt  solches  bey 
seiner  (Beliebts  Gott)  wieder  anhero  kunfft  dem  General  Commercio- 
Collegio  einliefern. 

9- 

Wan  Er  nun  (Gott  gebe  zu  gliich)  dortt  im  lande  wirdt  eingelanget 
sein,  soil  Er  alles  Gutt  gebiihrlich  von  sich  liefern,  den  Commiss  aldar 
von  alien  wass  vom  Schiffe  auf  das  landt  dort  geliefert  wirdt,  es  habe 
nahmen  wie  es  wolle,  ein  perfect  verzeichnuss  machen,  dass  selbe  nicht 
allein  von  bem'*.  Commiss,  sondern  auch  zugleich  von  H.  Gouverneuren 
Johnn  Printzen  aldar  unterschreiben  lassen,  undt  also  mit  sich  zuruck 
bringen. 

10. 

Folgendts  soil  Er  was  dasselbst  an  Giithern  in  Vorath  ist,  oder  in  der 
eyl  erhandelt  undt  Ihme  geliefert  werden  mogte,  wiederumb  einnehmen, 
dariiber  den  abermahls  eigentliche  verzeichnusse  machen,  undt  solche 
nebenst  den  Commiss  sampt  Gouverneuren  Johan  Printzen  aldar  unter- 
schreiben, eines  mit  anhero  bringen,  das  ander  aber  dortt  im  Lande  ver- 
bleiben  lassen;  undt  wirdt  Er  alss  den  die  einhabende  Giither  auf  der 
Reise  wiederumb  fiir  alien  unfall  wohl  zu  verwahren  wissen. 

II. 

Anstatt  des  Ballasts  soil  Er  aldar  Eichen  oder,  wo  Ess  so  baldt  zu- 
haben,  Nussbawmen  holtz  einnehmen,  doch  aber  wo  von  diesen  beiden 
stiicken  keines  so  geschwind  an  die  hand  gebracht  werden  kondte.  Soil 
er  sonsten  von  anderen  Materie,  die  Niitzen  bringen  mochte,  an  statt  des 
Ballasts  laden,  undt  dess  wegen  keine  zeit  unniittzlich  verliehren. 

12. 

Wan  Er  nun,  geliebts  Gott,  zu  Gothenburgk  wieder  angelanget  sein 
wirdt,  soli  Er  daselbst  ordre,  was  weiter  zu  thuen  oder  zu  lassen,  vor 
sich  finden,  darnach  Er  sich  in  allem  zurichten.  Das  iibrige  alles,  was 
in  die  feder  in  Eyll  nicht  hatt  konnen  gefasset  werden,  wirdt  Er  seinen 
besten  verstande  nach  anzustellen,  undt  sich  also,  wie  einen  getrewen 
undt  Beliebenden  Man  eignet  undt  wohl  anstehet,  zuverhalten  wissen. 
Datum,  Ubsala  den  13  Decemb.,  A.  1653.  Christer  Bonde. 

Erich  Oxenstierna  Axellsson. 

Marten  Augustini  Sohn  Leyonskoldh. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    741 

I. 

Instruction 
according  to  which  the  General  Commercial  College  on  behalf  of  the 
South  Company  desires  that  the  commissary  in  the  said  General  Com- 
mercial College,  noble  and  well  born  Johan  Rissing,  shall  act  in  New 
Sweden  and  elsewhere  in  America,  in  the  service  of  the  said  company,  as 
an  assistant  councillor. 

I. 

He  is,  according  to  all  [his]  ability  while  in  this  service,  to  try  to  ex- 
tend and  to  strengthen  the  honor  and  reputation  of  Her  Royal  Majesty, 
our  most  gracious  Queen,  and  of  the  fatherland  and  for  this  purpose  to 
seek  out  all  that  which  may  serve  the  intention  of  Her  Royal  Majesty 
with  the  South  Company  and  to  turn  off  all  hindrance  and  harm  accord- 
ing to  his  best  knowledge  and  power  or  to  make  it  known  in  time,  for  which 
the  governor  with  all  those  who  are  there  ought,  on  behalf  of  Her 
Royal  Majesty  and  the  Company,  to  work  and  act  and  lend  their 
assistance. 

2. 

[He]  shall  together  with  the  governor  see  to  it  that  diligent  religious 
service  may  be  conducted  there  and  that  all  may  submit  themselves  to 
the  Augsburg  Confession  and  that  all  useless  disputes  for  the  excitement 
of  the  minds  may  be  avoided  and  removed,  so  that  everything  in  this 
regard  might  be  ordered  and  regulated  for  harmony  and  the  honor  of  the 
name  of  God. 

3. 

His  commission  shall  especially  be  that  he,  with  die  council  of  the 
governor,  is  to  see  that  the  land  may  be  placed  in  good  condition,  as  v^ll 
in  the  political  government  and  matters  of  justice  as  in  commercial 
[affairs]  and  to  draw  up  good  ordinances  for  the  proper  management  and 
increase  of  the  colony,  and  that  they  jointly  shall  take  care  that  the  land, 
in  all  possible  ways,  may  be  placed  in  a  [state  of]  good  defence  against 
all  hostile  attacks. 

4- 

Together  with  the  governor  he  shall  seek  to  keep  on  all  proper  terms 
of  friendship  with  the  surrounding  English  and  Dutch  colonies  as  well  as 
with  the  savage  Americans,  and,  whenever  it  is  found  that  the  interests  of 
Her  Royal  Majesty  and  the  company  are  in  any  way  harmed,  they  shall 
then  make  use  of  those  means  which  might  best  be  found  according  to 


742    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

the  circumstances,  yet  not  begin  hostilities  easily  with  any  of  the  sur- 
rounding [peoples],  except  so  far  as  the  necessary  defence  of  the  colony 
demands,  until  orders  concerning  it  may  be  drawn  up  by  the  company 
in  the  future. 

5- 
All  those  persons  of  the  surrounding  nations  who  might  be  found  use- 
ful for  cattle  raising,  fisheries  or  anything  else,  he  shall  with  the  gover- 
nor's pleasure  try  to  bring  into  the  colony,  but  avoid  and  send  away 
those  who  would  seem  to  cause  or  bring  with  them  harm  or  trouble; 
in  all  of  which  [things]  he  is  to  exercise  and  use  due  care  [andj 
especially  now  to  consult  and  plan  with  the  governor  about  how  it  would 
be  possible,  at  the  first  [opportunity],  yet  with  all  possible  care,  to  get 
rid  of  the  Hollanders  who  have  erected  a  fort  on  the  land  and  settled 
there. 

6. 
Moreover,  he  shall,  together  with  the  governor,  strive  to  extend  the 
limits  of  the  country  and  properly  parcel  out  the  land  itself  to  the 
colonists  so  that  each  one  may  receive  as  much  ground  as  it  is  seen  he  is 
able  to  use  and  care  for  until  orders  concerning  the  same  have  been 
made  by  the  company ;  also  that  each  one  uses  and  settles  his  land  in  a 
proper  manner  and  with  all  diligence,  and  for  this  purpose  he  shall 
appoint  overseers  in  each  district  who  are  to  make  reports  concerning  it. 

7. 

He  is  also  so  to  arrange  things  that  the  colonists  may  for  the  best 
price  be  able  to  sell  in  certain  places  the  produce  which  they  may  get 
above  their  own  need  so  that  they  may  gain  some  profit  by  it  through 
which  they  may  be  the  more  incited  to  diligence,  in  order  that  they  in  the 
future  may  have  something  to  give  and  contribute  to  the  power  and 
defence  of  the  country;  wherefore  all  such  things  are  so  to  be  managed 
and  ordained  that  not  strangers  but  the  company  and  colony  may  have 
use  and  profit  by  it  or  at  least  suffer  no  harm. 

8. 

Therefore  the  commissary  together  with  the  governor  is  to  select  suit- 
able places,  where  villages  and  hamlets  as  well  as  cities  and  trading 
places  may  be  founded  and  located. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    743 

9- 

Since  law  and  right  is  considered  and  held  to  be  one  of  the  principal 
things  among  all  people  for  [the  preservation  of]  peace  and  good  order, 
therefore  he  shall,  together  with  the  governor,  appoint  such  persons 
there,  who  will  know  how  to  judge  according  to  the  Swedish  law  and 
licit  custom,  in  order  that  right  and  righteousness  may  have  their  course 
in  the  land. 

10. 

He  is  also  in  connection  with  the  governor  with  diligence  to  see  to  it, 
how  fisheries  may  be  established  in  the  river  and  its  tributaries  as  well 
as  in  the  sea,  according  to  the  manner  and  custom  of  other  nations,  all 
for  the  good  and  benefit  of  the  country  and  the  company. 

II. 
Likewise  he  shall  also  seek  for  minerals  in  the  country,  among  which 
iron  and  copper  may  be  used  only  for  the  needs  of  the  country  or  the 
colony  and  absolutely  nothing  may  be  exported,  except  indeed  gold  and 
silver,  if  God  should  give  luck,  that  these  be  discovered. 

12. 
In  addition  to  that  he  is  to  supervise  the  agriculture  and  the  clearing 
of  the  land  from  which  grain,  herbs,  roots,  hemp,  flax  and  fruit  [are 
raised],  as  well  as  all  kinds  of  cattle  raising  of  which  food-stuffs  may  be 
made  there,  he  shall  also  continue  tobacco  planting  with  all  diligence; 
also  see  if  ginger,  sugar  cane  and  other  such  useful  [plants]  may  not  be 
cultivated ;  concerning  all  which  and  more  of  the  same  kind  the  commis- 
sary together  with  the  governor  is  to  have  diligent  care. 

13- 

Since  there  are  several  species  of  wild  grapes  in  the  country,  the  com- 
missary shall,  according  to  possibilities,  so  arrange  it,  that  they  may  be 
cultivated  for  the  service  and  good  of  the  countrj',  and  for  this  [purpose] 
procure  from  some  place  a  good  vine  gardener  as  well  as  order  and 
import  vines  in  the  future  from  other  places. 

14. 

Since  it  is  customary  that  no  small  good  is  obtained  from  fruit  bear- 
ing trees,  therefore  he  shall  diligently  keep  the  people  to  this,  that  they 


744   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

may  plant  and  cultivate  such  fruit  bearing  trees,  as  the  land  can  produce 
according  to  its  climate. 

15- 

Besides  he  shall  pay  particular  attention  to  all  noble  forests  which  are 
in  the  country,  that  they  might  not  unnecessarily  be  cut  down  but  might 
be  sparingly  felled  for  usefulness  and  in  proper  time,  also  that  the  wood 
material  may  be  prepared  in  proper  proportion  and  according  to  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  requested  and  desired  for  one  thing  and  another  at 
different  places. 

1 6. 

Then  he  shall  also  diligently  see,  what  use  one  can  make  there  in  the 
land  of  hunting  wild  animals  and  the  catching  of  birds  and  draw  up  good 
rules  concerning  it  in  the  best  manner  that  is  possible.  Furthermore  he 
is  to  observe  whether  or  not  the  climate  will  allow  that  silk  worms  can 
be  reared,  since  enough  mulberry  trees  grow  there,  from  which  silk  to 
great  advantage  may  in  the  future  be  obtained. 

17- 
Since  it  is  expected  that  the  principal  advantage,  which  Her  Royal 
Majesty  and  the  company  is  to  receive  for  the  great  expenses  outlaid  on 
this  colony,  will  be  derived  from  commerce  (through  the  Grace  of 
God)  ;  therefore  authority  is  herewith  given  to  said  commissary  to  have 
oversight  and  directions  over  these  things  and  in  all  that  which  depends 
upon  it  and  with  the  greatest  diligence  with  the  help  of  the  governor  to 
strive  that  the  trade  of  the  whole  South  River  might  be  brought  out  of 
the  hands  of  foreigners  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  our  Swedes. 

i8. 

Therefore  he  is  at  his  departure  on  the  way  and  especially  in  Gothen- 
burg to  try  to  prevail  upon  men  of  good  capital  that  they  in  the  coming 
spring  will  send  ships  to  New  Sweden  for  traffic,  especially  since  he  can 
assure  them  that  it  is  the  gracious  will  of  Her  Royal  Majesty,  that  all 
her  Swedish  subjects  who  now  wish  to  conduct  trade  with  their  own 
ships  there  in  the  South  River  may  do  so  freely  as  well  with  the  savages 
as  with  the  neighboring  Christians,  also  with  the  company  itself  and  do 
not  need  to  give  more  than  2  per  cent,  in  duty  to  the  company,  according 
to  the  estimate  which  is  placed  upon  the  goods  there;  and  then  [as  to] 
such  goods  as  they  have  bought  in  the  South  River  and  shall  bring  into 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     745 

a  Swedish  port  or  Swedish  ships  [it  is  ordered  that]  they  may  duty  free 
unload  them  and  sell  them,  if  only  they  show  a  certificate  from  the 
governor  and  the  commissary  to  the  eflect  that  such  goods  are  purchased 
in  the  South  River  and  nowhere  else.  Besides,  in  order  to  animate  them 
all  the  more,  he  is  to  assure  each  and  everyone  that  they  shall  have  the 
liberty  to  plant  colonies  in  the  land  and  to  use  the  land  to  their  benefit 
for  tobacco  plantations  and  other  things  and  to  retain  it  for  ever  by 
paying  a  small  recognition  in  those  places,  where  the  company  has  not 
selected  ground  to  be  used  for  itself  as  a  special  property. 

19. 
Therefore  he  shall,  when  he,  God  willing,  arrives  with  this  people 
happily  in  the  land,  in  connection  with  the  governor,  select  a  piece  of 
well  situated,  good  land  for  a  special  property  of  the  company,  which 
is  to  be  colonized  with  settlers  and  thus  be  arranged  that  the  produce, 
which  comes  from  the  cultivation  of  the  land  and  which  can  be  manu- 
factured above  the  needs  of  the  same,  might  be  sent  and  sold  as  well  on 
the  surrounding  coasts  and  islands  as  in  Africa  and  Europe,  namely: 
grain,  oil,  bread  and  brandy  for  the  Spanish  and  the  Caribbean  Islands, 
also  to  the  fisheries  at  Terra  Nova  and  Rio  Grande  de  Canada  and  else- 
where, wood  material  and  wine  barrels  to  the  Canaries,  Portugal  and 
Algerbo,^  Spain  and  France,  to  which  places  he  may  travel  to  obtain 
necessary  people  for  the  increase  of  the  colony  and  otherwise  to  seek  out 
the  advantages  from  the  places,  all  for  the  use  of  the  company  and  the 
colony,  whenever  opportunities  may  allow. 

20. 
He  is  also  diligently  to  see  that  the  raw  material,  which  can  be  used 
for  manufacturing  purposes,  may  as  time  goes  on  be  made  and  manu- 
factured, for  example  boards  and  all  sorts  of  wooden  utensils,  which  are 
sold  for  a  high  price  in  many  places  in  America  and  on  the  Caribbean 
Islands  [also  that]  prepared  skins  and  hides,  cordovan  [leather],  linen- 
cloth,  ropes,  tar  and  other  suchlike  [materials]  might  be  made  and 
manufactured  with  diligence. 

21. 
All  the  merchandise  which  individual  colonists,  whosoever  they  may 
be,  have  made  in  the  country  and  which  they  wish  to  export  for  trade, 
may  freely  [be  sold],  if  only  they  pay  an  export  duty  of  2  per  cent. 
'  Algeria  ? 


746   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

22. 

Then  the  commissary  is  especially  in  connection  with  the  governor  to 
have  power  to  receive  and  keep  in  preservation  the  cargo,  the  money  and 
the  means  which  are  sent  out  of  the  fatherland  to  New  Sweden  by  the 
company,  to  receipt  the  same  and  then  according  to  the  transmitted  orders 
sell  the  cargo  to  the  savages  or  other  surrounding  people  for  the  good  of 
the  company,  through  a  factor  of  the  company  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose, and  cause  accurate  accounts  thereof  to  be  kept,  and  sign  them  in 
connection  with  the  governor  when  they  have  been  found  correct.  The 
same  is  to  be  done  with  the  goods  which  are  sent  in  return  to  the  father- 
land of  which  bills  one  copy  is  to  be  placed  with  the  documents  in  the 
country  and  one  to  be  sent  over  here. 

23- 

Among  the  principal  things  which  he  is  to  observe  in  his  commission 
shall  be  this:  that  he,  together  with  the  governor,  shall  seek  out  all  the 
ways  by  which  he  can  raise  means  for  the  reward  of  the  servants  and  for 
the  support  of  other  service*  through  which  the  company  then  maj^  have 
some  abatement  [of  expenses]  and  protection  against  larger  outlays,  if 
no  profit  might  be  made.  This  may  be  obtained  either  through  a  proper 
organization  and  management  of  the  trade  or  from  the  cultivation  of 
the  land  and  its  income,  or  of  the  fisheries  or  of  the  manufactories  or  of 
public  inns,  or  of  small  excises  on  the  consumption,  or  in  whatever  proper 
and  suitable  way  it  can  be  done,  from  which  the  people  may  least  observe 
it  and  be  least  troubled. 

24. 

These  and  many  other  necessary  points  which  may  conduce  to  the 
defence,  increase  and  prosperity  of  the  land,  as  well  as  for  the  continuation 
of  the  commerce,  the  often  mentioned  commissary  shall,  together  with 
the  governor,  according  to  his  best  knowledge  and  power  as  an  honorable 
patriot,  take  into  careful  consideration  and  put  into  operation  that  every- 
thing might  be  directed  with  faithfulness,  prudence  and  diligence  for  the 
advantage  of  the  company  and  the  honor  and  well  being  of  the  land ; 
wherefore  he  shall  be  looked  upon  with  all  grace  by  Her  Royal  Majesty 
[as  worthy]  of  advancement  and  shall  in  all  possible  manners  be 
rewarded  by  the  company.    Actum,  Ubsala,  December  15,  1653. 

In  virtue  of  our  ofSce,  etc. 

' Beswar  (besvdr),  means  "service,"  "burdens,"  "expenses,"  etc.,  when  refer- 
ring to  kameralvdsen  ("matters  of  the  exchequer"). 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     747 

II. 

Commission  for  Captain  Swan  Skuthe  in  New  Sweden. 

The  Royal  General  Commercial  College  makes  it  herewith  known 
that  it  has  engaged  the  bearer,  noble  and  brave  Swan  Skuthe,  on  behalf 
of  the  South  Company,  as  a  captain  over  the  settlers  and  enlisted  people, 
who  are  about  to  be  sent  over  for  the  reinforcement  of  the  colony  in  New 
Sweden  with  a  Crown's  ship  Ornen  (may  God  grant  luck  to  it).  And 
his  duty^^  shall  especially  consist  in  this,  that  he  shall  conduct  himself 
in  Her  Royal  Majesty's  service  faithfully  in  all  those  things  which 
become'  a  captain  and  try  to  promote  and  advance  in  all  manner  the  good 
of  the  South  Company  and  in  time  ward  off  and  make  known  all  damage 
and  hindrance.  Thus  he  shall  after  his  arrival  in  New  Sweden  (if  God 
grant  luck  thereto)  strive  with  diligence  and  faithfulness  to  do  all  which 
the  duty  of  his  post  requires  and  in  this  follow  and  live  up  to  the  orders 
of  the  governor  in  the  one  thing  as  well  as  in  the  other.  WTierefore  he  is 
annually  to  receive  the  salary  which  has  been  granted  to  him  for  a 
captain's  position  in  the  established  budget  of  the  company,  in  addition 
to  which  he  is  to  expect  a  gracious  reward  and  advancement  by  Her 
Royal  Majesty  through  the  promotion  of  the  company  to  a  higher  charge. 
Therefore  we  desire  that  the  governor  and  other  servants  out  there  shall 
acknowledge  him,  Swan  Skuthe,  as  a  captain  and  maintain  him  prop- 
erly in  this  appointed  charge  and  advance  him  according  to  his  good  be- 
havior and  as  the  course  of  the  affairs  may  allow.  According  to  which 
all  whom  it  may  concern  shall  be  required  to  act.  In  faith  whereof 
we  have  signed  this  with  our  own  hands  and  caused  [it]  to  be  confirmed 
with  the  stamp  of  the  General  Commercial  College.  Dated  at  Ubsala, 
December  13,  1653. 

In  virtue  of  our  office,  etc. 

III. 

Instruction 

according  to  which  the  General  Commercial  College  on  behalf  of  the 

South  Company  desires  that  noble  and  brave  Hans  Amundson  is  to  act 

and  regulate  himself  on  the  journey  to  Porto  Rico  and  then  to  New 

Sweden  as  well  as  there  in  the  country. 

'*  Sassom,  as,  must  be  omitted  in  the  translation. 
'  Agnar  och  bor,  "  becomes  and  ought." 


748    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

I. 

In  the  first  place  he  shall  diligently  strive  for  this  that  the  galiot 
Gyllende  Haije,  upon  which  he  is  to  have  the  command  and  position  of  a 
captain  in  the  service  of  the  South  Company,  may  be  despatched  from 
here  at  the  earliest  [opportunity]  and  [he  is]  to  set  out  immediately  with 
it  for  Gothenburg. 

2. 

In  Oresund  at  Helsingoor  he  shall  land  and  there  request  from  the 
Resident  on  behalf  of  Her  Royal  Majesty,  our  most  gracious  Queen,  a 
mate  who  can  steer  the  said  galiot  to  Porto  Rico  and  to  New  Sweden,  as 
the  honorable  Resident  has  already  been  advised  to  provide  [one]  there. 

3. 

According  to  the  orders  which  have  already  been  given  to  him,  he  is  to 
take  on  board  the  people  here  which  are  found  necessary  for  the  sailing 
of  the  galiot  and  the  service  of  the  company,  [but]  he  is  not  to  be  con- 
cerned at  this  time  with  unnecessary  people,  only  four  persons  being 
granted  to  him,  who  may  be  used  for  the  work  and  benefit  of  the  land 
there  in  New  Sweden. 


lO. 

Especially  he,  Hans  Amundsson,  is  to  have  the  office  of  a  captain  at 
sea  and  is  to  be  paid  twenty-four  Riksdaler  a  month.  Wherefore  he  is 
especially  required  to  take  all  that  into  consideration  which  there  in  the 
country  concerns  and  belongs  to  the  shipbuilding  and  to  seek  in  all  possi- 
ble ways  to  promote  it,  seeing  that  all  material  may  be  felled  and  pre- 
pared in  right  time,  so  also  that  all  sorts  of  vessels  may  be  built  partly 
for  use  on  that  coast  and  partly  to  sail  hither. 

#»«****»♦ 

Given  at  Ubsala,  December  13,  1653,  etc. 

IV. 

To  Lieutenant  Swan  Hook  concerning  the  ordinance  in  the  commis- 
sion which  was  given  to  Captain  Hanss  Amundsson  on  his  way  to  Porto 
Rico  as  well  as  to  New  Sweden  and  that  Henrich  Elsswich  is  appointed 
in  his  stead,  etc. 

Since  we  for  particular  reasons.  Swan  Hook,  have  changed  the  com- 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    749 

mission  which  was  given  to  Hans  Amundsson  as  well  to  Porto  Rico  as 
later  in  New  Sweden  and  in  his  place  appointed  honorable  and  wise 
Henrich  Elsswich,  who  indeed  is  to  have  the  entire  direction  during  the 
journey,  but  what  concerns  the  command  of  the  crew  together  with  that 
supervision  of  the  ship  itself  with  all  its  implements  and  belongings  which 
is  necessary,  we  have  herewith  desired  to  entrust  to  you  in  the  hope  that 
you  may  look  after  it  that  everything  may  pass  ofif  properly  and  well  and 
that  good  order  may  be  preserved  among  the  sailors  with  mutual  good 
understanding  and  harmony.  In  this  and  in  everything  else  you  must 
observe  what  Admiral  Ankerhielm  will  further,  according  to  our  orders, 
require  of  you,  in  such  a  manner  that  you  may  and  will  be  able  to  give 
an  account  and  be  responsible  at  the  proper  place.  When  you  thus  have 
performed  this  your  entrusted  service  faithfully  and  well,  following  the 
advice  and  disposition  of  factor  Elsswich,  and  [when]  you  arrive  in  New 
Sweden,  we  have  written  to  the  Commissioner  Johan  Rising  that  he  may 
there  give  you  a  charge  at  sea  as  a  lieutenant,  and  that  you  under  his 
direction  may  have  supervision  over  the  ships  of  the  South  Company  and 
its  implements  with  all  that  belongs  to  the  South  Company  for  the 
preparation  of  commercial  voyages,  making  good  accounts  and  perform- 
ing your  duties  in  such  a  manner  that  you  will  have  reason  to  hope  that 
we,  on  account  of  your  diligence  and  faithfulness,  may  have  occasion  in 
the  best  manner  to  remember  and  to  promote  you.  Commending  you  here- 
with to  God  Almighty. 

Ubsala,  March  4,  1654,  etc. 

V. 

Instruction 
according   to   which    the    General    Commercial    College   on    behalf    of 
the  South  Company  desires  that  the  appointed  factor  in  New  Sweden 
Hendrich  Elswich  is  to  act  in  his  entrusted  post  there  as  well  as  in  his 
commission  to  Porto  Rico. 

I. 
As  [Her]  Royal  Majesty,  our  most  gracious  Queen,  has  graciously 
pleased  to  intrust  the  management  of  the  South  Company  to  the  General 
Commercial  College  and  [since]  the  Governor  of  New  Sweden,  lohan 
Printz,  together  with  the  Commissary  Huygen  have  departed  from  there 
and  are  on  the  way  hither  and,  as  the  commission  with  which  Hannss 
Amundsson  was  intrusted  has  been  changed  for  the  sake  of  special  rea- 
sons, wherefore  the  General  Commercial  College  has  thought  it  neces- 


7SO   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

sary  now  immediately  and  without  delay  (since  the  commissary  Johan 
Rising,  who  a  short  time  ago  was  sent  to  New  Sweden  and  who  is  to 
have  the  direction  [of  affairs]  there  until  further  orders  and  until  a 
certain  governor  can  again  be  appointed)  to  accept  as  a  factor  and 
appoint  and  send  thither  Hinrich  Elsswich  in  the  service  of  the  South 
Company  that  he  may  both  take  the  place  of  Commissary  Huygen 
in  New  Sweden  and  demand  damages  which  the  company  suffered  in 
Porto  Rico  in  1649,  for  the  execution  of  both  of  which  objects  and 
services  the  General  Commercial  College  has  desired  to  give  unto  him, 
Elsswigh,  this  order  and  guidance. 


10. 
When  Elsswich  now  has  completed  this  commission  in  Porto  Rico  as 
has  been  stated,  he  shall  direct  his  course  with  the  galiot  to  the  South 
River  in  New  Sweden  and  as  soon  as  he  arrives  there  he  shall  make  him- 
self known  to  the  Commissary  lohan  Rising  and  deliver  to  him  Her 
Royal  Majesty's,  our  most  gracious  Queen's,  letter  as  well  as  that  of  the 
General  Commercial  College  and  in  addition  let  him  know  what  he  has 
accomplished  in  Porto  Rico  as  well  as  that  he,  Elsswich,  has  been 
engaged  on  behalf  of  the  South  Company  as  a  factor  in  New  Sweden  and 
has  come  over  for  that  purpose.  And  as  Elsswich  fully  knows  that  the 
direction  of  the  work  out  there,  especially  now  since  there  is  no  governor, 
has  been  entrusted  to  Commissary  Risingh,  he  is  to  assist  him  in  all  those 
things  which  he  may  suppose  will  be  for  the  pleasure,  use  and  service  of 
Her  Royal  Majesty  and  the  South  Company.  His  duties  are  especially 
to  consist  in  this  [that  he  shall  see]  that  according  to  the  orders  of  Com- 
missary Rising,  the  cargoes,  money  and  means  which  the  South  Company 
has  in  New  Sweden  are  not  only  kept  in  good  preservation,  but  also 
entered  in  the  books  and  that  proper  accounts  are  kept  and  that  every- 
thing, which  is  given  out  or  which  comes  in,  whether  it  concerns  our  own 
Swedes  or  the  trade  with  savages  or  others,  may  be  diligently  recorded. 
In  like  manner  as"  he  is  to  keep  proper  books  and  accounts  of  the  com- 
pany's cargoes,  means  and  money  and  whatever  else  the  company  may 
have  out  there,  whether  it  has  come  from  here  or  it  has  been  grown  in 
New  Sweden  or  acquired  there  or  exchanged  with  the  savages  or  others 
or  otherwise  obtained,  so  he  shall  no  less  make  lists  of  all  that  which 

"  Efter  som  which  generally  means  because,  since,  seems  here  to  mean  in  like 
manner. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    751 

goes  from  there  and  is  sent  home  here  so  that  [records  of]  both  the  out- 
going and  incoming  goods  may  be  kept  with  accuracy  in  such  a  manner 
that  he  can  give  account  before  God  and  Her  Royal  Majesty,  the  Gen- 
eral Commercial  College  and  the  South  Company,  yes  [before]  every 
honest  man.  This  is  then  what  the  General  Commercial  College  has 
found  good  for  the  factor  Hinrich  Elsswich  to  do  in  Porto  Rico  and  in 
New  Sweden  on  behalf  of  the  Company, — this  as  well  as  what  else  may 
fall  to  his  diligence  and  dexterity  to  do  that  he  may  truly  assure  himseff 
to  be  remembered  and  recompensed  for  it  with  all  good  things. 
Ubsala,  March  4,  1654,  etc. 

VI. 

Instruction," 

issued  by  the  General  Commercial  College  on  behalf  of  the  Honorable 

South  Company,  according  to  which  Captain  Johan  J.  Bockhorn  is  to 

conduct  himself  on  his  journey  to  New  Sweden  on  the  royal  ship  Orn. 

I. 

In  the  first  place  he  shall  see  that  nothing  is  wanting  on  the  ship  of  all 
the  supplies  which  will  be  needed  for  this  journey,  but  that  everything 
shall  be  provided,  procured  and  ordered,  so  that  he  can  with  certainty 
assure  himself  that  he  will  be  able  to  perform  the  journey  thither  and 
back  again  with  the  help  of  God. 

2. 

Two  special  lists  or  inventories  shall  be  made  of  all  the  goods  and 
merchandise  loaded  upon  the  ship,  which  are  to  be  signed  by  said  Captain 
Johan  Bockhorn  together  with  Captain  Swen  Schutte,  and  of  such  lists 
one  shall  be  delivered  to  and  left  with  Admiral  Anckerhielm  in  Gothen- 
burg, the  other  one,  however,  shall  be  taken  along  with  him. 

3- 
After  that  he  shall,  in  God's  name,  without  all  further  loss  ot  time 
when  the  appointed  period  of  his  departure  draws  near,  weather  and 
wind  allowing,  go  to  sea  together  with  a  galiot  belonging  to  the  Honor- 
able South  Company  called  the  Gyllden  Haij  and  take  his  course  by  the 
straightest  and  best  way  to  Nova  Svecia  or  the  South  River  and  during 
the  way  pay  good  and  diligent  attention  to  this,  that  the  said  galiot  is 
not  left  behind  but  that  it  may  remain  under  his  defence  and  protection 

"  This  is  a  typical  instruction  given  to  tlie  captains  who  were  sent  to  New 
Sweden.     Com.  Col.  Reg. 


752    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

and  at  all  times  follow  him  on  to  the  place,  where  the  best  opportunity 
presents  itself  to  it  for  taking  its  course  towards  Porto  Rico.  In  lite 
manner  Captain  Bockhorn  shall  also  be  obliged  to  receive  into  the  ship 
under  his  command  those  few  colonists  whom  Captain  Hans  Amunds- 
sohn  at  his  departure  towards  Porto  Rico  finds  unnecessary  to  take  on 
the  galiot  and  to  bring  the  same  in  like  manner  as  his  own  to  Nova 
Svecia. 

4- 
He  shall  also  keep  good  order  among  the  people  on  the  ship,  require 
them  to  live  a  good  and  honorable  life,  not  to  be  away  from  the  hours  of 
prayer  but  diligently  to  observe  these,  and  [he  is]  especially  to  see  that 
everything  passes  peacefully  between  the  crew  and  the  colonists. 

5- 

He  shall  diligently  take  care  of  the  cargo  so  that  nothing  of  it  shall  be 
ruined  or  in  any  way  damaged,  but  that  everything  (whatever  name  it 
might  have)  might,  according  to  his  duty,  be  taken  into  [his]  con- 
sideration. 

6. 

Since  the  bouteillier  or  steward  on  the  ship  the  Orn  is  appointed  to 
look  after  not  only  the  provisions  of  the  Crown  but  also  those  of  the 
company,  therefore  Captain  Bockhorn  is,  together  with  Captain  Swen 
Schute,  earnestly  to  take  care  that  the  steward  shall  accommodate  the 
colonists  and  the  crew  with  food  and  drink  from  the  supply  of  each  and 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  provisions  will  not  be  unnecessarily  consumed 
or  wasted,  also  to  require  the  said  steward  to  deliver  a  correct  bill  to 
him  as  well  as  to  Captain  Schute. 

7- 

As  often  as  anything  of  importance  occurs  he  shall  take  counsel  with 
Captain  Swen  Schute  and  other  officers  he  has  with  him  and  decide  what 
is  best  to  do  and  at  all  times  to  keep  good  harmony  and  correspondence 
with  one  another,  and  as  often  as  need  requires  it  one  is  to  appear  with 
counsel  and  assistance  to  the  other  and  [all  are  to]  make  it  their  duty  to 
work  for  the  common  good  and  the  service  of  the  Honorable  South 
Company. 

8. 

Furthermore  he  is  not  to  neglect  to  keep  a  daily  register  or  a  journal 
and  write  down  diligently  everything  noteworthy  that  takes  place  as  well 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     753 

on  the  journey  thither  as  on  the  journey  back  and  deliver  such  at  his 
(God  granting)  return  to  the  Commercial  College. 

9- 
When  he  then  (God  grant  luck)  arrives  in  the  country,  he  shall 
deliver  all  the  goods  from  the  ship  unto  the  commiss  and  make  a  perfect 
list  of  everything  which  is  delivered  from  the  ship  whatever  name  it  may 
have  which  is  to  be  signed  not  only  by  the  said  commiss  but  also  by  Gov- 
ernor Johan  Printz  and  [he]  is  to  bring  it  back  with  him. 

10. 

Then  he  shall  load  again  into  the  ship  the  goods  which  are  in  store 
there  or  that  might  be  bought  in  a  hurry  and  delivered  to  him  of  which 
he  shall  again  make  a  list  to  be  signed  by  the  commiss  and  Governor 
Johan  Printz,  one  of  which  is  to  be  brought  here  the  other  to  be  left  in 
the  country,  and  he  is  to  preserve  the  goods  well  against  all  mishap  on 
the  return  voyage. 

II. 

Instead  of  the  ballast  he  is  to  take  in  oak  or  walnut  trees,  if  it  is  possi- 
ble to  obtain  them  so  soon,  yet,  however,  if  none  of  these  things  can  be 
secured  so  quickly  he  shall  in  their  stead  [procure]  other  material  which 
might  bring  some  gain  and  load  [it  upon  the  ship]  instead  of  the  ballast, 
losing  no  time  on  this  account,  however. 

12. 

When  he  (if  it  pleases  God)  arrives  at  Gothenburgk  again,  he  will 
find  orders  there,  what  is  further  to  be  done  and  to  be  let,  according  to 
which  he  is  to  act  in  everything.  All  the  rest,  which  it  has  not  been 
possible  to  draw  up  in  a  hurry,  he  will,  according  to  his  best  knowledge, 
know  how  to  accomplish,  acting  as  a  faithful  and  trusted  man. 

Dated  at  Ubsala,  December  13,  1653,  etc. 

VII. 

Treaty  between  Sweden  and  England  Concerning  the  Swedish 

Colonies  in  Africa  and  America. 

I,  Bulstrode  Whitelocke,  signed  below,  keeper  of  the  castle  of  Windsor 

and  one  of  the  costodians  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Commonwealth  of 

England,  Commissioner,  Procurator,  Deputy  and  Extraordinary  Ambas- 

49 


754   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

sador  of  the  most  serene  and  most  high  Lord  Oliver,  Lord  Protector  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland  and  the  dominions 
thereof  and  of  the  said  Commonwealth  do  make  known  and  testify,  that 
whereas  by  the  treaty  of  alliance^^  between  the  said  my  most  serene  and 
most  high  Oliver  Lord  Protector  and  the  most  serene  and  most  potent 
Princess  and  Lady,  the  Lady  Chistina,  by  the  grace  of  God,  Queen  of 
the  Swedes,  Goths  and  Vandals,  etc.,  great  Princess  of  Finland,  Duchess 
of  Esthonia,  Carelia,  Bremen,  Verden,  Stettin,  Pomerania,  Cassubia  and 
Vandalia,  Princess  of  Rugen  and  ruler  of  Ingria  and  Wismar,  etc.,  a 
firm  peace  and  friendship  is  established;  and  I  have  judged  it  chiefly 
consonent  thereto  to  find  out  means  to  remove  certain  grievances  of  the 
people  and  citizens  of  either  state,  and  to  take  away  all  grounds  and  occa- 
sions of  their  arising  in  time  to  come.  Therefore,  concerning  certain 
mooted  questions,  I  have  made  an  agreement  with  the  most  illustrious  and 
most  excellent  Lords  Plenipotentiary  Senators  and  Commissioners  of  the 
said  Royal  Majesty  and  of  the  kingdom  of  Sweden,  the  Lord  Axel  Oxen- 
stierna.  Chancellor  of  the  kingdom  and  Provincial  Judge  of  East  Norr- 
land,  Lappland,  Herjedalen  and  Jamtland,  Count  of  Sodre  More,  Free 
Baron  in  Kimitho,  Lord  of  Fiholm  and  Tidon,  Golden  Knight,  and  the 
Lord  Eric  Oxenstierna,  son  of  Axel,  President  of  the  General  Com- 
mercial College,  Count  of  Sodre  More,  Free  Baron  in  Kimitho,  Lord  in 
Tidon,  Vi[s]by  and  Gorweden,  as  is  expressed  and  explained  in  the 
following: 

In  the  first  place,  whereas  a  certain  English  company  trading  in 
Guinea  has  made  complaint  of  one  Henry  Carelove,^^*  who  in  the 
capacity  of  governor  of  the  Swedish  Company  has  in  their  name  de- 
prived the  English  of  some  places  on  the  said  coasts  inhabited  by  the 
latter,  and  treated  them  with  other  injuries,  while  the  said  Swedish 
company  has  undertaken  not  only  that  the  guilt  of  the  said  governor 
and  of  themselves  cannot  be  proved,  but  has  also  retorted  their  charges 
against  the  servants  of  the  said  English  company,  and  whereas  these 
individual  quarrels  of  merchants  it  has  been  impossible  on  this  occasion 

"Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Sweden  and  England,  April  n,  1654. 

"  §  16.  Concerning  other  advantages  to  be  enjoyed,  and  rules  according  to 
which  the  ships  of  war  shall  demean  themselves  which  shall  come  into  the  ports 
or  stations  of  the  other  confederate,  of  the  trade  to  be  had  in  America,  also  of 
the  commodities  of  fishing  for  herrings  and  other  fish  whatsoever,  of  the  staples 
and  marts  to  be  appointed  for  trade,  and  of  other  matters  and  conditions  which 
may  be  required  for  the  greater  evidence  of  the  former  articles,  as  by  a  particu- 
lar treaty  and  mutual  contract  shall  be  hereafter  agreed."  Cf.  Whitelocke, 
Embassy,  H.  102  ff.,  160  ff. 

'"'  Hendrik  CarloflF,  first  governor  of  the  Swedish  settlement  in  Africa. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.    755 

for  certain  reasons  altogether  to  remove,  it  has  been  thought  most  advis- 
able on  both  sides  that  they  should  be  settled  as  soon  as  possible  in  a  most 
friendly  and  straightforward  way  before  certain  commissioners  from  both 
sides.  In  the  meantime,  however,  it  is  agreed  that  this  delay  shall  not  be 
prejudicial  to  either  party,  so  that  the  partners  and  servants  of  the 
aforesaid  companies  and  the  subjects  and  citizens  of  both  States  shall 
not  either  in  Guinea,  and  that  in  the  freest  traffic  there,  or  on  the 
voyage  cause  injury  or  annoyance  to  each  other,  but  referring  the 
decision  of  their  quarrels  to  the  chief  men  of  each  side,  as  is  above  indi- 
cated, they  shall  live  among  themselves  in  friendly  fashion  and  treat 
each  other  with  such  good  will  as  is  agreeable  to  the  treaty  concluded  on 
both  sides.  The  same  rule  shall  also  be  observed  in  America  between 
the  colonies  of  New  Sweden  and  of  the  English  so  that  they  may  culti- 
vate true  friendship  and  refrain  on  both  sides  from  all  injuries  and 
annoyances.  And  in  the  first  place  let  them  take  care  for  their  mutual 
preservation  until  the  question  of  the  boundaries  of  the  colonies  and  any 
other  laws  of  friendship  together  with  the  remaining  business  of  indi- 
viduals can  be  duly  settled  before  commissioners  appointed  from  both 
sides,  which  things  by  virtue  of  my  commission  on  me  [conferred]  by 
these  presents  I  wholly  accept  to  be  enjoined  upon  all  and  singular  the 
subjects  and  citizens  of  both  States  whom  it  concerns,  and  to  be  by 
them  observed,  and  by  the  subscription  of  my  hand  and  by  my  seal  I 
ratify. 

Done  at  Upsala,  May  8,  1654. 

BULSTRODE    WhITELOCKE       [SEAlJ 

VIII. 

Indian  Confirmation  on  the  Sandhook  and  Surrounding 

Districts. 

A.  D.  1654,  on  July  8  ...  the  two(  ?)  sachems,  .  .  .  [Ahopam]eck 
and  Peminacka,  came  to  Fort  Christina  and  got  into  conversation  about 
the  [Sandh]ock  and  that  land  which  is  located  around  there  all  [the 
way]  to  Christina  [Kill].  Herewith  they  acknowledged  that  the 
purchase  which  the  Swedes  before  this(?)"  had  contracted  with  Metat- 
simint  was  firm  and  legal,  so  that  no  one  else  hereafter  could  rightfully 
pretend  to  it,  and  that  Peminacka  had  never  sold  the  Sandhock  or  its^* 
surrounding  lands  to  Stuvesand,  Gou[verno]r  at  Manathes,  but  had 

"  Ms.  defective,  see  facsimile.  The  reading  might  he  "  for  detta "  before 
this,  or  "pa  detta  "(?),  upon  this. 

"  l/icss,  its    (Sandhook's)    or  his   (Peminack's). 


7S6    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

received  some  presents  from  him,  for  which  he  promised  him  [per- 
mission] to  place  a  house  there,  no  deeds  concerning  it  having  been  made 
or  given.  Wherefore  Peminacca  desired  to  confirm  herewith  the  said 
purchase,  which  the  Swedes  had  closed  with  him,  as  the  rightful  owner 
of  the  said  land,  which  Metatsimint  had  presented  to  him  before  the 
purchase  and  before  his  death,  so  that  none  hereafter  may  find  cause  to 
object  to^^  or  censure  this.  This  they  certify  with  their  marks.  Done  at 
Fort  Christina,  the  day  and  date  given  above. 

Peminacka,  as  rightful  owner,  Ahopameck,  as  witness,  Sinques(?)  as 
witness,  Pinnar(  ?)  [as  w]itness.  Johan  Risingh,  Jan  Ja[nss] on  Bock- 
horn,  Gregorius  [va]n  Dijck,  Johan  (?)   [Papegoja?] 

IX. 

Indian  Deed  of  Land. 

A.  D.  1654,  on  July  8,  the  Sachems  Peminacka  and  Ahopameck  came 
to  Fort  Christina,  where  they  began  to  talk  about  their  lands,  which 
belong  to  them.  Thus  Peminacka,  the  sachem,  presented  to  the  Swedes 
all  the  right  and  pretention  which  he,  as  rightful  owner,  had  to  these 
lands,  namely:  Tamakonck  or  the  Sandhock  with  the  surrounding  lands, 
so  also  all  the  land  all  the  way  from  Fort  Christina  up  the  river  which 
has  not  yet  been  bought,  especially  Naamans  Point  to  Marikens  point  in- 
clusive with  all  its  pretentions.  Ahopameck,  as  the  rightful  owner,  also 
presented  to  the  Swedes  all  the  land,  which  is  located,  all  the  way  from 
Marikis  Hook,  all  the  way  to  half  of  the  Skulkijll,  Tennakonck  and 
other  [lands]  unmentioned,  which  has  been  sold  of  other  rightful  owners, 
together  with  Kinsassingh,  Arunameck,  Mockorhuttingh,  Kokarakungh, 
with  all  the  lands  and  waters,  which  are  subject  to  it,  Passaijungh 
excepted.  [They]  testify  and  declare  that  these  lands  have  been  their 
own  and  are  not  bought  by  any  one  in  particular  before.^^  Where- 
fore they  and  their  descendants  herewith  sell  all  these  aforesaid  lands 
.  .  ."  For  futher  surety  they  confirmed  this  with  their  marks  and 
witnesses  who  were  present,  placing  their  signatures  below.  Made  at 
Christina   as   above. 

Peminacka    as   the   rightful   owner 
Ahopameck  as  the  rightful  owner. 

Johan  Risingh  Gregorius  van  Dijck 

'°Seija(?),  say,  speak  against (?). 

"  The  idea  is  that  this  district  as  a  whole  had  been  bought  by  the  Swedes 
before,  but  the  particular  districts  had  not  been  pointed  out  and  bought  before. 
"  Ms.  defective. 


Documents  and  Translations  of  Documents.     757 


Testimony  of  the  Heirs  of  Mitatsimint. 

We  the  undersigned  hfers  of  the  deceased  Sachem  Mitatsimint  give 
by  this  our  writing  the  testimony  that  the  land  lying  below  Appachai- 
hackingh  unto  Mettocksinowousingh,  belongs  to  no  one  else  than  to  us, 
Peminacka  being  allowed  to  hunt  upon  Quinamkot  but  not  as  the  owner 
to  sell  the  same.  We  also  know  that  the  late  Sachem  Mitatsimint 
bargained  about  the  said  land  with  the  Swedes,  wherefore,  for  a  con- 
firmation, we  have  desired,  as  the  true  heirs  and  owners,  by  this  our 
drawn  up  contract  to  testify  that  no  one  else,  be  [it]  what  nation  it 
may,  has  a  right  or  pretention  to  dwell  upon  the  aforesaid  lands  or  to 
incorporate  [them]  than  the  Swedes  alone,  for  which  [lands]  we  also 
have  been  contended  by  them,  like  our  deceased  sachem  and  father. 
Besides  [we]  will  show  (prove)  by  the  savages  in  the  entire  river  that 
the  aforesaid  land  has  been  the  property  not  of  Pemenacka  but  of  Mitat- 
simint, and  [this]  we  as  his  heirs  herewith  maintain  for  a  testimony  of 
the  truth,  subscribing  [to  it]  with  the  marks  of  our  own  hands. 

Dated,  Elsborgh,  July  3,  1651. 

The  mark  of  Kiapes  the  son  of  Mitatsimint. 

The  mark  of  Notike  the  widow  of  Mitatsimint. 

The  mark  of  the  two  children  of  Mitatsimint. 

As  witnesses: 

Peter  Johimson. 

GOTHEFRYD     HaRMER. 


APPENDIX    D. 

I.    The  Expeditions  Prepared  for  New  Sweden, 
1637-1656. 

I.  The  First  Expedition,  1637-1639. 
The  ship  Kalmar  NyckeV-  {Key  of  Kalmar).^ 
Commander,  Peter  Minuit. 
Skipper,  Jan  Hindricksen^  van  de  Waeter. 
First  mate,  Michel  Symonszen.* 
Second  mate,  Jacob  Everts  Sandelin.'' 
Upper  boatsivain,  Peter  Johanss.  from  the  Bemster  v/ho  succeeded 

Andres  Lucassen. 
Gunner,  Johan  Joachimss. 

Sailors,  Herman  Andersson,  Johan  Svensson,  Sander  Clerck.* 
The  ship  Fogel  Grip  or  Gripen''  (the  Bird  Griffin). 
Skipper,  Andrian  Joransen.* 
The  cost  of  the  expedition  was  about  36,000  florins. 

^Kalmar  Nyckel  was  purchased  by  the  Kalmar  (Calmar)  division  of  the 
South-Ship  Company  in  1632  for  27,098  D.  (and  not  "by  Peter  Minuit  at  Gothen- 
burg in  1637"  as  stated  by  Zettersten  in  Sv.  flat,  hist.,  II.  573).  It  was  taken 
over  by  the  government  and  sold  to  Cornelius  Rolofsson  in  1651  (estimated  value 
was  then  5,000  R.D.).  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XLVIII.,  note  32.  A  ship  called  Calmare 
Barcken  (the  Calmar  Bark)  is  mentioned  in  the  fleet  of  King  Erick  XIV.,  Cf.  Ett 
bidr.  till  flat,  hist..  Hist.  Tid.,  XIII.  69-71. 

"  Calmar,  Kalmar  a  city  on  the  south-eastern  coast  of  Sweden. 

^  Johan   (Jehan,  Jon)   Hendricksen   (Hendrixsz). 

'Michel   (Michell)   Simons  (Simonsz). 

^  Jacob  Evertsen  and  Jacob  Evertsz  Sandelyn. 

"  It  has  been  said  that  there  were  no  Swedish  sailors  along  on  the  first  voyage, 
but  Andersson  and  Swensson  were  Swedes  and  probably  Clerk  also.  They  were 
dead  in  i6+o  and  their  widows,  who  lived  in  Stockholm,  were  paid  a  small 
amount  of  money  by  the  company.    Journal,  No.  28. 

'  Fogel  Grip  also  belonged  to  the  South-Ship  Company  and  was  not  purchased 
by  Minuit  as  stated  by  Zettersten,  S-v.  flat,  hist.,  II. 

During  a  storm  in  August,  1639,  the  ship,  lying  in  the  harbor  at  Gothenburg, 
after  its  return  from  New  Sweden,  "  although  secured  by  two  anchors  .  .  .  was 
driven  upon  sandshoals  I'A  fathoms  deep."  The  ballast  and  cannon  were  re- 
moved, but  it  would  not  float  and  it  seems  that  the  ship  foundered  there,  for  it  is 
mentioned  no  more.  Cf.  Ndgra  Clas  Fleming  papper  (R.A.).  A  ship  called  Stora 
Gripen  (the  Large  Griffin)  and  another  called  Lilla  Gripen  (the  Small  Griffin) 
are  mentioned  in  1564.     Cf.  Hist.  Tid.,  XIII.  69-71. 

'Andriean  Janesen. 

758 


Expeditions  Prepared  for  New  Sweden.        759 

2.   The  Second  Expedition,  1639-1640. 

The  ship  Kalmar  Nyckel  (its  second  voyage  to  New  Sweden). 
Captain,  Cornells  van  Vliet°  as  far  as  Holland. 
The  cost  of  the  expedition  was  15,840:25  D. 

Commander,  Pauwel  Jansen,  who  was  appointed  in  Holland  on  the 

outward  journey  of  the  ship. 
Mate,  Herman  Willemsen. 

3.   The  Third  Expedition,  1640-1641    {from  Holland). 

The  ship  Freedenburgh. 

Commander,  Joost  van  Bogaert. 

4.   The  Fourth  Expedition,  1641-1642, 
The  ship  Kalmar  Nyckel  (its  third  voyage  to  America). 

Skipper,  Andrian  Jansen^"  from  Saardam. 

Mate,  Lambert  Pietersen. 
The  ship  Charitas.^^ 

Skipper,  Jan  Jochimsen. 

Mate,  Jacob  Everts  Sandelin. 

5.   The  Fifth  Expedition,  1642-1643. 
The  ship  Swan^^ 

Skipper,  Lambert  Pietersen. ^^ 
Boatswain,  Johan  Andersson. 

°  Cornells  Van  Filet. 

"Andrlaen   Jansz. 

^ Flojten  Charitas  belonged  to  (Norrkoping-dlvlsion(  ?)  of)  the  South-Ship 
Company  (not  to  the  Vasterviks  skeppskompani  as  Zettersten  has  it  in  S-v.  flat, 
hist.,  II.  564).  Zettersten  states  that  it  Is  mentioned  for  the  last  time  in  1646,  but 
it  is  mentioned  in  1650-1653  as  being  among  the  ships  captured  by  the  English 
from  Swedish  merchants.  (See  State  Pap.  For.,  Sweden,  Tr.  and  A  dm.  Pap., 
1650-59,  Pub.  Rec.  Office.)  In  1653  the  "  galiot  the  Cliaritie"  of  Norrkoping, 
coming  from  France  loaded  with  Aqua  vitae  was  taken  by  the  English.  Entry 
Books,  Sweden,   1653,  Pub.  Rec.   Office. 

''The  Sivan  belonged  to  the  South-Ship  Company.  It  was  of  165  lasts  burden 
and  carried  36  cannon  {.'im.  Reg.,  July  21,  1657).  It  took  part  in  the  naval 
expeditions  against  the  Danes,  1644-1645,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Fehmarn  in 
October.  It  was  used  on  picket  duty  in  the  sound  in  the  spring  of  1652  and  it 
seems  that  it  was  captured  by  the  Danes  in  1659.  A  Swan  was  also  found  in  the 
Swedish  navy  in  1560.  (There  was  also  a  Swan  in  the  Danish  fleet.)  Cf.  above, 
XXV.,  p.  251;  Palmsk.  Sam!.  (Up.  B.),  322,  fol.  333;  Am.  Reg.,  April  i,  1652; 
August  23,  October  25,  1656;  July  2i,  1657;  Zettersten,  Sv.  flat,  hist.,  II. 

"Lambert  Pietersson. 


760   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

The  ship  Fama?-^ 

Skipper,  Thering  Hindricksen. 
Boatswain,  Nils  Svensson. 

6.  The  Sixth  Expedition,  1643-1644. 
The  ship  Fama  (second  voyage  to  New  Sweden). 
Skipper,  Peter  Pawelsson  Kabeliaw.^° 
Mate,  Jacob  Cornelisen. 
The  cost  of  the  cargo  was  13,563  :io  D.  (12,214:16  D.  for  the  Indian 
trade,  1,348:26  D.  for  the  needs  of  the  colony). 

The  ship  Kalmar  Nyckel  (sailed  to  the  West  Indian  Island,  cf.  above). 
Captain,  Berendt  Hermansson  Hopp. 
Skipper,  Vinsent  Beckman. 

7.   The  Seventh  Expedition,  1646-1647. 

The  ship  Gyllene  Haj"-^  (the  Golden  Shark). 
Captain,  Jan  Jochimsen"  from  Cappel. 
Mate,  Jacob  Albrechtsen. 
The  cost  of  the  cargo  was  10,075  D. 

8.  The  Eighth  Expedition,  1647-1648. 
The  ship  Siuan  (second  voyage  to  New  Sweden). 
Captain,  Steffen  Willemsen.^s 
Skipper,  Nils  Sifvertson." 

"  It  was  called  Engclen  or  Fama  and  Tellige  skeppet  Fama  or  Tellige  skeppet 
Engelen. 

The  Fama  belonged  to  the  South-Ship  Company  (and  was  not  bought  by 
Vasterviks  skepskompani  in  1641  as  stated  by  Zettersten,  Sv.  flat,  hist.,  II.  567). 
It  was  rerigged  in  1641,  and  later  taken  into  the  service  of  the  Crown.  In  1653 
it  was  repaired,  made  journeys  to  Narva  (Capt.  Peter  Petersson)  in  1653-4,  and 
to  London  in  1654  (Richard  Staffort,  Commander).  It  was  lost  during  a  fog  in 
1659  according  to  Zettersten.  Cf.  above,  Chap.  XLVIIL,  note  33;  Beier  to 
Fleming,  1638,  Nagra  Clas  Fleming  papper  (R.A.)  ;  Gen.  Hand,  och  Skepsk., 
IL,  1623-52  (K.A.)  ;  Zettersten,  Sv.  flat,  hist.,  II.  567. 

"  Cabeliau. 

"The  Haj  is  not  mentioned  by  Zettersten  in  Sv.  flat.  hist.  It  belonged  to  the 
South-Ship  Company  and  was  commanded  by  Skipper  Peter  Michelsson  (Michel- 
sen)  in  1631-1633  who  made  several  journeys  with  the  ship.  It  was  captured  by 
Stuyvesant  in  1654  and  used  by  the  Dutch  in  the  West  Indian  trade.  Cf.  above, 
Chap.  XL.;  Gen.  Hand,  och  Skepsk.,  III.  i630-i636[7]   (K.A.). 

"  Johan  Jochimsson. 

''Stephen  Williamsson. 

"Nels  Siwersen   (Siversson). 


Expeditions  Prepared  for  New  Sweden.        761 

Lieutenant,  Anders  Jonsson.-" 
Mate,  Jan  Jansson  Bockhorn.-^ 
Cost  of  cargo  was  1 1 ,964  D. 

9.   The  Ninth  Expedition,  1649. 

The  ship  Katf-  (the  Cat). 

Commander,  Hans  Amundsson. 
Captain,  Cornelius  Lucifer. 
Skipper,  Mans  Bengtsson. 
Mate,  Jan  Jansson  Bockhorn. 
Cost  of  cargo  exclusive  of  ammunition  and  cannon  was  5j2I5  D. 

10.   The   Tenth  Expedition,   1654. 
The  ship  Orn  (the  Eagle). "^ 

Commander,  Johan  Rising. 
Captain,  Jan  Jansson  Bockhorn. 

H.   The  Eleventh  Expedition,  1654. 
The  ship  Gyllene  Haj  (did  not  reach  New  Sweden). 
Commander,  Hendrick  Elswick. 
Mate,  Anders  Matheus(?)  from  Amsterdam. 
Second  mate,  Bengt  Olsson. 
Lieutenant,  Sven  Hook. 

12.   Tivelfth  Expedition,  1655-1656. 
The  ship  Mercurius.^* 

"Andreas  Joranson   (Jonson). 

"Johan  Janson  Bockhorn. 

^The  Cat  belonged  to  the  government.  It  carried  from  18  to  22  cannon  and 
had  a  crew  of  about  50  sailors.  It  took  part  in  the  naval  expeditions  against  the 
Danes,  1644-1645.  Was  wrecked  near  Porto  Rico  in  1649  and  then  burnt  by  the 
Spaniards.     Cf.  above,  and  Rddspr.,  IX.  333,  etc. 

^  The  Orn  was  taken  from  the  Danes  in  June,  1644,  and  was  rerigged  the 
following  year  at  Wismar.  It  was  129!/  (Swedish)  feet  long  and  30  (Swedish) 
feet  broad,  carried  34  to  40  cannon  and  had  a  crew  of  about  80  men.  It  was 
repaired  in  the  autumn  of  1654,  was  ordered  to  bring  Secretary  Coijet  to  Eng- 
land in  October,  1654  (Am.  Reg.,  October  4,  1654).  According  to  Zettersten  it 
was  sunk  at  Karlskrona   in   1680. 

^  Mercurius  was  bought  in  1655  by  Trotzig  in  Holland  and  was  entirely 
rebuilt.  It  carried  14  cannon  and  was  of  about  100  lasts  burden.  It  made 
journeys  for  some  time  after  1656  for  the  American  Company.  There  were  also 
two  or  three  other  ships  by  this  name  at  the  time.  Cf.  above.  Chap.  XLIX.;  Am. 
Reg.  (FI.  Ar.),  May  22,  1644,  October  8,  1653,  January  14,  24,  1654,  June  23, 
July  21,  1657,  etc.;  Zettersten,  Sv.  /lot.  hist.,  II.  576-7.  (The  Mercurius  belonging 
to  the  American  Company  is  not  mentioned  by  Zettersten.) 


762   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Commander,  Johan  Papegoja. 

Second  Commander  or  Captain{?),  Hendrick  Huygen. 
sapper,  Jan  Hindrickson  Lang. 
Mate,  Jacob  Jansson. 
Barber-surgeon,  Heindrich  Mundt. 
The  total  cost  of  the  expedition  including  the  ship  was  13,414  R.D. 
according  to  one  bill. 

II.    Ships  Belonging  to  the  South-Ship  Company,  that 

DID  not  make  Journeys  to  New  Sweden. 

1.  Christina,  belonged  to  the  Nykoping  division  of  the  South-Ship 
Company.  She  made  several  long  voyages  for  the  company,  carrying 
salt  and  other  merchandise.  She  w&s  sold  to  De  Geer,  after  which  she 
made  journeys  to  Africa  for  the  Swedish  African  Company.  She  was 
captured  by  the  English,  but  was  later  released. 

There  was  a  ship  called  Queen  Christina  in  1665  for  which  Leijonberg 
applied  for  permission  in  that  year  to  sail  to  Barbadoes. 

Gen.  Hand,  och  SkepsL,  III.,  1630-1636  [7]  (K.A.).  "  Forhand. 
ang.  Hoi.  ersattn.,"  etc.,  and  other  documents  in  Afrik.  komp.,  I.-II. 
(R.A.)  ;  cf.  also  Granlund,  En  sv.  koL,  etc.,  State  Pap.,  For.,  Sweden, 
No.  5,  1639-65,  Pub.  Rec.  Office. 

2.  Forgylda  Lejonet  (The  Gilded  Lion),  probably  belonged  to  the 
Stockholm  division  of  the  South-Ship  Company.  Was  sent  to  Spain 
with  a  cargo  of  masts  and  spars  in  1 63 1 ,  where  it  was  captured  by  order 
of  King  Philip  in  1632.     Cf.  above,  p.  73. 

3.  Gefleskeppet.  (The  ship  of  the  Gefle-division  of  the  South-Ship 
Company.  Cf.  above,  p.  69  ff.)  She  was  probably  built  by  Welshuisen 
(cf.  above,  p.  70).  She  made  several  commercial  journeys  for  the 
South-Ship  Company  and  was  sent  to  Spain  in  1631-32,  where  she  was 
captured.  Cf.  above,  p.  73  ff. ;  Gen.  Hand,  och  Skepsk.,  HI.,  1630- 
1636(7)   (K.A.). 

4.  Konung  David  {King  David)-^  also  called  Gamle  Konung  David 
(Old  King  David),  belonged  to  the  South-Ship  Company.  It  was  com- 
manded by  Skipper  Clas  Hindersson  Boender,  who  made  a  great  number 
of  commercial  journeys  with  the  ship.  It  was  sold  in  1641  by  Peter 
Trotzig  for  8,100  florins,  which  (less  148:12  florins  expenses)  were 
turned  over  to  the  New  Sweden  Company.  This  vessel  is  not  mentioned 
by  Zettersten  in  Sv.  flat.  hist.    Cf.  Gen.  Hand,  och  Skepsk.,  II.,  1623-52 

"'The  ship  on  which  De  Vries  sailed  to  the  West  Indies  in  the  summer  of 
1634  was  called  King  David.    Cf.  Cot.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  $.,  III.  49. 


Expeditions  Prepared  for  New  Sweden.        763 

(K.A.) ;  Kompanler  and  Atskilliga  komp.  (K.A.)  ;  Am.  Res-,  October 
26,  1641. 

5.  Nye  Konung  David  (also  called  Der  Newe  Konig  David,  the  New 
King  David)""  was  built  (or  rebuilt)  in  Holland  (1641)  for  the  South- 
Ship  Company  for  the  sum  of  9,900  D.  to  replace  the  Old  King  David. 
It  was  commanded  by  Skipper  Clas  Hindersson  Boender,  who  owned  one- 
sixteenth  of  the  ship.  The  ship  made  1,125  D-  on  freight  which  was 
carried  to  Stockholm  on  the  first  journey  and  fifteen-sixteenths  of  the  ship 
were  insured  in  Amsterdam  for  6,000  florins  at  a  premium  of  135  florins 
for  the  journey.  The  ship  earned  several  thousand  D.  for  the  company 
until  it  was  sold  by  the  government  in  1645  to  Louis  De  Geer  for  9,000 
D.  (of  which  Boender  received  his  share,  or  375  R.D.,  the  other  5,625 
R.D.  being  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  South-Ship  Company  in  the  books 
of  the  New  Sweden  Company).  Cf.  Journal,  no.  71  ff. ;  "  Rach.  med 
Sod.  Comp.,"  SiJderk.,  1637-59  (R.A.)  ;  above;  Zettersten,  Sv.  {lot. 
hist.,  II. 

6.  Neptunis.    Sold  by  Le  Thor  and  Blommaert  in  1640. 

7.  Norrlandskeppet.  (The  ship  of  the  Norrland-division  of  the 
South-Ship  Company.)  Made  commercial  journeys  for  the  South-Ship 
Company  before  the  autumn  of  163 1.  It  was  captured  in  Spain  in  1632. 
Cf.  above,  p.  73. 

8.  Stockholms  Kronan  (the  Crown  of  Stockholm).  It  belonged  to 
the  Stockholm  division  of  the  South-Ship  Company  and  was  undoubtedly 
built  by  Christian  Welshuisen.  It  was  captured  in  Spain  in  1632.  Cf. 
above,  p.  73  ff.  This  ship  is  not  mentioned  by  Zettersten  in  Sv.  flot. 
hist. 

9.  The  ship  Svarte  Hunden.  (the  Black  Dog),  of  120  lasts  burden, 
was  sold  by  the  government  in  October,  1640,  to  Daniel  Schlegel  in 
Stettin  for  9,000  R.D.  The  sails  and  rigging  valued  at  3,000  R.D. 
belonged  to  the  government  and  the  remainder  were  credited  to  the  New 
Sweden  Company.  Cf.  "  Hen.  Kongl.  Maj.  och  Cron.  Rachn.  med. 
Sod.  Comp.,"  Soderk.,  1637-59  (R.A.) ;  Journal,  no.  88,  etc. 

10.  Turturdufvan  (Turtell  Taube,  the  Turtle  Dove)  was  sold  in 
1640  by  Le  Thor  and  Blommaert  in  Holland  and  the  money  was  used 
by  the  New  Sweden  Company  for  paying  the  wages  of  its  servants  and 
for  buying  the  merchandise  for  the  Indian  trade.  Journal,  nos.  19, 
35.  etc. 

*'On  November  3,  1666,  a  pass  was  granted  by  the  Lord  High  Admiral  of 
England  to  the  Swedish  resident  at  London  for  a  ship  called  King  David,  which 
was  to  sail  from  Rochelle  to  Lemerick  with  salt,  thence  to  the  Barbadoes.  Acts 
of  the  Privy  Council,  p.  413. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
A.     Secondary  Works. 

GENERAL  HISTORY,   HISTORIES  OF  COLONIZATION, 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

I.    General  European  History. 
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tobacco.     (Birmingham,  1880.) 
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1600.     (New  York  and  London,  1904.)     Bibliography,  Chap.  XVII, 

316  ff.    A  good  critical  essay  on  authorities. 
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(Miinchen). 
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Gesellschaft  zu  Berlin.    Jahrgang  I   (Berlin,  1880-1900.) 
Langlois,    Ch.    v.,   Manuel   de   bibliographic    historique,    I-II.      (Paris, 

1901-1904.) 
Morris,  Henry  C,  Bibliography  of  works  on  the  History  of  Colonization 

in  Vol.  II,  325,  of  the  History  of  Colonization  by  H.  C.  Morris. 
Ward,  A.  W.,  Prothero,  G.  A.,  Leathes,  Stanley,  Cambridge  Modern 

History,  IV,  V.     Contain  good  select  bibliographies. 
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Army  and  Navy  Quarterly.     (1885.)     Vol.  I,  422  ff. 

2.     Historical  Accounts. 

Aitzema,    Lieuwe   van,   Saken   van   Staet    en    Oorlogh,   etc.,    1621-1669. 

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1868  ff.) 
Barfod,  F.,  Danmarks  Historic  fra  1536  til  i6yo.      (Copenhagen,   1891- 

1893.) 

767 


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Blok,  p.  J.,  History  of  the  People  of  the  Netherlands,  III-IV.  Trans- 
lated by  R.  Putnam. 

Cheyney,  Edward  Potts,  European  Background  of  American  History. 
1300-1600.  In  The  American  Nation.  A  History,  Vol.  I.  (New 
York  and  London,  1904.) 

DURUY,  Victor,  Yiistory  of  Modern  Times.  Translated  by  E.  A.  Grosve- 
nor.     (New  York,  1894.) 

Fridericia,  J.  A.,  Danmarks  Riges  Historic.     (A  splendid  book.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  History  of  England  from  the  Accession  of 
James  I  to  the  Outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  1603-1642.  Vols.  I-X. 
(London,   1896.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  The  Thirty  Years'  War,  1618-1648.  (New 
York,  1887.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  History  of  the  Great  Civil  War,  1642-1649. 
I-IV.     (London,  1894,  1897,  1898.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  A  History  of  England  under  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham  and  Charles  I,  1624-1628.     l-ll.     (London,  1875.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  The  Personal  Government  of  Charles  I.  A 
history  of  England  from  the  Assassination  of  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
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I-IL  (London,  1877.)  (The  last  two  are  virtually  reprinted  in 
Hist,  of  Eng.  fr.  the  Acces.  of  James  I,  etc.,  1603-1642.  Vol.  V, 
Chap.  XLVII,  p.  172  ff.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  History  of  The  Commonwealth  and  Protec- 
torate, 1649-1660.  I-IL  (London,  New  York  and  Bombay,  1897.) 
The  two  volumes  cover  the  period  1649-1654  only. 

Grattan,  Thomas  Colley,  The  History  of  the  Netherlands.  (New 
York,  1855.) 

Green,  John  Richard,  A  Short  History  of  the  English  People.  (New 
York,  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  No  date.) 

Laspeyres,  £tienne,  Geschichte  der  volkswirthschaftlichen  Anschauungen 
der  Niederldnder  und  ihrer  Liiteratur  zur  Zeit  der  Republik. 
(Leipzig,  1863.) 

Lingard,  John,  A  History  of  England  from  the  First  Invasion  by  the 
Romans.     Vols.  IX-X.     (London,  1825.) 

Motley,  John  Lothrop,  History  of  the  United  Netherlands  from  the 
Death  of  William  the  Silent  to  the  Twelve  Years'  Truce  160Q. 
Vol  IV,  1600-9.     (New  York,  1868.) 

Pufendorf,  Samuel  von,  Sechs  und  Zwantzig  BUcher  der  Schwedisch- 
und  Deutschen  Kriegs-Geschichte  von  Konig  Gustav  Adolfs  Feld- 
zuge  in  Deutschland  an  Biss  zur  Abdanckung  Der  KUnigin  Christina, 
etc.     (Franckfurt  am  Mayn  und  Leipzig,  1688.) 

Ranke,  L.,  a  History  of  England,  etc.     I-VI.     (Oxford,  1875.) 


Bibliography.  769 

ScHMOLLER,  G.,  The  Mercantile  System,  etc.     (In  Economic  Classics,  ed. 

by  Ashley,  New  York  and  London,  1896.) 
ScHMOLLER,  G.,  Grundriss  der  Allge.  Volkswirtschaftslehre,  Vol.  I.    (3d  ed., 

Leipzig,  1900.) 
Ward,  A.  W.,  Prothero,  G.  W.,  Leathes,  Stanley,   The  Cambridge 

Modern  History.     IV-V.     (Cambridge,  1906,   1908.) 

n.    Swedish    History. 
I.     Bibliographies. 

Arskatalog  for  svenska  bokhandeln.      (1900-1906.) 

Collection  de  volumes  scandinaves  provenant  de  la  Biblioteque  Rationale. 
{Bulletin  rnensuel  des  publications  etrangeres,  1896,  pp.  59-72,  138- 
144.) 

Hierta  (Aktiebolaget  Hiertas  bokforlag),  Forlagskatalog,  iSsg-igos- 
(Stockholm,  n.  d.) 

Lundstedt,  B.,  Sveriges  periodiska  litteratur  {Bibliografi),  3  delar. 
(1895-1902.) 

MONTELIUS,  Oscar,  and  others,  Sveriges  historia  frdn  dldsta  tid  till  vara 
dagar.     (Stockholm,  1881.     Bibliography  in  Vol.  IV.) 

NoRSTEDT  &  SoNER,  P.  A.,  Forlogskatalog,  I-III,  1823-1906.  (Stock- 
holm,  1895-1907.)     Well  systematized  and  helpful  catalogues. 

ScHUCK,  H.,  Skrift.  i  Svensk  Literaturhistoria,  Samlaren,  1887,  p.  11 1  ff. 

Sbttervall,  Kristian,  Svensk  historisk  bibliografi,  1875-1900.  (Skrifter 
utgifna  af  Sv.  hist,  foreningen  IL  Stockholm,  1907.)  Aside  from  a 
few  omissions  such  as  Krauske,  Die  Entweckl.  der  stdndigen  DipL, 
«tc.,  J.  Paludan,  Det  hoiere  skolevaesen  i  Danmark,  Norge  och 
Sverig,  etc.,  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies,  and  many  other 
American  works  of  much  greater  importance  than  those  given  in 
the  list,  it  is  a  very  satisfactory  bibliography  and  an  invaluable  help 
to  students  of  Swedish  and  Finnish  history,  especially  to  those  who 
approach  this  history  as  strangers. 

Svensk  Gustaf  Adolf s  litteratur.     Historisk  Tidskrift,  XIV,  1 14. 

Svensk  Bok-katalog  for  dren  1866-1900.     I-IV.      (Stockholm,   1878-1904.) 

Warmholtz,  C.  G.,  Bibliotheca  hist,  sveo-gothica.  (Stockholm,  1793- 
1805.)     Indexed  by  A.  Andersson.     (Upsala,  1889.) 

Watson,  P.  B.,  The  Swedish  Revolution  under  Gustavus  Vasa.  (Boston, 
1889.)  Contains  a  Bibliography.  (Reviewed  in  Eng.  Hist.  Review, 
1891,  p.  383  ff-,  by  A.  W.  Ward.) 

2.     Political  History. 

Bain,  R.  Nisbet,  Scandinavia.     A  Political  History  of  Denmark,  Norway 
and    Sweden,    15 13-1900.      With    maps    and    a   select   Bibliography. 
(Cambridge,    1905.)      A  well  written  volume.     It  is   based  on  the 
50 


^^o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

standard  histories  of  the  three  countries,  and  the  material  is  pre- 
sented with  much  sympathy  and  in  a  very  readable  form.  (Re- 
viewed in  Hist.  Tid.,  Vol.  XXVI.) 

BerGH,  S.,  Drottning  Maria  Eleonora  och  drottning  Kristinas  formydar- 
regering.     {Hist.  Tid.   (1902),  XXII,   169  ff.) 

BOETHIUS  Bertil,  Nyare  undersokningar  rorande  Gustaf  H  Adolf s  planer  i 
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Carlson,  Fred.  Ferd.,  Sveriges  historia  under  Carl  den  iionde  Gustafs 
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the  first  edition  (1855). 

CrONHOLM,  Abraham,  Sveriges  historia  under  Gustaf  H  Adolphs  regering 
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Fryxell,  Anders,  Orsakerna  till  Karl  Gustafs  anfall  mot  Danmark  i 
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Geijer,  Erik  Gustaf,  Svenska  folkets  historia.  Tredje  delen.  (Stock- 
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Goldscheider,  F.,  Uber  die  Einf.  des  neuen  Kalenders  in  Danemark  und 
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entirely  rewritten  and  brought  up  to  date.  The  different  volumes 
of  the  new  edition  do  not,  however,  contain  a  bibliography. 

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(Swedish   and   French  tex,  5-33.     A  large  number  of  illustrations, 

showing  the   development  of   the   house   in   Sweden.     Some  colored 

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translation. 
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Nordwall,  J.  E.,  Om  svenska  riksradets  utveckUng  mot  centralisation  under 

Gustaf  U  Adolf  (1891). 
Niia  Sverige  i  Sodra  Amerika.      (Stockholm,   1841.     No  author.     "  Trycit 

hos  Samuel  Rumstedt.") 
Odberg,  F.,  Om.  Sve.  Kon.  Domsrritt.     {Hist.  Bib.,  IV,  189  ff.) 
OdHNER,  C.  T.,  Sveriges  inre  historia  under  drottning  Christinas  fSrmyn- 

dare.      (Stockholm,    1865.)      Quoted:    Odhner,   Sv.   in.   hist.      (Re- 
viewed in  Hist.  Zeit.,  XIV,  195.) 
OhI-ANDER,   Carl,  Bidrag   till  kdnnedom    om   Ingermanlands   historia   och 

forvaltning.  I.  1617-1645.     (Upsala,  1898.) 
RiSINGH,  Johan,  Itt  uthtogh  om  kiop-handelen.     (Stockholm,  1669.) 
RiSlNGH,  Johan,  Een  landbook.     (Wasterahs,  1671.) 
Rosenberg,  C.  M.,  Geografiskt-statistiskt  handlexikon  ofver  Sverige.     I-II. 

(Stockholm,   1882-1883.) 
RUUTH,    J.    W.,    Viborgs    stads    historia.      I-II.       (Helsingfors,    1906.) 

Richlv  illustrated. 


774   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

ScHiJCK,  Henrik,  Svensk  literaturhistoria.     I.     (Stockholm,  1890.) 
ScHiJCK,    Henrik,    och   Warburg,    Karl,    Illustrerad    Svensk    literatur- 
historia.    I.     (Stockholm,  1896.) 
SiLLEN,    A.    W.,    Svenska    handelns    och    n'dringarnas    historia.      Vol.    IV. 

(Stockholm,    1865.)      Quoted:   Sillen,   IV. 
SiLLEN,   A.   W.,   Svenska    handelns    och   ndringarnas   historia   till  dr    180Q. 

(Stockholm,   1886.)     Quoted:  Sillen,  p. — . 
SuNDBARG,  G.,  Sverige.     (Stockholm,  1901.) 
Tigerstedt,  K.  K.,  Bidrag  till  Kexholms  Idns  historia  under  drottning  Kris- 

tinas  tid.      (Abo,   1877-1887.) 
Upmark,  G.,   Valda  Skrifter.     (Stockholm,   1901.)     Contains  histories  of 

Stockholms  Slott,  Tido  Slott  and  Riddarehuset. 
Westling,   B.  G.  W.,  Hufvuddragen  af  den  svenska  folkundervisningens 

historia.     (Stockholm,  1900.)     Reviewed  in  Hist.  Tid.,  XXI,  23  ff. 
WiSTRAND,  P.  G.,  Svenska  folkdrdkter.     (Stockholm,  1907.)     Good  work, 

but  it  gives  almost  entirely  "  festskrudar." 
Wrangel,  E.,  Om  de  fr'dmmande  Idrde  vid  drottning  Christinas  hof.     (In 

Hist.  Tid,  1897,  P-  331  ff.) 
Yeats,   J.,    The   Natural   History    of   the   Raw   Materials    of    Commerce. 

(London,  no  date,  but  dedication  of  the  second  ed.  is  dated  1 87 1.) 

3.     Siuedish  Relations  to   Other  Countries. 

Carlbom,  J[ohan]  Levin,  Sveriges  forhdllande  till  Osterrike  under 
Ferdinand  HI,  etc.  (1655-1657).     (Gothenburg,  1898.) 

Carlbom,  J[ohan]  Levin,  Sverige  och  England,  1635-1637,  etc.  (Gothen- 
burg, 1900.) 

Carlbom,  J[ohan]  Levin,  Magnus  Dureels  negotiation  i  Kbpenhamn, 
1655-1657.     (Gothenburg,   1901.) 

Evelyn,  J.,  A  Diary.     (A  new  ed.  edited  by  Wheatley.    London,  1879.) 

Forbind.  mellan  Sverige  och  araberna.  (In  K.  Vitterh.,  Hist,  och  Antiq. 
Akade.  mdnadsbl.,  1890.) 

Fries,  Ellen,  Bidrag  till  kdnnedom  om  Sveriges  och  Nederldndernas 
diplomatiska  forbindelser  under  Karl  X  Gustafs  regering.  (Upsala, 
1883.) 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson,  Letters  Relating  to  the  Mission  of  Sir 
Thomas  Roe  to  Gustavus  Adolphus,  162Q-30.  (The  Camden  Mis- 
cellany, VII,  1875.)     Reviewed  in  Hist.  Zeitschr.,  XXXIV,  464. 

Hammarstrom,  p.  a.,  Om  tullforh.  mellan  de  skand.  rikena  frdn  dldsta 
tider  till  freden  i  Bromsebro  1645,  etc.  (In  Lunds  Universitets 
arskrift,  1875-76.) 

Heimer,  August,  De  diplomatiska  forbindelserna  mellan  Sverige  och 
England,  163  3-1654.     (Lund,  1892.) 


Bibliography.  775 

Heimer,  August,   Grefve  Magnus   Gabriel  de   la   Cardies   ambassad   till 

Frankrike,  1646.     (Jonkoping,  1901.) 
Johan  III  och  Filip  II.    Depescher  frdn  det  spanska  sandebudet  till  Sverige, 

hapten  Francisco  de  Eraso  1578-1571).     (In  Hist.  Tid.  (1886),  VI, 

1-50.) 
Jones,    Guernsey,    The    Diplomatic    Relations    Between    Cromwell    and 

Charles  X  Gustavus  of  Sweden.     (Lincoln,  Neb.,  1897.) 
Klemming,  G.  E.   (editor),  Samtida  skrifter  rorande  Sveriges  forhallande 

till  fremmande   magter   1483-1874.      (In  Kongl.   Bibliotekets   hand- 

lingar.  1881-83;  l8g2,  h.  3-5;  14.) 
Krauske,    Otto,    Die   Entiv.    der   stdndigen    Diplomatic,    etc.      (Leipzig, 

1885.)     The  work  is  not  very  satisfactory   as   far  as   the  Swedish 

diplomatic  history  is  concerned.     It  does  not  give  very  many  of  the 

Svi'edish  sources.     It  is  not  mentioned  by  Settervall.     Reviewed  in 

Hist.  Tid.,  V,  Ofvers.  och  granskn.,  p.  75-77. 
Odhner,  C.  T.,  Sveriges  forbindelser  med  den  Venitianska  republiken  under 

17de  drhundradet.      (In  Nordisk   tidskrift  for  politik,   ekonomi  och 

litteratur,  1867.) 
Pepy,  Samuel,  The  Diary  of.     (Ed.  by  Wheatley.     London,  1899.) 
Rydfors,  a.,  De  diplomatiska  forbindelserna  mellan  Sverige   och   England 

i824-maj  1630.     (Upsala,  1890.)     Reviewed  in  Hist.  Zeitschr.,  1892, 

Bd.  70,  p.  no  E.,  Hist.  Tid.,  1891,  p.  36  ff. 
Schybergson,    M.    G.,   Sveriges   och   Hollands   diplomatiska  forbindelser, 

1621-1630.     (Helsingfors,  1881.) 
Sillen,  Sve.  hand,  och  ndr.  hist.     (Stockholm,   1865.)     Various  scattered 

references. 
Sprinchorn,    Carl,    Om   Sveriges  forbindelser   med  Nederldnderna  frdn 

dldsta  tider  till  dr  1614.     {Hist.  Tid.,  1885,  p.  105  ff.) 
Sprinchorn,  Carl,  Om  Sveriges  poUtisia  forbindelser  med  Frankrike  fore 

Gustaf  II  Adolfs  tid.    (In  Hist.  BibL,  VII,  3  ff.) 
Stewart,  A.  F.,  Scottish  Officers  in  Sweden  \_i 57 3-16271.     (In  the  Scottish 

Hist.  Review,  January,  1904.) 
Vreede,  Georg  Willem,  Nederland  en  Sweden,  etc.    (Utrecht,  1841-1844.) 
WiESE,  E.,  Die  Politik  der  Niederldnder  wdhrend  des  Kalmarkrieges  1611- 

1613,  etc.     (Cf.  Hist.  Tid.,  XXIII,  294.) 
Wrangel,   E.,  Sveriges  litterdra  forbindelser  med  Holland  sdrdeles  under 

1600-talet.      (Lunds   Univ.   arskr.,   XXIII,    1897.)      Also   in   Dutch 

translation. 
Wrangel,  E.,  Ett  blad  ur  hist,  om  Sveriges  lit.  forb.  med  Frankrike.    Sam- 

laren  1898,  pp.  54-80.     (It  begins  with  the  tenth  century  and  goes 

down  to  the  eighteenth.) 
Wrangel,  E.,  Sverige  i  Frankrike.     (Lund,  1890.) 


^^(i   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

III.     Biographies. 

I.     General  Biographical  Works. 

Aa,  a.  J.,  VAN  DER,  B'log.  Woordenhoek  der  Nederlanden.     (Haarl.,  1852- 

1878.) 
Anrep,  G.,  Svenska  Jdelns  Attar-taflor.     I-IV.     (Stockholm,  1858-64.) 
Biogafiskt  lexicon  ofver  namnkunnige  svenske  man.     I-XXIII.     (Upsala 

och  Orebro,  1835  ff.) 
Carpelan,  Tor  [Harald],  Finsk  biografisk  handbok.    I-II.    (Helsingfors, 

1903-) 
Dansk  Biografisk  Lexikon,  etc.     I-XIX.     (Copenhagen,  1887-1905.) 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography.     (New  York  and  London,  1885-1900.) 

Supplement,  I-III.  (1901).     Index  and  Epitome  (1903). 
Eliot,  John,  Biographical  Dictionary  of  New  England. 
Frederiks,  [Johannes]  G[odefridus],  en  Branden,  F[ranz]  J[osef] 

[Peter]  van  den,  Biographisch  Woordenhoek  der  Noord-  en  Zuid- 

nederlandsche  Letterk. 
Munthe,  Arnold,  Svenska  sjohjaltar.    V.     (Stockholm,  1905.) 
Stiernman,  a.  a.  von,  Swea  och  Gotha  Hofdinga-Minne.     I-II.     (Stock- 
holm, 1745.) 
Svenskt    biografiskt    lexikon,    ny    foljd.      I-X.      (Orebro    och    Stockholm, 

1857-90.) 
The  National  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography,  Vols.  V,  VI,  XII.     (A 

complete  index  to  the  volumes,   1906.) 
Westrin,  Teodor.     Nordisk  familjebok.      (First  edition,   1876-99,  second 

edition,   1900  ff.  not  yet  complete.) 

2.     Special  Biographies. 
Gustavus  Adolphus   {Great  Captains),  by  Th.  Ay.  Dodge.      (Boston  and 
New  York,   1895.)      Reviewed   in  the  Am.  Hist.  Review,   1896,  p. 

331  ff. 
History  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  by  J.  L.  Stevens.     (New  York  and  London, 

1884.) 
Minnewit,  Peter,  aus  Wesel.   In  Sybels  Historische  Zeitschrift,  XV,  p.  225  ff- 
Ofverstelojtnant  Joh{^an^  Printz  med  vestgota  ryttare  vid  Chemnitz'  kapitu- 

lation  dr  1640.     (In  Hist.  Tid.,  1887,  p.  342  ff.) 
Oxenstierna,  Eric,  Ellen  Fries. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  Life,  by  J.  S.  C.  Abbott.     (New  York,  1873.) 
Usselinx,  Willem,  by  J.  F.  Jameson.     (New  York  and  London,  1887.     In 

Pap.   of  the  Am.  Hist.  Ass.,  Vol.   II,  no.   3.)      Reviewed   in   Hist. 

Zeitschr.,  LXII,  125. 


Bibliography.  -jj-j 

AMERICAN  HISTORY  AND  THE  HISTORY  OF  NEW 

SWEDEN. 

I.    General  American  History. 
I.     Bibliography. 
The   Connecticut   Historical  Society   and  Associated  Institutions..    (Hart- 
ford, 1889.)     Bibliography  of  the  Society,  p.  80  ff. 
Channing,  Edward,  and  Hart,  Albert  Bushnell,  Guide  to  the  Study 

of  American  History.      (Boston   and   London,   1896.)     A  good  bib- 
liography. 
Green,    S.    A.,    Bibliography    of    the    Massachusetts    Historical    Society. 

(Boston,  1871.) 
Holmes,  A.,  Annals  of  America.    A  large  list  of  books  on  American  history 

published  before  1829  given  in  I,  p.  IX  ff. 
Kohl,  J.  G.,  A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  those  maps,  charts  and  surveys 

relating  to  America,  which  are  mentioned  in  Vol.  Ill  of  Hakluyt's 

great  work.      (Washington,   1857.) 
Laet,  Joannis  de,  Novvs  Orbis,  etc.     (Leyden,   1633.)     In  the  introduc- 
tion is  given  a  list  of  books  on  America. 
Larned,    J[osephus]    N[elson],    The   Literature    of   American   History. 

A  Bibliographical  Guide.     (Boston,  1902.) 
WiNSOR,  Justin,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.     Gives  good 

bibliographies. 

2.     General  Accounts. 
Arber,  E.,  First  Three  English  Books  on  America,  [T5lif]-iSSS-     Edited 

by  E.  Arber.     (Birmingham,   1885.) 
Channing,  Edward,  History  of  the  United  States.     I-II.     (1000-1760.) 

(New  York,  1907-1908.) 
D[apper],    0[liver],    Die    Unbekante    Newe    Welt,    etc.      (Amsterdam, 

1673-) 
Doyle,   J[ohn]    A[ndrew],   English    Colonies   in   America.     Vols.    I-IV. 

(New  York,  1 889-1 907.) 
Fisher,   George   Park,    The   Colonial  Era.      (In   the   American   History 

Series,  New  York,  1892.) 
Hart,  Albert  Bushnell   (Editor),   The  American  Nation.     A  History 

from  Original  Sources  by  Associated  Scholars.     Vols.  I-V.     (New 

York  and  London,   1904.) 
Laet,  Joannis  de,  Nieuive  JVereldt,  ofte  Beschrijvinghe  van  IVest-Indien, 

etc.     (Leyden,  1630.) 
Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  A  Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies  in  America. 

(New  York,  1881.) 
Montanus,    De    Nieuive    en    Onbekende    Weereld;    of   Beschrijving    van 


"77%    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

America  en  't  Zuyd-Land,  etc.     (Amsterdam,  1671.)     Gives  map  of 

New   Netherland   and   New   Sweden;   picture   of   New  Amsterdam, 

p.  124. 
Morris,   Henry  C,   The  History   of  Colonization.     I-II.      (New  York, 

1900.) 
WiNSOR,    Justin,    Narrative    and    Critical    History    of    America.      I-IV. 

(Boston  and  New  York,  1889.) 

II.    The  Neighboring  Colonies. 
I.     New  England. 

Atwater,  Edward  Elias,  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Haven,  etc. 
(Meriden,  Conn.,  1902.) 

Belknap,  Jeremy,  The  History  of  New  Hampshire,  etc.  Vol.  I.  (Phila- 
delphia, 1784.) 

Bryington,  Ezra  Hayt,  The  Puritan  as  a  Colonist  and  Reformer.  (Bos- 
ton, 1899-) 

HoLLiSTER,  Gideon  Hiram,  The  History  of  Connecticut,  etc.  I-II.  (New 
Haven,  1855.) 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  The  History  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  etc.     Vol.  I.     (London,  MDCCLXV.) 

Johnson,  Alexander,  Connecticut,  etc.  (Boston,  1887.  In  the  American 
Commonwealths  series.)      Contains  good   bibliography,  397-400. 

Palfrey,  John  Gorham,  A  Compendious  History  of  New  England,  etc. 
I-IV.     (Boston  and  New  York,  1883.) 

Trumbull,  Benjamin,  A  Complete  History  of  Connecticut,  etc.  Vol.  I. 
(Hartford,  1797.) 

Weeden,  William  B.,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England,  etc. 
I-II.     (Boston,  1890.) 

2.     Maryland. 

BozMAN,  John  Leeds,  The  History  of  Maryland  {1632-1660).  I-II. 
(Baltimore,   1837.) 

Bozman,  John  Leeds,  A  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Maryland,  During  the 
Three  First  Years  After  Its  Settlement,  to  which  ts  Prefixed  a 
Copious  Introduction. 

Browne,  William  Hand,  Maryland,  The  History  of  a  Palatinate.  (Bos- 
ton, 1897-) 

Latane,  John  H.,  The  Early  Relations  Between  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
(Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  Baltimore,  1895.) 

Lippencott,  Constance,  Maryland  as  a  Palatinate.     (Philadelphia,  1902.) 

Neill,  Rev.  Edward  Duffield,  Light  thrown  by  the  Jesuits  upon  Hitherto 
Obscure  Points  of  Early  Maryland  History.     {Penn.  Mag.  (1881), 

V,  p.  51  ff.) 


Bibliography.  779 

Neill,  Rev.  Edward  Duffield,  Sir  Edmund  Plouden.  (Penn.  Mag.,  V, 
206  ff.) 

Neill,  Rev.  Edward  Duffield,  The  Founders  of  Maryland  as  Portrayed 
in  Manuscripts,  Provincial  Records  and  Early  Documents.  (Albany, 
1876.) 

Randall,  Daniel  R.,  A  Puritan  Colony  in  Maryland.  (Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies,  Baltimore,  1886.) 

Steiner,  Bernard  C,  Beginnings  of  Maryland,  1631-1630.  (Johns  Hop- 
kins University  Studies,  Baltimore,   1903.) 

3.     Virginia. 
Bruce,   Philip  Alexander,   Economic   History    of    Virginia,  etc.      I-II. 

(New  York,  1896.) 
Cooke,  John  Esten,  Virginia:  A  History  of  the  People.     (Boston,  1889-) 
Standard,  The  Colonial  Virginia  Register.     A  list  of  Governors,  council- 
lors, etc.     (Albany,  1902.) 

4.     Neiv  Netherland.     {New  York.) 
Brodhead,    John    Romevn,    History    of    the    State    of   New    York.      I. 

(1853.)     A  good  account. 
Dunlap,  William,  History  of  the  New  Netherlands,  etc.     I-II.     (New 

York,  1839-) 
FiSKE,  John,  The  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies  in  America.     I-II.     (Bos- 
ton and  New  York,  1899.) 
Goodwin,   [Mrs.]   Maud  Wilder,   (and  others)   Editor.     Historic  New 

York.    The  Half  Moon  Papers.    Vol.  II.     (New  York  and  London, 

1901.) 
Griffis,  William  Elliot,  The  Story  of  New  Netherland.     The  Dutch  in 

America.     (Boston  and  New  York,  1909.) 
Innes,  J.  H.,  New  Amsterdam  and  Its  People.    Studies,  Social  and  Topo- 
graphical, of  the  Town  under  Dutch  and  Early  English  Rule.    (New 

York,  1902.) 
O'Callaghan,   Edmund   Bailey,   History   of  New   Netherland  or  New 

York  under  the  Dutch.    I-II.     (New  York,  1846-1848.) 
O'Callaghan,   E.   B.,    The  Documentary   History   of  the  State   of  New 

York.    I-IV.     (New  York,  1849-1851.) 
Rensselaer,  Mrs.  [Mariana  G.]  Schuyler  van.  History  of  the  City  of 

New  York  in  the  Seventeenth  Century.    I-II.     (  New  York,  1909.) 

The  best  work  on  the  subject. 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  New  York.     (New  York  and  London,  i895-)     Pp- 

1-37  treats  of  the  Dutch  colony  and  mentions  the  Swedes. 
Smith,  William,  The  History  of  the  late  Province  of  New  York  from  its 


78o   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Discovery  to  1762.     Vol.  I.     (New  York,  1829.     In  Col.  of  N.  Y. 

Hist.  So.,   First  Se.,   IV.)     The  history  is   fairly   accurate  for  the 

time  it  was  written,  but  many  of  the  names  are  very  distorted,  thus 

he   calls    Elswick   "  Deswyck,"   etc.     The   meager    account   of   the 

Swedish  colony  is  of  no  value. 
Wagenaar,  Jan,  Beschryving  van  Amsterdam.      (Amsterdam,    1760-68.) 

Three  volumes  folio,  another  edition  in  thirteen  volumes  octavo.    Vol. 

I,  594  (fol.) ;  V,  224  (oct.).    Extract  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d 

Se.,  Ill,  285  fi. 
Wassenaer,   Nicolaes  van,  Historisch   Verhael,  etc.     Extract  published 

(in  translation)  in  Jameson,  Nar.  of  New  Neth.,  67  flf. 
Wilson,  James  Grant   (editor).   The  Memorial  History  of  the  City  of 

Neiv  York.    Vol.  I.     (New  York,  1892.) 

III.    The  Colony  of  New  Sweden,  the  Delaware  Indians  and 
OTHER  Subjects. 

I.     Bibliographies. 

Americana,  livres  et  cartes  provenant  en  partie  de  la  collection  d'un  ancien 
ministre  aux  Etats-unis.  (Amsterdam,  1896.)  (Book  catalogue  by 
F.  Muller  &  Co.    Portraits  of  Usselinx  listed  on  p.  87.) 

ASHER,  G.  M.,  A  Bibliographical  and  Historical  Essay  on  the  Dutch  Books 
and   Pamphlets    relating    to    New    Netherland,   etc.      (Amsterdam, 

1854-67.) 
Baker,  Ernest  A.,  A  Descriptive  Guide  to  the  Best  Fiction,  etc.     (London, 

1903.) 
Bibliotheca  Americana.     Karl  W.   Hiersemann's   Catalogues.      (Leipzig.) 
Bibliotheca    Americana,    or   A    Chronological    Catalogue,    etc.      (London, 

MDCCLXXXIX.) 
Bibliographia  Sveco  Americana.     In  Norton's   Literary  Gazette,   III,  216 

and  IV,  160.     (New  York,  1853-4.)     Gives  a  few  critical  remarks 

and  historical  references. 
Branch,  West,  Histories  of  Pennsylvania.     {Daily  Gazette  and  Bulletin, 

Williamsport,   Pa.,  Jan.   12,   1871.)      Attempts  to  give  critical  esti- 
mates of  the  histories  of  Pennsylvania,  written  up  to  1871. 
Brandberg,  C.  F.  E.,  Svensk  topograflsk  litteratur  i  Trolleholms  bibliotek. 

(Trolleholm,  printed  at  Lund,  1905?) 
Catalogue  of  Printed  Books  in   The  Library  of  the  New  York  Historical 

Society.     (Col.  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  IV.    New  York,  1859-) 
ChanNING  and   Hart,   Guide  to   the  Study    of  American   History.      (Cf. 

above.) 
Check-List  of  Pennsylvania  County,  Town  and  Township  Histories,  1794- 

1892.     (Harrisburg,   1892.) 


Bibliography.  781 

Ford,  Paul  Leicester,  Check  List  of  Bibliographies,  Catalogues,  Refer- 
ence-Lists, etc.      (Brooklyn,   New   York,    1889.) 

Griffin,  Appleton  Prentiss  Clark,  Bibliography  of  American  Historical 
Societies  (The  United  States  and  Canada).  (Washington,  1896. 
Second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,   1907.) 

Htstorisk  Tidskrift,  V,  183.  A  short  list  of  works  and  translations  on  New 
Sweden,  published  by  the  Historical  Society  of   Pennsylvania. 

Keen,  Gregory  B.,  A  good  Bibliography  of  New  Sweden  in  Winsor,  Nar- 
rative and  Critical  History,  IV,  488  if. 

Kellv,  R.  H.,  The  New  York  Historical  Society,  1804-1904.  (New  York, 
1905.)  A  history  of  the  society;  also  contains  a  bibliography,  pp. 
135-160. 

Lane,  W.  C,  and  Browne,  N.  E.,  A.  L.  A.  Portrait  Index.  (Washing- 
ton, 1906.)     A  very  useful  work  in  hunting  for  portraits. 

Larned,  J[osephus]  N[elson],  The  Lit.  of  Am.  Hist.,  etc.     Cf.  above. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  L.,  A  Concise  and  Comprehensive  Account  of  the 
Writings  which  Illustrate  the  Botanical  History  of  North  and  South 
America.  A  discourse  delivered  before  the  New  York  Historical 
Society,  December,  1813.  (In  Col.  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  1st  Be. 
(1814),  II,  149  S.)  Gives  a  list  of  books  published  in  America  in 
the  seventeenth  cent,  treating  of  botany,  II,  165  S. 

Nelson,  William,  Fifty  Years  of  Historical  Work  in  New  Jersey.  (In 
Pro.  of  N.  J.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.  (1894-5),  XIII,  p.  201  if.) 

Nield,  Jonathan,  A  Guide  to  the  Best  Historical  Novels  and  Tales. 
(New  York  and  London,  1904.) 

Sabin,  Joseph,  A  Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America,  etc.  (New 
York,  1868  ff.)  A  great  work.  Gives  an  almost  complete  list  of 
books  on  American  subjects. 

SUPAN,  A.,  Die  Territo.  Entwecklung  der  Europ.  Kol.  Contains  a  number 
of  maps  (something  about  New  Sweden),  also  a  bibliography. 

Thwaites,  Reuben  Gold,  The  Colonies,  1492-1730.  (In  Epochs  of 
American  History.  New  York,  1902.)  Bibliography  of  the  middle 
colonies   (1609-1700),  p.   195. 

2.     Historical  Accounts. 

Acrelius,  Isr-^el,  Beskrifning  Om  De  Swenska  Fbrsamlingars  Forna  och 
Ndrwarande  Tilstdnd  Uti  Det  sd  kallade  Nya  Swerige,  Sedan  Nya 
Nederland,  etc.     (Stockholm,  1759.) 

Acrelius,  Isr.'VEL,  New  Sweden  or  the  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Dela- 
ware. Translated  by  Nils  Collin.  (In  Col.  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  So., 
2d  Se.   (1841),  I,  401  ff.     Extracts  only.) 

Acrelius,  Israel,  A  History  of  New  Sweden  or  The  Settlements  on  the 


782    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

River  Delaware.  Translated  by  William  M.  Reynolds.  Memoirs  of 
the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  (Philadelphia,  1874.)  Re- 
viewed in  New  Eng.  Hist,  and  Geneal.  Reg.,  XXIX,  p.  208  ff.  The 
translation  is  not  always  accurate. 

AcRELlUS,  Israel,  The  Founding  of  New  Sweden.  From  his  Beskrifning, 
etc.    In  Old  South  Leaflets,  Gen.  Se.,  IV,  no.  96.     Boston,  1898.) 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  The  New  England  Confederacy  of  MDCXLHI. 
A  discourse.  (In  Col.  of  the  Mass.  Hist.  So.,  3d  Se.,  IX,  189  ff.) 
Mentions  the  Swedish  colony,  p.   192. 

^n  Historical  Account  of  the  First  Settlement  of  the  Swedes  in  America. 
(In  the  Columbian  Magazine,  1788.  Reprinted  in  Hazard's  Reg., 
IV,  75-6.) 

Arfwedson,  Carolus  David,  De  Colonia  Nova  Svecia  in  Americam  Bore- 
alem  Deducta  Historiola.  (Upsala,  1825.)  A  translation  into  Eng- 
lish (with  illustrations)  appears  in  Proc.  of  Penn.  German  So., 
XVHI. 

Armor,  W.  C,  Lives  of  the  Governors  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  1609-1872. 
(Philadelphia,  1872.)  History  of  the  Early  Settlements  on  the 
Delaware,  17  ff.;  biographies  of  Ridder,  31-2;  Minuit,  30-1;  Printz, 
32-4;  Papegoja,  35-6;  Rising,  36-42. 

Armstrong,  E.,  The  History  and  Location  of  Fort  Nassau  on  the  Dela- 
ware. (A  paper  read  before  the  N.  J.  Hist.  So.,  January  20,  1853. 
In  Pro.  of  N.  J.  Hist.  So.,  VI,  185  ff.  See  also  p.  102  ff.  Also 
reprinted,  Newark,  N.  J.,  1853.)  Valuable  paper,  gives  "  a  descrip- 
tion of  all(?)   old  maps." 

Armstrong,  Ed.,  An  Address,  etc.  Before  the  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania. (Philadelphia,  1852.)  Gives  an  account  of  the  Swedish 
settlements,  pp.  8  ff.  Bound  in  Vol.  I,  Mis.  Publications  of  the 
Hist.  So. 

Ashmead,  Henry  Graham,  Historical  Sketch  of  Chester,  on  Delaware, 
etc.  (Chester,  Penn.,  1883.)  Pp.  1-15  give  an  account  of  the 
Swedish  Colony  at  Chester  and  contain  two  historical  maps,  show- 
ing the  old  land  grants  of  the  Swedish  government,  etc.  The  third 
map  is  from  1765  (ca.). 

Ashmead,  Henry  Graham,  History  of  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 
(Illustrated.)      (Philadelphia,  1884.) 

BaCKMAN,  D.  a.,  Om  nytian,  som  kunnat  tilfalla  wart  kjdra  fddernesland 
af  des  nybygge  i  America,  fordom  Nya  Swerige  kalladt,  etc.  (Dis., 
Praes.  P.  Kalm.'  Abo,  1754?)  Gives  a  short  sketch  of  the  South 
Company  and  of  the  colony,  p.  3  ff. 

Bancroft,  History  of  the  United  States.     I.     (New  York,  1887.) 

'A  number  of  dissertations  were  written  under  Kalm's  direction. 


Bibliography.  783 

Barber,  J.  W.  and  Howe,  H.,  Historical  Collections  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  etc.     (New  York,  1844.)     Of  little  value. 

Barker,  James  N.,  Sketches  of  the  Primitive  Settlements  on  the  River 
Delaware.  (Philadelphia,  1827.)  Commemorating  the  landing  of 
Penn.  Gives  an  account  of  the  Swedes.  (Extracts  in  Hazard's 
Reff.,  I,  179  ff.) 

Beekman,  J.  W.,  Early  European  Colonies  on  the  Delaware.  (In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  June,  1847,  pp.  86-108.) 

Benson,  Memoirs  [of  Indian,  Dutch,  Spanish  and  English  names  of  places, 
etc.,  in  America].     (1835?) 

Bercstrom,  R.,  Svenska  bilder.  (Stockholm,  1882.)  Nya  Sverige,  pp. 
55-78. 

Beronius,  Olof,  America  noviter  detecta.     (Stockholm,  1691.) 

BlORCK,  Tobias  Eric,  Dissertatio  Gradualis,  de  Plantatione  Ecclesiae 
Svecanae  in  America,  etc.     (Upsala,  MDCCXXXI.) 

BoLLES,  A.  S.,  Pennsylvania  Province  and  State,  l6oo-iygO.  I-II.  (Phila- 
delphia and  New  York,  1899.)  I,  42  ff.  account  of  New  Sweden 
based  on  other  accounts. 

BoyD,  Stephen  G.,  Indian  Local  Names  with  Their  Interpretation. 
(York,  Pa.,  1885.     Noted  in  Penn.  Mag.,  IX,  361.) 

Brinton,  D.  G.,  a  Lenape-English  Dictionary.      (Philadelphia,   1888.) 

Brinton,  D.  G.,  The  Lenape  and  their  Legends.     (Philadelphia,  1885.) 

Brodhead,  John  Romeyn,  An  Address  before  the  New  York  Historical 
Societ}',  November  20,  1844.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist. 
So.,  1843-1844.) 

Buck,  W.  J.,  History  of  the  Indian  Walk,  etc.  (Privately  printed.  No 
place,  1886.)     On  the  right  of  the  Indians  to  the  soil,  see  pp.  20  if. 

BuRK,  John,  The  History  of  Virginia,  etc.  I-II.  (Petersburg,  Va., 
■  1804  ff.) 

[Burke,  Edmund],  An  Account  of  the  European  Settlements  in  America. 
Vols.  I-II.  (London,  1757.)  Short  statement  about  New  Sweden, 
II,  178.    Inaccurate. 

Burr,  Horace,  The  Records  of  Holy  Trinity  {Old  Swedes)  Church,  etc. 
Translated  by  Burr.  (In  Papers  of  the  Hist.  So.  of  Del.,  IX.  [Wil- 
mington], 1890.) 

Sutler,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Outline  of  the  Const.  History  of  New 
York.     (In  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  II,  9  ff.) 

Chambers,  George,  Political  Annals  of  the  Present  United  Colonies,  from 
their  Settlements  to  the  Peace  of  1763.     I.     (London,  1780.) 

Chronological  sketch  of  Events  {in  Pennsylvania^  Prior  to  1682.  (In 
Hazard's  Reg.  (1828),  I,  24.)  Gives  a  short  account  of  the  Swedish 
colony.     Inaccurate. 


784   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Clay,  Jehu  Curtis,  Annals  of  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.  (Phila- 
delphia, 1835;  new  ed.,  1858,  corrected  and  enlarged.) 

Clement,  John,  Swedish  Settlers  in  Gloucester  County  previous  to  1684. 
(In  New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Record,  April,  1893.) 

Conrad,  H.  C,  History  of  the  State  of  Delaware.  I.  (Wilmington, 
1908.) 

Cooper,  Ale.XANDER  B.,  Fort  Casimir.  Its  Location  and  History,  1651- 
l6yi.     {Papers  of  the  Hist.  So.  of  Del.,  XLIII.) 

Cornell,  William  Mason,  The  History  of  Pennsylvania.  (Philadelphia, 
[1876].)     Of  no  value. 

Cort  and  Murray,  Memorial  Services  in  honor  of  Peter  Minuit,  etc.. 
Held  Tuesday,  April  23,  iSgS-  (Dover,  1895.)  Some  account  of 
New  Sweden,  25  ff.,  36  ff. 

Corwin,  Edward  Tanjore,  Manual  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church* 

Craig,  N.  [Editor],  The  Olden  Time,  etc.     I-II.     (Pittsburgh,   1846-7.) 

Cronau,  R.,  Drei  Jahrh.  d.  Lebens  in  Amerika.  (Berlin,  1909.)  Die 
d.  Gouver.  von  Neu-Nederland  und  Neu-Schweden,  pp.  11-25. 

Day,  Sherman,  Historical  Collections  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  (Phil- 
adelphia, no  date  but  entered  in  the  clerk's  office,  1843.)  Page  10, 
a  short  account  of  Swedish  colony;  p.  291,  also  an  account,  some 
details.     Not  accurate. 

De  Costa,  Benjamin  F.,  Cabo  de  Baxos,  etc.     (New  York,  1881.) 

DuPONCEAU  (Du  Ponceau),  Peter  Stephen,  An  Historical  Discourse 
delivered  before  the  Society  for  the  Commemoration  of  the  Landing 
of  IVilliam  Penn,  24  October,  1832.     (Philadelphia,  1832.) 

Eaton,  R.,  A   Geography  of  Pennsylvania.      (Philadelphia,    1835,   2d   Ed., 

1837-) 

Ebeling,  Christoph  Daniel,  Erdbeschreibung  und  Geschichte  von 
America,  etc.  Ill,  V.  (Hamburg,  1796,  1799.)  Cf.  Vol.  Ill,  27 
(especially),  558-69;  V,  126  (account  of  the  Swed.  In.  Comp.  and 
Colony).  Gives  a  list  of  sources.  One  of  the  best  of  the  early 
accounts.  (Partly  translated  by  Du  Ponceau,  of  which  typewritten 
copies  are  preserved  in  the  Penn.  Hist.  So.  and  Del.  Hist.  So. 
Printed  in  Hazard,  Reg.,  I,  340  ff.,  352  ff.,  369  ff.,  385  ff.,  391  ff.) 

EcLE,  William  Henry,  Illustrated  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania.  I.  (I-II,  also  in  one  volume.  Harrisburg,  1876.) 
Early  history  of  the  Delaware,  I,  28  ff.  Nothing  new,  inaccurate. 
On  p.  818  are  represented  some  Indian  relics;  an  iron  helmet,  an 
iron  axe,  hoe   and  part  of  another  instrument  of  iron.     Dr.   Keen 

'Claims  that  there  was  a  Dutch  Reformed  Church  at  New  Castle  in   1642! 
(see   p.   307). 


Bibliography.  785 

suggests  in  Winsor,  IV,  499,  that  the  helmet  might  be  of  Swedish 

origin. 
Ferris,  Benjamin,  A  History  of  the  Original  Settlements  on  the  Dela- 
ware, etc.     (Wilmington,  Del.,  1846.)     Good  account  for  this  early 

date. 
Fisher,  Sydney  G.,  The  Making  of  Pennsylvania.     (Philadelphia,  1898.) 
FjELLSTEDT,  Peter,  De  forsta  svenska  nybyggena  i  Amerika  efter  ett  for- 

edrag  af  doktor  Fjellstedt.     {Firr  och  Nu,  II,  119-122.) 
Gordon,  Thomas  P.,   The  History   of  Pennsylvania,  etc.      (Philadelphia, 

1829.)     An  account  of  the  early  history  of  the  Delaware  and  the 

Swedish  settlements,  pp.  2  ff.     The  best  account  of  the  Delaware 

settlements  before  Penn  in  English  up  to  this  time  (1829).     Gordon 

had  the  advantage  of  assistance  from  such  men  as  Collin  and  a  few 

of  his  statements   are  based  on   manuscript   materials.     He  quotes 

from  Lindestrom's  Geogr.     (Ms.  copy  in  Am.   Phil.  So.)     See  pp. 

596-7. 
Grabner,  A.  L.,  Geschichte  der  Luthe.  Kirche  in  America.     I.     (St.  Louis, 

Mo.,  1892.) 
Grahame,  James,   The  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  United 

States  of  North  America,  etc.     I-II.     (London,  1827.) 
Griffis,  W.  E.,  The  Romance  of  Discovery,  etc.     (Chicago,  no  date  but 

copyrighted   1897.)      Popular  but  fairly   accurate. 
GyLLENGRANAT,  C.  a.,  Sveriges  sjokrigs-historia  i  sammandrag.      (Carls- 

krona,   1840.)      South  Company  and  the  New  Sweden  colony,  pp. 

185-6.     Inaccurate. 
Harrison,  P.  D.,  The  Stars  and  Stripes,  etc.     (Boston,  1906.)     Cf.  p.  14. 
Hazard,  Samuel,  Annals  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  1609-1682.     (Philadelphia, 

1850.)     Valuable  for  its  source  material,  but  uncritical,  ill  digested 

and  lacks  method.    Quoted:  Hazard. 
Hesselius,  Andreas,  Kort  Berettelse  om  then  Svenska  Kyrkios  ndrvarande 

Tilstand  i  America,  etc.     (Norrkoping,   1725.) 
Hodge,  Frederick  Webb   (Editor),  Handbook  of  the  American  Indians 

north    of   Mexico.      In   two   parts.      Part    I.    (Washington,    1907.) 

Smithsonian  Inst.  Bureau  of  Am.  Ethnolog)',     Bulletin  30. 
Holm,    Thomas    Campanius,    Kort    Beskrifning    Om    Provincien    Nya 

Swerige,  etc.     (Stockholm,  1702.) 
Holm,  Thomas  Campanius,  A  Short  Description  of  the  Province  of  New 

Sweden,  etc.     Translated  by  Du  Ponceau.     (Memoirs  of  the  Hist. 

So.  of  Penn.,  Vol.  III.     Philadelphia,  1834.)     The  translation  is  not 

accurate. 
Holmes,  Abiel,  American  Annals,  etc.     I-II.     (Cambridge,  1805.)     New 

Sweden,  I,  242 ;  259.     Inaccurate. 

51 


786   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Holmes,  Abiel,  Annals  of  America,  etc.  I-II.  (Cambridge,  1829.) 
Gives  brief  notices  about  the  Swedish  colony  in  I,  250,  267,  273,  etc. 
A  much  better  book  than  the  American  Annals. 

Hubbard,  William,  A  General  History  of  New  England  from  the  Dis- 
covery to  1680.  I-II.  (Cambridge,  Mass.,  1815.  Reprinted,  1848, 
in  Col.  of  the  Mass.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  V-VI.) 

Janney,  Samuel  Macpherson,  Peace  Principles  Exemplified  in  the  Early 
History  of  Pennsylvania.  (Philadelphia,  1876.)  A  brief  account 
of  the  settlements  before  Penn,  p.  12  fE.  Based  on  Hazard  and 
Ferris. 

Jenkins,  Howard  M.  (editor),  Pennsylvania  Colonial  and  Federal,  A 
History,  1608-1903.  I.  (Philadelphia,  1903.)  A  good  account 
of  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  in  Chaps.  Ill,  67  fE.,  IV,  in  ff. 

Johnson,  Amandus,  Svenskarne  vid  Delaware.  (In  Varia,  Stockholm, 
1907.) 

Kalm,  Pehr,  En  Resa  Til  Norra  America,  etc.  I-II.  (Stockholm,  1753- 
1761.)     Found  in  English,  German  and  French  translations. 

Keen,  Gregory  B.,  New  Sweden,  or  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.  (Win- 
sor,  Nar.  and  Crit.  Hist.,  IV,  443  ff.)  A  good  account  with  a 
bibliography. 

Keen,  Gregory  B.,  The  Descendants  of  Joran  Kyn.  Penn.  Mag.,  II,  325 
ff.,  etc. 

Keen,  Gregory  B.,  Note  on  New  Albion.  (Winsor,  Nar.  and  Crit.  Hist., 
Ill,  457  ff.)  Mentions  relations  of  Sir  Edmund  Plowden  with  Gov. 
Printz. 

Keen,  Gregory  B.,  The  Dutch  and  Swedish  Colonies  on  the  Delaware. 
{Proceedings  of  the  Delaivare  Co.  Hist.  So.,  I,  137  ff.) 

Kidder,  Fr.,  The  Swedes  on  the  Delaware  and  their  Intercourse  with  New 
England.  (Boston,  1874.  Reprinted  from  The  New  Eng.  Hist,  and 
Geneol.  Reg.,  XXVIII,  42-50.) 

KiRBiN,  J.  L.  J.,  Catholicity  in  Philadelphia.  (Philadelphia,  1909.)  Pp. 
1-5,  short  account  of  the  early  settlements  in  Pennsylvania. 

KONKLE,  B.  A.,  History  of  the  Medical  Profession  in  Philadelphia.  (Ms. 
copy  in  the  Lib.  of  College  of  Physicians,   Philadelphia.) 

Lagerbring,  Sven,  Sammandrag  af  Swea  Rikes  Hist.  (Stockholm,  1790.) 
New  Sweden,  p.  93.     Inaccurate. 

Lambrechtsen,  N.  C,  Korte  Beschrijving  van  de  Ontdekking  en  der  ver- 
dere  Lotgevallen  van  Nieuw-Nederland,  etc.  (Middelburg,  1818.) 
A  translation  in  Col.  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  I,  79  ff.  In- 
accurate.    Rev.  of,  in  N.  Am.  Rev.,  IX  (1819),  77. 

Levick,  J.  J.,  The  Early  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  and  its  Vicinity.  (  Phil- 
adelphia, 1886.)     Noted  in  Penn.  Mag.,  X,  237. 


Bibliography.  787 

LoccENius,  JoHAN,  Historta  Svecana.     (Upsala,   1654.)     Swedes  on  the 

Delaware,  p.  556. 
Martin,  J.  H.,  Chester,  Delaware  County,  etc.     (Philadelphia,  1877.)     A 

fairly  accurate  account  of  the  early  settlements,  pp.  3  ff.     He  also 

quotes   at   length   from   some  documents   and   prints   others   in   full. 

See  pp.  6,  7,  8,  9,  etc.     Noted  in  Penn.  Mag.,  I,  232.     Good  for 

local  history. 
Mease,  J.,  Picture  of  Philadelphia.     (First  edition,  1811;  2d  edition,  1828; 

3d    edition,    1831;    increased    and    continued    by   T.    Porter.)      The 

account  of  the  Swedish  settlement  follows  Holm  and  is  inaccurate. 
Mease,  J.,  A  Reply  to  the  Criticisms  by  J.  N.  Barker  on  the  Hist.  Facts 

in    the   Picture    of   Philadelphia.      (Philadelphia,    1828.)      Gives    a 

number  of  facts  about  New  Sweden  and  points  out  some  errors  of 

Barker  but  also  makes  a  number  of  mistakes. 
Mickley,  Joseph  J.,  Some  Account  of  William  Usselinx  and  Peter  Minuit, 

etc.     (Wilmington,  Del.,  1881.    Papers  of  the  Hist.  So.  of  Del,  III.) 

Of  no  value. 
Mitchell,   D.  G.,  American  Lands  and  Letters.     I.     Richly  illustrated. 

(New  York,  1898.) 
Morley,  Henry,  English  Writers.     XI.     (London,  1895.) 
Moulton,  Joseph  W.,  History  of  New  York.     (New  York,  1824.)     The 

Swedish  Settlements.     406  ff.     Inaccurate. 
Murphy,    H.   C,   Anthology    of   New   Netherland;    or    translations   from 

early  Dutch  poets  of  New  York,  etc.     (Bradford  Club,  New  York, 

1865.) 
Nelson,    William,    The    Indians    of    New    Jersey.      Their    Origin,    etc. 

(Paterson,  1894.) 
Nelson,  William,  Some  Notes  on  Matinneconk  Island.      {Penn.  Mag., 

X,  214-16.) 
NoRBERG,  Otto,  Svenska  kyrkans  mission  vid  Delaware,  etc.     (Stockholm, 

1893.)     Ms.  translation  of  half  of  it  by  J.  Lindahl  in  Hist.  So.  of 

Penn. 
Nordmann,   Petrus,  Finnarne  i  mellersta  Sverige.      (Helsingfors,   1888.) 

Contains   an   account  of   New   Sweden,   pp.    144-156.     Reviewed   in 

Hist.  Tid..  IX,  p.  9  fl. 
O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  Hist,  of  New  Netherland.     I-II.     Uses  unpublished 

materials,  gives  an  account  of  New  Sweden  and  the  relations  of  the 

Dutch  and  Swedes.     Not  accurate. 
OdHNER,    C[las]     T[hE0D0r],    Kolonien    Nya    Sveriges    grundldggning, 

1637-1642.      {Hist.  Bibl,  Ny  foljd,   I,    197   fl.     Stockholm,    1876. 

Also  separately  printed.)     A  good  account. 
Odhner,  C[las]  T[heodor],  The  Founding  of  New  Sweden,  1637-1642. 


788    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

A  translation  of  the  above  by  G.  B.  Keen,  in  Penn.  Mag.,  Ill,  269- 
84.  395-411.  462  ff.  For  corrections  to  the  translation  see  Penn. 
Mag.,  IV,   125. 

Odhner,  C[las]  T[heodor],  Sveriges  inre  historia  under  drottning  Chris- 
tinas fSrmyndare.  (Stockholm,  1865.)  (Pp.  299  ff.  concerning  Wil- 
lem  Usselinx  translated  by  Keen  in  Penn.  Mag.,  VII,  268  ff.) 

[Oldmixon,  J.],  The  British  Empire  in  America,  etc.  I-II.  (London, 
1708,  2d  Ed.,  1741.)  (The  first  edition  has  the  name  of  the  author 
affixed  to  the  dedication  p.  VI,  but  not  the  second  edition.)  Vol.  I 
(2d  edition),  p.  282,  299  ff.,  gives  a  short  account  of  New  Svi^eden. 

Palfry,  J.  G.,  History  of  New  England,  etc.  I-II.  (Boston,  1892.) 
Swedish  connections  with  the  English,  II,  142-3. 

Pennsylvania  a  Lutheran  Colony.     (In  Luth.  Church  Review,  1901.) 

Ponceau,  Peter  Stephen  Du,  Notes  and  Observations  on  Eliot's  Indian 
Grammar.  (In  Col.  of  the  Mass.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  IX  (1823), 
313   ff.     Contains  some  remarks  on  Holm's  Luther's  Catechism. 

Prince,  J.  D.,  Notes  on  the  Modern  Minsi-Delaware  Dialect.  (In  Jm. 
Journal  of  Philology,  XXI,  no.  3.) 

Prince,  J.  D.,  A  Modern  Delaware  Tale.  {Am.  Philo.  Society,  XLI,  no. 
168.) 

Proud,  Robert,  The  History  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.  I-II.  (Philadelphia, 
1797-98.)  Printed  and  sold  by  Z.  Poulson,  Jr.  I,  no  ff.  gives  an 
account  of  New  Sweden,  but  it  is  very  inaccurate. 

PuFENDORF,  Samuel,  Commentarii  de  Rebus  Svecicis.     (Utrecht,  1686.) 

PuFENDORF,  Samuel,  De  Rebus  A  Carolo  Gustavo,  etc.  (Norimbergoe, 
MDCXVI.  Also  a  French  edition,  1697.)  Makes  but  a  slight 
mention  of  the  capture  of  the  colony  and  Rising's  arrival  in  England 
in  December,  I,  120  (French  edition,  I,  142). 

PuFENDORF,  Samuel,  Seeks  und  Zwantzig  BScher  der  Schwedisch-  und 
Deutschen  Kriegs-Gesch.  (see  above).  Mentions  the  appointment 
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PuSEY,  Permock,  History  of  Lewes,  Delaware.  {Papers  of  the  Historical 
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Raijnal,  Abbe,  A  Philo.  and  poll  hist,  of  the  settlementj  and  trade  of 
the  Europeans  in  the  E.  and  W.  Indies.  (London,  1783.)  I-VIII. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  J.  O.  Justamond.  New  Sweden. 
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Reynolds,  William  M.,  The  Swedish  Church  in  America.  Discourse, 
May  18,   1848.     (Gettysburg,  1849.) 

Rupp,  I.  D.,  History  of  the  Counties  of  Berks  and  Lebanon.  (Lancaster, 
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Bibliography.  789 

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Smith,  Samuel,  The  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Jersey,  etc.  Account 
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790   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

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Thomas,  Isaiah,  History  of  Printing  in  America.  I-II.  (Albany,  1874.) 
Full  of  inaccuracies. 

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Trumbull,  J.  Hammond,  The  Composition  of  Indian  Geographical  names. 
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Vincent,  Francis,  Early  History  Associated  with  the  Delaware.  (In 
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Vincent,  Francis,  A  History  of  the  State  of  Delaivare,  etc.  (Philadel- 
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Watson,  John  F.,  Annals  of  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania,  etc.  I.  (Phil- 
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Westman,  G.  a.,  Itinera  Priscorum  Scandianorum  in  Americam,  etc. 
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*  Several  dissertations  on  American  subjects  were  written  under  the  direction 
of  Professor  Kalm. 


792    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

B.     Sources. 

PRINTED  SOURCES  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHIES  OF  DOCUMENTS. 
I.     Bibliography  of  Documents. 

Hazard,  Samuel,  General  Index  to  the  Colonial  Records  in  i6  Volumes 

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ScHUCK,  H.,  Skrifter  i  Sve.  Literaturh.     (Samlaren,  1887,  p.  ill  ff.)     The 

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Antwoordt  van  de  Hog.  Mo.  Heeren  Staten  Generael  deser  vereenighde 

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Vol.  I.     Proceedings  and  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland, 

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Vol.   II.     Proceedings  and  Acts   of  the   General  Assembly   of  Mary- 
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Vol.  III.    Proceedings  of  the  Council  of  Maryland,  1636-1667.     (Bal- 
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Vol.    IV.      Judicial   and    Testam.    Business    of    the   Provincial    Court, 

1637-1650.     (Baltimore,   1887.) 
Vol.    V.      Proceedings    of    the    Council    of    Maryland,    1667-1687/8. 
(Baltimore,  1887.) 
' FororJningar  that  vfere  printed  in  1522-1750. 


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Anno  1581.     (Wijsingsborg,  MDCLXXVII.) 
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794   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

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Afdel.  2,  XI.     (Stockholm,  1905.) 
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I-II.     (Philadelphia,  1792-1794.) 
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(1829),  V  (1830,  Philadelphia).     The  documents  are  not  accurately 

translated    and   the   index    to   the   Register   is    not    always    reliable. 

Quoted:  Hazard,  Reg. 
Hazard,  Samuel,  Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Council  of  Pennsylvania.     I. 

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index,  prepared  by  Hazard,  was  published  in  i860. 
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ed.,  Boston,  1815;  2d  ed.,  Boston,   1848,  in  Col.  of  the  Mass.  Hist. 

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Stockholm.) 

KuLLBERC  AND  Bergh  (Editors),  Svenska  Riksradets  protokoll,  1621- 
1647.  (Stockholm,  1878  ff.)  Volumes  I-III  edited  by  N.  A.  Kull- 
berg,  volume  IV  ff.  edited  by  Severin  Bergh.  Quoted:  Rddspr.,  I., 
II.,  etc. 

Laivs  of  the  Colonial  and  State  Governments  Relating  to  Indians  and  Indian 
Affairs,  1633-1831.     (Washington,   1832.) 

Morton,  Thomas,  The  Nnv  English  Canaan,  etc.  (Amsterdam,  1637.) 
Reprinted  by  the  Prince  So.  (Boston,  1883)  with  Introductory  mat- 
ter and  notes  by  Charles  Francis  Adams.     Quoted:  N.  E.  Canaan. 

Pennsylvania  Archives. 

First  series.  Vol.  I.     (Philadelphia,  1852.)     Edited  by  Samuel  Hazard. 
Second  series,  Vols.  V,  VII,  457  ff.     (Harrisburg,  1877-1878.) 

Poor,  J.  A.,  Popham  Memorial  Volume.  (Speeches,  etc.,  Portland,  1863.) 
Contains  a  number  of  grants  in  the  appendices  such  as  Gorges'  and 
Mason's  grant  of  August  10,  1622,  etc. 

Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  (For  the  years  1835- 
1858.) 

Proceedings  of  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society. 
First  series,  V'ols.  I-X.   (Newark,  1847-66.) 
Second  series.  Vols.  I-XIII.  (Newark,  1867  ff.) 
Third  series.  Vols.  I-III.   (Newark,  1897-1908.) 

Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society.     (New  York,  1844-1849.) 
Vol.  I,  1843-4- 
Vol.  II,  1845-6. 
Vol.   Ill,   1847-8. 


796   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Records  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New 

England.      (Ed.   by    N.    B.   Shurtleff.)      II,    1642-1649;   III,    1644- 

1657.     (Boston,  1853-1854.)     Quoted:  Rec.  of  Mass. 
Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  in  New  England.     Acts  of  the 

Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England,  T643-167Q. 

I-II.     (Boston,  1859.)     Quoted:  Plym.  Col.  Rec,  Jets. 
Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  in  New  England.     Court  Orders. 

I-II. 
Records  of  the  Colony  and  Plantation  of  New  Haven,  from   1638  to  the 

Union    (1665).      I,    1638-1649;    II,    1633-1665.      (Hartford,    1857- 

1858.)     Quoted:  N.  H.  Col.  Rec,  I,  II. 
Rikskansleren.     Axel  Oxenstiernas  skrifter  och  brefvexUng.     Afd.  2.     Vol. 

I  ff.     (Edited  by  Per  Sonden  and  C.  G.  Styffe.) 
Rydbero,  O.   S.,  Sveriges  traktater  med  frdmmande  makter  jemte  andra 

dithorande  handlingar.     I-V.      (822-1630.)      (Stockholm.) 
Smith,  J.  W.,  Laws   of  the  Commonwealth   of  Pennsylvania,  etc.     I-IV. 

Philadelphia,  l8lO.) 
Stiernman,  A[nders]  A[nton]  von.  Alia  Riksdagars  och  Motens  Besluth, 

etc.,   1633-1680.     I-II.      (Stockholm,   1729.) 
Stiernman,  A[nders]  A[nton]  von,  Samling  utaf  kongliga  href,  stadgar 

och  f'Srordningar,  etc.     I-III.      (Stockholm,    1747-1753.)      Quoted: 

Stiernman,  Konl.  href,  etc.,  or  simply  Stiernman. 
The  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register.     XXI,  XXVIII, 

XXIX.     Vols.  I-L  indexed  in  three  volumes. 
Thom  and  Taube   (Editors),  Sveriges  Ridderskaps  och  Adels  Riksdags- 

prototoll.     I-IV. 
Tidningar  utgifna  af  et  Sallskap  i  Abo.    No.  30,  d.  25  juli,  1782. 
USSELINX,   WiLLEM,   Argonautica    Gusttviana.      (Frankfort    a/M.,    1633; 

reprinted  1662  in  Margvardus,  De  Jure  Mercatorum.) 
Whitelocke,  Bulstrode,  a  Journal  of  the  Swedish  Embassy  in  the  Years 

1653  and  1654.     I-II.     New  Ed.  revised  by  Henry  Reeve.     (Lon- 
don, 1855.) 
WiESELGREN,  Per  (Editor),  De  la  Gardiska  Archivet,  eller  Handlingar  ur 

Grefl.  Dela-Gardiska  Bibliotheket  pa  Loberod.     (Lund,  1831-1844.) 

Quoted:  De  la  Gar.  Arch. 

MANUSCRIPT  SOURCES. 

I.    Sweden. 
I.     General  Catalogues  and  Bibliographies. 
Kernkamp,   G.   W.,   Over  Zweedsche,  Noorsche   en  Deensche  archieven. 
(Nederl.  Archievenblad,  1900-1901.) 


Bibliography.  797 

Kernkamp,  G.  W.,  Verslag  van  een  onderzoek  in  Zweden,  Noorwegen  en 
Denemarken  naar  Archivalia,  etc.     (The  Hague,  1903.) 

The  Forty-third  Annual  Report  of  the  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public 
Records.     Appendix,  II,  35-52.     (London,  1882.) 

A.  STOCKHOLM. 

L  Riksarkivet'  (the  Royal  Archives). 

(a)  Printed  Catalogues  and  Indices: 

Meddelanden  frdn  svenska  Riksarkivet.  I-V.  After  volume  V  the  cata- 
logues or  lists  are  published  in  separate  collections. 

SoNDEN,  Per,  Rikskansleren  Axel  Oxenstiernas  brefvexling,  etc.  (Stock- 
holm, 1907.)      (In  Med.  frdn  sv.  Riksar.,  II,  2.) 

Taube,  B.  and  Bergh,  S.  (Editors),  Forteckning  Sfver  samlingen  af 
originaltraktater  i  svenska  Riksarkivet.  (Stockholm,  1895.)  Re- 
print from  Med.  fran  sv.  Riksar.,  XVII-XIX.) 

{b)  Manuscript  Catalogues  and  Indices: 

Acta  Historica  1633-1654  och  Karl  X  Gustafs  tid.  Register  ofver. 

Brahesamlingen  (in  the  R.  A.  not  the  Skokl.  Saml.),  Catalog  ofver. 

Dahlbergska  Samlingen,  Forteckning  ofver. 

Diarium  ofver  Riks  Registraturet  for  aren,  1632-1670. 

"  E.  L.  Register  upa  Riksarchivi  acter.  Gammal  orient.  Katalog." 

Fort,   ofver  de   i   kongl.   Riksarkivet   befintliga  fran   Ldns-styrelserna    tilli 

Kongl.  Maj:t,  Kansli  Colleg.  och  kansl.  chefer  inkomma  skrifvelser. 

1635-1640. 
M.  G.  de  la  Gardies  i  Riksarkivet  befintliga  brefvexling  och  ofriga  hand- 

lingar,  Forteckning  ofver  rikskansleren  grefve.     Uprarttad  af  E.  W. 

Bergman. 
Kommersk.   arkiv   med  dithbrande  samlingar.     I-II.     Fortecknade   af   dr 

Rosman. 
Orlogsflottan  och  Armeens  flotta,  Forteckning  ofver  handlingar  angaende. 

Af  Agathon  Hammarskjold,   1900. 
Oxenstiernska  Samlingen.     II. 

1.  Johan   Axelsson   Oxenstiernas   efterlemnade    arkiv.     A.    G.    Oxen- 

stierna. 

2.  Eric  Oxenstiernas  efterlemnade  arkiv,  Forteckning  ofver. 
Palmskioldska  samlingen  in  quarto,  Forteckning  ofver. 
Skoklostersamlingen.     Catalog  ofver  Manuscripterna  m.  m.  i  Bibliotheket 

pa  Sko-Kloster.     (1824)   Skokloster  Samlingen  is  now  in  the  Riks- 
arkiv  (Royal  Archives). 

*Cf.  Bidrag  tilt  Riksarkivets  dldre  historia.     (In  Meddelanden  frdn  Svenska 
Riksarkivet,  1877-90.) 


798    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Stegeborgsamlingen. 

1.  Pfalzgrefven  Johan  Casimirs  arkiv,  Forteckning  ofver.     Upprattad 

af  Per  Sonden. 

2.  Arfprinsen  Carl  Gustafs   arkiv,   Forteckning  ofver.     Upprattad  af 

Per  Sonden. 

3.  Hertig  Adolf  Johans  arkiv,  Forteckning  ofver.     Upprattad  af  Per 

Sonden. 
Titular  Register  ofver  riksregisiraturet,  1636  ff. 
jdie  Totts  samling,  Forteckning  ofver.     Upprattad  af  Per  Sonden. 

(f)   Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 
Handel  och  sjSfart.     Handelskompanier. 

1.  Nya  Sverige,  I-II.     (Quoted:  N.  S.,  I.,  II.  (R.A.).) 

2.  Soderkompaniet,   1624-30.     One  volume.      (Quoted:  Soderk.   1624— 

30  (R.A.).) 

3.  Soderkompaniet,   1637-59.     One  volume.     (Quoted:  Soderk.,   1637- 

59  (R.A.).) 

4.  General-handelskompaniet.     Usselinx'   memorial,    1624-1645.     One 

volume.     Quoted:  Gen.  handelsk.,  1624-45   (R.A.). 

5.  Skeppskompaniet,     1 629-1 650.      One    volume.      Quoted:    Skepsk. 

1629-50  (R.A.). 

6.  Westindiska  Kompanier  (no  date).     One  volume. 

7.  Handlingar     angiende     Tobakshandlen,     1643-59.       One     volume. 

Quoted:  Tobaksk.,  1643-59  (R-A.). 

8.  Risings  Process.     One  volume. 

Handel  och  Sjofart.     Utrikes  handeln.     Holland.     II. 

Hispania.     Palbitskys  bref  till  Konl.  Maj:t,  1651-1652. 

Hispania  strSdda  handlingar,  1608-1813.     Palbitskys  beskickning. 

Hispanica.     I.     (Cp.  Med.  fr.  sv.  Riksark.,  Ill,  243  ff.) 

Kommers  Kollegie  protokoll  for  aren  1654-1655.     I-II. 

Kommers  Kollegie  registratur    for  aren   1651-1659.     Hufvudserien,  Vols. 

I-II. 
Kommers  Kollegie  skrifvelser  till  Kungliga  Majestat,  1650-1666. 
Kopiebok  af  Kungl.  bref,  iSSg-iyiS-    I.     (The  volume  contains  an  Index.) 
Kungl.  bref  och  forordningar,   1523-1654.      (Afskrifter.) 
Riks  Registraturet,  1626-80.     (Svenska  och  Latinska.)      (Quoted:  R.  R.) 

'  In  the  autumn  of  1906  a  gentleman  who  was  then  listing  and  arranging  the 
old  documents  belonging  to  the  Commercial  College  brought  to  me  at  the  Riks- 
arkiv  a  Journal  of  the  Schiuedische  Compagni  (September,  1630-spring,  1637) 
and  a  bundle  of  documents  concerning  the  Swedish  African  Company.  As  I  was 
leaving  the  next  day  I  had  time  to  take  only  a  hurried  look  at  the  new  material 
found  in  these  records,  having  in  mind  to  examine  them  thoroughly  the  following 
year.  But  these  materials  could  not  be  found  when  I  returned,  although  Dr. 
Sonden  and  Dr.  Westrin  both  searched  for  them. 


Bibliography.  799 

Radsprotokollen.  1647-1670.     In  manuscript.     Up  to  1647  ^^^y  are  printed, 

see  bibliography  above. 
Sjoexpeditioner,  1656-1660,   1664-1677.     Two  volumes. 
Bref  till  Kotiffl.  Maj:t.    Letters  from: 

Johan  Beier  to  K.  M :t.     (Carl  X  Gustafs  tid.) 
Johan  Printz.     (Cp.  Med.  fr.  sv.  Riksark.) 
Peter  Ridder.     (Carl  X.) 
Dahlbergska  Samlingen.     Letters   from  Johan  Beier. 
De  la  Gardiska  Savilingen.     Letters  from  Johan  Printz,  Johan  Rising  and 

Peter  Trotzig  to  De  la  Gardie. 
Landsh.  skrifvelser  till  Kongl.  Maj:t,  1637-1656. 
Orebro  Ian,  1637-1656. 
Elfsborgs  Ian,   1645-55. 
Jonkopings  liin.     (From  Johan  Printz.) 
Nigra  Clas  Fleming  popper,  163O-  och   1640-talen. 
Letters  from  Weijss  and  others  to  Fleming. 
Axel  Oxenstiernska  Samlingin.' 
I.  Letters  from: 

Hans  Amundsson. 

Harald   Appelbom. 

Johan  Beier. 

Jacob    Blome. 

Samuel   Blommaert. 

Benjamin  Bonnell. 

Gregorius  van  Dyck. 

Conrad  von  Falkenberg.     (His  letters  are  published  up  to   1634,  see 

above.) 
Klas    Fleming.      (The    collection    of    Fleming's    letters    also    contains 
Extract  Schreibens  von  d.   Herr  Admiral   Fleming  an  H.   Residen- 
ten  Spiering.  .  .  ,  8  Junij,  1639;  Memorial  fiir  Martin  Augustinson. 
Datum  Stockholm  den  28  Februarii,  Anno  1639.) 
Hans  Kramer.     (The  Kramer  collection  contains  Copia  afl  kambnare 
Domen  angaende  H.  Jacob  Blome.  .  .  den  10  Decemb.,  Anno  1653.) 
Isak  Niepeisen.     (H.  Peter  Spierings  abgefertigte  diener.) 
Johan  Papegoja.  , 

Johan  Printz. 

Peter  Hollender  Ridder.      (The  collection  contains  a  copy  of  an  In- 
struction for  Leut.  Peter  Hollender.  .  .  Stockholm  d.  i  Julij,  1639.) 
Johan  Jonsson  Rud[berus].     (There  is  also  in  this  collection  a  copy  of 
a  letter  from  him  in  Kramer's  handwriting,  dated  Anno   165 1   den 
13  Apprillis.     The  author  is  inclined  to  believe  that  the  letter  was 

'Quoted:   Ox.   Saml.    (R.A.). 


8oo   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

not   written   to   Oxenstierna  but   to   Kramer.     Cf.   his  journal   in 
bibliography  below.) 

Robert   Smythe. 

Peter  Spiring.  (Letters  written  in  German  and  in  Dutch,  generally 
by  a  copyist,  and  some  few  in  French.  A  number  of  letters  are 
written  in  Spiring's  handwriting,  often  the  Dutch  ones.  The  last 
letter  is  written  December  8,  1651.  There  are  six  volumes  of  letters 
in  the  collection.) 

Timon   Stidden. 

Joachim  Stumpff.  Six  letters,  two  memorials  and  a  copy  of  a  letter 
from   Oxenstierna. 

Peter  Trotzig. 

Willem  Usselinx. 

2.  Axel  Oxenstiernas  Concepter,  1635-1647.    Quoted:  Ox.  Saml.,  Con- 
cep. 
Eric  Oxenstlernska  Samlingen.     (Quoted:  Ox.  Saml.  (R.A.).)     Letters  to 
Eric  Oxenstierna  from: 

Gustaf  Printz. 

Johan  Rising.  10  letters  relating  to  the  journal  of  the  Orn,  one  from 
New  Sweden.  The  collection  also  contains  a  "  Memorial,"  "  Under- 
danig  Postulata,"  etc. 

J.  J.  Ahrman.     (Supplik.     No  date,  no  place,  only  a  copy.) 
Johan  Oxenstlernska  Samlingen.     Letters  from: 

Johan  Beier,   1642-1649(5). 

Klas  Fleming. 

Gustaf  Printz.  (One  letter  dated  Elbing  d.  22  April,  1657.  It  is 
addressed  to  M.  Gottfrid  Allbinus,  the  secretary  of  Johan  Oxen- 
stierna.) 

Johan  Classon  Rising.     (From  Stettin,  July,  1642,  May,  1643.) 
Skokloster  Samlingen. 

1.  Letters  to  P.  Brahe  from: 
Johan  Papegoja. 

Gustaf  Printz. 

Johan  Printz.     (The  first  letter  is  dated  April   18,  1638  and  last  is 

dated  April  30,   1663.     Cf.  Catalogue  II,  52,  Skokl.  Saml.  Printz' 

Report,  1647,  is  also  in  this  collection.) 

2.  Per  Brahes  Concepter. 
Stegeborg  Samlingen. 

1.  Johan   Casimir.     Letters  from: 

Samuel  Blommaert. 
Klas    Fleming. 

2.  Adolf  Johans  arklv.     Letters  from: 

Johan  Rising. 


Bibliography.  8oi 

II.  Kammararkivet°  (the  Archives  of  the  Exchequer). 

(a)  Catalogues  and  Indices: 

Forteckning  bfver  de  i  Kammararkivet  forvarade  handlingar.    Af  dr  Rosman. 

General  catalogue  of  the  various  collections. 
Diarier  bfver  Kammararkivets  registratur,  1630  £E. 
Register  ofver  Sandbergska  Samlingen. 

(b)  Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 
Handel  och  sjofart.     Kolonier. 

1.  Nya  Sverige,  I.     (Quoted:  N.  S.,  I.  (K.  A.).) 

2.  Nya  Sverige,  II.     (Quoted:  N.  S.,  II.  (K.  A.).) 

3.  Nya  Sverige,  III.     (Quoted:  Journal,  no.  I,  2,  etc.,  or  Journal,  N.  S., 

III.  (K.  A.).) 

4.  Kompanier,  I. 

5.  Kompanier,  II. 

6.  Kompanier,  III.     {Gen.  Hand,  och  Skepsk.,  i630-6[7].) 

7.  Atskilliga  kolonier.     (1650-1808.) 

8.  Enskilda  rdkningar,  I,  VII,  VIII,  IX,  XI. 

9.  Strodda  handlingar,   I. 

10.  Strodda  handlingar,  II. 

11.  Strodda  handlingar.  III. 

Inkomtia  skrifvelser  till  Kammarrddet.     1637  S-     Quoted:  Skr.  till  Kam- 

mar.  (K.A.). 
Kammar  Kollegie  Protokoll.    Quoted:  Kam.  Kol.  Prot.  (K.A.). 
Kammar  Kollegie  Registratur,  1637  ff.    Quoted:  Kam.  Reg.  (K.A.). 
Kam.  Journal. 

Kommers  Kollegie  Acta,  1653-9.     Quoted:  Kom.  Kol.  Ac.   (K.A.). 
Kommers  Kollegie  skrifvelser  till  Kongl.  Maj:i.,  1650  ff.     Quoted:  Kom. 

Kol.  skr.  till  Kongl.  Maj.   (K.A.). 
Kongliga  href  i  Kammar  Kollegium,  1635-54.     Quoted:  Kongl.  br.  i  Kam. 

Kol.  (K.A.). 
Landsbbcker,  Elfsborgs  Idn. 
Rikshufvudboken. 

Sandbergska  Samlingen,  Volume  Q.     Quoted:  Sandb.  Saml.  (K.A.). 
III.  Flottans  arkiv."  (the  Archives  of  the  Navy). 
(a)  Catalogues  and  Indices: 

General  Catalogue  of  the  collections  by  Zettersten. 
Register   till  Ameralitetets   Registratur.      (An   index    at   the   end   of   most 

volumes.) 

'Cf.  E.  Hildebrand,  Ett  par  ord  om  kammararkivet.  (In  Hist.  Tid.,  XVI, 
151-62.) 

"  Cf.  Gustav  Kleen,  Anteck.  om  svenska  krigsarkivet.  (Krigsv.  akad.  tid. 
1880,   p.   225    ff.) 

"^Cf.  Zettersten,  Flottans  arkiv  pa  Skeppsholmen  (in  Hist.  Tid.,  VI,  227-234). 

52 


8o2   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

(i)   Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 

Ameralitetets  registratur,  1630-60.     Quoted:  Jm.  Reg.  (Fl.  An). 

Ankomna  handlingar,  1636  ff. 

IV.  KlUGSARKlVET  (the  Archives  of  War).    A  General  catalogue  in  the  Archives. 
Vastgota  regemente. 

V.  KuNCLiGA  BiBUOTEKET  (Royal  Library). 

(a)  Catalogues  and  Indices: 

Kongl.  Bib:s  Saml.  af  Sv.  Brefvexl.,  af  E.  Tegner.     (Stockholm,  1880.) 

(b)  Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 
Ralambska  Samlingen. 

B.  UPSALA. 
L  Universitetsbibhoteket  (the  University  Library). 

(a)  Catalogues  and  Indices: 

Handskriftkatalog  E.,  Sveriges  historia  till   1607. 
Handskriftkatalog  L.,  Sveriges  statskunsk.,  etc. 
Nordinsia   Samlingen,   I-III. 

Palmsiioldska  Samlingen,  Register  ofver.  Tom.  I-II.  (I  also  made  use  of 
the  special  "  Register  "  in  the  different  volumes  of  Palmsk.  Saml., 
Vols.  81,  82,  230,  etc.) 

Westinska   handskriftsamlingen.      (Cf.   Samlaren,   1882,   pp.   5-16.) 

(b)  Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 

Copiebok  af  Kongl.  bref  till  landshofd.  Olof  Stake.  1639-43,  pp.  8-9. 
Handlingar  om  sv.  handeln.     L.   13 1. 
Handel  och  ndringar.     N.  386. 

Palmsiioldska  {Palmscholska)  Samlingen.    Vols.  81,  82,  104,  322.    Quoted: 
Palmsk.    Saml.    (Up.    B.).      Vol.    322    contains    copies    of    Rising's 
berdttelser  and  other  documents  concerning  New  Sweden. 
Oxenstiernska  brefvexlingen.     Letters  from: 
Klas  Fleming. 
Gustaf  Printz. 
Johan  Printz. 
Risings  Journal.     E.  433.     En  kort  ber'dttehe,  etc.     Cf.  below.     Quoted: 

Rising's  Journal.     (Up.  B.). 
n.  Domkapitlets  arkiv  (the  Archives  of  the  Chapter  or  Consistory  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Upsala). 

(a)  Catalogues  and  Indices: 
General  catalogue  of  the  collections. 

(b)  Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 
Nya  Sverige,  I. 

Nya  Sverige,  II.       Quoted:  N.  S.,  I.  (D.  A.). 
Pro  to.  Consist.  Ecclesia  Stici  Ubsaliensis,  1636  fi. 


Bibliography.  803 

III.  Landsarkivet.  (The  District  Archives.)  A  General  catalogue.  Church 
Records. 

C.  LUND. 

Ukiversitetsbiblioteket   (University  Library). 

General    Catalogue. 

De  la  Gardiska  arkivet.     Letters  from  Johan  Printz. 

D.  OTHER  LIBRARIES  IN  SWEDEN. 

(a)   Catalogues  and  Indices: 

Forteckning  pa  handskriftsamlingen  a  Espelunda,  by  V.  Koersner.  (Stock- 
holm, 1882.     Bound  at  the  end  of  Hist.  Tid.,  Vol.  II.) 

Forteckning  pa  handskriftsamlingen  a  Bergshammar,  by  J.  A.  Lagermark. 
(Suppl.  to  Hist.  Tid.,  Vol.  V.) 

Handskrifter  i  Linkopings  bibliotek,  Forteckning  ofver. 

Forteckning  ofver  autogr.  samlingen  pa  Sjoholm   (1889).     In  Riksarkivet. 

II.  England. 

A.  LONDON. 

I.  British  Museum. 

Class  Catalogue  of  Manuscripts,  Single  State  Papers,  Vol.  XI.  Foreign 
Series,  1625-1873.    Gives  list  of  Manuscripts  in  chronological  order. 

Class  Catalogue  of  Manuscripts,  Single  State  Papers,  Vol.  XIV.  Foreign 
Series,  1600-1873. 

II.  Public  Record  Ofhce. 

(a)  Catalogues,  Calendars,  and  Indices: 

List  of  Volumes  of  State  Papers,  Foreign,  Preserved  in  the  Public  Record 
Office.  {Lists  and  Indexes,  No.  XIX.  Public  Record  Office,  Lon- 
don, 1904.) 

'A  Guide  to  the  Various  Classes  of  Documents  Preserved  in  the  Public 
Record  Office.  By  S.  R.  Scargill-Bird.  (Third  edition,  London, 
1908.) 

Calendars  and  Indexes,  No.  488.     Patent  Rolls.     (1626-1636.) 

(b)  Collections  of  Letters  and  Documents: 

Signet  Office  Bills,  Warrants  or  King's  Bills,  Docquet  Books.  Vols.  IX 
and  X.  1627-1633.  For  a  description  cf.  Guide  to  Documents, 
pp.  80-85. 

Slate  Papers,  Foreign.  Archives,  Poland  [and  Sweden^,  No.  88.  Contains 
copies  of  letters  from  King  of  Sweden,  etc. 

State  Papers,  Foreign.    Entry  Books,  Sweden,  Nos.  151,  152,  163,  166. 

State  Papers,  Foreign.     Trade  and  Admiralty  Papers  (Sweden),  Nos.  1-9. 

State  Papers,  Foreign.     Treaty  Papers   (Sweden),  Nos.  69,  516,  520. 


8o4   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

B.  OXFORD. 

Bodleian  Library.    General  Card  Catalogue  of  Manuscripts. 
Letters  from: 

Benjamin  Bonnell. 

Queen  Christina. 

Israel  Lagerfelt. 

Axel  Oxenstierna. 
Svecia.     News  Letters  from  Svecia,  1653-1658,  1655-1657. 

III.     Holland, 
the  HAGUE. 
I.  Hex  Rijksarchief   (the  Royal  Archives). 
Resolutien,  etc.     Index  opt'  Register  van  Haer  Ho.  Mo.     Resolutien,  etc. 

found  in  the  beginning  of  each  volume.    These  indices  are  not  always 

reliable.    Index  for  1640  refers  to  fol.  136  instead  of  137,  etc. 
Secrete  Kas.  L.  A.  Loketkas  M.  No.  g.    The  copies  of  Indian  signatures 

found  here  are  not  accurately  reproduced  in  Doc,  I,  593,  596,  597. 

The   mark  of  Ackehoorn   is   changed   and   that  of   Van   Borsum  is 

inverted  {Doc,  I,  600). 
West  Indische  Compagnie.     Loketkas  of  the  States  General,  Litt  L.  No. 

4g.     A  small  volume  bound  in  parchment,  well  preserved. 
Reff.  van  Resolutien  concerning  the  Dutch  West  India  Company.     1638  S. 

I-II.     An  index  in  the  beginning  of  each  volume.     Vol.  I   (Oct.  25, 

1638),    fol.    II,    concerning    a    paper    from    Spiring    about    Kalmar 

Nyckel;  fol.   16;   (December  31,  1638),  fol.  17;  Suydercomp.,  Nov. 

16,  1639;  1644,  fol.  129;  1645,  fol.  148-149,  151,  155;  concerning  S. 

Blommaert,   1648,  Sept.  20,  Nov.  20,  fol.  434,  December,  fol.  436; 

1649,  April,  fol.  458,  June  I,  fol.  462,  July,  fol.  469;  1650,  March  10, 

fol.  592;  June,  fol.  568,  569. 

IV.    America. 

A.  PHILADELPHIA. 

I.  Library  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

An  Alphabetical  Card  Catalogue. 

Copies  of  Documents  from  the  Royal  Archives  in  Stockholm.    These  copies 

are  very  good,  containing  but  few  mistakes. 
Archivum    Americanum.       Upsal     Documents     relating    to    the     Swedish 

Churches  on  the  Delaware.    Translated  copies.     I-II. 
Willem    Usselinx  and  the  South   Company.     Manuscript   copies   in   Penn. 

Hist.  So.  from  the  Archives  at  Stockholm,  done  by  Sjoberg  for  J.  F. 

Jameson.    Quoted:  Jameson  Mss.,  Penn.  Hist.  So. 


Bibliography.  805 

II.  American  Philosophical  Society. 
Jn  Alphabetical  Card  Catalogue. 

Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Sweden.  One  Volume  of  copies  from  the 
Royal  Archives  at  Stockholm.  (Also  a  French  translation  in  the 
collection.)  Poorly  translated  in  Hazard's  Reg.  Cf.  bibliography 
above. 

An  Extract  (translated  into  French)  of  Lindestrom's  Geogr.  Presented 
by  W.  Jones  in  1822. 

III.  The  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia. 
An   Alphabetical  Card  Catalogue. 

Du  Simitiere  Manuscript  Copies.  Contain  lists  of  Indian  tribes,  extracts 
of  the  Beschr.  van  Nieuw-Ned.,  Korte  Historiael,  etc. 

IV.  Archives  of  Gloria  Dei. 

Kyrkio-handling[ar^    wijd  Forsamlingen    Wicaco   Ifran   de   Sveskes    forste 

ofwerkomst   till   America   och   des   deal   Nya   Swerige   Sedan    Niew 

Nederlandh. 

B.  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
Library  of  Congress. 

Col.  and  Rev.  Doc.  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  III-IV.  Cf.  Penn.  Evening 
Post.  July  4,  1778. 

C.  NEW  YORK  CITY. 
Library  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 
Translation  of  Notes  to  C.  D.  Arfwedson's  Nova  Svecia. 
Copies  of  Manuscripts  Relating  to  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.     Copied 

for  B.  Fernow.     Also  translations  into  English. 
Manuscript  Translation  from  Acrelius   (printed  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So., 

2d  Se.,   I)    and  of   Hesselius'  Swedish   Churches  in  America,   1725. 

(See  above.) 

CONTEMPORARY  ACCOUNTS. 

A.    Published. 

A  Perfect  Description  of  Virginia,  etc.  (London,  Printed  for  R.  Wodenoth, 
at  the  Star  under  Peter's  Church  in  Cornhill,  1649.)  Reprinted  in 
Col.  Mass.  Hist.  So.,  2d  S.,  IX,  105  ff. 

BoGAERT,  Johannes,  Letters  to  Hans  Bontemantel,  August  28,  October 
31,  1655.  (First  printed  in  1858  in  the  Navnrscher.  Translated 
by  Henry  C.  Murphy  and  published  in  The  Hist.  Mag.,  II,  257  ff. 
Revised  translation  of  the  letter  of  October  31  published  in  Jameson, 
Nar.  of  Neu'  Neth.,  383-386.)  Bontemantel  was  director  of  the 
Dutch   West    India   Company    at   Amsterdam. 


8o6   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Breeden-Raedt,  etc.  (Antwerp,  1649.)  Translated  by  H.  C.  Murphy 
(New  York,  1854)  '1  ^  volume  also  containing  Vertoogh  van  Nieu 
Nederland.  p.  125  ff.  Also  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.  (1857), 
III,  237  ff. 

Bressani,  Father  Francesco  Giuseppe,  Breve  Relatione  D'Alcune 
Missioni  De'  PP.  della  Compagnia  di  Geiu  nella  Nuova  Francia. 
(Macerata,  1653.)  An  Italian  Relation  mentioning  the  Swedes. 
Reprinted  and  translated  in  Thwaites,  Jesuit  Relations,  XXXVIII, 
203  ff.,  XXXIX,  12  ff. 

Campanius  [Holm],  Johan,  De  itinera  Mag.  Johan  Campanii,  etc., 
1643-1648.  Ralambska  Samlingen,  fol.  201.  (Kongl.  Bib.)  Printed 
in  Holm  (transl.),  p.  70  ff.  The  manuscript  copy  is  partly  in  Latin 
and  partly  in  Swedish.  Kernkamp,  Skand.  Archivalia,  p.  151,  gives 
the  title  in  Swedish  as  found  in  an  older  catalogue. 

Concerning  New  Netherland  or  Manhattan.  Unsigned  but  written  by  one 
who  was  well  acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  settlements  on  the 
Delaware.  It  is  found  in  the  Clarendon  Papers,  preserved  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford.  (Published  1869  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist. 
So.,  Fund  Se.,  II,  1-14.) 

J  Description  of  the  Province  of  New  Albion,  etc.  by  "  Beauchamp  Plant- 
agenet."  (1648.)  Reprinted  by  Peter  Force,  Hist.  Tracts.  (1838.) 
II.  For  the  full  title  and  a  criticism  see  Winsor,  Nar.  and  Crit. 
Hist.,  Ill,  460  ff.,  IV,  427,  428,  437.  See  Sabin's  Dictionary,  V, 
no.  19,  724.  "  One  Bagot  under  the  Swedes  name,"  etc.  p.  10. 
"  Some  Swedish  soldiers  with  the  Indians  marched  into  Virginia  and 
carried  thence  the  King  of  Pawtomeck  prisoner,"  etc. 

DoNCK,  Andriaen  van  der  (author?),  i.  Petition,  etc.,  to  the  States 
General;  2,  Additional  observances  on  the  preceding  Petition,  July 
26,  i64g.    Translated  and  printed  in  (1856)  Doc,  I,  259-270. 

DoNCK,  Andriaen  van  der  (author?),  Vertoogh  van  Nieu-N eder-Land 
IVeghens  de  Ghelegentheydt,  Vruchtbaerkeydt,  en  Soberen  Staet 
desselfs.  (The  Hague,  1650.)  The  document  was  perhaps  drawn 
up  by  Van  der  Donck  and  signed  by  him,  Augustin  Herrman  and  sev- 
eral others  on  July  28,  1649.  Transcribed  from  the  authenticated 
manuscript  copy  in  the  Royal  Archives  at  the  Hague  and  translated 
and  printed  (1856)  in  Documents  Relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York,  I,  271-318.  A  translation  by  Murphy  of  the  printed 
tract  was  published  in  1849  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  II, 
251-329  (also  in  a  reprint,  1854). 

DoNCK,  Andriaen  van  der,  Beschryvinge  van   Nieuvv-Nederlant,"  etc. 

'^  He  relates  that  an  expedition  sailed  from  Norway  and  Sweden  which  was 
never  heard  of  again.  Some  think,  he  says,  that  the  Indians  are  the  descendants 
of  these  Scandinavians. 


Bibliography.  807 

(Amsterdam,  1655,  2d  ed.,  1656.)  Translated  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist. 
So.,  2d  Se.,  I,  125-242.  (New  York,  1841.)  Extract  in  Old  South 
Leaflets,  No.  69. 

Hammon,  J.,  Leah  and  Rachel;  or  the  Two  Fruitful  Sisters  Virginia  and 
Maryland,  etc.  (London,  1656.)  Reprinted  by  Force,  Hist.  Tracts, 
III.     "  Much  land  there  next  the  Swead,"  etc.,  p.  21. 

Jaque,  Father  Isaac,  Novum  Belgium  (1646).  A  translation  was  pub- 
lished in  185 1  by  O'Callaghan  in  his  Doc.  Hist,  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  IV,  21  ff.  Another  translation  printed  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist. 
So.,  2d  Se.  (1857),  III,  215-219;  a  revised  translation  published  in 
Jameson's  Nar.  of  New  Neth.  (1909),  259-263.  In  Thwaites, 
Jesuit  Relations,  XXVIII,  105  ff.,  appears  the  text  with  a  trans- 
lation. 

Letters  of  the  Dutch  Ministers  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  1655-1664. 
Translated  and  edited  in  Jameson's  Nar.  of  New  Neth.,  pp.  39I-4I5' 

Megapolensis,  Johannes,  Jr.,  Een  korte  Ontwerp  vande  Mahakvase 
Indiaenen,  etc.  (1644).  (Alkmar,  1644.)  Reprinted  in  Beschr.  van 
Virginia,  Nieuw  Nederlant,  etc.  Amsterdam,  1651.  Translation 
published  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  Ill,  137  ff.;  revised 
translation  in  Jameson,  Nar.  of  New  Neth.,  168  ff. 

Plockhoy,  p.  C,  Kort  en  klaer  ontwerp,  etc.  (Amsterdam,  1662.)  Con- 
cerning the  planting  of  a  colony  on  the  South  River.  Sabin,  Dic- 
tionary, Pts.  LXXXVII-LXXXVIII,  no.  63425- 

Printz,  Johan,  Relation  till  ddtt  hoglof.  West  Indische  Compagn.  .  .  den 
II  Junij  anno  1644.  [Ft.  Christina,  June  20,  1644.]  Published  by 
Odhner,  Kol.  N.  S..  p.  27  (223)  ff.  Paragraphs  2,  3,  14,  15,  17  are 
omitted  by  Odhner.  Quoted:  Report,  1644.  A  translation  by  the 
author  occurs  in  Albert  Cook  Myers,  Nar.  of  Early  Penn. 

Printz,  Johan,  Relation  till  ddtt  hoghloffl.  Westindiske  Compagn.  .  .  den 
20  februari  1647.  Translated  by  Keen  in  Penn  Mag.,  VII,  271  ff. 
A  revised  translation  by  the  author  occurs  in  Myers,  Nar.  of  Early 
Penn. 

Relation  De  Ce  Qui  s'est  passe  de  Plusremarquable  es  Missions  des  Peres 
de  la  Compagnie  de  lesus,  en  la  Novvelle  France,  es  annees  1647- 
1648.  (Part  Second  by  Paul  Ragueneau.)  (Paris,  MDCXLIX.) 
Reprinted  and  translated  in  Thwaites,  Jesuit  Relations,  XXXII, 
XXXIII. 

Rising,  Johan,  Relation  concerning  the  conditions  in  New  Sweden  in 
1654."  Dated  Christina  in  New  Sweden,  July  13,  1654.  Printed 
by  Sprinchorn,  in  Kol.  Nya  Sv.  hist.,  pp.  92-102.  {Hist.  Bibl.,  pp. 
256-266.)  Translated  by  the  author  for  Albert  Cook  Myers,  Nar. 
of  Early  Penn. 

"Copy  preserved  in  N.  S.,  I.   (R.A.). 


8o8    The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Rising,  Johan,  Relation  ofwer  thet  ahnfall,  etc.  Printed  in  Arfwedson's 
De  Colonia  Nova  Svecia  (1825),  p.  23  ff.  Translated  and  published 
in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  I,  443  ff.  Quoted  at  large  by 
Hazard,  p.  190  ff. ;  reprinted  in  the  Penn.  Arch.  The  translation 
revised  by  the  author  will  be  printed  in  Albert  Cook  Myers,  Nar. 
of  Early  Penn. 

SwEERINGEN,  Gerrit  (Garrett)  VAN,  Relation.  .  .  concerning  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  seating  of  Delaware  Bay  and  River.  .  .  by  the  Dutch 
and  Swedes.  (May  12,  1684.)  Printed  in  Doc,  III,  342;  Md. 
Arch.,  V,  411  ff. 

Vries,  David  Petersz.  de,  Korte  Historiael,  ende  Journaels,  etc.  (Alk- 
maer,  1655.)  Translated  by  Henry  C.  Murphy"  and  printed  by 
James  Lenox  (New  York,  1853),  reprinted  in  Col.  of  N.  Y.  Hist. 
So.,  2d  Se.,  Ill,  1-129.  A  revised  translation  of  part  of  the 
Historiael,  in  Jameson's  Nar.  of  New  Neth.,  p.  186  ff. 

WiNTHROP,  John,  "  The  History  of  New  England "  from  1630  to  164Q. 
Edited  by  James  Savage.  I-II.  (Boston,  1825,  1826.)  Reedited 
by  James  Kendall  Hosmer  {Winthrop's  Journal,  "History  of  New 
England,"  1630-1649)  in  Jameson's  Orig.  Nar.  of  Early  Am.  Hist. 

B.    In  Manuscript. 
Elswick,    Hendrick  von,   Relation,   August,    1655-February,    1656.     A 

journal  of  events  in  New  Sweden  during  the  siege  of  the  Dutch  and 

occurrences  up  to  February,  1654.     Moulded  and  partly  unreadable. 

Preserved  in  N.  S.,  I.   (R.  A.). 
Elswick,  Hendrick  von,  Fragment  of  a  Journal  during  a  commercial 

journey  to   New  Amsterdam  in  the  spring  of   1655.     Preserved   in 

N.  S.,  I.  (K.  A.). 
LiNDESTROM,  Peter,  Een  kort  relation  och  beskrifning  ofwer  Nye  Swerige, 

etc.,  1654-5.     Manuscript  copy  in  N.  S.,  II.  (R.  A.).    Copy  in  Penn. 

Hist.  So. 
LiNDESTROM,  Peter,  Een  kort  relation  och  beskrifning  ofwer  Nya  Sweriges 

situation,    etc.,    1654-5.      Fourteen    pages.      Ralambska    Saml.,    fol. 

201.     (Kongl.  Bib.) 
LiNDESTROM,    Peter,    Geographia   Americae,   etc.     Quoted:    Geogr.     Cf. 

above,  Chap.  XLIV.     Copy  of  Chaps.  II,  IV,  XXIX  in  Swedish, 

with  translations  and  translations  of  other  chapters  (without  copies 

in  Swedish)  are  found  in  Penn.  Hist.  So. 

"Murphy  has  made  some  changes  in  the  translation.  Page  120  (Col.  N.  Y. 
Hist.  So.,  2d  Se.,  HL)  he  has  Rotterdam.  The  original  reads:  "Den  28  Septem- 
ber arriveerden  alhier  een  Haring  Gainckjen  ofte  Buysjen  dat  van  .Amsterdam 
ivas,"  De  Vries,  p.  182.  In  the  margin  of  the  copy  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Library 
some  one  has  written  Rotterdam  and  crossed  out  Amsterdam  The  translation 
as  a  whole  is  quite  accurate. 


Bibliography.  809 

Relation  of  the  First  Coming  of  the  Swedes.  Sworn  statement  of  four 
men  from  the  Kalmar  Nyckel.  Cf.  facsimile  reproduction.  Original 
preserved  in  Kammararkivet  (Archives  of  the  Exchequer) ;  dis- 
covered by  the  author  in  1906.  Translated  by  the  author  for  Albert 
Cook  Myers,  Orig.  Nar.  of  Early  Penn. 

Rising,  Johan: 

1.  Een  berdttelse  om  Nova  Svecia,  etc.    Elbing,  1656.    Copy  in  Palmsk. 

SamL,  LXXIV,  322,  p.  263  ff.  (Up.  Bib.)  Copy  in  Penn.  Hist. 
So. 

2.  Een  berattelse,  etc.     No  date.     Manuscript  copy  in  Palmsk.  SamL, 

LXXIV,  322,  p.  145  f!.     (Up.  Bib.) 

3.  Een  beskrifningh  om  Nova  Svecia,  etc.     Elbing,   1658.     Manuscript 

copy  in  N.  S.,  II.  (R.  A.). 

4.  Een  beskrifningh  om  Nova  Svecia,  etc.     No  date,  manuscript  copy  in 

N.  S.,  II.     (R.  A.). 

5.  Relation    om    Nya   Sverige,    1655.      N.    S.,    I.    (K.    A.).      Quoted: 

Report,  1655.  Lately  published  by  the  author  in  German  American 
Annals,  N.  S.,  VIII,  87  ff-,  288.  Has  been  translated  by  the 
author  for  publication  in  Albert  Cook  Myers,  Orig.  Nar.  of  Early 
Penn. 

6.  Berattelse  ofwer   thet,   som   sigh   tilldragit   hafwer   i    Nova   Svecia 

widh  thet  Ahnfall  thermed  the  Hollenske.  .  .  then  Svenska  Colo- 
nien  i  Nova  Svecia  med  fiendligheet.  .  .  hafwa  ofwerfallit.  No 
date.    At  end  of  Rising's  Journal  in  Upsala  Bibliotek. 

7.  Een  Kort  Berattelse  om  Reesan  till  Nye  Swerige,  1654-1655.     No 

date.  (Up.  Bib.)  Rising's  Journal  to  New  Sweden  and  in  the 
Colony.  Gives  much  new  material.  It  is  well  preserved.  The 
author  hopes  to  publish  it  together  with  a  translation  in  the  near 
future. 

8.  A  Report  in  the  form  of  a  Journal,  dated  July  6,  1654,  '"  N.  S.,  I. 

(R.  A.).  Moulded  and  partly  unreadable.  Begins  January  27, 
ends  June  6;  contains  eight  leaves,  14J/2  pages,  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  each  page  being  moulded. 

9.  Een  Kort  Berattelse  om  Thet  Anfall,  etc.     Manuscript  copv  in  N.  S., 

I.     (R.  A.) 
Rudb[erus],  Johan  Jonsson,  Relation  of  min  reesas  olyckelige  afgdngh, 
etc.     1649-51.     Concerning  the  Kattan  Expedition.     Now  preserved 
in  K.  A.     Discovered  by  the  author  in  1906. 


8io   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 
C.     Literary  Works. 

NOVELS,   POEMS   AND   LITERARY  WORKS   REFERRING  TO 

NEW  SWEDEN  AND  TO  THE  DELAWARE  AND 

NEIGHBORING  COLONIES." 

Arfwedson,  C.  D.,  Forenta  Staterna  och  Canada  Aren  1632,  1833  och 
1834.  (Stockholm,  1835.)  P.  120  fE.  treats  of  the  Swedish  Colony. 
(Also  in  English  translation.) 

[Arfwedson,  C.  D.],  Scener  i  Nord-Amerika.  Ur  en  svenk  resandes  min- 
nes-bok.  (Stockholm,  1836.)  Svensken  i  Amerika.  A  story  from 
New  Sweden. 

(Belden,  J.  Van  Zile,  Antonia.  Novel:  Dutch  Colonists  in  Hudson  River 
Districts,   1640-50.) 

(Bennet,  J.,  Barnaby  Lee.  Novel:  Founding  of  New  York  and  Maryland, 
1664.) 

Buck,  W.  J.,  Local  Sketches  and  Legends,  etc.  (Printed  for  the  author, 
1887.)  The  Tree  and  the  Fine,  p.  33  ff.,  refers  to  Campanius  Holm, 
and  the  Swedish  settlers.  (Also  printed  in  Bucks  County  Intelli- 
gencer and  Hatboro  Public  Spirit,  May  6,  1882.) 

Foster,  C.  F.,  The  Bi-Centennial  Hymn.  Refers  to  the  Swedes.  (In 
Hist.  Sketch  of  Chester,  pp.  284-5.) 

Frame,  R.,  A  Short  Description  of  Philadelphia,  etc.  (Philadelphia,  1692. 
Reprinted  1867.)     Poem  refers  to  the  Swedes  and  Finns,  p.  5. 

(Goodwin,  Maud  Winder,  Sir  Christopher.     Novel:  Maryland,  1644.) 

Holme,  John,  A  True  Relation  of  the  Flourishing  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  poem  is  printed  in  Proceed,  of  the  Hist.  So.  of  Penn.,  I,  no.  12, 
161-80.)  It  was  perhaps  written  in  1689.  He  refers  to  the  Swedish 
and  Finnish  settlers,  p.  167. 

Hylten-Cavallius,  G.  O.,  Sveriges  Hist,  och  Polit.  Visor.  (Forsta 
delen,  Orebro,  1853.)  On  p.  305  (strophe  12)  is  a  verse  about  the 
companies  founded  by  King  Gustavus  Adolphus. 

Irving,  Washington,  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York.  (New 
York,  1851.)  Book  IV,  Chap.  IX  (pp.  227-41),  treats  of  the  found- 
ing of  New  Sweden  and  the  English  settlements  on  the  Schuylkill. 
For  other  Chapters  on  the  Swedish  settlements  see  Books  V  and  VI. 

LiNDBLAD,  E.,  Till  Minneapolis.  (In  2Soth  Anniversary,  etc.)  Pp.  40-1 
refers  to  New  Sweden  on  the  Delaware. 

LiNDHOLM,  A.  T.,  Gamla  och  Nya  Sverige.     (In  250th  Anniversary,  etc.) 

Pp.    32-3- 
Longfellow,  H.  W.,  Evangeline.    Works,  II,  19-106.     P.   lOi  refers  to 
the   Swedish    Church    at   Wicacoa   of    a   later   period   than   the   one 
treated  in  this  volume. 
"The  author  has  made  no  special  efforts  to  furnish  a  complete  list. 


Bibliography.  8ii 

Nyvall,  D.,  An  "Ode"  on  the  Swedish  Colony.  (In  2S0th  Anniversary, 
etc.)      Pp.  36-7. 

Mattson,  Hans,  250th  Anniversary  of  the  First  Swedish  Settlement  in 
America,  etc.  (Minneapolis,  no  date  but  copyright,  1889.)  Con- 
tains speeches,  orations,  etc.,  of  historic  character  about  the  colony. 

(Motley,  J.  L.,  Merry-Mount.    Novel:  Plymouth  Colony,  Boston,  1849.) 

[Paulding,  James  Kirke],  Konigsmarke  [Long  Finn]  or  Old  Times  in 
the  New  World,  I-II." 

Peterson,  Arthur,  Collected  Poems.  (Philadelphia,  1900.)  II.  Songs  of 
New  Sweden,  pp.  57-148. 

1.  Dedication. 

2.  Prologue. 

3.  The    Coming   of    Printz. 

4.  Printz's   Hall. 

5.  The    Settlement. 

6.  The  Lady  Armagot   (in  four  parts). 

7.  Brita  (in  five  parts). 

8.  Eric  the  Archer  (in  four  parts). 

9.  The  Fall  of  Fort  Christina  (in  three  parts). 

10.  The    Blackbeard    (in    two   parts).      (It    concerns    the   pirate    Ed. 

Teach.) 

11.  Epilogue.  The  Dream  of  Isaac  the  Quaker,  Kelpius's  Hymn  and 
Indian  Rock  do  not  really  belong  to  the  collections  although  they 
are  included  in  Songs  of  New  Sweden.     See  p.  59. 

Printz  Hall.    A  Record  of  New  Sweden.     By  the  author  of  "  Blackbeard." 
Rydberg,   Victor,  Fribytaren  pd  Ostersjon.      (Stockholm,  4de,   up.)      Pp. 

445-6,  480-8,  498  contain  references  to  New  Sweden. 
Steendam,  Jacob,  Prickel-Vaersen.    Refers  to  the  South  River,  the  Colony 

at  the  Swanendael,  etc.     Printed  and  also  translated  by  Murphy  in 

Antology,  etc. 
St.  John,  M.,  Lettres,  etc.     I-III.     (Paris,   1787.)     Tome  II,  p.  230, 

refers  to  the  Swedish  settlements. 
StockenstrOM,  H.,  An  "  Ode  "  on  the  Swedish  Colony  on  the  Delaware. 

(In  2S0th  Anniversary,  etc.,  pp.  28-9.) 
Strindberg,  August,  De  lycksalujas  oar.     (In  Samlade  romaner  och  berdt- 

telser  af  Aug.  Strindberg.     Stockholm,  1900.     Pp.  197-199.) 
Townsend,  G.  a..  Poems  of  Men  and  Events.     (New  York,  1899.)     See 

pp.  224-5,  229,  268,  309  ff- 
Two  Hundred  Years  Ago;  or  Life  in  New  Sweden.     (By  the  author  of 

"Over  the  Hedge."     Philadelphia,   1876.     American  Sunday  School 

"  Life  in  New  Sweden. 


8 12   The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

Union.)     Purports  to  be  a  diary  of  a  young  Swedish  girl  who  came 

over  in  the  Swan  in  1647.  The  Journal  is  continued  down  to  1682. 
Unonius,  G.,  Minnen  fran  en  sjuttonarig  vistelse  i  Nordvestra  Jmerika." 
Yaconta,  A  Legend  of  West  Jersey,  in  Miss  Leslie's  Magazine.     Treats 

of  an  incident  related  in  De  Vries  Journal.    See  Barber,  Historical 

Collections  of  New  Jersey,  p.  204. 


ADDENDA  TO  THE  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

A  Contribution  to  Pennsylvania  Historical  Bibliography.    Pub.  of  the  Penn. 

Hist.  Club.     Vol.  I.     [Albert  Cook  Myers,  editor.]      (Philadelphia, 

1909.) 
Byskomakaren  Jonas  Stolts  minnen  fran   1820-talet.     Bidr.  till  var  odhs 

hafder,  5.     (Stockholm,  1892.) 
Charter  to   William  Penn,  etc.    {Duke  of  Yorke's  Book   of  Laws,   1676- 

1682).     Compiled  and  edited  by  S.  George,  B.  M.  Nead  and  T. 

McCamant.     (Harrisburg,   1879.)      New  Sweden,  p.  42a  if.     Not 

accurate. 
Hall,    Clayton    Colman,    Narratives   of    Early   Maryland,    1633-1684. 

(New  York,  1910.) 
Jameson,  John  Franklin,  Narratives  of  New  Netherland,  1609-1664. 

(New  York,  1909.) 
Retzius,  Gustaf,  Finland  i  Nordiska  Museet,  etc.     Bidr.  till  var  odhs 

hafder,  I.     (Stockholm,  1881.) 

"  Almost  every  book  of  travel  on  America  written  by  Swedes  contains  reference 
to  New  Sweden  and  many  books  of  a  literary  character  by  Americans  or  Swedish- 
Americans  about  Sweden  likewise  refer  to  the  colony. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


N.  B.  The  Swedish  letters  a,  ii  and  o  are  treated  like  a  and  o  and  do  not 
follow  the  Swedish  order.  In  some  cases  information  not  to  be  found  in  the  text 
about  men  and  places  is  given  in  the  index  and  in  most  instances  various  spell- 
ings of  the  proper  names  found  in  the  documents  are  given  in  parenthesis.  All 
the  abbreviations  used  in  the  text  are  either  printed  in  full  in  the  index  or  referred 
to  the  proper  place  in  the  bibliography.  The  names  of  the  settlers  are  given 
under  the  heading  colonists,  and  the  various  expeditions,  forts  and  ships  are 
given  together  under  the  headings  expeditions,  forts  and  ships,  respectively. 


A 

A.  B.  C.  Book,  published  in  1611,  23 

Abo  (Turko),  education  in,  31;  Royal 
Court  at,  239;  salt  sent  to  the  mayor 
of,   288 

Acciount'\  B[ook'],  1643-1648,  quoted, 
192,  242,  245,  256,  261,  304,  305,  308- 
318,  320-321,  323-333.  335.  347.  376. 
399,  409,  455.   548 

Acc[ount]  Book  of  Beier,  quoted,  242, 
247 ;  see  also  Beier 

Acerbi,  Joseph,   quoted,  359-361 

Ackehorn  (Ackehoorn),  sells  lands  to 
the  Dutch,  440-441 

Acrelius,  Israel,  quoted,  49,  57,  175- 
176,  190,  238,  304,  338,  350,  367,  380, 
411-412,  412,  423,  429,  430,  465-466, 
541.  554.  60s,  609,  634,  655,  660- 
662,   670 

Adams,  Thomas,  of  Maryland,  endeav- 
ors to  establish  trade  with  the  Svredes, 

342 

Admiralty,  692-693 ;  see  also  expedi- 
tions, and  the  New  Sweden  Company 

Adzes,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255 

Africa,  proposals  of  Swedish  trade  to, 
92,  133;  trade  from  New  Sweden  to, 
139 

African  Company,  Swedish,  676,  683 ; 
to  trade  with  slaves  in  America,  10; 
founded,  49;  capital  stock  of,  49, 
624;  endeavors  to  increase  its  capital, 
624;  claims  of,  to  be  settled,  654 

Agriculture,  important  industry  in  Swe- 
den, government  favors,  36-37;  im- 
plements of,  on  first  expedition,  112, 
on  second  expedition,  128;  used  by 
Indians,  193;  placed  on  a  prosperous 
footing   in    New    Sweden,    319;    col- 


onists could  sell  100  barrels  of  grain, 
338;  rain  damages  grain  in  1652, 
341;  by  burning,  147,  527  fif. ;  see 
also  Printz,  Ridder,  Rising  and  New 
Sweden 

Ahopameck,  witness,  signs  papers,  566 

Aillon,  Lucas  Vasquez  de,  makes  land- 
ings at  New  York,  165 

Aitzema,  L.  van,  quoted,  14,  141-142 

Akilles  (A chillis),  see  ships 

Aland,  elks  shot  at,  239 

Albany,  166 

Albany    Rec\_ords'],    quoted,    382,    411, 

Albion,  New,  see  New  Albion 

Albrechtsen,  Jacob,  761 

Ale-house,  erected  on  Tinicum  Island, 

355 

Alexander  the  Great,  556 

Alexander,  quoted,  42 

Alfs  -visbok,  quoted,  550 

Algonkin,  meaning  of,  187 

Algonquian  tribes,  largest  family  in 
North  America,  187  ff. 

Alingsas,  tobacco  sold  in,  644 

Allen,  Isaac,  638 

Allerton,  Isaac,  trades  in  the  colony, 
316-318,  323,  333,  339,  515;  friendly 
to  the  Swedes,  576,  579 ;  factor  of, 
638 ;  continues  trade  on  the  South 
River  during  the  Dutch  occupation, 
658  ff. ;  signs  a  document  for  the 
Dutch,  437 

"  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well,"  26 

Almquist,  quoted,  147-148 

Atn,  length  of,  etc.,  42 

Alrich,  Jacob,  appointed  director  of 
New  Amstel,  664;  dies,  666 

Altena      (Altona)      (Christina),     Fort, 


i'S 


3i6 


Index. 


governor  of  the  company's  colony  at, 
664;  Beeckman  appointed  commis- 
sary at,  665 ;  see  also  Christina 

Altmark,  truce  at,  in  1629,  5 

Amattehoorn,  see  Mattahorn 

America,  677,  682,  697,  698 ;  see  also 
Dutch,  English,  Swedes,  New  Swe- 
den, expeditions 
American  Company,  the,  683,  695  ;  third 
reorganization  of  the  New  Sweden 
Company,  619  ff. ;  claims  against  the 
government,  620;  members  of,  make 
application  for  monopoly  on  tobacco, 
622-623 ;  Junge  appointed  factor  in 
place  of  Bonnell,  623 ;  efforts  in  be- 
half of,  by  the  Commercial  College, 
624;  proposals  made  for,  625;  name 
given  to,  capital  of,  626 ;  officers  of, 
627-628;  budget  of,  in  Stockholm, 
627 ;  new  budget  made  by,  for  the 
colony,  627-628 ;  salaries  of  officers 
of,  627-628 ;  abstract  of  charter  for, 
628-629;  efforts  in  behalf  of,  629- 
630;  prepares  the  twelfth  expedition, 
631  ff. ;  tobacco  trade  of  the,  637  ff. ; 
proposals  for  aiding,  638;  tobacco 
imported  and  sold  by  the  factors  of, 
637-639;  indemnity  demanded  for, 
649;  Appelbom's  endeavors  on  be- 
half of,  650;  inventory  of  the  prop- 
erty of,  654;  memorials  concerning 
the  rights  of,  655 ;  no  indemnity  se- 
cured by,  656;  reorganization  of  the, 
640  ff. ;  see  also  American  Tobacco 
Company 

Am[erican]  Phil[osophical]  So[ciety], 
quoted,  320;  copies  in,  500 

American  Tobacco  Company,  The,  re- 
organization of  the  American  Com- 
pany, 640;  tobacco  trade  placed  in 
the  hands  of,  640  ff.;  inspectors  ap- 
pointed for,  641 ;  searchers  appointed 
by,  641-642;  assets  and  liabilities 
of,  642-643 ;  officers  of,  643-644 ; 
tobacco  imported  by,  644;  dissolu- 
tion of,  644,  646;  figures  in  claims 
and  lawsuits  as  late  as  1736,  646- 
649;  Rising  presents  claims  against, 
646-647;  Gov.  Printz's  claims 
against,  647 ;  see  also  New  or  Fourth 
Tobacco  Company 

Amira,  quoted,  456 

Amisackan  Falls,  569 

Ammunition,  brought  over  on  first  ex- 
pedition, 105 ;  see  also  expeditions 

Am.  Reglistraturl,  quoted,  121,  124, 
III,  240-241,  243-244,  251,  254-255, 
258,  267,  277-279,  470-472.  489.  492 


Amsterdam,  no,  118,  122,  etc.,  675, 
677>  685,  687,  694,  698 ;  ships  arrested 
at,  78 ;  Oxenstierna  at,  91 ;  see  also 
expeditions 

Amundsson,  Hans,  762 ;  sent  to  the 
colony  on  the  ninth  expedition  in  the 
capacity  of  a  Commander,  268 ;  com- 
plains to  the  governor  of  Porto  Rico 
about  the  ill  treatment  of  the  Swedes, 
271;  receives  aid  from  the  Spaniards, 
271 ;  is  permitted  to  leave  the  island, 
272;  differs  in  some  details  in  his 
account  from  Rudberus,  275 ;  arrives 
in  Sweden,  276 ;  appointed  to  de- 
mand damages  for  the  ninth  expedi- 
tion, 278,  291,  480;  removed  from 
his  commission,  279,  492;  greatly  to 
blame  for  the  delay  of  the  Haj,  474; 
on  the  Haj  from  Stockholm  to  Goth- 
enburg, 480;  Hook  and  Elswick  ap- 
pointed in  place  of,  491 ;  documents 
taken  from,  492;  allowed  to  go  with 
his  family  on  the  Haj,  494;  dies  at 
Porto  Rico,  495;  quoted,  275,  490 

Amundsson,  Jon,  desires  to  go  to  New 
Sweden,  478 

Anckarhjelm,  Martin  Tijssen  (Ancker- 
hielm,  Anckerhelm),  works  without 
pay  for  the  company,  226 ;  instructed 
to  make  the  Fama  ready,  255;  takes 
an  active  part  in  the  ninth  expedi- 
tion, 266 ;  secures  provisions  for  the 
ninth  expedition,  268  ;  buys  provisions 
for  the  tenth  expedition,  470;  advises 
Rising  not  to  think  of  Florida  as  a 
suitable  place  for  a  colony,  479;  sup- 
plies additional  money  for  the  tenth 
expedition,  482;  aids  in  preparing  the 
eleventh  expedition,  490  ff.;  removes 
Amundsson  from  his  commission,  492 ; 
endeavors  to  find  a  mate  for  the 
eleventh  expedition,  493  ;  reports  con- 
cerning a  ship  for  sale  by  Macklier, 
631;  aids  in  preparing  the  twelfth 
expedition,  632  ff. ;  reports  concern- 
ing colonists,  633;  quoted,  480-482, 
490,   495,    632-635,    biography,   673 

Andastoes,  supposed  to  be  the  Susque- 
hannas,  334;  a  Christian  Indian 
visits   New   Sweden   on   his   way   to, 

334 
Andersson,   Dr.   Aksel,   quoted,   59 
Andersson,  Anders,  rents  tobacco  trade, 

645 
Andersson,   Herman,   sailor,   758 
Andersson,    Jesper,    subscribed    to    the 

South  Company,  60 
Andersson,  Johan,  759 


Index. 


817 


Andersson,  Lucas,  sells  cargoes  coming 
from  New  Sweden  and  the  Carib- 
bean Islands,  248-249 

Andersson,  Mans,  contributes  on  behalf 
of  Fleming  to  the  sixth  expedition, 
242 

Andersson,  Mats,  bailiff,  furnishes 
money  for  second  expedition,  125 

Andersson,  Nils,  Governor,  requested 
to  aid  in  securing  colonists,  259 

Andersson,  Peter  (Per),  appointed 
director  of  South  Company,  58 ;  sub- 
scribes for  the  Company,  63 ;  re- 
quested to  hurry  completion  of  the 
ropewalk,  64-65;  made  burggraf  at 
Norrkoping,  65;  consults  with  the 
Council  about  the  journeys  to  the 
West  Indies,   67 

Andersson,  Steffan,  642 

Andriesen,  Laurens  Cornelius,  permis- 
sion to  sail  to  American  ports  given 
to,   341,   343 

Andriessen,  Marion,  Huygen  buys 
sewant  from,  310 

Andriessen,  Peter,  witnessed  against 
Lamberton,  386 

Andriesson,  Jan  (Jan  Andriesen), 
granted  land,  411;  did  not  settle  the 
land,  412;  signs  the  land  deed,  429 

Andriesson,  Jan,  of  Beren-Bach,  433 

An.  Eng.  Descrip.  of  America,  553     ■ 

Anp-ermannus,  [Abrahamus],  works  for 
interest  of  Swedish  education,  27 

Anjou,  quoted,  22,  29 

Ankare,  size  of,  42,  342 

Anrep,  quoted,  59,  650 

Anstruther,   sent  to  Oxenstierna,   91 

Antigua,  island  of,  the  Swedes  at,  240, 
269 

Antiquities,  Swedish,  money  from  the 
tobacco  excise  to  be  used  for  the 
publication  of,  645 

Antwerp,  676,  698 

Anzoov  (Anzooan(  ?) ),  649 

Appelbora,  Harald,  to  be  appointed  in 
place  of  Blommaert,  156;  presents 
memorials  to  the  States-General,  648, 
652  ff. ;  reports  to  the  government, 
651;   biography,  674 

Aquilera,  Jacobus  de,  governor  of 
Porto  Rico,  receives  Elswick,  280, 
495 ;  refuses  to  pay  the  sum  de- 
manded by  Elswick,  280 

Arber,  quoted,  11 

Arch.  A  me.,  quoted,  372 

Archangel,  72;  see  also  South-Ship 
Company 

53 


Archbishop,  Campanius  writes  to,  372- 
373 

Arend,  quoted,  135,   142 

Arfwedson,  quoted,  596,  600,   610 

Argall,  Samuel,  anchors  in  Delaware, 
167;   quoted,  167 

Argonautica  Gustaviana,  published,  81- 
82;  quoted,  57,  81-82 

Arken,  see  ships 

Arlington,  Lord,   51 

Armada,  the,  destroyed  by  England,  3 

Armeni'erius,  district  at  the  Schuylkill 
sold  to  Corsen,  422 ;  title  renewed, 
422 

Arraewamese  Indians,  tried  to  overrun 
the   Dutch,   415 

Armstrong,  quoted,  456 

Arnheim,  Hiiygens  von,  shares  in  com- 
pany, 106 

Arnhera,  Gerrit  van,  106 

Arregahaga  (Black  Minquas),  the  fur 
trade  comes  from,  342 

Artisans,  Hindricksson  requested  to  ob- 
tain, 125-126 ;  to  be  sent  to  Long 
Island,  174 

Arunameck    (Aronameck),  527,  566 

Aschbach,  referred  to,  165 

Asher,  quoted,  166 

Asia,  a  short  route  sought  for,  i66 

Asinpinck  (Trenton)  Falls,  corn  fields 
at,    193 

Aspinwall  (Aspenwall),  William,  in 
command  of  the  expedition  to  dis- 
cover the  Great  Lakes,  395;  member 
of  the  company,  395;  delivers  letters 
of  recommendation,  396;  not  allowed 
to  pass  the  Dutch  fort,  396-397; 
compelled  to  stop  by  the  Swedish 
fort  and  pay  for  the  shot  fired  at 
him,  305,  397;  returns  with  his  ship 
to  Boston,  sued,  397 

Assanpink  (Assinpinck,  Asinpinck) 
Kill,    113 

Atskilliga  kolonier  (K.A.),  quoted,  163 

Augsburg  Confession,  to  be  maintained 
in  the  colony,  609,  629 

Augustinsson       Leijonskold,       Marten 
(Martin),  assessor  in  the  First  Com- 
mercial   College   of   Sweden,    16;    in- 
structed  to  look  for  colonists,  memo- 
rial  for,   125;   ordered  to  let  salt  for 
the  Company'  in  duty-free,  229;  vice- 
director  of  Commercial   College,   ig; 
memorial   for,   123 
Austria,  makes  war  on   Carl  X.,  8 
Avalon,  colony  of  Lord  Baltimore,   172 
Axelsson,  Ake,  subscribed  to  the  South 
Company,  60 


8i8 


Index. 


Axes,   sent  to   New   Sweden,   255;   see 

also  expeditions 
Azores,  495,  698 

B 

Baat,  Seved,  kammarrdd,  proposed  to 
send  prisoner  to  New  Sweden,  256 

Baconian   theory,   referred   to,   165 

Baelter,   Sven,  quoted,  368-370 

Bain,  quoted,  7-8,  20 

Balch,  T.  W.,  quoted,  573 

Baltic,  the,  to  be  made  a  Swedish  in- 
land  sea,   5 

Baltic  ports,  vessels  forbidden  to  sail 
to,  142 

Baltic  provinces,  see  Lithuania,  Cour- 
land,  Livonia,  Ingria  (Ingerman- 
land) 

Baltimore,  Lord,  colony  of  Avalon,  ap- 
plies to  King  James  for  a  charter, 
172 ;  charter  to  Cecil,  second  Lord 
Baltimore,  172  ff. ;  makes  settlement 
on  grant,  becoming  nearest  neighbor 
to  New  Sweden,  174 

Bancroft,  George,  quoted,  'iTj 

Baner,  Axel,  governor,  subscribed  to 
the  South  Company,  60;  letter  to,  651 

Baner,  Johan,  689,  victory  of,  at  Witt- 
stock,  7 

Baner,  Per,  subscribed  to  the  South 
Company,  60 

Baner,  Svante,  subscribed  to  the  South 
Company,   60 

Bang,  quoted,  23,  29 

Barbadoes  (Barbados),  Swedish  ships 
sailed  to,  40;  Swedish  merchants  to 
trade  at,  621 

Barben,  Jacob,  commander  on  the  Grip, 
III 

Barber-masters,   see  barber-surgeons 

Barber-surgeons,  in  Sweden,  29 ;  hired 
to  go  to  New  Sweden,  243,  260;  see 
also  expeditions,  life  in  the  colony. 
New  Sweden 

Barclay,  674 

Barfod,  quoted,  17,  33,  44,  251 

Barley,  Ridder  requests,  198 ;  see  also 
expeditions,  life  in  the  colony,  New 
Sweden 

Barns,  built  for  the  shelter  of  the  cattle, 
315;  see  also  life  in  the  colony,  New 
Sweden 

Basque,  probable  visits  of,  to  the  Dela- 
ware, 165 

Bastu   (badstu),  see  bath-houses 

Bath-houses,  erected  by  the  Swedes  and 
Finns,  357  ff. 

Batt,  to  go  to  New  Albion,  401 


Bavaria,  398 

Baxter,  quoted,  392 

Baxter,  from  Gravesend,  New  England, 
510         ..   . 

Bay  of  Virginia,  see  Virginia  Bay 

Beans,  Ridder  requests,  198 ;  see  also 
life  in  colony.  New  Sweden 

Beaver,  the ;  see  ships 

Beavers,  trade  of,  in  Holland,  119; 
trade  of  in  Sweden,  159  ff. ;  not 
satisfactory  in  Sweden,  223  ;  sold  by 
Bonnell  in  Stockholm,  288-289 !  ^t^ 
also  life  in  colony.  New  Sweden 

Beckman,  quoted,  25 

Beckman,  Vinsent,  760 

Beeckman,  Willem,  appointed  commis- 
sary at  Fort  Altena,  665 ;  proposes  to 
tax  the  Swedes,  665;  quoted,  350 

Beer,  different  kinds  of,  35;  shipped  to 
New  Sweden,  128;  made  in  the  col- 
ony, 354  ff. ;  see  also  life  in  the  col- 
ony. New  Sweden  and  the  expeditions 

Bees,  not  found  in  New  Sweden,  536 
n.  16 

Behm,  Daniel,  prepares  instructions  for 
the  officers  of  the  Commercial  Col- 
lege, 17         .        . 

Beier,  Johan,  identified  with  the  com- 
pany, 107;  appointed  treasurer,  132; 
appointed  to  negotiate  with  Blom- 
maert  and  Reede,  136-137;  ammu- 
nition and  other  supplies  procured 
by,  151;  secretary  of  the  first  Com- 
mercial College  in  Sweden,  16;  to 
be  appointed  secretary  of  the  reor- 
ganized Company,  222;  paid  a  sal- 
ary by  the  government,  225 ;  con- 
tinues to  act  as  treasurer,  230;  en- 
gages a  blacksmith  for  the  sixth  ex- 
pedition, 238 ;  furnishes  money  to 
Printz,  240;  pays  returning  servants 
on  the  fifth  expedition,  241 ;  assists 
in  preparing  the  sixth  expedition, 
242 ;  buys  goods  for  the  sixth  expedi- 
tion, 243 ;  pays  returning  colonists, 
248 ;  writes  to  the  Queen  on  behalf 
of  returning  sailors,  249 ;  papers 
from  New  Sweden  sent  to,  252 ;  helps 
prepare  the  seventh  expedition,  253; 
busy  in  Stockholm  to  prepare  the 
eighth  expedition,  258 ;  complains 
about  the  Company,  259;  money  paid 
by  Secretary  Ericksson  to,  263 ;  re- 
quested to  report  about  the  ninth 
expedition,  278 ;  called  into  the  Coun- 
cil to  give  a  report  about  New  Swe- 
den, 283 ;  buys  copper  for  the  Com- 
pany,   2S8;    present    at    conferences 


Index. 


819 


with  the  Tobacco  Company,  291 ; 
quoted,  120,  153,  240,  242,  257-259, 
300,  371-372,  620;  biography,  674 

Belgium,  32 

Belknap,  quoted,  394 

Bell,  church,   366 

Bengtsson,   Mans,   761 

Bengtsson,  Per,  contributes  on  behalf 
of  Fleming  to  the  sixth  expedition, 
242 

Bennet,  Gov.,  letters  sent  to,  572 

Bennigen  (Beuningen),  Peter  von,  sub- 
scribed to  South  Company,  60 

Berg,  quoted,  29,  328 

Berg,  Lars,  641 

Bergen,  493 

Bergkvarna,  glass  factory  at,  34 

Bergslagen,  Kling  to  go  to,  149 

Berkeley,  William,  Governor,  proposes 
that  the  Swedes  should  apply  for 
privileges  of  trade  to  the  King  of 
England,  185;  sends  protest  to  the 
Swedes,  216;  complains  about  the 
Dutch,  340 

Berlin,   357,  674 

Berndes,  Johan,  general  director  of  the 
Commercial  College,  18;  governor, 
239 

Bernhard,  Duke,  of  Saxe-Weimar,  de- 
feat of,  6,  82,  91 

Beschr.  van  Virginia,  etc.,  quoted,  171, 
192 

Bessels,  Adam,  shares  in  New  Sweden 
Company,  106 

Beuningen,  Koenraad  van,  Dutch  resi- 
dent at  Stockholm  questioned  about 
the  invasion   of   New   Sweden,  286 

Bible,  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,   22 

Bicker,  Commander,  522,  5S3-584; 
quoted,  583 

Bijdr.  en  Mededeel.,  quoted,  17 

Bill,  typical,  showing  articles  used  by 
a  settler,  356 

Biographica    (R.A.),   quoted,  476 

Biog.   ll'oordenb.,  quoted,  135 

Bjelke,  Sten,  693 

Bjelke,  Ture,  688 

Bjorkman,  quoted,  42,  351 

Black  Dog  {Svarte  Hunden),  see  ships 

Black  Eagle,  see  Svarte  Arent 

Black  Minquas  (Arregahaga),  why  so 
named,  188;  difficult  to  identify,  189; 
location  of,  190-191;  Huygen  sent 
into  the  country  of,  332;  beaver  trade 
rene^ved  with,  333;  killing  of  the 
River  Indians  would  give  an  un- 
molested trade  to,  377;  said  to  have 


attacked  Fort  Christina,  387;  see  also 
Minquas 

Blacksmith,  Hindricksson  requested  to 
obtain,  126;  Beier  engages,  238;  see 
also  New  Sweden 

Blacksmith  shop,  in  Christina,  307; 
bellows  of,  mended,  307 

Blackstone,  quoted,  456-457,  459 

Blanck  (Planck)  Jurrian,  sent  to  Fort 
Nassau,  409;  ordered  to  depart,  409- 
410;  leaves  the  Schuylkill,  410 

Blanck,  Abraham,  see  Planck 

Blasbjerg,  357 

Blekinge,  tobacco  trade  in,  641,  642 

Block,  Adriaen,  voyage  by,  167 ;  returns 
to  Holland,   16S 

Block,  Hans,  builds  a  grist-mill,  666 

Block-houses,  built  by  English  at  Var- 
kens  Kill,  210;  on  the  Schuylkill, 
213;  see  also  New  Sweden  and  rela- 
tion  with  the   Dutch,   the  English 

Blome  (Blume),  Jacob,  member  of  the 
Tobacco  Company,  291 ;  treasurer 
of  the  company,  292;  complains  about 
the  tobacco  trade,  294;  refuses  to  pay 
the  full  amount  claimed  by  Kramer, 
296 ;  instructed  by  the  Commercial 
College  to  pay  10,000  D.,  297;  quoted, 
289,  293-294,  297 

Blommaert,  Bugeslac  (?),  shares  in  a 
brass  factory  at  Nacka,  89 

Blommaert,  Samuel,  674,  6S4,  697; 
writes  to  Falkenberg,  88-89;  in  the 
East  Indies,  89;  Erik  Larsson's  factor, 
89;  erected  brass  factory  at  Nacka, 
89;  refers  to  West  Indian  trade,  90; 
interviews  with,  90;  interest  in  Swe- 
dish commerce,  90;  Oxenstierna  calls 
on,  91;  presents  plan  for  West  Indian 
trade,  92;  meets  Peter  Minuit,  93; 
sends  letters  to  Spiring,  94;  com- 
mercial plans  of,  94,  98;  engaged  as 
an  agent  of  the  Swedish  Crown,  99; 
interviews  with  Spiring,  95,  99-100, 
102;  manager  of  the  company  in 
Holland,  103  ;  reports  to  Oxenstierna, 
103-104;  informed  of  the  progress  in 
Sweden,  105 ;  contributes  to  the  com- 
pany, 106;  receives  orders  for  the 
buying  of  goods,  107 ;  ships  goods  to 
Sweden  for  the  company,  109 ;  drafts 
charters  and  other  papers  for  the 
company,  103,  105-106,  107-109,  112, 
114;  requested  to  go  to  Sweden,  no; 
gives  details  of  the  expedition  to 
Oxenstierna,  116;  repairs  Kalmar 
Nvckel,  117,  119;  Fleming  to  corre- 
spond with,  120;  money  delivered  to, 


820 


Index. 


122;  buys  new  cargo  for  the  second 
expedition,  122;  mentioned,  129; 
peltries  sold  by,  131;  continues  to  aid 
expeditions,  132;  visits  Spiring,  136; 
requested  to  write  to  Sweden,  136; 
Beier  to  correspond  with,  137;  not  to 
be  informed  about  Utrecht  colony, 
143  ;  requested  to  aid  returning  ships 
in  1642,  155;  connections  with  com- 
pany severed,  156;  buys  land  on  the 
Delaware,  170-171 ;  said  to  have  sold 
land  to  the  Swedes,  176;  said  to  own 
the  upper  part  of  the  Delaware,  179; 
quoted,  92-97,  99-107,  109-114,  116- 
119,  122-129,  136-137.  193-195; 
biography,  675 

Blommaert,  Thomas,  buys  tobacco,  159 

Blomrnaeri's  Burg,  676 

Blommaert's  Islands,  676 

Blommaert's  Kill,  676 

Blommaert's  River,  676 

Blon,  Michel  le,  676;  conferences  with 
Blommaert,  reports  to  Spiring,  90 

Bluntschli,  quoted,  572 

Blyde  Bootschap,  see  ships 

Bock,  Elizabeth,  689 

Bockhorn,  Jan  Janson  (Jansen),  mate 
on  the  ninth  expedition,  268 ;  dam- 
ages sustained  at  Porto  Rico,  278 ; 
appointed  captain  on  the  Orn,  470; 
refuses  aid  from  the  English,  484; 
buys  supplies  at  Firth,  489;  instructed 
to  take  timber  to  Lisbon  as  ballast, 
519;  biography,  470  n.  4 

Boender,  Capt.  Clas  Hindersson,  762- 
763  ;  sails  the  AVw  King  David,  227 

Boer,  Cornelius  de,  lands  of,  con- 
fiscated,  585 

Bogaert,  Johannes,  quoted,  600-601,  603, 
608 

Bogaert,  Joost  van  den,  759;  sent  to 
Sweden,  137;  engaged  as  agent  in 
New  Sweden,  141 ;  returns  to  Hol- 
land, 141-142;  has  in  mind  to  leave 
for  America,  144;  arrives  in  New 
Sweden,  200;  "disappears  from  His- 
tory," 203 ;  quoted,  143-144 

Bogardus,  Rev.,  327 

Bohm,  Peter,  rents  tobacco  trade,  645 

Bohus   Ian,  493 ;   tobacco  trade   in,   641 

Boije,  Christer,  comes  here  on  the  fifth 
expedition,  238;  given  command  of 
the  blockhouse  at  Upland,  307 ;  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  in  April,  451; 
judge  at  the  court  in  July,  1643, 
460;  member  of  court  of  January, 
1644,  461 ;   sent  to  New  Holland  to 


buy  provisions  and  bring  back  some 
deserters,  310;  letter  of  introduction 
for,  407 ;  expenses  on  his  journey, 
452;  returns  to  Sweden,  452 

Bomkin's  Hook,  303,  see  Bomten's  Hook 

Bomten's  (Bontiens)  Hook,  land  situ- 
ated between,  and  the  Schuylkill, 
184,  440;  called  Canaresse  by  the 
Indians,  440 

Bonde,  Carl,  subscribed  to  the  South 
Company,  60;  governor,  239 

Bonde,  Christer,  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land, 12,  636;  president  of  the  Com- 
mercial College,  636;  report  made  to, 
616 

Bonnel,  Abraham,  Joseph,  John,  etc., 
676 

Bonnell  (Bonnel),  Benjamin,  to  found 
a  glass  factory  at  Gothenburg,  63-64; 
appointed  factor  of  New  Sweden 
Company,  132,  157;  tobacco  placed 
in  the  care  of,  157;  sells  tobacco, 
159  ff. ;  buys  tobacco  from  Holland, 
159  ff. ;  continues  to  act  as  salesman 
of  the  reorganized  Company,  232; 
pays  for  the  bringing  of  tobacco  from 
the  ship  to  the  storehouse,  257;  sells 
skins  for  the  company,  288,  289; 
present  at  conferences  with  the  To- 
bacco Company,  291 ;  sells  tobacco 
for  the  company,  293  ff. ;  imports 
tobacco  for  the  company,  295 ;  over- 
charges the  Tobacco  Company,  297 ; 
services  for  the  company  come  to  an 
end,  sent  to  England,  12,  299—300; 
quoted,  12,  300;  biography,  675 

Bontekoe,  see  ships 

Bontekoe,   W.  Y.,   quoted,   558 

Bookkeepers,  see  Kramer  and  Gall 

Books  of  the  company,  231;  see  also 
New  Sweden  Company 

Boompjes  Hook,  440;  see  Bomten's 
(Bomtiens)   and  Bomkin's  Hook 

Borga,  salt  sent  to,  by  the  company, 
288;  Usselinx  visits,  62 

Boston,  complaints  about  the  Swedes 
presented  to  the  court  at,  388  ff. ; 
citizens  of,  attempt  to  reach  the  Great 
Lake,  394-395 ;  expedition  leaves, 
395 ;  returns  to,  397 ;  bark  with  seven 
men  sent  out  from,  murderers  sent 
to,  398;  a  company  for  the  discovery 
of  the  "  Great  Lake "  formed  at, 
members  of  company,  395 

Botello  (Botelho)  Rodrigo,  Portuguese 
ambassador  to  Sweden,  11 

Bothnia,  Gulf  of,  62 ;  see  also  Usselinx 

Bottnaryd,   688 


Index. 


821 


Boxes,  musical,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 
256 

Boxes,  tobacco,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 
25s 

Boyart   (bojert),  meaning  of,   595 

Boyer,  Alexander  (Sander),  brings  pro- 
test to  Printz,  414;  placed  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Nassau,  424;  in  dis- 
pute with  Skute,  425  ;  was  interpreter 
for  the  Dutch.  436;  declared  to  be 
an   illreputed   man,   585;   quoted,  425 

Bozman,  quoted,  173,  214 

Bradford,  William,  governor,  quoted, 
166 

Braganza,  John  of.  King  of  Portugal, 
no  longer  recognized  by  Queen  Chris- 
tina, 10 

Brahe,  Per,  686,  688;  interested  in 
Swedish  education,  27 ;  quoted,  206, 
313,  315,  366,  375,  378-379,  452,  543, 
546;   biography,  677 

Brand-pylens   Island,   676 

Brandenburg,  coalition  of,  against  Swe- 
den, 9 

Brandy,  carried  over  on  the  expedi- 
tions and  made  in  the  colony,  355; 
Ridder  requests,  198  ;  see  also  expe- 
ditions 

Brandywine   Creek,    520 

Breitenfeld,  victories  at,  302 

Brechin   heights,  483 

Brewing,  industry  in  Sweden,  35;  in 
the  colony,  354  fl. 

Bricks,  made  in  Sweden,  35;  brought 
to  the  Delaware  by  Heyes,  170; 
brought  by  Minuit,  193;  fireplaces 
built  of,  193  ;  New  Sweden  Company 
trade  in,  242 ;  6,000  sent  to  New  Swe- 
den, 242 ;  good  clay,  for,  in  New 
Sweden,  198;  Printz  makes  requests 
for  20,000,  321;  made  in  the  colony, 
663 

Brickmakers,  Hindricksson  to  obtain, 
126;  requests  for,  in  New  Sweden, 
198,  321 

Brickyards,  35 

"  Brief  van   den   Koop,"  quoted,  247 

Briggs,  Henry,  quoted,  560 

Brinton,   quoted,   187,    190,   531 

British  Museum,  621 

Briton,  probable  visits  of,  to  the  Dela- 
ware,  165 

Broadsides,  quoted,  54 

Brodhead,  confuses  Laconia  and  Ly- 
gonia,  quoted,  93,  166,  169-172,  377, 
384,   392,    593 

Brodinus,  Aug.,  consul  general,  aids 
LoofI,  76 


Broecke,  quoted,  192 

Brokerage,   40 

Broman,  President  of  Gothenburg,  472 

Brosater,  683 

Brown,  Anthony,  see  Bruyn 

Briigee,  Gillies  von,  shares  in  company, 

106 
Brugman,  quoted,  17 
Brushes,  gilded,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 

255 
Bruyn,  Anthony,  beaver  skins  sold  to, 

157 
Buckingham,  George  Villiers,  Duke  of, 

makes   treaty    with    Gustavus   Adol- 

phus,   177 
Budget,   of   the   colony,   451,    503,    627; 

of  the  American   Company,   627,   628 
Biihring,  J.,  quoted,  9 
Bullo,  quoted,  9 

Bureus,   Andreas,   studies  the   old   lan- 
guage, etc.,  25;  quoted,  31 
Bureus,  Jonas,  21 
Burgesses,    the,    one    of   the    estates    of 

Sweden,  20 
Burlington,  429 

Burman,  Gerhard,  appointed  fiscal,  645 
Burson,   Nils,   subscribed   to   the   South 

Company,  61 

c 

Cabbage,  Ridder  requests,   198 

Cabeliau,  Abraham,  becomes  general 
director  of  the  trading  company,  45 ; 
appointed  general  director  of  the 
South-Ship  Company,  71 ;  factor  of, 
74;  proposes  trade  with  Spain,  73- 
74;  blamed  by  Nilsson,  77;  heirs  of, 
released  from  responsibilit)',  227-228 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  165-166 

Caesar,  quoted,  361 

Calais,  Swedes  cast  anchor  in,  483 

Cal.  of  State  Papers,  quoted,  185,  670 

Calfood(?),  Joachim,  sells  goods  to  the 
Swedes,  323  ;  paid,  324 

Calisch,  quoted,  658 

Camecongh,  see  Tamecongh 

Camerarius,  ambassador  of  Sweden  to 
Holland,   6,  95 

Campanius  Holm.,  697;  Rev.  Johan, 
mentioned,  164;  engaged  to  go  to 
America,  238,  372;  entertained  by  the 
English  Governor  at  Antigua,  240; 
journal  of,  quoted,  240-241;  service 
in  New  Sweden.  372  ff. ;  farmed  land 
on  the  Delaware,  372-373;  desirous 
to  return  home,  373;  labored  for  the 
conversion  of  the  Indians,  372;  re- 
turns home,  261,  374;   probably  sent 


822 


Index. 


to  order  the  Dutch  to  leave  the 
Schuylkill  without  delay,  409;  most 
noted  of  the  early  clergymen,  372, 
560;  his  catechism,  560-561;  quoted, 
2+1,  261,  372-373,  560-561 ;  biog- 
raphy,  678 

Canada,   394 

Canals,  extensive  system  of,  in  Svreden 
and  Finland  proposed,  39 

Canaresse,  see  Bomten's  Hook 

Canary  birds,  brought  to  New  Sweden, 

Canary  Islands,  Swedish  ships  sailed 
to,  40;  Swedes  at,  485;  wood  mate- 
rials from  the  colony  to  be  sent  to, 

499 
Candles,  how  made,  352 
Candlesticks,  352 
Cannon,   see  firearms 
Cape  Cot,  427 

Cape  Henry,  Swedes  arrive  at,  488 
Cape  Malabare,  427 
Caps,    English,    sent   to   New    Sweden, 

255;  used  in  the  colony,  353;  cost  of, 

353 
Cargo,  on  first  expedition,  iii-iiz;  see 

also  expeditions,  New  Sweden 

Caribbean  (Caribbees)  Islands,  Minuit 
to  sail  by  way  of,  113,  114;  trade 
from  New  Sweden  could  be  carried 
on  to,  28^;  the  Swedes  at,  487 

Carl  IX.,  see  Charles  IX. 

Carlberg,  J.  O.,  quoted,  30 

Carl,  Prince,  see  Charles  IX. 

Carl  (Charles)  X.,  King  of  Sweden, 
assumes  the  Government,  7,  620; 
takes  interest  in  the  American  Com- 
pany, issues  privileges  for  the  Ameri- 
can Co.,  622 ;  issues  a  charter  for  the 
American  Co.,  628-629;  publishes  a 
placard  concerning  tobacco,  640,  de- 
cides to  abolish  the  Tobacco  Co.,  644; 
serious  intentions  of  regaining  New 
Sweden,  648 ;  makes  war  on  Poland, 
7-8;  war  with  Denmark,  8;  char- 
acter of,   dies,   8 

Carloff,    Hendrik,   754 

Carlson,  quoted,  8,  15,  29,  31,  35-36, 
38-39,  48,  267,  649 

Carlsson,  Admiral,   153,  249 

Carolstadius,  Salomon  Petri],  quoted, 
292 

Carpenters,  on  first  expedition,  112; 
Governor  Hindricksson  to  obtain, 
126;  Jacob  Cornelisson  prepares  to 
go  to  America,  243 ;  see  also  Ridder 
and  Printz 

Carvel's  House,  see  Churchill 


Casimir,  see  forts 

Casirair,  Johan,  contributes  to  South- 
Shin  Company,  71,  74;  quoted,  89 

Casimir,  John,  King  of  Poland,  refuses 
to  recognize  King  Clar  X.,  7 

Castle  Island,  166 

Cat,  see  Katt 

Catholic  League,  combat  with  the 
Evangelical   Union,   5 

Cattle,  to  be  captured  at  Isle  de  Sable 
and  brought  to  South  River,  113;  to 
be  bought  at  Spaniola,  114;  to  be 
sent  to  New  Albion,  174;  see  also 
New  Sweden 

Caucasus,  361 

Celsius,  360 

Century  Dictionary,  The,  quoted,  531 

Certificate,  quoted,  201,   209,   210,   213, 

439 

Chains,  copper,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 
255;  see  also  expeditions  and  New 
Sweden 

Chains,  plated,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 
255;  see  also  New  Sweden  and  ex- 
peditions 

Chains,  silvered,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 
255 ;   see  also  expeditions 

Chakakitque  Falls,  569 

Champlain,  map  of,  112;  mentioned, 
164;  knowledge  of  lakes  and  inland 
seas  in  America  due  to  the  labors  of, 
392 

Chancery,  old,  674 

Charitas   (Charitie),  see  ships 

Charles  I.,  King  of  Ent'land,  sends  am- 
bassador to  Oxenstierna,  91 ;  said  to 
have  transferred  rights  of  the  Dela- 
ware to  the  Swedes,  175,  177;  grant 
from,   probably  existed,   178 

Charles  (Carl)  IX.,  Swedish  law  pub- 
lished by,  21 ;  encourages  Finnish 
migration  to  Sweden,   147 

Charles  River  (Delaware),  named  in 
honor  of  King  Charles,  179;  English 
settlers  on,  216;  see  also  the  South 
River 

Charter,  of  the  South  Company  pub- 
lished, 54;  resume  of,  54-57;  of  the 
New  South  Company,  81  ff.;  of  the 
New  Sweden  Company,  107 ;  no  new 
charter  for  the  reorganized  New 
Sweden  Company,  228 ;  of  the 
American   Company,   628-629 

Chemnitz    (City),   688 

Chemnitz,  quoted.  91 

Chesapeake  Bay,  Lord  Baltimore's  grant 
extended  to,  172  ff. 

Chesumquesett  Kill,  Creek  or  River,  209 


Index. 


823 


Cheverell,  Capt.,  Commander  of  the 
Pearl,  484;  brother  of  the  Comman- 
der of  Dover  castle,  484  n.  58 

Chickens,  kept  in  a  cage  in  the  house, 
365 

Christiaenzen,  Hendrick,  voyage  made 
by,  167 

Christian  IV.,  King  of  Denmark,  takes 
part  in  the  Thirty  Years  War,  5-6; 
offends  Sweden  by  his  jurisdiction  in 
the  Sound,  250 

Christina  Creek,  see  Christina  Kill 

Christina  Fort,  see  forts 

Christina  Harbor,  see  Christina  Fort 
and  Christinehamn 

Christina,  Isle  de  Sable  to  be  called, 
113 

Christina,  Queen  of  Sweden,  693 ;  gives 
Royal  Assurance,  20;  splendor  of  her 
Court,  20;  neglects  matters  of  State, 
236;  present  in  the  Royal  Council, 
discusses  New  Sweden,  283  ff. ;  in- 
structs Printz  to  remain,  329;  learns 
English  from  VVhitelocke,  621;  re- 
signs her  crown,  7,  20;  biography, 
679 

Christina  (Minquas,  Elbe,  Sittoensaene) 
Kill,  River  or  Creek,  Minuit  to  sail 
up  to,  113;  land  on  west  side  of,  to 
be  bought,  113;  Minuit  to  build 
house  on,  114;  Hendricksen  at  (Min- 
quas Kill),  168;  Minuit  arrives  at, 
182;  sails  up,  182-183;  bought  by 
the  Swedes,  183;  lands  on  both  sides 
sold  by  savages,  184;  given  the  name 
of  Elbe,  184;  path  of  Minquas  In- 
dians, 188  ;  fort  built  2  miles  from  the 
mouth  of,  292;  land  bought  at,  437, 
440,  443;  brn  glides  down,  519; 
dams  to  be  constructed  at  the  falls 
of,  420;  land  cleared  at,  523-524;  a 
sachem  came  to,  565;  district  below 
to  be  controlled  by  the  Dutch,  603; 
the  Dutch  to  be  allowed  to  dwell 
below,  611;  681,  684 

Christina  Rock,  165 

Christina    (ship),  see  ships 

Christinehamn,  meaning  of,  522;  see 
also  Christina  Fort  and  New  Sweden 

Christinehamn    in    Sweden,    522    n.    27, 

633.   644 
Christmas,  315,  368 
Christmas  tree,   544 
Chiton,     Indian    chief,    sells     land     to 

Minuit,  183 
Christopher,  Island,  see  St.  Christopher 


Christopher,  Rev.,  goes  to  New  Sweden, 

153;  remained  in  the  colony,  205 
Christoffer's  laiMS,  quoted,  458 
Churches,    one    built    by    Ridder,    205- 

206;  see  also  religious  worship 
Churchill,  Carvel's  House,  quoted,  347 
Chynaeischen,  trade,    95;    see   also   the 

Guinean  trade 
Cinquack,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac, 

173 

Cities,  favored  by  the  Government,  new 
towns  founded,  37 ;  to  be  founded  in 
New  Sweden,  see  New  Sweden,  Ri- 
sing 

Clarendon  Papers,  quoted,  177 

Clark,  Capt.,  sent  to  treat  with  Gover- 
nor Printz,  399 

Clark,  Thomas,  member  of  the  com- 
pany formed  at  Boston,  395 

Classon,  Anders,  Captain,  from  Amster- 
dam, trading  at  St.  Cruz,  274;  aids 
in  releasing  the  Swedes,  274-275 

Classon,  Johan,  Captain,  from  Rotter- 
dam, aids  in  releasing  the  imprisoned 
Swedes  at  St.  Cruz  and  brings  Rud- 
berus  to  Holland,   274,  275 

Classon,  William,  to  sell  tobacco  for 
the  company,  292 

Clay,  quoted,  117 

Clayborne  (Claiborne),  William,  set- 
tlements  on   the   island  of  Kent  by, 

173 

Clergy,  the,  one  of  the  estates  of  Swe- 
den, 20;  well  educated  in  Sweden,  22 

Clerk,  Jeremiah,  brings  new  cargoes  to 
the  settlement,  325 

Clerk  (Clerck),  Richard,  Major,  biog- 
raphy of,  107 ;  commission  to  buy 
goods  for  fourth  expedition,  145 ; 
transactions  with  the  company,  642; 
see  also  expeditions  and  trade  of  the 
company 

Clerck,   Sander,  sailor,  758 

Cleves,  684 

Cleyn,  E.,  member  of  the  council  on 
the   South   River,   657 

Club-ivar,  in  Finnland,  147 

Cobb's   Creek,   a   mill   erected   on,    32S 

Cock,  see  ships 

Cock,  Jan  Cornelissen,  ship  of,  109 

College  of  Admiralty,  15;  see  also 
expeditions 

College   of   Antiquity,   founded,   27 

College  of  the  Exchequer,  see  Kammar- 
kollegium 

College  of  Mines,   15 

College  of  War,  15,  683,  688 


824 


Index. 


Col\lections']  of  Maine  Hist.  So\_ciety'], 

quoted,    393 
Cot[lectiojis']  of  Mass.  Hist.  So.,  quoted, 

i66,  215,  384,  388,  392-394.  396-398 
Col.   of   N.    y.   Hist.  So.,   quoted,   167, 
169,  172,  174-175.  207,  306,  326,  340, 
343.  401,. 417.  445.   608 
Collicott,  Richard,  agent  of  "  Lyconnia 
Company,"    395;    complaints   of,    399 
Colonists :' 

Ackesson,  Israel,  see  Israelsson 
Akerraan,  Hakan  Persson,  724 
Andersson,  Anders,  706;   hired  by 

Papegoja,  243 
Andersson,  Anders,  703,  714;  com- 
plains against  Printz,  463 
Andersson,    Eric,    Trumpeter,    261, 

307,  701,  715 
Andersson,   Johan,  706,  712,  716 
Andersson  Stalkofta  (Stalcap),  see 

Stalkofta 
Andersson,  Jons,  paid  by  Beier,  248 
Andersson,   Clas    (Klas),   702 
Andersdotter,  Karin,  725 
Andersson,  Lars,  salary  of,  706,  713 
Andersson,  Lars,  cook  on  the  sloop, 

712 
Andersson,  Lars,   503,   716 
Andersson,  Lars,  from  Aland,  708 
Andriesson,  Laurens,  711 
Andersson,   Mans,  702,  710;   com- 
plains against  Printz,  463 
Andersson,   Nils,  706,  714 
Anders[s]on,    Per,    699-700,    706, 

710 
Andersson,  Peter,  salary  of,  503 
Andersson,  Sakris,  708 
Andersson,    Sven,    drummer,    305, 

451,  703,  713,  716,  724 
Anthony,  slave,  699,  706,  710 
Bagge,  Martin,  708 
Baily,  Elias,  709;  English  at  Var- 

kens  Kill,   323 
Bengtsson,  Erich,  724 
Bengtsson,  Lars,  725 
Bengtsson,  Mats,  513,  602 
Bj6r[n]sson,   Lars,   705,   712 
Bj6r(n)sson,   Marten,  708 
Bock   (Borck),  Nicklas,  703,  713 
Bock,  Peter,  715;  report  signed  by, 

442 
Boije    (Boje),    Christer,    709;    see 

Boije  above 
Bonde,  Anders  Swensson,  appointed 

gunner,  306,  4151,  706,  710 
Bonde,     Lasse      (Lars),     vritnessed 

against  Lamberton,   386 
Borck,  see  Bock 

'  Officers,    as    Rising,    etc.,    are    not 


Botsman,  Anders,  532 

Brandt,  Anders  Olsson,  700 

Braunvell,  William,  709;  English 
at  Varkens  Kill,  323 

Broen  (Brown)  Thomas,  an  Eng- 
lishman, prepares  to  erect  a 
dwelling,  423;  requests  the  aid 
of  Printz,  428;  illreputed,   585 

Bross,  Lars  Thomasson,  complains 
against  Printz,  463 

Campanius,  Rev.  Mr.  Johan,  700, 
715;  see  Campanius  above 

Christopher  (Christoifer),  Rev., 
153.  699-700;  ^^^  "1^0  Christo- 
pher above 

Christiaensson  (Kristiansson),  An- 
ders, 712 

Claason,  Claas  (Claes  Claeson, 
Clas  Claasonn),  702,  711;  at 
work  on  new  habitations,  308 ; 
builds  a  vessel,  340-341 

Classon,  Clas,  "  the  carpenter,"  700 

Clements[s]on,  Andrew  (An- 
dreas), goes  to  Maryland,  668 

Clemetsson,  Olof,  724 

Cock,  see  Kock 

Cornelisen(  ?),  Ma[t]thias,  goes  to 
Maryland,  668 

Coxwell,  Robert,  709;  English  at 
Varkens  Kill,  323 ;  see  also  Cox- 
well below 

Crum    (Krura),  Marten,  724 

Dalbo,  Anders  Larsson,  599,  7or, 
704,  711;  appointed  marshal  in- 
stead of  Olofsson,  453 ;  magis- 
trate, 664 

Danielsson,  Johan,  salary  of,  503 ; 
ensign,  612;  delivers  store-house 
keys  to  Stuyvesant's  servants,  613 

Dreijer,  Anders  Kristiansson,  702; 
miller,   321 

Dyck,  Gregorlus  van,  see  Greg, 
van  Dyck  below 

Eissen     (Eysen),    Isack    van,    703, 

714 
Elias,   the  tobacco  planter,  704 
Elcken,  Giert,  708 
Elswick,    Hendrick   von,    716;    see 

also  Elswick  below 
Ericksson,  Ambrosius,  700,  704 
Ericksson,  Bengt,  480 
Ericksson,  Johan,  152,  705,  711 
Ericksson,     Olof,     152,     706,     712; 

complains   against  Printz,   463 
Erie,    John,    709 
Esekelsdotter,   Elissabeth,  725 
Eskelsson,    Bertil     (Bartell),    colo- 

given  among  the  colonists. 


Index. 


825 


nist,  requests  to  go  to  America, 

149.  705,  713 
Eskelsson,  M.,  paid  by  Beier,  248 
Essbiornsson,   Lars,   724 
Eysen,  Isack  von,  703 
Fluviander,  Rev.  Israel  Holg,  703  ; 

see  also  Fluviander  below 
Forsman,    Gabriel,    fugitive,    dies, 

599 
Fransson,  Johan,  colonist  frora  Vi- 

borg,  239 
Fysk      (Fisk),     Johan,     complains 

against  Printz,  463 
Gertrud,   725 
Glasare,    Marten    Martensson,   see 

Martensson 
Glasbiten,  see  Marten  Martensson 
Goransson,  Thomas  (Thomas  Tim- 
merman,  Thomas  the  carpenter), 

308,  702,  714 
Gottersson,  Marten,  702 
Grelsson,   Grels,   725 
Grels[s]on,   Johan,   724 
Gronberg,      Constantin[us],      572, 

703,  713 
Gunnarsson,  Per,  see  Rarabo 
Gunnarsson,   Sven,    602,   702,    711; 

complains   against   Printz,   463 
Gustafsson      (Gostasson),     Johan, 

703,  714 
Guttersson    (Gottersson),    Marten, 

700,  711 

Gyllengren,   Elias,   706,   713,   716; 

see  also   Gyllengren   belovf 
Hakansson,  Carl    (Karl),  corporal, 

451.  707 

Hansson,  Anders,  152,  711;  com- 
plains against  Printz,  463 

Hansson,  Johan,  returned  to  Swe- 
den, 241 

Hansson,   MSrten    (Martin),  702 

Hansson,    Mats,    gunner,    153,    602, 

701,  711;  in  charge  of  the  can- 
non at  Ft.  Christina,  307;  com- 
plains  against   Printz,   463 

Hansson,   Mats,    152,   705,   712 

Harmer,  Gotfried,  702,  711;  brings 
report  that  Lamberton  had  bribed 
the  Indians,  383;  testifies  against 
Lamberton,  390;  signs  an  Indian 
document,  439;  assistant  to  Huy- 
gen,  453 ;  deserted,  503 ;  letter 
from,  prejudicial  to  the  Svsedes, 
512;  goes  to  Maryland,  668 

Hartman,  Johan,  70S 

Hendricks[s]on,  Bartolimeiis,  goes 
to  Maryland.  668 

Hindersson   (Hindricksson),  Bengt, 


703,    716;    hired    by    Papegoja, 

243 
Hindersson,  Erick,  707 
Hindrickson,    Evert,    accused    and 

banished,   667 
Hindricks[s]on,    Hindrick,    goes   to 

Maryland,   668 
Hindricksson,  Ifvar   (Ivar,  Iffwer, 

Ifvar),  151,  705,  711;  complains 

against  Printz,  463 
Hindricksson,   Johan,   700 
Hindricksson,  Jonas,  725 
Hjort,  Rev.  Peder   (Peter)   Larson, 

716,  721;  see  Hjort  below 
Homman,    Anders    Andersson,    713 
Hook,  Sven,  480,  716,  721,  761;  see 

also  Hook  below 
Huygen,    Hendrick,    699,   700;    see 

also   Huygen   below 
Hwiler,   Johan,   see   John   Wheeler 
likorn    (Ekor),   Hans,  721 
lonsson,  Lars,  724 
Isacksson,  Jon,  708 
Israelsson,  Acke    (Israel   Akesson), 

715 

Jacobsson,   Anders,   723 

Jacobsson,    Dirck    (Diedrick),    715 

Jacobsson,    Hindrick,    725 

Jacobsson,  Lars,  702,  713 

Jacobs[s]on,  Peter,  goes  to  Mary- 
land,  667,   714 

Jacobsson,  Thomas,  722 

Janeke,  Hans,  701,  710;  see  also 
Janeke  below 

Jansson,  Karl  (Carl),  bookkeeper, 
goes  to  America,  150,  152;  sent 
to  the  Dutch,  409 ;  member  of 
court,  460-461,  706 

Jans[s]on  (Jansen),  Clas  (Klas), 
700,  710 

Jarpe,  jfon,  708 

Jochim,  Peter,  703,  714;  breaks  into 
Fort  Beversreede,  425;  signs 
Indian  document,  439;  dies  at 
New  Amsterdam,  439,    587,   588 

Joensson  (Jonsson,  Jonsson), 
Powell    (Pafvel),  711 

Johan,   a   boy,   152 

Johan  the  Finn,  708 

Johansson,    Effwert,    481 

Johansson,  Jacob,  480 

Johansson,  Karl,  see  Karl  Jansson 

Johansson,  Klas,  complains  against 
Printz,  463 

Johansson,  Michel,  709 

Joh[a]n[s]son,  Paul,  goes  to  Mary- 
land,   668 

Johansson,   (?),  Per,  152 


826 


Index. 


Johnson,  John,  708 

Jonsson  (Jonsson),  Anders,  703, 
714;  hired  by  Papegoja,  243; 
accused  of  rebellion  and  exe- 
cuted, 463 

J6ns[s]on,  Carol   (Carl),  725 

J6ns[s]on,  Jons,  725 

Jonsson,  Mickel  (Bolm),  153 

Jonsson,  Pafvel,  see  J.   Pafvelsson 

Joransson,   Anders,   700 

Joransson,  Erich,  480 

Joransson,  Joran,  725 

Joransson  (Jurgensson),  Klement 
(Clemet),  colonist,  requests  to  go 
to  America,  149,  705 

Joransson,  Paul,  152;  see  also  Paul 
Johansson 

Jorensson,  Mats,  708 

Julius,  Karl  (Carl),  480,  599,  716, 

724  ,       , 

Junge,    Jacob,    503,    716;    cf.    also 

Jacob  Junge,  642 
Jurgensson,   Clemet,  see  Joransson 
Jurgensson,   Thomas,   see   Thomas 

Goransson 
Jurrensson,   Mans,  713 
Kackin   (Kock?),  Lars,  702 
Kampe     (Kiampe),     Anders,     ar- 
morer, 716,  724;  salary  of,  503; 
acts  as  messenger,  598-599 
Kampe  (Kiampe),  Anders,  soldier, 

724 
Karsson        (Carson),       Alexander 

(Sander),  512 

Kling,  Mans  Nilsson,  153;  see 
Kling  below 

Kock,  Friederick  Hans,  716;  en- 
gaged to  go  to  New  Sweden,  260 

Kock,  Per  (Peter)  Larsson  (Per 
Cock),  IC2,  704,  712;  brought  to 
court,  461;  magistrate,  664;  com- 
plains against  Printz,  463 

Krackfoot,   Gustaf  Johansson,   480 

Kyn  Snohvit,  Joran,  706,  713; 
badly  treated  by  Hindrickson, 
667 

Kyper,  Lauris,  see  Lauris 

Kyrsner,  Mickel,  707 

Lane,  Simon,  585 

Langdonk,  Joost  van,  699;  see 
Langdonk  below 

Laom,  see  Lorn 

Larsson,  Anders,  725 

Larsson,  Anders,  salary  of,  503, 
716 

Larsson,  Eskil,  colonist,  requests 
to  go  to  America,  149,  705,  713 

Larsson,  Eskil   (Eskell),  153,  712 

Larsson,  Lars,  725 


Larsson,  Mans,  707 

Larsson,  Mickel,  700 

Lars[s]on,   Nils,  716 

Larsson,  Sven,  704,  711 

Lasse  the  Finn,  settled  the  planta- 
tion at  Upland,  350 

Lauris  the  Cooper,  320,  702 

Laury,  William,  690 

Liljehok  (Lilliehook),  Knut,  703, 
715;  colonist  to  New  Sweden, 
243 ;  arrives  in  New  Sweden, 
317;  engaged  as  a  simple  soldier, 
453;  returns  to  Sweden,  261,  453 

Liljehok,  Per,  704;  colonist  to  New 
Sweden,  243 ;  arrives  in  New 
Sweden,  317;  appointed  Com- 
mander at  Upland,  453 ;  served 
for  2i5<2months,  453 

Lindestrom,  Peter,  716,  724;  see 
also  Lindestrom  below 

Lock,  Rev.  Lars  Carlsson,  716; 
see  also  Lock  below 

Lom  (Laom),  Mans  Swensson,  709, 
712;  a  tailor,  comes  on  the  4th 
expedition,  meaning  of  the  name, 
152;  sent  with  a  protest  to  the 
Dutch,  413 

Loo  (Lohe,  Looer),  Valerius 
(Walle,  Wolle),  703,  714;  com- 
plains against  Printz,  463 

Loock,  see  Lock 

Lucas[sen],   Andries,   702 

Lijneburger,  Hans,  706,  713 

Maarbo,  Swenn  (Sven)  Larsson, 
see  Sven  Larsson 

Mansson,  Hans,  596,  602,  705,  712; 
complains  against  Printz,  463 

Mansson,   Mans,   517 

Markusson,  Karl,  708 

Markusson,   Lars,    153 

Marod,  Thomas,  709 ;  see  also 
Marod  below 

Martensson,  Eric,  725 

Martensson,   Esbjorn,  709 

Martensson  Glasare,  Marten,  702, 
714;  complains  against  Printz, 
463 

Mathias[s]on,  Hendrick,  goes  to 
Maryland,  668 

Matsson,  Eric,  725 

Matsson,  Hendrick,   152,  704,  712 

Matsson,  Hindrick,  705,  713,  com- 
plains of  Printz,  463 

Matsson,  Johan,  gunner,  305,  700, 
703,  714;  colonist  to  New  Swe- 
den, 243 

Matsson,  Margareta,  said  to  be  a 
witch,  667 


Index. 


827 


Matsson,  Mats,  725 

Meyer,  Peter,  703,  713;  accused  of 
disturbance,  667;  granted  per- 
mission to  reside  in  Maryland, 
667 

Mickelsson,  Clement,  house  of, 
plundered,  605 ;  goes  to  Mary- 
land, 667 

Michellsson,  David,  480 

Michelsson,  Per,  708 

Mink,  Andreas  Classon,  702,  715; 
engaged  to  look  after  the  cattle, 

319 

Montson  (Mansson),  Peter,  goes 
to  Maryland,  668 

Mort,  Peter,  724;  appointed  to  keep 
the  accounts,   503 

Mortensson,  E.,  paid  by  Beier,  248 

Mortensson,  J.,  paid  by  Beier,  248 

Nagel,  Andreas  Nilsson,  700 

Nertunius,  Rev.  Matthias,  716 
724;  see  also  Rev.  Nertunius 

Nicklas,  Master,  706 

Nilsson,  Jon  (Joen)  (Joen  Skrad- 
dare),  703,  713;  a  tailor,  352 

Nilsson,   Jonss,   481 

Nilsson,   NIans,  706 

Nilsson,  Mickel,  704,  714;  engaged 
as  blacksmith  to  go  to  New  Swe- 
den, 238;  sent  to  Varmland  to 
collect  laborers,  238 

Nilsson,   Nils,  724 

Nilsson,  Pafvel,  724;  probably  the 
same  as  Pafvel  Nilsson  who  was 
here   in   1640-1643 

Nilsson,  Pafvel,  700 

Olofsson  (Olsson,  Olufsson),  An- 
ders, 716,  724 

Olofsson,   Johan,  480 

Olofsson,  Johan,  marshal,  307,  451, 
701,  713 

Olofsson,  Jonss,  480 

Olofsson,  Mats,  700,  712 

Olofsson,  Olof,  725 

Olofsson,  Peer  (Peterl,  708;  pris- 
oner at  Smedjegarden,  to  be  sent 
to  New  Sweden,  256 

Olofsson,  Steffan,  700 

Olsson,  Hendrick,  interpreter,  634 

Olsson,  Hindrick,  705 

Olsson,  Joran    (Goran),  699-700 

Olufsson  (Olofsson),  Hindrick,  715 

Olufsson    (Olofsson),   Biorn,   724 

Papegoja,  Lieut.  Johan,  700,  710, 
716;   see  also  Papegoja  below 

Pavelsson,  Jons,  708 

Pafvelsson,  Jons,  colonist,  requests 
to  go  to  America,  149,  704 


Pafvelsson,  Marten,  724 
Pafvelsson,  Olof,   151 
Pafvelsson,    Pafvel,   708 
Pederson,    Israel,    to    be    sent    to 

America,  267 
Persson,  481 
Persson      (Person),      Anders 


Mats(  : 


702,  715 


Persson,   Knut,    706,    713;    sent   to 

New  England  to  buy  sewant  and 

oxen,    333;    leaves    a    gun    with 

Kock,  462;  dead,  462 
Persson,    Lukas,    702,    712;    makes 

casks,  etc.,  320 
Persson,  Pafvel,  708 
Persson,  Pafvel,  725 
Petersson,   L.,   builds   a   grist  mill, 

666 
Peters(s)on,  Peter,  716 
Peterssen,   Roelof,  skipper   in   New 

Sweden,   200 
Philips[s]on,  Olof,  725 
Pipare(  ?),  Mats,  704 
Poulsson,  Peter,  paid  by  Beier,  248 
Preutz   (Pryss),  Hans,  724 
Printz,   Gustaf,   705,   710;   see  also 

Gustaf  Printz  below 
Printz,  Governor  Johan,  705,  710; 

see  also  Johan  Printz  below 
Quist  (Kvist),  Pafwel   (Pal),  512, 

724 

Rambo,  Per  (Peter)  Gunnarsson 
(Gummarsson),  700,  702,  710, 
602,  605,  612;  summoned  to 
Court,  462;  complains  against 
Printz,  463  ;  magistrate,  664 

Rambo,  Peter,  Jr.,  344 

Raf,  614 

Rasmunsson,  returned  to  Sweden, 
241 

Ridder,  Peter  Hollender,  699-700; 
see  also  Peter  Ridder  below 

Rising,  Johan,  716;  see  also  Rising 
below 

Rosbach,  Hans,  blacksmith,  701, 
715;   returns  to  Sweden,  261 

Schal,   Pafvel,   155 

Schall,  Peter,  tanner,  532 

Schalbrick,   Johan,   salary  of,   503, 

.7'6 
Sievesson    (Sipherson,   Sifversson), 

Ifvar,    386,   712 
Sifversson,    Mats,   700 
Sigfridsson,  Joran,  725 
Sigfriedhsson,    Marcus,   725;    goes 

to   Maryland,    667 
Siraonsson,  Johan,  725 


828 


Index. 


Simonsson,  Nils,  725 

Sipherson  (Sifversson),  Marcus, 
see  Sigfriedhsson 

Skute,  Lieut.  Sven,  703,  710,  716; 
see  also  Sven  Skute  below 

Slom,  Moens,  see  Lorn 

Smal,  Pafvel,  709 

Snohvit,  Joran  (Goran),  see  Kyn 
(Keen) 

Spaniol,  Jacob,  705 

Spinning(?),  Mr.,  709 

Sprint,  Jacob,  152,  596,  711 

Staffes[s]on,  Joen,  725 

Stake,  Mans,  503,  716 

Stalcop,  see  Stalkofta 

Stalkofta  (Stalcop),  Johan  Anders- 
son,  503,  522,  614,  666,  705,  717 

Steghson,  Hanss,  480 

Stidden,  Timon  (Zim),  paid  by 
Trotzig  in  Holland,  248 ;  on  the 
ninth  expedition,  268 ;  brings  re- 
port about  Laraberton,  383 ;  tes- 
tifies against  Lamberton,  390; 
wages  of,  502;  remains  in  the 
colony,  667;  709,  716 

Stille,  Axel,  152,  711;  complains 
against  Printz,  463 ;  goes  to 
Maryland,  667 

Stille,  Olof,  712;  came  on  the  fourth 
expedition,  152;  Campanius  sells 
a  calf  to,  372;  delivers  a  protest 
to  the  Dutch,  413;  protests 
against  Printz,   463;   officer,   664 

Strahl,  Gustaf,  153 

Svensson,    Anders,    700 

Svensson  (Swenson,  Swensson), 
Jacob,  515,  568,  703,  714,  716; 
storehouse  of  Christina  placed  in 
the  care  of,  343 ;  sent  to  New 
England  in  1653,  343;  goes  down 
to  meet  Rising,  498 ;  carried  let- 
ters to  Hartford,  573 ;  looked 
upon  as  an  undesirable  citizen  by 
the  Dutch,  660;  appointed 
magistrate,  664 

Swensson,  Larss  (Lars  Svensson), 
711 

Svensson,  Nils,  700 

Svensson,   Olof,  700 

Svensson,  Sven,  702,  714;  cattle 
herded  by,  319 

Tatt    (Tott),   Erick   Akesson,   702, 

715 
Thomasson,   Bengt,   700 
Thommasson,   Jacob,   708 
Thomasson,  Lars,   702,  712 
Thomasson,  Marten,  708 
Thorsson,  Bengt,  702 


Thorsson,  Jon,  702,  710 
Thorsson,   Olof    (Rolof),   702,   712 
Tijck,  Rother  (Rutkiert  Tysk),  708 
Toreson,  Andrew  (Andreas  Thors- 

[s]on),  goes  to  Maryland,  668 
Torkillus,   Rev.  Reorus,   699,  707; 

see  also  Torkillus  below 
Ulf,  Lars  Andersson,  702 
Urinsson,   Cornelius,   668 
Urin[s]son,      Joh[a]n,      goes      to 

Maryland,  668 
Utter,  614 

Vasa,  Knut  Martensson,  701,  712. 
Vass    (Wass,  Waass),   Sven,   706; 
gunner,    306;    falls    asleep    and 
allows  the  Fort  to  catch  fire,  326 ; 
examined  at  a  Court  in  1646,  re- 
examined   in    1647    and   sent   to 
Sweden,  461-462 
Wall(?),  John,  709 
Wallin,  Jan   (John),  killed  by  the 

Indians,  376;  see  Woollen 
Wendell,  Peter  Hansson,  503,  612, 

615,  721 
Wheeler   (Hwiler),  Joh[a]n,  com- 
plains against  Printz,  463 ;  goes 
to  Maryland,  668 
Woollen    (Woolen,   Wallin,    Wol- 
len),  John  {probably  the  same  as 
John    IVallin   and   John    IV all), 
211;    confessed    that    Hollender 
bought  land,   386;   testimony   re- 
quired,   387 ;    confesses    he    has 
not  been  prevailed  upon  to  tes- 
tify falsely,   390 
Wulff,  Johan  Pedhersson,  480 
Colonization,  Swedish,  49 
Columbia,  District  of,  Lord  Baltimore's 

grant,  including  parts  of,  173 
Columbus,  165 

Combs,  horn,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255; 
see  also   expedition,    trade   with   the 
Indians 
Coraenius,    Amos    (Komensky),    labors 

in  Sweden,  27 
Commercial  College,  the,  674,  685,  686, 
693;  first  plans  for,  15-16;  officers  of, 
16;  other  plans  for  the  erection  of, 
16-17;  final  establishment  of,  17-18; 
budget  and  officers  of,  18-19;  assumes 
the  management  of  the  New  Sweden 
Company,  19,  469;  manages  the 
preparations  for  the  tenth  expedi- 
tion, 470  ff.;  manages  the  prepara- 
tions of  the  eleventh  expedition,  490 
ff. ;  continues  to  manage  the  Com- 
pany, 619  fl^. ;  activities  in  behalf  of 
the   Company,   620  flf. ;   manages  the 


Index. 


829 


preparations  for  the  twelfth  expedi- 
tion, 621  flf.,  631;  complains  to  the 
King,  638 ;  ordered  to  dissolve  the 
American  Tobacco  Company,  644; 
makes  an  inventory  of  the  property 
of  the  American  Company,  654;  let- 
ter written  to,  about  the  American 
Company,  655 
Com[mers}       Col[_legie'\      Protlokoll], 

quotcJ,  489,  622-624 
Com[mers]     Colllegie]     Reglistraturl, 
quoted,  278,  279,   344,  472-479,  489, 
491-493,  500,  504,  516,  620,  627-631, 
633,    636-639 
Commercial     companies,     in     Sweden, 

1607-1664,  44  ff. 
Commercial    House    at    Seville,    com- 
manded   by    the    King    of    Spain    to 
release   the   Katt   and   the   prisoners, 
277 
Commerce  and  trade,  in  Sweden,  i6ck>- 

1664,  38  flf.;  see  also  Sweden 
Concerning  Drunkards  and  Their  De- 
struction, 26 
"  Confirmation,"  quoted,  566 
Confiscation,  see  tobacco 
Coninck     (Coningh,    Koningh),    Capt. 

Frederick  de,  593,  594,  607 
Consonants   (Swedish),  change  of,  24- 

25 
Constitution  of  Sweden,  written  by  A. 

Oxenstierna,   19 
Converts,  Swedes  made,  to  the  Catholic 
religion,    272;     Campanius    converts 
the  Indians,  379;  see  also  Indians 
Cooper,  John,   576-577 
Copenhagen,  battle  of  Kalmar  Nyckel 
and  St.  Peer,  near,  251 ;  see  also  ex- 
peditions 
Copper  Company,  not  a  success,  45,  87 
Copper  mining,   reaches  its  highest  de- 
velopment in  Sweden,  34;  importance 
of,   in   Sweden,   87 
Copper   money    (Swedish   k.m.),   value 

of,  41 
Copper  trade,  to  the  West  Indies,  88- 
102 ;  of  the  New  Sweden  Company, 
288 
Corals,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255;  see 

also  expeditions 
Cornelisen,    Evert,    sells    goods    to    the 
Swedes,  342 ;   see  also   New   Sweden 
Cornelisen,  Jacob,   760 
Cornelissen,    Peter,    prepares   to   build, 

434 
Cornelius,  quoted,  22 
Cornelius,  .  .  .  ,   settler,   433 
Corsen,    Arent,    commissioner    at    Fort 


Nassau,     178 ;     buys     land     on     the 
Schuylkill,  179,  422,  426 
Costa,  B.  F.  de,  quoted,  165-166 
Council    of    State,    689,    698;    becomes 
important    in    Sweden,    20;    number 
of  members  and   public  function  of, 
21;  see  also  expeditions 
Council  of  State,  English,  quoted,  621 
Courland,   Usselinx  goes  through;  62 
Courts  of  New  Sweden,  459  flf.,  497  ff- 
Court  Records   (July  10,  1643,  January 
16,  1644),  quoted,  209,  210,  211,  371, 
384-388,   462 
Coutinho,  De  Sousa,  Portuguese  ambas- 
sador to  Sweden,  n 
Coventrv,   H.,    12,   51 
Cows,  Ridder  requests  the  Company  to 
send    over   some,    198;    eight    landed 
alive  in  1641,  202;  bought  from  New 
Amsterdam,   313;   from  t^ie  English, 

523 
Cox,   William,   sells   a   large   cargo  in 

the  colony,   311 
Coxwell,  Robert,  touches  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 213;   sails  to  Varkens  Kill 
and  the  Schuylkill,  214 
Coyet     (Coijet,     Cojet),    Peter    Julius 
sent  to  London,  I2,  621;   assessor  in 
the  Commercial  College,  621 
Coynet  (Coijet,  Cojet)  Gilius  (Julius), 
father   of    Peter    Julius    Coyet,    sub- 
scribed to  the  South  Company,  60 

Cregier  (Cruijer,  Crygier,  Kryger, 
Krigier,  etc.),  Marten  (Merten),  437 

Criminals,  sent  to  New  Svyeden,  152- 
153.  239;  see  also  expeditions,  New 
Sweden  and  Appendix  B 

Cromeguwge,  113 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  8,  686,  696 

Cronholm,  quoted,  3-5,  52,  57,  61,  177 

Crosswick's  Creek,  548 

Crown,  the  Swedish,  stockholder  in 
the  New  Sweden  Company,  24  ff. ; 
see  also  expeditions 

Crusius,  Benedictus  Olaus,  first  Pro- 
fessor of  law  in  Sweden,  21 

Cuba,  Minuit  to  sail  near,  113 

Cura(;ao,  649 

Curtains,  belonging  to  Printz,   349 

D 

Dahlman,   Sven,   quoted,  49 

Dal,  see  map;  Stake,  governor  of,  126; 
tobacco  trade   in,  641 

Dalarne,  see  map ;  province  of  Swe- 
den, 28;  location  of,  149-150,  541; 
see  expeditions 


830 


Index. 


Daler    (D.),  value  of,  41 

Dalgren,  quoted,  263 

Dalin,  quoted,  457 

Danby,  to  go  to  New  Albion,  401 

Dane(?),  John,  member  of  the  Dela- 
ware Company,  208 

Danes,  682,  687 ;  see  also  Denmark  ex- 
peditions 

Danish  language,  influences  the  Swe- 
dish, 23 

Danker,  quoted,  354 

Dansk  Biog.  Lex.,  quoted,  44 

Danzig,  Sweden  collects  duty  at,  6; 
English  company  at,  46 

Darby  Creek,  Cobb's  Creek,  a  tributary 
of,  328 

Dartmouth,  167 

Davenport,  Jr.,  575 

Davioff,  Stephen,  skins  sold  to,  288- 
289 

Davis,  William,  member  of  Hartford 
Convention,    575 

Deal,  the  Orn  blown  back  to,  484 

Dean,  quoted,  392-393 

De  Hollandsche  Tuyn,  see  ships 

De  Jure  Sveonum  et  Gothorum  Ves- 
tuto.,  quoted,  457  fiF. 

Delaware  Bay,  Hudson  visits,  166; 
named  by  the  English,  167;  Lord 
Baltimore's  grant  extending  to,  172- 
173;  Swedes  first  arrive  in,  182;  see 
also  South  River,   New  Sweden  Bay 

Delaware  (De  La  Ware),  Cape,  named 
by  Argall,   167 

Delaware  Companj',  formed  by  the 
English  of  New  Haven,  208;  did 
not  relinquish  its  claims  on  the  Dela- 
ware, 401   If. 

Delaware,  Lord,  said  to  have  touched 
the  bay,  167 

Delaware  Reg.,  quoted,  411 

Delaware  River,  93-94,  102-103 ;  684, 
686,  696,  697;  see  the  South  River 

Delawares,  see  Lenape 

Delaware  Watergap,  175 

Delvendahl(  ?),  Gabriel,  member  of  the 
Tobacco  Company,  291 ;  not  men- 
tioned as  a  member  of  the  company 
in   1647,  294 

Demetriowitz,  Maxim,  skins  sold  to, 
288-289 

Denmark,  mentioned,  122,  673,  680,  682; 
in  war  with  Sweden,  7-8,  250  if.; 
takes  part  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War, 
5-6 ;   see  also   seventh   expedition 

"  Depery,  Mr.,"  governor  of  Wey- 
mouth, 485 


Diarium,  quoted,  49 

Dictionary,  Swedish,  antiquarian  to 
collect  words  for,  23 

Didricksen,  Didrick,  a  Dutch  Captain, 
arrives  at  Porto  Rico  with  his  ship 
which  is  made  a  prize,  271,  272 

Diedricksson,  Gierdt,  subscribed  to  the 
South  Company,   60 

Diemen,  see  ships 

Diet,  the,  of  Sweden,  favors  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Commercial  College, 
17 ;  made  up  of  the  four  estates,  20 

Dincklage  (Dincklagen)  Lubbert  van, 
Vice-Director,  accuses  Hudde,  417; 
sent  to  the  South  River,  421 ;  departs 
from  New  Amsterdam,  422 ;  buys 
land  from  the  Indians,  422;  visits 
Printz,  422 

Diplomacy  of  Sweden,  1625-1660,  9  ff. 

Directors  of  the  South  Company,  de- 
cide to  found  a  ropewalk,  64;  re- 
quest advice  from  the  council,  65  ;  plan 
ship  building,  are  accused  by  Usse- 
linx  of  neglect  of  the  company,  65; 
director  appointed  by  the  Bishops, 
65 ;  directors  all  dead,  228 ;  see  also 
the  South  Company,  the  South-Ship 
Company,  New  Sweden  Company 

Directors  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company,  quoted,  427,  432,  592;  see 
also  Stuyvesant,  relation  with  the 
Dutch,  expeditions 

Dirschau,   Usselinx  leaves,  62 

Disalago,  Gov.  Don  Philipo,  receives 
the  Swedes  kindly,  486 

Djursholm,  331 

Doc[uments  relative  to  the  Colonial 
History  of  the  State  of  Neiu  York], 
quoted,  112,  117-118,  143,  168-171, 
179,  181-182,  186,  188,  190,  192,  194- 
196,  213-214,  215,  245-248,  286,  304- 
306,  311,  326,  327-328,  332,  338-339, 
343.  376-378,  400-401,  403,  408,  410, 
415.  417-420,  422-437,  44i-443>  445- 
449.  466.  496-497,  500,  571-572,  583- 
584,  586-587,  589-590,  592-595 ;  599- 
604,  606-611,  614-615,  648,  650,  653, 
658-667,    669-670 

Dodsley-Hazlitt,  quoted,   550 

Dolphijn,  the,  see  the  Spiegel 

Domestic  trade,  see  Home  trade 

Donck,  van  der,  quoted,  18S,   192,  355 

Douwes,  Capt.  Anne,  in  readiness  to 
embark,  594 

Dove,  the,  see  Dufvan 

Dover  Castle,  brother  of  Cheverell, 
commander  of,  484 


Index. 


831 


Dover,  Straits  of,  483 ;  Swedes  anchor 

at,  4S4 
Drafts,   extensively   used,   40;   see  also 

expeditions 
Drottning/;o/m,  331 
Droysen,  J.  G.,  quoted,  61 
Druveeijland,   see  Province   Island 
Drystreet,   Henry,   quoted,  667 
Dublin,  sailor  boy  from,   154 
Duck  Creek,  land  lying  south  of,  bought 

by  Ridder,  201 
Dufva,  Joran,  on  the  ninth  expedition, 
buys  a  bark  together  with  Rudberus 
and     leaves    Porto    Rico,    273 ;     ill- 
treated  by  the  French,  274 
Dufvan,  see  ships 
Diinamunde,  captured  by  the  Swedish 

fleet,  4 
Dunkirkers,  captures  Dutch  ship,  170 
Durell,   Peter,    642 

Dutch,  the,  681 ;  allowed  to  settle  in  New 
Sweden,  123  ;  early  visits  to  the  Dela- 
ware, 166;  employ  Hudson  to  go  on  a 
voyage   of   discovery,    166-167;    visit 
the  Delaware,  168  ff. ;  plant  a  colony 
on    the    Delaware,    170    ff. ;    said    to 
transfer  their  rights  of  the  Delaware 
to    the    Swedes,    176    ff. ;    buy    land 
from   the   Indians,   178-179,   411-412, 
419-420,  422,  436  ff. ;   protest  against 
Minuit,   185   ff. ;    too  weak  to  oppose 
the    Swedes   on    the    Delaware,    195 ; 
merchants   have   trade   on    the    Dela- 
ware, 198 ;  settlers  of,  arrive  at  Fort 
Christina,      200;      Ridder's      troubles 
with,   200,   201,   207 ;    protest   against 
the  English,  213  ff. ;  expel  the  Eng- 
lish on   the   Schuylkill,   215,   380;    on 
good  terms  with  the  Swedes,  405   ff., 
460;    allowed   to   trade   in   the   Dela- 
ware,   407 ;     Printz     asks     for    more 
definite  instructions  concerning,  40S  ; 
a  new  era  in  the  Swedish-Dutch  re- 
lations  in   America   begins,   408    ff. ; 
Printz's   troubles   with,   409   ff. ;    seek 
to    discover    a    gold    mine,    410-411; 
messengers      of,      complain      against 
Printz,  414;  diligence  of  Printz  gives 
the  Swedes  an  advantage  over,  415; 
Printz    complains    against,    416;    re- 
main   at    Fort   Nassau    without   caus- 
ing  further   trouble   for   the   Swedes, 
416;    busy    improving    Fort    Nassau, 
418;  prepare  to  build  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill,   419;    erect    Fort    Beversreede, 
420;     freemen     assigned     places     for 
settlement      beside      the      Schuylkill, 
422  ;  Printz  prevents  the  building  of. 


423 ;    informed    by    Skute    that    they 
are   not   to   build   on    the   Schuylkill, 
425;  basis  for  the  Dutch  rights  to  the 
Schuylkill,    426    ff.;     rights    of    the 
Swedes     and    the    Dutch    compared, 
426-427 ;    gap    in    the   history   of   the 
Swedish-Dutch     relations,    427;     en- 
deavor     to      prevent      Printz      from 
buying  land  above  Fort  Nassau,  428, 
430;  distrust  and  enmity  between  the 
Dutch  and  the  Swedes  reaches  its  high- 
est point,  430-431;  erect  new  houses 
on    the    South    River,    431;    planned 
concerted     action     with    the     Swedes 
against    the    English,    432;    no    data 
concerning  the  settlements  of,  at  Fort 
Nassau   during  the  winter  of   1649- 
1650,   432;    abandoned    Fort   Bevers- 
reede,  433 ;    last   phase   of   Swedish- 
Dutch  relations  during  the   adminis- 
tration    of    Printz,    434     ff- ;     Printz 
ignorant  of  the  approach  of,  435  ff. ; 
said  by  the  Indians  to  be  the  first  to 
come    into    the    River,   436-437;    pay 
no  attention  to  Printz's  protests,  439; 
Printz    draws    up    a    formal    protest 
against,    439-440;    Indian    chief    ap- 
pears  at  the   camp   of,  443;   validity 
of  the  Dutch  rights  examined,  443  ff.; 
Fort    Casimir    erected    by,    445 ;    all 
traders  in  the  South  River  compelled 
to  pay  duty  to,  446 ;  masters  on  the 
Delaware,   446   ff. ;   Fort  Beversreede 
abandoned  by,  447;  building  at  Fort 
Casimir   erected   by,   448 ;    compelled 
to   abandon   their   settlements,   except 
that   of   Fort   Casimir   on    account   of 
the    Indians,    448;    Rising    instructed 
to    keep    peace    with,    499;    colonists 
cause  Rising  a  great  deal  of  trouble, 
511;    fort   of,   not   to  be    attacked   by 
Rising,    581 ;    Rising   had   no   knowl- 
edge of  the  strength  of,  582 ;  plunder- 
ing New  Sweden,  605  ;   Fort  Christina 
surrendered  to,  608  ff. ;  Rising  could 
not  agree  to  waive  the  right  of  com- 
plaint   against   the    injuries   of,    612- 
613;  arrangements  made  by,  to  carry 
out    the    articles    of    surrender,    613; 
protests  presented  to  the  States-Gen- 
eral   against    the    occupation    of    the 
Delaware  by,  648 ;  have  no  intention 
of  returning  the  colony  to  the  New 
Sweden    Company,    649;    first    period 
of  the  Swedes  under  Dutch  jurisdic- 
tion,    657     ff. ;     last    period     of    the 
Swedes     under     Dutch     jurisdiction. 


832 


Index. 


663  S. ;  rule  of,  on  the  Delaware  and 
in  America  comes  to  a  close,  670 

Dutch  language,  influences  the  Swed- 
ish, 23 

Dutch  members,  contribute  to  the  New 
Sweden  Company,  106 ;  dissatisfied, 
116;  proceeds  of  first  expedition 
divided  among,  119;  refuse  to  con- 
tribute to  second  expedition,  124; 
withdraw   from   company,    131   ff. 

Dutch  soldiers,  employed  in  New  Swe- 
den, 199 ;  see  also  Christina,  New 
Sweden,  expeditions 

Dyck,  Gregorius  van,  699,  703,  710, 
716;  goes  on  second  expedition,  127; 
given  written  instruction,  204;  com- 
plains of  Van  Langdonk,  129;  letters 
from,  read  in  the  council,  146;  sent 
to  protest  against  Capt.  Turner,  210; 
returns  to  the  colony,  238 ;  stationed 
at  Fort  Elfsborg,  305 ;  examines  the 
English,  384;  sent  to  make  inquiries 
concerning  the  English  land-pur- 
chase, 385  ;  sent  to  prevent  the  Dutch 
from  building,  423 ;  brings  forth 
grave  charges  against  Tienhoven 
and  De  Boer,  585 ;  sent  230  miles  into 
the  Minquas  country,  329;  elected 
officer  in  the  colony  during  the  Dutch 
administration,  663-664;  report  of, 
666;  quoted,  127,  129-130,  146,  196, 
199-200,  204-205,   612 

Dyck,  Jacob  van,  in  the  diplomatic 
service  of  Sweden,  9 

E 

Eagle,  the,  see  the  Orn 

East   India    Company,    Dutch,   Hudson 

in  the  employ  of,  166;  676 
Eastern  passage,  Swedes  pass  through, 

269,  487 
Eaton,     Theophilus,     member     of     the 
Delaware  Company,  208;   complains 
about   the   Swedes,   388;    applies   for 
commission    from    court    of    Massa- 
chusetts, 391 ;  writes  to  London,  402- 
403;   writes  to  Rising,   574;   interests 
himself  in  the  Delaware,  575  ff. 
Ecoccyn,  see  Wicaco   (Wicacoa) 
Edmundson,  G.,  quoted,  49 
Egg  Island,  see  Vogele  Sant 
Eighth  Expedition,  see  expeditions 
Eindracht    (Endrdkt),  see   ships 
Ekehoff,  Hindrick,  member  of  the  To- 
bacco Company,  291 
Ekenas,  tobacco  trade  in,  641 
Eksjo,  tobacco  to  be  sold  at,  292 


Ekstrand,  quoted,  15 
Elbe,  Minquas  Kill  called,  184 
Elbing,    688,    693,    694;    privileges    for 
the  English  Company  renewed  at,  46 
Eleventh  Expedition,  see  expeditions 
Elfsborg,  see  forts 

Elfsborgs    Ian,    Hindricksson    governor 
of,    125 ;    tobacco  trade   in,   641 ;   see 
also  map  of  Sweden 
Eliot,   Rev.  John,   prepares   to  print   a 
catechism    in    the    Indian    language, 
S6i 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  quoted,  572 
Elk  River    (The  English  River),   518, 

569 
Elsingburg   Fort  Point,   304-305 
Elswick,   Hendrick   von,   762 ;   commis- 
sion   of    Amundsson    transferred    to, 
279,  492;   arrives  at  Porto  Rico  and 
presents  damages  for  the  Katt,  280; 
appointed  commissioner  to  New  Swe- 
den, 491,  492;  endeavors  to  rush  the 
preparations   for   the   eleventh   expe- 
dition, 493   ff. ;   leaves  New   Nether- 
land,  496;   begins  his  duties  in  New 
Sweden,   503-504,  525-526 ;  activities 
during    the    siege,    602    ff. ;    arrives 
in    Sweden,    6i6;    quoted,    280,    481, 
492-496,  504,  529,  531-533.  535>   542, 
576.  579.  590.  592.  596.  602,  604-608, 
6io-6i6,    631,    639;    biography,    680; 
see  also  Rising  and  New  Sweden 
Elswick,   Herrman,  probably  a  relative 
of  Hendrick  von  Elswick,  bookkeeper 
of  the  Tobacco  Company,  292 
Elupacken,  sells  lands  to  Minuit,  183 
Encyclopaedia  Brittanica,  quoted,  29 
Endicott,    Governor   John,    letters    sent 

to,  573 

Endrdkt  (Eindracht,  Harmony),  see 
Eindracht 

Engel  Gabriel,  see  ships 

England,  674,  676,  693,  698;  Johan 
Oxenstierna  sent  to,  91 ;  policy  of, 
generally  one  of  friendship  towards 
Sweden,  11;  alliance  of,  with  Swe- 
den, 12 ;  ambassadors  from  Sweden 
sent  to,  12 ;  treaties  of,  with  Sweden, 
621 ;  see  also  Sweden 

English  caps,  see  caps 

English  Channel,  ships  go  through, 
129,  483 ;  Lindestrom  states  that 
there  were  90  warships  in,  484;  see 
also  tenth  expedition 

English  Company  at  Gothenburg,  46- 

47 
English      Company,      North      (New), 


Index. 


833 


Printz  proposes  to  invest  20,cxx3  R.D. 
in,  341 
English  Eastland  Company  at  Danzig, 

English  house,  built  in   Fort  Elfsborg, 

347 
English-Swedish  Trading  Company  of 

1665,  50-51 
English,  The,  696;  apply  for  privileges 
for  a  Company  at  Gothenburg,  45- 
46,  50-51;  at  the  Delaware,  167; 
trade  in  beavers  at  the  Delaware, 
169;  planting  colonies  in  America, 
172;  land  granted  to,  at  the  Dela- 
ware, 172  ff. ;  rights  of,  transferred 
to  the  Swedes,  175-178;  visit  the 
Delaware,  killed  by  Indians  at  the 
Delaware,  179;  take  possession  of 
Fort  Nassau,  180;  relation  of,  to  the 
Swedes,  208  ff.,  380  ff.,  572  ff . ;  buy 
land  on  the  Delaware,  208-212; 
trade  with  the  Swedes  on  the  Dela- 
ware, 198  ff.,  309  ff.,  515  flf. ;  in- 
struction of  Printz  concerning,  380 
ff. ;  accusations  of,  against  Printz, 
388  ff. ;  Printz  endeavors  to  appease, 
390  ff. ;  attempts  of,  to  reach  the 
Great  Lake,  391  ff. ;  sends  an  expedi- 
tion to  the  Delaware,  395  ff. ;  Printz 
reports  to  his  Government  concern- 
ing, 397;  English  in  New  Haven  do 
not  give  up  hopes  of  settling  the 
South  River,  400;  trouble  Printz  no 
more,  401 ;  send  another  expedition 
to  the  Delaware,  404;  Printz  reports 
that  he  isn't  sure  of  the  North  Eng- 
lish, 403  ;  Printz  seeks  the  friendship 
of  the  Dutch  against,  406;  the  Dutch 
anxious  to  join  with  the  Swedes 
against,  431-432;  English  arrive  at 
Christina  in  1654,  572  ff. ;  present 
claims  of  the  Delaware  to  Director 
Rising,  573,  576;  capture  New 
Netherland,  670 
Enkhuizen,  118;  see  also  expedition 
Enkoping,  tobacco  trade,  641 
Eracoise,  Lake  of,  location  of,  391 
Eraso,  sent  to  Sweden  to  make  a  treaty, 

ID 

Eric  the  Red,  quoted,  165 

Ericksson,   Johan,   secretary,   pays    1000 
D.   to  Beier,   263 

Ericksson,    Jonas,   480-481 

Ericksson,  Lars,  481 

Ericksson,  Mats,  writes  to  the  Govern- 
ment on  behalf  of  Finns,  267 

Erissmansson    (Erissman),  Per,  641 

Ersson(  ?),  Per,  642 
54 


Erupacken,  see  Elupacken 

Evangelical  Union,  Gustavus  Adolphus 
chosen   to   be   the   leader  of,    5 

Evelin,  makes  a  draft  of  Delaware  Bay, 
179 

Everet,  Gov.,  treats  the  Swedes  kindly, 
487  __ 

Expeditions: 

First  expedition,  plans  proposed 
for,  96;  proposed  cost  of,  97; 
further  preparations  for,  104  ff. ; 
money  furnished  for,  106;  desti- 
nation of,  107  ff. ;  goods  pro- 
cured for,  109;  ships  prepared 
for,  in;  cost  of  cargo  for,  iii; 
instructions  concerning,  n2  ff. ; 
ready  to  sail,  115;  leaves  Hol- 
land, 116;  ships  arrive  in  the 
Delaware,  117;  vessels  return 
to  Europe,  117-118;  skins  from 
the  expedition  sold,  119;  see  also 
Kalmar  Nyckel,  the  Grip  and 
Minuit 
Second  expedition,  preparations  for, 
120;  commander  appointed  for, 
121;  cargo  bought  for,  122; 
ships  to  be  prepared  for,  123 ; 
money  supplied  for,  124-125; 
colonists  collected  for,  125,  128 ; 
domestic  animals  sent  on,  128 ; 
misfortunes  of,  in  Holland,  128  ; 
leaves  Europe,  129;  cost  of,  129; 
journey  of,  across  the  ocean,  129- 
130;  return  of,  to  Europe,  130; 
see  also  Kalmar  Nyckel,  Van 
Vliet,  Van  Dyck,  Ridder 
Third  expedition,  preparations  in 
Holland  for,  135-137;  Bogaert 
sent  to  Sweden  concerning,  137; 
changes  in  the  proposed  charter 
of,  137-138;  delay  of,  142-143; 
about  to  leave,  144;  return  of 
ship,  144;  see  also  Bogaert 
Fourtli  expedition,  activities  begun 
for,  145 ;  government  urges 
Fleming  to  prepare  ships  for, 
145-146;  return  of  Kalmar 
Nyckel  increases  interest  in,  146 ; 
efforts  to  secure  colonists  for, 
147 ;  Finns  collected  for, 
148-149;  Kling  to  solicit  col- 
onists for,  149-150;  Printz  en- 
gaged to  look  for  colonists  for, 
150;  captured  Finns  to  be  sent 
on,  150-151;  ships  of,  151;  list 
of  settlers  leaving  on,  151-153; 
cost  of,  154;  leaves  Europe,  155; 
arrival  at  New  Sweden  and  re- 


834 


Index. 


turn  of,  155-156;  see  also  Kal- 
mar  Nyckel  and  Charitas 

Fifth  expedition,  preparations  for, 
237 ;  efforts  to  obtain  colonists 
for,  238;  ships  selected  for,  240; 
leaves  Gothenburg,  240;  arrival 
at  Fort  Christina  and  return  to 
Europe,  241 ;  see  also  Swan  and 
Fama 

Sixth  expedition,  preparations  for, 
242  ff. ;  Papegoja  hires  colonists 
for,  243 ;  goods  secured  for,  243- 
244;  Fama  returns  from  Ame- 
rica, seized  in  Holland,  245-248; 
cargo  sold,  248  ;  ships  arrive  in 
Gothenburg,  249;  see  also  Fama, 
Sivan  and  Johan  Printz 

Seventh  expedition,  delayed  by  the 
Danish  War,  250-252 ;  report  of 
Printz  gives  impetus  to  prepara- 
tions of,  253 ;  a  cargo  for,  bought 
by  Trotzig,  253-255;  articles 
sent  on,  255-256;  arrives  in  New 
Sweden,  256;  return  voyage  256- 
257 ;  see  also  the  Gyllene  Haj 

Eighth  expedition,  cloth  made  for, 
258;  vessel  selected  for,  258; 
goods  sent  on,  259;  government 
to  pay  for  preparation  of  ship, 
259;  colonists  on,  260;  return  of 
the  ship,  261 ;  see  also  the  Swan 

Ninth  expedition,  letters  from  New 
Sweden  give  impetus  to  the 
preparations  of,  266;  great  num- 
ber of  colonists  on,  267-268 ; 
supplies  sent  on,  268  ;  voyage  of, 
269  ff. ;  ship  wrecked  at  Porto 
Rico,  270;  taken  by  the  Span- 
iards, 270-271;  colonists  re- 
tained on  the  island,  271-272; 
small  remnant  of  the  colonists 
of,  leave  the  island,  273 ;  col- 
onists tortured  by  the  French, 
274;  Rudberus  leaves  the  island, 
275 ;  surviving  colonists  of,  re- 
turn to  Sweden,  275-276;  efforts 
to  secure  damages  for,  277  ff. ; 
Elswick  sent  to  collect  damages 
for,  279;  Elswick  presents  bills 
of  damages  to  the  Governor  of 
the  Island,  279-280;  see  also  the 
Katt,  eleventh   expedition 

Tenth  expedition,  preliminary  prep- 
arations for,  469  ff. ;  vessels  ap- 
pointed for,  470;  Bockhorn  cap- 
tain on,  470;  a  great  number 
of  colonists  to  be  collected  for, 
471-472,    482;    Skute    appointed 


to  hire  soldiers  and  laborers  for, 
471  ff. ;  officers  sent  to  the  col- 
ony on,  475  ff. ;  goods  sent  on, 
473 ;  expedition  delayed,  478 ; 
people  on,  reviewed,  479-482 ; 
expenses  on  account  of  the  delay, 
482;  leaves  harbor,  483;  en- 
counters storms,  483  ;  arrives  at 
Dover,  484;  leaves  the  shores  of 
Europe,  485;  arrives  at  the 
Canary  Islands,  485-486;  casts 
anchor  in  the  harbor  of  St. 
Christopher,  487 ;  anchors  in  the 
Bay  of  Virginia,  488 ;  passes  the 
Bay  of  New  Sweden,  488 ; 
anchors  in  the  harbor  of  Chris- 
tina,   489 ;     returns    to    Europe, 

499>  519 1  •J"'  "l^"  the  Orn 
Eleventh  expedition,  soldiers,  col- 
onists and  sailors  on,  480-481; 
final  preparations  for,  490;  one 
of  its  objects  to  collect  damages 
for  the  Katt,  277  ff.,  492  ff.; 
officers  appointed  for,  277  ff., 
491  ff. ;  delay  of,  493-494;  sets 
sail,  495;  arrives  at  St.  Michael, 
495  ;  arrives  at  Porto  Rico,  495 ; 
arrives  in  America,  496 ;  see  also 
the  Gyllene  Haj 
Twelfth  expedition,  activities  on 
behalf  of,  625  ff.,  629,  631;  a 
new  ship  bought  for,  631-632; 
sailors  hired  to  take  part  in,  632; 
efforts  to  gather  colonists  for, 
633;  delay  of,  634;  classified  list 
of  colonists  on,  634;  cost  of,  635; 
arrival  at  the  South  River  of, 
635,  659;  landing  of  the  people 
of,  661;  return  of,  635,  662;  see 
also  Mercurius,  Papegoja  and 
Huygen 

F 

Factories,  in  Sweden,  cloth,  shoe,  glove, 
34;   see  also  Sweden 

Faden,  Dutch   and   German,  see  famn 

Fahlcrantz,   quoted,  457-459 

Falk,  the,  see  ships 

Falkenberg  (Falckenberck),  Conrad 
von,  676;  writes  to  the  chancellor 
about  the  copper  trade,  88 ;  Blom- 
maert  corresponds  with,  88-89;  com- 
municates with  Blommaert,  90;  col- 
lects money  for  second  expedition, 
124;   quoted,  88-90 

Falkman,  quoted,  42,  471 

Falun,  tobacco  to  be  sold  at,  292 

Famn,  length  of,  42 


Index. 


835 


Famn  (cubic),  cord,  size  of,  627  n.  36 

Fat,  size  of,  42 

Fe^reus  (Fegraeus)  Stromfelt,  Johan, 
subscribed  to  the  South  Company,  60 

Fehmarn,  ships  taking  part  in  the  bat- 
tle of,  251 

Feif,  Jacob,  lawsuit  against,  292; 
quoted,   292 

Ferdinand,  defeats  Horn  and  Bernhard, 
6,  82,  91 

Ferkenski!,  see  Varkens  Kill 

Fernovr,  B.,  mistaken  in  thinking  the 
land  near  Egg  Harbor  was  settled, 
412;  quoted,  165,  168,  4.09,  412 

Ferris,  Benjamin,  quoted,  182,  305,  32S, 
663 

Field,  Darby,  an  Irishman,  394 

Fijrborn,  Johan,  member  of  the  first 
Tobacco  Company,  161;  of  second 
Tobacco  Company,  291 

Findley,    quoted,   456-457 

Finland,  691,  692;  conditions  in,  simi- 
lar to  those  in  Sweden,  31;  people 
in,  desirous  to  migrate,  31;  popula- 
tion of,  31-32;  history  of,  31;  com- 
pany organized  for  the  benefit  of  the 
trade  of,  45 ;  Usselinx  collects  money 
in,  62 ;  letters  to  be  written  to  gov- 
ernors in,  68 ;  cities  in,  gradually 
join  the  company,  71-72 ;  club  war 
in,  147;  vagrants  commanded  to 
return  to,  148 ;  reasons  for  the  migra- 
tion of  Finns  from,  148 ;  emigrants 
from,  on  fifth  expedition,  239;  col- 
onists from,  on  sixth  expedition,  243 ; 
articles  furnished  for  the  Caribbean 
tobacco  trade,  244;  colonists  from, 
on  the  ninth  expedition,  267;  salt 
sent  to,  in  1642,  288 ;  large  quantities 
of  tobacco  smuggled  into,  tobacco 
sent  to,  292 ;  houses  in,  in  olden 
times,  345-365;  author  purchases  a 
pair  of  shoes  in,  357;  author  ob- 
serves bath-houses  in,  361;  belfry 
commonly  built  away  from  the 
church,  in,  366;  burning  of  the 
forests  common  in,  528 ;  customs  ob- 
served in,  543  ff. ;  Viborg,  a  city  in, 
joins  the  American  Company,  624; 
business  of  the  American  Company 
in,  641  ff. ;  families  from,  land  in 
Holland,  650 
Finnish  houses,  see  dwellings  and  cus- 
toms, 345  ff. 
"Finn-Jan,"  544-545 
Finns,  the  Swedish  language  among, 
31;  desire  to  migrate,  31;  migrate  to 
northern  and  central  Sweden,  147  ff. ; 


break   mandates  of  the   Crown,   148; 
apply  for  permission  to  go  to  Amer- 
ica,   149 ;    Lejonhufvud    to    capture, 
150;    on    the    sixth    expedition,    243; 
200    desire    to    go    to    New    Sweden, 
267;  two  from  Finnland  on  the  ninth 
expedition,  267;   proposals  that  a  lot 
of  Finns  be  sent  to  the  colony,  322; 
dwellings   erected   bj-,    345    ff.;    beer 
brewed    by,    354;    skilled   in    making 
articles    from   birch-bark,   understood 
the    value    of    bathing,    357;    bath- 
houses erected  by,  358;  peculiar  cus- 
tom among,  359  ff. ;  supposed  to  have 
borrowed    their    method    of    bathing 
from     their     neighbors,     361 ;     store- 
houses built  by,  363  ff.;  mill  bought 
from,   in   New   Sweden,  464;   rent  a 
farm   at   Upland,   524;   tanners,   535; 
homesteads    at    Christina,    543 ;    sup- 
posed to  possess  particular  power  of 
performing  supernatural  things,  544; 
witchcraft   among,    545 ;    go   on    the 
last  expedition,  634;  sent  to  the  col- 
ony  in    1664,   650-651;    about  to  de- 
part to  the  South  River,   652;   grad- 
ually   gain    the    confidence    of    the 
Dutch,    664-665 ;    proposals    to    tax, 
number    of,    665-666;    the    Swedish 
language    not    understood    by,    666 ; 
said  to  be  good  farmers,  666 ;  prop- 
erty of,  667 ;  continue  to  have  their 
own  officers  together  with  the  Swedes, 
667;     absolved     from     their     former 
oaths,    granted    land   by   the    Dutch, 
669 

Flnsk  bastu  {badstu),  358  ff. ;  descrip- 
tion of,  in  Swedish  towns,  361-362; 
see  also  bath-houses 

Firearms,  Swedish,  famous  in  England, 

".34 
Fireplaces,  probably  built  in  Christina, 
193;  description  of,  204,  346-347,  358, 

537-539 
Fischbeck         (Vischbeek,        Wisbeck), 

Johan,  member  of  the  new  Tobacco 

Company,    298 
Fish  Company,  50 
Fishing,  means  of  subsistence  in   New 

Sweden,   203 ;    implements   for,   203  ; 

see  also  New  Sweden 
Fiske,  John,  quoted,  377 
Five  Nations,   White  Minquas  at  war 

with,   188-189 
Flags,  cloth  for,  brought  to  New  Swe- 
den, 317;  see  also  New  Sweden,  the 

Dutch  and  forts 
Flanders,   609,  695 


836 


Index. 


Fleetwood,  George,  sent  to  England,  I2 

Fleming,    Herman,    19 

Fleming,    Klas,    president   of   the    first 
Commercial  College  in  Sweden,   16 ; 
favors  English  Company  at  Gothen- 
burg,   46 ;    makes    proposition    about 
South-Ship     Company,     73 ;     advises 
that  ships  be  sent  to  Spain,  74;  ap- 
points men   to  re-establish   the   com- 
pany,    meets     a     committee     of    the 
estates,    79;    appointed    to    meet    the 
directors,  80;  appointed  to  correspond 
with    Spiring    about    the    company, 
loi ;    letters   sent   to,    104-105 ;    con- 
tributes   to    the    company,    106 ;    ap- 
pointed director,  107 ;  requests  Blom- 
maert  to  hire  seamen,  109-110;  jour- 
nals and  sketches  of  Minuit  sent  to, 
118;  orders  skins  to  be  sold  in  Hol- 
land,   119;    makes    preparations    for 
second     voyage,     120-121;     appoints 
Van  Vliet  to  lead  second  expedition, 
121 ;    continues    his    preparations    for 
second  voyage,  122-123  <  confers  with 
Van  Vliet,   124;   furnishes  money  for 
the    expedition,    125 ;    gives    instruc- 
tion to  Ridder,   127 ;   decides  to  send 
a  small  number  of  domestic  animals 
to    the   colony,    128 ;    gives   memorial 
to  Beier,  132;  memorial  for  Bonnell 
drawn   up   by,    132-133;   commercial 
plans  presented  to,  by  Smythe,   133; 
interest    in    the    Utrecht    settlement, 
135;     writes    to    Oxenstierna     about 
Utrecht    settlement,    136;     urged    to 
make    ready   two    ships    for    a    new 
expedition,  145 ;  procures  articles  for 
the    fourth   expedition,    151;    one    of 
his    servants    sent    to    America,    152; 
complaints      made      to      the      council 
through,    159;    consults    the    magis- 
trates   at    Stockholm    concerning   the 
South-Ship     Company,     221 ;     makes 
proposals  for  the  increase  of  capital 
of  the  New  Sweden  Company,  223 ; 
proposes  that  the  Crown  should  par- 
ticipate   in    the    company,    224;    sub- 
scribes   to    the    company,    228 ;    con- 
tinues   as    director    of   the   compan", 
229 ;     reorganizer     of    the     Swedish 
Navy,  229-230;   death  of,  230,  251; 
heirs  of,  written  to,  623  ;  quoted,  43, 
121,    123-126,    128,    136,    227,    290; 
biography,   680 
Florida,   Minuit   to   take   possession   of 
land    in,    114;    Rising   has   plans   to 
sail  to,  479 


Florida  Company,  see  New  Sweden 
Company 

Florijn,  see  Florin 

Florin   (fl.),  value  of,  41 

FI[ottans]   Ar[kiv],  801 

Fluviander,  Rev.  Israel  Holg,  304;  goes 
to  New  Sweden  with  Printz,  371;  no 
commission  from  the  government,  de- 
cides to  return  home,  371 ;  service  in 
the  colony,  371-372;  difficulties  con- 
cerning his  salary,  372;  returns 
home,   330,  371-372;   biography,  68i 

Flygge,  Chrispinus,  appointed  general 
director,  641-642 

Flying  Deer,  see  Het  Vliegende  Hert 

Focke,  Johan,  member  of  the  New  To- 
bacco Company,  298 

"  Forklaring,"  quoted,  358,  364-365, 
372.  454.  462,  464 

Foenix,  see  ships 

Folkestone,  485 

Foot,  Swedish,  see  fot 

Forbes,   Alexander,   sent  to  Stockholm, 

Foreign  Entry   Books    (Sweden),   Pub. 

Rec.  Office,  quoted,  12,  621 
Foreign   laborers,  engaged  in   Sweden, 

33-34 
Forestry,  Rising  draws   up   ordinances 

concerning,  499,   508-509 
"  Forhoor,"  quoted,  598-599,  601 
Forks,  not  found  in  the  colony,  355 
Forts : 

Altena  (Altona),  name  of  Fort 
Christina  changed  to,  664;  see 
also  Fort  Christina 
Beversreede,  meaning  of  the 
name,  420;  built  by  the  Dutch 
to  control  the  beaver  trade  in 
the  Schuylkill,  420;  corn  planted 
in  the  neighborhood  of,  by  the 
Swedes,  335;  Printz  builds  a 
log-house  near,  424;  house  be- 
gun within  the  walls  of,  425; 
abandoned  in  1650,  433;  reoccu- 
pied  in  1651,  434;  finally  aban- 
doned, 447 
Casimir,  erection  begun,  439;  loca- 
tion of,  armament  of,  445  ;  events 
at,  in  the  summer  of  1652  un- 
known, 447;  dwellings  erected 
at,  tenth  expedition  arrives  at, 
489;  council  decided  to  take 
possession  of,  582;  Swedes  take 
possession  of,  583;  name  changed 
to  Fort  Trefaldighet,  584;  see 
also  Fort  Trefaldighet 
Christina,  681,  690;  built  by  Min- 


Index. 


837 


uit,  192-193,  sketch  of,  117-118; 
second  expedition  arrives  at, 
Ridder  commander  of,  127,  197; 
poor  condition  of,  197;  Dutch  to 
be  located  above,  138-139; 
Dutch  arrive  at,  200;  fourth  ex- 
pedition arrives  at,  202 ;  to  be 
garrisoned  by  Swedish  soldiers, 
238;  fifth  expedition  arrives  at, 
241 ;  Printz  takes  over  the  com- 
mand of,  302 ;  repaired  by 
Printz,  307;  English  and  Dutch 
visit  during  the  time  of  Printz, 
304,  311  ff. ;  Spanish  wine  sup- 
plied to  the  sick  in,  315;  Gyllene 
Haj  casts  anchor  before,  328 ; 
Sican  anchors  in  the  harbor  of, 
334;  Suan  leaves  the  harbor  of, 
337;  the  Cock  anchored  above, 
383 ;  court  of  inquiry  held  in, 
384-387,  459  ff. ;  black  Minquas 
act  as  if  they  wished  to  scale  the 
walls  of,  387;  Papegoja  com- 
mander at,  452;  principal  prison 
located  in,  454;  government 
transferred  from,  to  Fort  New 
Gothenborg,  455;  government  of 
New  Sweden  again  removed  to, 
466,  497  ff. ;  principal  storehouse 
during  Rising's  time,  kept  at, 
503  ff. ;  commission  to  draft 
ordinance  for  New  Sweden  meets 
at,  504;  courts  held  at,  during 
the  time  of  Rising,  510  ff. ;  re- 
paired by  Rising,  522-523  ;  lands 
in  the  neighborhood  of,  cleared, 
523-524;  Indians  arrive  at,  dur- 
ing the  time  of  Rising,  563  ff. ; 
English  from  Maryland  arrive 
at,  572 ;  fortifications  improved 
at,  603  ;  Dutch  lay  seige  to,  603- 
604;  the  Dutch  inclose  on  every 
side,  604;  surrendered  to  Stuy- 
vesant,  608-610;  Stu\vesant 
offers  to  return  the  fort  to  the 
Swedes,  611,  value  of,  in  1654- 
1655,  527;  seat  of  power  at, 
transferred  to  Fort  Casimir,  657; 
name  of,  changed  to  Altena,  664; 
allowed  to  go  to  ruin,  663  ;  center 
of  power  of  the  company's  col- 
ony located  at,  664;  see  also 
Altena  (Altona) 
Elfsborg,  location  of,  304-305 ; 
built  by  Printz  in  1643,  304- 
305 ;  Sven  Skute  in  command  of, 
305;  armament  and  garrison  of, 
305 ;  key  to  the  river,  305 ;  cora- 


pells  Aspinwall  to  cast  anchor, 
396;  abandoned  by  Printz,  339; 
in  ruins  as  Rising  arrives,  582; 
Stuyvesant  casts  anchor  before 
and  makes  his  camp  over  night 

at.  597 
Nassau,  Dutch  must  pass,  138 ; 
erected  by  May,  170 ;  deserted 
by  the  Dutch,  178-179;  English 
capture,  180;  garrison  at,  main- 
tained, 181;  Jan  Jansen  com- 
missioner at,  181;  Minuit  sails 
above,  185;  Minuit  is  prevented 
from  passing,  186;  garrisoned 
by  about  20  men,  207 ;  Utrecht 
colony  to  be  located  above,  138; 
fires  at  Ridder's  vessel,  207;  in- 
structions given  to  the  commis- 
sary of,  to  remove  the  English, 
215;  Gov.  Printz  sends  secretly 
to  the  commissary  at,  reouesting 
him  not  to  let  the  English  pass, 
396;  Aspinwall  prevented  from 
passing,  396;  Printz  ordered  to 
be  on  friendly  terms  with  Hol- 
landers at,  405 ;  Dutch  trade  at, 
407;  friendly  relations  continue 
while  Jansen  is  in  command  at, 
408 ;  Printz's  instructions  con- 
cerning, 409 ;  Blanck  sent  to, 
409 ;  Dutch  commissary  at,  lost 
no  time  in  reporting  to  New 
Amsterdam,  410;  traders  resid- 
ing at,  412;  Dutch  remain  at, 
416;  Hudde's  return  to,  417; 
Dutch  busy  improving,  418 ; 
Swedish  bark  passes,  418;  In- 
dians appear  at,  419;  Dutch 
magistrates  arrive  at,  422; 
Hudde  leaves,  in  want  of  pro- 
visions, 424;  Hudde  returns  to, 
425;  Stuyvesant  did  not  go  to, 
427;  Printz  endeavors  to  buy 
land  above,  428,  430;  permission 
given  to  the  Dutch  to  settle  be- 
low, 428 ;  Dutch  buy  land  south 
of  431;  Stu>'vesant  arrives  at, 
436;  Indian  chiefs  come  to, 
436  ff. ;  abandoned,  and  cannon 
of,  brought  to  Fort  Casimir,  445 ; 
directors  are  not  sure  that  the 
demolition  of,  was  a  prudent 
act,  447 
Neiu  Gothenborg,  location  of,  305  ; 
built  by  Printz,  306;  armament 
of>  305-306 !  gunners  at,  306 ; 
destroyed  by  fire,  326;  rebuilt, 
326 


838 


Index. 


Nya   Korsholm    (New   Korsholm), 
built  on  Manaiping,  213  ;  located 
a  gun-shot  in  the  Schuylkill,  331 ; 
Mans     Kling     commander     of, 
331-332,    453;    abandoned,    339; 
burnt  by  the  Indians,  497-4.98 
Orange,  feared  that  Printz  would 
destroy  the  trade  at,  431 
Fot   (foot),  length  of,  etc.,  43 
Foxes,  black,  to  be  captured  at  Isle  de 

Sable,  113 
France,    trade    with,    73 ;    ships    go    to, 
154;     relation    of,    to    Sweden,     11; 
document    "of   the    King    of,"    217; 
see  also  expedition   and  Oxenstierna 
Franck,  Joh.,  quoted,  158 
Frankfort-on-Main,    82 
Fredricksson,    David,    skipper,    632 
Freedenhurgh   (ship),  see  ships 
Freeman,  quoted,  456 
"  Frelsebonder,"    explained,    517 
French   Company,   46 
Frenchman,   probable   visits   of,   to  the 
Delaware,  165;  captures  the  remnant 
of  the  Swedes  from  the  ninth  expe- 
dition,   273 ;     ill-treats    the    Swedes, 
273  ff. 
Fresh  River,  676 

Fridericia,  quoted,  8-9,  33,  250,  251 
Friedell,  Peter,  to  aid  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  tenth  expedition,  470,  642 
Fries,  Ellen,  quoted,  6,  17,  19,  469,  475 
Fries,  Jon  Hansson,  641 
Friesland,  696 
Frieze,  price  of,  352 
Frishe    and    Company,    Jacob,    beaver 

skins  sold  to,  157 
Frosthult,  679 
Fruit  trees,  531;  see  also  New  Sweden, 

Printz,   Rising   and   agriculture 
Fryxell,  quoted,  30,  551 
Fuerborn,  Johan,  see  Johan  Fijrborn 


Gall,   Hans,  bookkeeper  of  South-Ship 

Company,   71 
Gallas,  defeats  Horn  and  Bernhard,  6, 

82,  91 
Gangunkel,   Paul,   builds   a   factory   at 

Bergkvarna,  34 
Garden,  George,  buys  tobacco,  159 
Gard\iska\  Arc/ilivet},  De  la,  quoted, 

21,  23,  25-26,  29-30,  39,  43,  289 
Gardie,  Jacob  de  la,  693,  694;  conducts 

the  Russian  campaign,  4;  in  Poland, 

5 
Gardie,  De  la,  letter  sent  to,  656 


Gardie,    Countess    Marie    de    la,    con- 
tributes  to  the   American    Company, 
624 
Gardiner,  quoted,  5,  7,  12,  91,  177-178 
Gdsen,  see  ships 
Geer,  Laurence  de,  478 
Geer,    Louis    de,    673 ;    relations    with 
Comenius,  27;  enters  into  an  agree- 
ment with  the  South-Ship   Company 
about   the   founding   of   a   ropewalk, 
64;  to  insure  the  Achilles,  133;  buys 
King  David;  quoted,  12,  48 
Gefle,   Usselinx  visits,  62 
Geijer,  Eric  Gustaf,  quoted,  4,  7,  52- 

53.  59,  61,  79,  98,  251,  252,  554 
General  Commercial  Company,  83 
Genleral]     Handsels']     och    Skep{p']s- 
klompaniertj,  quoted,  65,  71-73,  78, 
80,  163 
Genezereth     (Gennesareth),    Lake    of, 

391 
Geogr[aplna  Americael,   683 ;   written 
by  Lindestrom,  account  of,  555-560; 
quoted,   188,   190-191,   193,   274;  see 
also  Lindestrom 
Geraet    (Gerardy),  Jan,  trades  in  the 

South  River,  417-418 
German     correspondence,     to    be    con- 
ducted by  Beier,  225 
German  language,  influences  the  Swed- 
ish, 23 
Germany,  682,  688 ;   Swedish  arms  in, 
90-91;    Swedes   in   danger   of  being 
driven  out  of,  91 ;  Usselinx  detained 
in,    120;    Gustavus    Adolphus    sails 
for,  7 
g.g.,  see  guldgiillen 
Gilbert,  Matthew,  member  of  the  Dela- 
ware Company,  208 
Gilded  Lion,  see  Forgylda  Lejonet 
Ginea,  see  Guinea 
Glass,  factory,  in  Sweden,  34 
Glass  windows,  see  window-panes 
Glogau,  victories  at,  302 
Gloria  Dei,  366;  see  Old  Swedes  Church 
Goa,  650 
Goats,  two  landed  alive  in  1641,  202; 

see  also  New  Sweden 
Goblets,  horn,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255 
Godyn,      Samuel,      676;      applies      for 
privileges  to  found  a  colony  on  the 
South   River,    170;    proprietor  of   the 
Swanendael,   171 
Goldscheider,  quoted,  43 
Gomes,   Estevan,   said   to  have   visited 

the  country,  165 
Goodyear,    Stephen     (a    London    mer- 
chant,    died     1658),     vice-governor, 


Index. 


839 


member  of  the  Delaware  Company, 
208 ;  sent  to  treat  with  the  Swedes, 
578  ff. 

Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  given  a  patent 
for  the  discovery  of  the  Great  Lake, 
392;  sends  Capt.  Neal  to  America, 
393-39+,   quoted,   391-394 

Goteborgs  Hist.,  quoted,  478 

Gothenburg,  no,  in,  122,  124,  125, 
130,  683,  695,  697;  manufacture  of 
glass  at,  63;  factor  at,  123;  goods 
bought  at,  105,  125 ;  tobacco  sold  at, 
233;  tobacco  trade  at,  641;  see  also 
expeditions 

Gothland,  692 

Goths,   Christina,   Queen  of,   184 

Gothus,  bishop,  quoted,  28 

Gotland   (ship),  see  ships 

Government,  departments  of,  in  Swe- 
den, 15;  constitutional,  19;  handed 
over  to  Christina  in  1644,  20;  self- 
government  in  Sweden  dates  to  an- 
tiquity, 20;  system  of,  21;  a  stock- 
holder in  the  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany, 245  ff. ;  in  New  Sweden  during 
the  time  of  Printz,  450  ff. ;  of  Rising, 

497  ff- 

Granaries,    364 

Granberg,  quoted,  30 

Grange,  De  la,  690 

Granlund,   quoted,  49 

Grantvagan,  540 

Graphaeus,  Anthon,  appointed  to  raise 
subscriptions  in   Sweden,  66 

Grasmeer,  Wilhelraus,  437 

Gravesend  (Gravesand),  in  New  Eng- 
land,  510 

Great  Lake,  to  be  discovered  by  Young, 
179;  English  try  to  discover,  392  ff. 

Gregson  (Grigson),  Thomas,  member 
of  the  Delaware  Company,  208 ;  com- 
plains about  the  Swedes,  388 

Greifswald,  688 

Grensmohlen,   682 

Grimm's  Law,  foreshadowed  by  Georg 
Stiernhjelm,  25 

Grip,  see  ships 

G.ips/;o/m,   331 

Groote  C/iristoffel,  see  ships 

Grotenfelt,  quoted,  528 

Grotius,  in  the  diplomatic  service  of 
Sweden,  9 

Grubbe,  Lars,  assessor  in  the  Com- 
mercial  College,   16 

Guilder  (gulden),  value  of,  41 

Guilds,  in  Sweden,  43 


Guinea,  copper  sent  to,  89 ;  navigation 
to,  92 ;  see  also  copper  trade 

Guinean  Company,  see  New  Sweden 
Company 

Guinean  trade,  95 ;  see  also  the  West 
Indian   trade 

Guiney,  621 ;  see  also  Guinea 

Gulden,  see  guilder 

GuldgUllen,  same  as  gold  guilder  (gul- 
den), 88 

Gummere,  quoted,  361 

Gustaf  L,  King  of  Sweden,  treaty  with 
England,  11;  founds  the  city  of  Vasa 
in   Finland,   328 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  679,  686,  688;  as- 
cends the  Swedish  throne,  3 ;  con- 
ducts the  Russian  campaign  in  per- 
son, 4;  called  upon  to  become  the 
leader  of  the  Protestants,  5  ;  engages 
in  the  Thirty  Years  War,  6 ;  gives 
a  royal  assurance,  19;  the  Bible  of, 
22;  charters  trading  companies,  45 
ff . ;  grants  audience  to  Usselinx,  53; 
gives  commission  to  Usselinx  to 
found  a  general  trading  company, 
53-54;  grants  charter  to  the  South 
Company,  54;  appoints  two  directors 
for  the  South  Company,  58 ;  con- 
tributes to  the  company,  59;  Usselinx' 
visit  to,  61 ;  gives  privileges  to  Bon- 
nell,  63-64;  greatly  interested  in  the 
ropewalks  of  the  South  Company, 
64;  assigns  a  small  vessel  to  the 
South  Company,  66;  Usselinx  ob- 
tains his  release  from,  68 ;  proposes 
the  founding  of  a  ship  company,  69; 
presents  the  needs  of  the  ship  com- 
pany to  the  diet,  70;  contributions  to 
the  South-Ship  Company,  71 ;  takes 
interest  in  the  New  South  Company, 
81;  well  disposed  towards  Finnish 
migration  to  Sweden,  147;  makes 
treaty  with  Buckingham,  177 ;  biog- 
raphy, 681 

Gylle(?),  de,  76 

Gyllene  Haj,  see  ships 

Gyllengren,  Elias,  buys  goods  at  Nevr 
Amsterdam,  339;  returns  to  the  col- 
ony in  the  capacity  of  a  Lieutenant, 
477;  complains  to  the  governor,  486; 
sent  ashore  by  Rising  to  demand  the 
surrender  of  Fort  Casimir,  583;  con- 
ferences with  Dutch,  598,  614;  wife 
of,  killed,  663;  remains  in  the  col- 
ony, 663  ;  see  also  Fort  Trefaldighet 

Gyllenpatron,  X'ajor,  691 

Gymnasier,  secondary  schools  in  Swe- 
den, 27 


840 


Index. 


H 

Haakansson,   Haakan,  493 
Haarlem,    675 

Hachaman,   Indian   chief,    564 
Hague,  118,  674,  675,  695;  Oxenstierna's 

visit  at,  91;  see  also  Spiring,  Blom- 

maert,  Minuit  and  Trotzig 
Ha'h  see  Gyllene  Ha] 
Hakluyt,  quoted,  550 
Half  Moon,  see  ships 
Hall,  Printz,  see  Printz  Hall 
Halland,  tobacco  trade  in,  641 
Hamburg,  mentioned,  105,  675,  see  also 

Usselinx 
Hamel,  676 

Haramel   (Hammal),  716 
Hand,     och     Ndringar,    Nord.     Saml., 

quoted,  622,  644,  646 
Hand.  ror.  Shan.  Hist.,  quoted,  45,  58, 

95,  126,  149,  151 
Hanneman,  B.,  641 
Hansa  League,  44 
Hansson,  Hans,  to  sell  tobacco  for  the 

Company,  292 
Hansson,   Isak,   to  sell  tobacco  for  the 

Company,  292 
Hansson,  Krister,  641 
Hards-cloth,    price   of,    352 
Harkhofen,  brings  40  families  into  the 

South  River,  447 
Harlingen,   Swedish  ships   at,   245 ;   see 

also  expeditions 
Harmensen,  Pieter,  granted  land,  411; 

did  not  settle  the  land,  412 
Harmony,  see  Endriikt 
Harommuny,  Island  of,  Dutch  prepare 

to  build  at,  434 
Harrington,  quoted,  190 
Hart,  Albert  Bushnell,  quoted,  573 
Hartford,   New  England,   515;  see  also 

Jacob   Svensson  and  the  English 
Hartford  Convention,   574-575 
Hartung,  quoted,  361 
Harvey,    Sir   John,    Governor,    quoted, 

167 
Hasser,  H.,  quoted,  29 
Hastenas,    495 
Hattowens,   Indian  chief,  sold   land  to 

the  Dutch,  429 
Hazard,     Ebenezer,      (State     Papers), 

quoted,  173,  175,  213-215,  402 
Hazard,  Samuel,  quoted,   57,   117,   139, 

141,  143,  169-170,  172,  179,  185-186, 

192,  194,  196,  304-305,  320,  326,  328, 

334,  338,  343,  350,  382,  410-411,  413, 

417-418,  451-452,  466,  529,  578,  587, 


589-590,  592,  595,  598-599,  601,  648, 
658-659,  665,  670 

Heckemak,  381 

Hedderly,  366 

Hedemora,  tobacco  to  be  sold  at,  292, 
642 

Heffner,  Jacob,  mayor  of  Borga,  salt 
assigned  to,  288 

Heikel,  quoted,  346 

Heilbronn,  81;  League  of,  practically 
dissolved,  91 

Heimer,  quoted,  177 

Heinsius,  Nicolaas,  demands  presented 
to,  649 

Helsingor,  mentioned,  105,  493 ;  ships 
arrive  at,  261,  472 ;  see  also  expedi- 
tions 

Hemming,  Clas,  suit  against,  233 

Hemp,  Ridder  requests,   198 

Hemp  Company  at  Riga,  47-48 

Henlopen,  Cape,  384;  Bogaert  proposes 
to  build  a  fort  at,  143  ;  Cabot  prob- 
ably passed,  165;  Godyn  and  Blom- 
maert  buy  land  at,  170;  Printz  to 
build  a  stronghold  at,  303 

Hennepin,  quoted,  560 

Henrietta  Maria,  Queen,  Maryland 
called  in  honor  of,  173 

Henry  VIII.,  treaty  with  Sweden,  11 

Henry,  Prince,  letter  of  recommenda- 
tion for  Usselinx  to,  68 

Hercules,  see  ships 

Hernevi,  678 

Hernlund,  quoted,  23 

Herrman,  Augustin,  authorizes  to  col- 
lect debts,  339;  brings  news  about 
the  shipwreck  of  the  Katt,  433  ;  signs 
Indian  deed,  422;  map  of,  189; 
quoted,  188-190 

Hessen,  Landtgrefven  af,  98 

Hewes,  Josua,  member  of  the  Company 
formed  at  Boston,  395 

Heyde,  de,  652 

Heyes,  Capt.  Peter,  sails  to  the  Dela- 
ware, 170;  founds  Swanendael  at  the 
Horn   (Hoere)  Kill,  171 

Hielmare  Canal,  constructed,  39 

Hildebrand,  quoted  3-8,  10-12,  15,  20- 
21,  49,  57,  251,  252,  282,   356,  456- 

459,   641 
Hill,   Valentine,   member  of  the   Com- 
pany formed  at  Boston,  395 
Hindricksson,  Jon,   skipper,   632 
Hindricksson,     Johan,     governor,     con- 
tributes   to    second    expedition,    125 ; 
secures  colonists,  126-127;  successful, 
127 ;    letters   to   be   sent   to,    146 ;    to 


Index. 


841 


consult  Roloffson,   147;   supplies  pro- 
visions,  224;   see  also  expeditions 
Hindrickson  (Hindrixsz.,  Henderickse), 
van  der  Water    (de   Waeter,  Waet- 
ter),  Jan  (Jehan,  Johan),  skipper  on 
Kalmar  Nyckel,   112   ff. 
Hindricksen,  Thering,   760 
Hinoyossa,   Alexander   d',   made   Direc- 
tor, 666;  arrives  at  South  River,  667; 
made  commander  of  the  colonies,  669 
Hisingen,  493 
Hist.  Arkisto,  quoted,  37 
Hist.  Bibl.,  quoted,  48,  244 
Hist.  Col.  of  Mass.,  quoted,  208,  213 
Hist.  Mag.,  quoted,  i88,   190,  259,   595, 

597-598,   600-601,   603,   608 
Hist,  of  IFyoming,  quoted,  208 
Hist[orisi]    Tid[skrift},   quoted,  9,   30, 
34,  36,  37,  40,  378,  475,  552,  555,  646 
Hjarne,  quoted,  457 
Hjarta,  quoted,  456 

Hjort,  Rev.  Peter,  on  tenth  expedition, 
478 ;   stationed  at  Fort  Trefaldighet, 
546-547,   614 
Hodge,  quoted,  188 
Hoeufft,    Mattheus,    shares   in    a   brass 

factory  at  Nacka,  89 
Hocffnaegell,  Jaris,  shares  in  Company, 

106 
Hoere  Kill,  see  Horn  Kill 
Hof,   Printz,  see  Printz  Hall 
Hofberg,  quoted,  29 
Hogstrom,  quoted,  49 
Holidays,   observed   in   the  colony,   369 

flf. ;  special,  370,  346-347 
Holland,   327,   641,   674,   675,   682,   684, 
693,  695,  696,  698;  defeats  Spain,  3; 
friend    of    Sweden,     12-13;    controls 
the  shipping  of  the  Baltic,   13;  turns 
against    Sweden,    8,     13-14;    skilled 
w-orkmen   imported   from,   64;   mate- 
rials   secured    in,    64;    merchants    of, 
91;  sailors  hired   in,  109-1 11 ;  tobacco 
sent    from,    161    ff.;    mentioned,    327, 
641;    see    also    expeditions.    Spiring, 
Trotzig,   Oxenstierna,  Bloramaert 
Hollander,  quoted,  27,  29 
Hollandica,  quoted,  649 
Hot.  Doc.  quoted,  410 
Holm.,  Rev.,  see  Campanius 
Holm,     Thomas     Campanius,     repeats 
statement  of  Rising,  175;  quoted,  176, 
190-191,  240-241,  261,  347,  367,  374, 
376,   379,  482,   535,   554,   559-560 
Holm,  Theodor,  quoted,  16,  39 
Holm(e),  meaning  of,   331 
Holmberg,  quoted,  30 


Holstein,    trade   from,   46 ;   harbors   in, 

142 
Holmes,  George,  sails  up  to  Fort  Nas- 
sau, 180 
Home-trade,  in  Sweden,  40 
Hooghkamer,    Hendrik,   takes   place   of 

Van  Reede,  138 
Hook,  Erick  Ericksson,  petition  of,  249 
Hooks,  fish,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255; 
see  also  expeditions  and  New  Sweden 
Hook,    Lieut.    Sven,    on    the    Haj    from 
Stockholm   to   Gothenburg,   480;   ap- 
pointed in  the  place  of  Amundsson  in 
New       Sweden,      491 ;       papers      of 
Amundsson  given  to,  492;  salary  of, 
503;    arrived    at    Christina,    525;    re- 
fused to  sign  inventory,  589;   sent  to 
look  for  the  Dutch,  596  ff. ;  released, 
612;   reports  to  Trotzig,  616 
Hoorn,  see  ships 

Hopp,  Capt.  Berendt  Hermansson,  760; 
makes  a  trading  journey  to  the  Carib- 
bean Islands,  244  ff. ;  owes  the  com- 
pany,  247,   642 
Horn,    Clas,    subscribed    to    the    South 

Company,   60 
Horn,     Evert,     conducts     the     Russian 

Campaign,  4 
Horn,    Gustaf,    Field    Marshal,    takes 
part   in   Russian   campaign,    5;    army 
of,  defeated,  6,  82,  91 
Horn,    Paridon    von,    subscribed    to   the 

South  Company,  60 
Horn     (Hoorn)     Kill,    colonists    to    be 
settled   at,    143;    colony   at,    170-171 ; 
name  discussed,   171;   goods  sent  to, 
563  ;  see  also  Swanendael 
Horses,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  128;  five 
landed    alive    in    1641    in    New    Swe- 
den, 202 ;  bought  from  New  Amster- 
dam, 331;  sold  to  the  English,  523 
Horst,  van  der,  see  Godard  van  Reede 
Houses,  built  by  Minuit  in  Fort  Chris- 
tina,  118,   193;   built  at  Fort  Nassau, 
178  ;  description  of,  in  New  Sweden, 
204,  345  ff.,  537  ff. 
Howkeshocken,    English    lands    extend 

from,  211 
Hubbard,  see  Col.  of  Mass.  Hist.  So. 
Hudde,  Andries  (Anders),  appointed 
the_  successor  of  Jansen,  408 ;  more 
active  and  aggressive  than  jansen, 
409 ;  orders  Blanck  to  proceed  to  the 
Schuylkill,  409;  advises  Governor 
Kieft  of  the  troubles  with  the 
Swedes,  410;  attempts  to  ascend  the 
Delaware  in  search  of  gold,  411; 
buys  land  from  the  Indians,  412  ff. ; 


842 


Index. 


protests  against  the  Swedes,  413- 
414;  complains  tliat  the  Swedes 
stirred  up  the  Indians  against  the 
Dutch,  415;  personal  relations  with 
Printz  seem  to  have  been  cordial, 
416;  goes  to  New  Amsterdam  to  re- 
port, 417;  ordered  to  erect  a  house  at 
Fort  Nassau,  418 ;  in  dispute  with 
the  Swedes,  418-419;  receives  a  grant 
of  land  from  the  Indians,  419-420; 
erects  fort  Beversreede,  420;  Stuy- 
vesant  writes  to,  420-421 ;  ordered 
to  send  Indians  to  New  Amster- 
dam, 420-421 ;  instructed  to  inform 
the  commissioners  about  the  situa- 
tion of  the  River,  421-422;  Printz 
complains  about  the  actions  of,  423 ; 
goes  again  to  New  Amsterdam, 
424;  accused  of  fraud,  424-425; 
about  to  report,  426;  buys  new  land 
from  the  Indians,  428  ff. ;  instructed 
to  join  hands  with  Printz  against 
the  English,  432;  signs  the  deed, 
d37 ;  aids  in  making  a  map  for  Ri- 
sing of  the  South  River,  517;  prom- 
ised to  serve  Rising  as  faithfully  as 
he  had  served  his  former  master,  585 ; 
examined  at  court  because  he  was 
accused  of  desertion,  512;  member 
of  the  council  in  the  South  River 
under  the  Dutch,  657;  sent  to  New 
Amsterdam,  661 ;  quoted,  323,  410, 
418-419,  422,  425-426,  429 

Hudson,  Henry,  an  Englishman  of  Lon- 
don, 166;  Spaniards,  visit  New  York 
a  century  before,  165 ;  enters  service 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company, 
166;  in  the  Delaware  Bay,  166;  re- 
turns to  Europe,  167 

Hudson  River,  Printz  to  be  on  good 
terms  with  the  Dutch  on,  405 ;  Stuy- 
vesant  supposes  that  Printz  intends 
to  build  a  fort  at  the  source  of,  430- 
431;  feared  that  the  English  would 
try  to  get  possession  of,  432 

Hunting,  in  New  Sweden,  202-203 ;  see 
also  New  Sweden 

Huygen,  Hendrick  (Hendrik  Huygen, 
Huyghen,  Hughen,  Hugen),  appointed 
commissioner  for  the  colony,  112;  re- 
turns to  Sweden,  130;  sent  to  Holland 
to  buy  goods,  145;  sells  tobacco,  161- 
162;  signs  the  deeds  of  the  first  land 
bought  by  the  Swedes,  184;  mer- 
chandise left  in  the  charge  of,  194; 
tried  to  obtain  a  cargo  for  the  re- 
turning ships  of  the  fourth  expedi- 
tion,  155;  protest  addressed  to,  216; 


sent  to  New  Amsterdam  to  buy  sup- 
plies and  bring  back  deserters,  310- 
311;  sent  to  New  Amsterdam  on  the 
second  expedition  to  buy  oxen, 
313;  sent  into  the  Minquas  country 
with  merchandise,  329;  sent  into  the 
Minquas  country  in  1647,  332;  states 
that  the  Hollanders  conducted  a 
harmful  inland  trade,  335;  letter  of 
introduction  for,  407 ;  sent  to  remove 
the  Dutch  arms  from  the  limits  of 
the  land,  413;  Hudde  complains 
about,  414;  sent  to  deliver  a  protest 
to  the  Dutch,  420;  estimate  of,  453; 
secretary  or  clerk  at  the  court,  459- 
461;  returns  to  Sweden,  466;  arrives 
in  Sweden,  619;  stock-holder  in  the 
American  Company,  626;  returns  to 
the  colony  as  liead  commissary  and 
in  charge  of  the  ship,  634;  lands  at 
Fort  Casimir,  659;  arrested  as  an 
enemy  of  the  state,  659 ;  goes  to  New 
Amsterdam  to  present  his  case  before 
the  council,  660;  differences  with 
Papegoja,  remains  in  the  colony  and 
enters  Dutch  service,  662 ;  684,  762 ; 
quoted,  154-155,  201,  204,  210,  659 
Hvittis  Socken,  colonists  from,  243 

I 

Illiteracy,  in  Sweden,  among  the  Dela- 
ware Swedes,  28 
Imports,  into  Sweden,  34;  see  also  Swe- 
den and  New  Sweden 
Inch,  Swedish,  length  of,  42 
Indeanischen  Estata  Rathen,  277 
Indians,  destroy  the  Swanendael  col- 
ony, 171;  Young  trades  with,  179; 
kill  English  in  Delaware,  179;  in- 
form the  Dutch  of  the  presence  of 
the  English  in  the  Delaware,  179- 
i8o;  Minuit  buys  land  from,  183- 
184;  Ridder  buys  land  from,  200  flF. ; 
trade  with  Minuit,  187-191;  gifts 
presented  to,  192;  trade  with  the 
Swedes,  185,  187,  191  ff.,  199,  309  ff., 
568  ff. ;  Printz  buys  land  from,  332, 
335.  3371  Rising  buys  land  from, 
564  ff.,  567  ff.,  569  ff. ;  English  buy 
land  from,  208  ff. ;  Dutch  buy  land 
from,  170  ff.,  178-179,  412  ff.,  422, 
428  ff.,  436  ff. ;  relation  of,  with  the 
Swedes,  199,  375  ff.,  563  ff.;  stirred 
up  by  the  Dutch  against  the  Swedes, 
276,  415,  420 
Industries,  see  Sweden  and  New  Swe- 
den 


Index. 


843 


Ingerraanland  (Ingria),  ceded  by 
Russia  to  Sweden  in  1617,  4.;  efforts 
to  raise  subscriptions  in,   67 

Inkomna  skrifvelser  (K.A.),  quoted, 
163 

Innsbruclc,  679 

Instructions,  quoted,  210,  214,  303,  309, 
312,  404,  408,  450,  498-500 

Insurance,   40,    145 

Ireland,  Lord  Justice  of,  issues  grant 
to  Plowden,    174 

Irish,  probable  visits  of,  to  the  Dela- 
ware,  165 

Iron  works,  Swedish,  famous  in  Eng- 
land, II,  34 

Iroquois,  meaning  of,  187;  Lakes  and 
Rivers  of,  191-192;  see  also  Black 
and  White  Minquas,  Indians  and 
New  Sweden 

Iroquoian  tribes,  location  of,  187 

Isin-glass,  Swedes  said  to  have  made 
windows  of,  348 

Isle  de  Sable,  to  be  occupied  by  Swedes, 
112;  to  trade  at,  114;  to  be  called 
Christina,  113;  black  foxes  to  be 
hunted  on,  113;  cattle  to  be  captured 
on,  113;  maps  of,  to  be  made,  112 

Italy,  688 ;   relation   with  Sweden,   9 

J 

Jacie,  Henry,  quoted,  398 

Jacobs  O.,  see  Jacque's  Island 

Jacobsson,  Jacob,  subscribed  to  the 
South  Company,  60 

Jacobstad,   tobacco   trade   in,   641 

Jacque's  Island  (Jacobs  O),  Printz  to 
build  a  stronghold  on,  303 

Jacquet,  Jean  Paul  (Paulus),  ap- 
pointed Vice-Director,  657;  assumes 
his  office,  658;  petition  to,  659;  re- 
ports to  Stuyvesant,  659-661 ;  com- 
plaints against,  664 

Jamaica,  177 

James  I.,  King  of  England,  vanity  of, 
4;  gives  privileges  to  Lord  Balti- 
more,  172 

James  City,  see  Jamestown 

Jameson,  Dr.  p.,  quoted,  38,  45,  52-54, 
57-58,  62-65,  68,  77,  81-83,  '02,  120, 
167,  169,  172,  466,  573,  595,  600,  603, 
666 

Jamestown,  174,  382;  Charles  I.  sends 
a  document  to,  216 

Jamtland,   682 

Janeke,  Hans,  barber-surgeon,  hired  to 
go  to  New  Sweden,  243 ;  arrives  in 
the  colony,  317,  634 


Jannson,  Johan,  cartographer,  quoted, 
391 

Jansen,  Andrian,  759 

Jansen,  Jan,  skipper,  trading  on  the 
South  River,  343 

Jansen,  Jan,  commissioner  of  Fort  Nas- 
sau, 181;  arrives  on  the  South  River, 
186;  shoots  at  the  Swedish  sloop, 
207 ;  reports  the  presence  of  the 
Enflish  to  New  Amsterdam,  214; 
expels  the  English  from  the  Schuyl- 
kill, 215;  testifies  against  Lamberton, 
384-385;  ordered  not  to  let  Aspin- 
wall  pass  Fort  Nassau,  396;  on  good 
terms  with  the  Swedes,  407-408 ;  ac- 
cused of  fraud,  Hudde  appointed  his 
successor,  408 ;  Hudde  more  aggres- 
sive than,  409 ;  member  of  the  court 
in   1643,  460 

Jansen,  Peter,  sells  goods  to  the  Swedes, 
310 

Jansen,  Pouwel,  commander  of  Kalmar 
Nyckel,  129,  759 

Jansen,   Peter,   witness,   382 

Janssen,  Jan,  Capt.,  258 

Jansson,   Anders,  474 

Jansson,   Bartolomeus,   rope-maker,   65 

Jansson,  Jacob,  762 

Jansson,  Thomas,  see  Thomas  Johan- 
sson 

Jansson,  VV.,  quoted,  75 

Jeffery,  Thomas,  member  of  the  Hart- 
ford Convention,  575 ;  to  go  to  the 
Delaware,  578 

Jena,  686,  688 

Jesuit  Relations,  quoted,  334 

Jews,  exempt  from  military  service, 
594;  trade  at  the  South  River,  658- 
659 

Joachimss,  Johan,  758 

Jochimsen,  Jan,  760 

Jochimson,  see  colonists 

Johanss.,   Peter,   758 

Johansson,  M.,  secretary  on  Kalmar 
Nyckel.  245;  badly  wounded,  251 

Johansson,  Thomas,  member  of  the 
tobacco  company,  161,  291 

Johnson,  Col.  R.  G.,  quoted,  305 

Jol,  admiral,  195 

Jonkoping,  difficulty  in  raising  shares, 
70;   689 

Jonkopings  Ian,  689 

Jonsson,  Anders,  761 

Jonsson,  Jon,  642 

Jonsson,  Pafvel,  account  of,  352 

Joransen,  Andrian,  skipper,   H2,  758 

Joransson,  Ambrosius,  petition  of,  249 

Joransson,  Eric,  letter  sent  to,  67 


844 


Index. 


Joransson,  Johan,  to  sell  tobacco  for 
the  company,  292 

Josselyn,  John,  quoted,  175 

Journal  (K.A.),  quoted,  163 

Journal  (N.S.,  III.  (K.A.)),  quoted,  v>- 
41,  105-108,  III,  122,  124-125,  130- 
»33,  144-145,  149-150,  154,  157,  161, 
194,  205,  225-228,  231-234,  240-244, 
247-248,  253,  255,  261,  263-266,  268, 
276,  282-283,  287-289,  293-300,  %oi- 
305,  310,  317,  327,  336,  342-343,  348, 
357,  366,  371-372,  451-452,  454,  471- 
474,  478,  494,  502,  527,  616,  626,  633, 
637-638,  641,  643 

Journal  of  Rising,  see  Rising 

Juet,  Robert,  second  mate(?)  on  the 
Half  Moon,  166,  quoted,  166-167 

Julian  Calendar,  used  in  Sweden  and 
New  Sweden,  42 

Jung  (Junge),  Melchior,  establishes 
glassworks  at  Stockholm,  34 

Junge  (Jung),  Daniel,  to  establish  a 
fish  company,  50;  member  of  new 
Tobacco  Company,  298 ;  appointed 
factor  in  place  of  Bonnell,  623 ;  offers 
to  pay  for  the  right  of  selling  to- 
bacco, 637;  sent  to  organize  the  to- 
bacco trade,  638;  advanced  money 
for  the  company,  sells  tobacco,  639; 
manages  the  company,  641 ;   quoted, 

639 
Junge,  Jacob,  sells  tobacco  in  Alingsas, 

642 

Jury,  Swedish,  origin  of,  456-457;  de- 
scription of,  457-458 ;  in  New  Swe- 
den, 459  ff. 

Jutland,  ships  pass,  261;  see  also  ex- 
peditions 

K 

K.A.    (Kammar  Arkiv),  802 
Kabbeljouw,  Abraham,  see  Cabeliau 
Kabeliaw,  Peter  Pawelsson,  760 
Kadiz,  75 

Kagg,  Lars,  writes  to  Oxenstierna  con- 
cerning colonists  for  New  Sweden, 
268 ;  instructed  to  keep  Gothenburg 
in  a  state  of  defense,  276;  quoted, 
259,  268 
Kahre,    Truls,    member    of    the    New 

Russian  Company,  50 
Kalevata,  quoted,  351,  354,  527 
Kallmeter  (Kalmater,  Kohlmather), 
Jacob,  289 ;  member  of  the  first  To- 
bacco Company,  161;  member  of  the 
Tobacco  Company,  291 ;  remains 
member  of  the  Company  in  1647, 
294 ;    direction    of    the    company    in 


the  hands  of,  292 ;  buys  large  quan- 
tities of  tobacco  from  Bonnell,  296 

Kalm,  Peter,  quoted,  204,  348-349,  358, 
531-532 

Kalmar,  Tobacco  Company  has  agents 
at,  292 

Kalmar  Ian,  tobacco  trade  in,  641. 

Kalmar  Nyckel,  see  ships 

Kalmater,  see  Kallmeter 

Kammarkollegiura  (College  of  the 
Exchequer),  15,  476 

Kam[mar'\  Kolllegie}  Reglistratur'i, 
quoted,  49,  89,  131,  476 

Kampen,  109;  town  in  Holland  near 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  258 ;  see  also  expedi- 
tions 

Kanna   (Swedish),  capacity  of,  42 

Katt   [Kattan],  see  ships 

Keel-boat,  made  at  Fort  Elfsborg,  315; 
see  also  shipbuilding 

Keen,  G.  B.,  quoted,  175,  400,  629 

Kent,  island,  settled  by  Clayborne,  173 

Kernkamp,  quoted,  48,  92-97,  104,  106, 
117,  120,  137-138,  185,  193-195,  250- 

251 
Kettles,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255;  see 

also  expeditions 
Kexholm,   Karl   Johansson   from,    152- 

153;  ceded  to  Sweden,  4 
Kexholras    Ian,    ceded    by    Russia    to 

Sweden,  4 
Key,  quoted,  27 
Keyser,  Andrian,  to  report  on  Hudde's 

accounts,  424 
Kiapes,    son    of    Mitatsimint,    testifies 

against  Peminacka,  438  ff. 
Kickeesickenom,  sold  land  to  the  Dutch, 

429 
Kidder,  is  mistaken  in  supposing  that 
the  letter  of  Mar.  21,  1644,  was  sent 
with    Aspinwall,    391 ;    quoted,    389- 

391,  397,  461 

Kikitan,   381 

Kieft,  Willera,  governor,  makes  agree- 
ment with  the  Swedes,  143 ;  protests 
against  Minuit,  186;  no  orders  to 
oppose  the  Swedes  by  force,  195; 
protests  against  Coxwell,  213;  recom- 
mends Coxwell  to  the  favor  of  his 
commissary  at  the  Delaware,  214; 
Printz  writes  to,  310;  sell  merchan- 
dise to  Huygen,  310-311;  paid  by 
Huygen  for  lodging,  sloop  of,  brings 
cattle  to  New  Sweden,  313;  orders 
Jansen  not  to  let  the  English  pass 
the  fort,  396;  protests  against  the 
Swedes,  writes  friendly  letters  to 
the    Swedes,   407;    complaints    made 


Index. 


84s 


against  the  leniency  of,  towards  the 
Swedes,  408 ;  shows  more  concern 
about  the  trading  post  in  the  South 
River,  409;  Hudde  writes  to,  410; 
orders  his  commissary  to  buy  land 
on  the  South  River,  412;  Stuyvesant 
appointed  in  place  of,  416 ;  biog- 
raphy, 681 

King  Dawid,  see  ships 

Kingsassingh,  see  Kingsessing 

Kingsessing  (Kingsassingh),  464,  527, 
566;  see  also  New  Sweden,  the 
Dutch,  Rising  and  the  Indians 

King,  William,  skipper,   530 

Kintakosy,  sold  land  to  the  Dutch,  429 

Kippaka,  531 

Kirby,  Francis,  quoted,  398 

Kirke,  success  of,  in  1629,  393 

Kirsfoot(?),   paid  by  the  Swedes,   333 

Klimpert,  quoted,  42 

Kling,  Mans  Nilsson,  699,  704,  715; 
goes  on  first  expedition,  112;  accom- 
panies Minuit  up  Minquas  Kill,  184; 
left  in  command  of  the  fort,  194; 
returns  to  Europe,  130;  collects  col- 
onists, 149-150;  goes  again  to  the 
colony,  153,  202;  placed  in  command 
of  the  block-house  in  the  Schuylkill, 
318-319;  does  business  with  the  sav- 
ages, 324;  commander  of  Fort  Kors- 
holm,  331-332;  returns  to  Sweden, 
261,  336 

Kluge.  quoted,  351 

Knapla,  683 

Knives,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255; 
brought  over  in  large  quantities,  355 

Kock,  referred  to,  25 

Kohlmaiher,  see  Jacob  Kallmeter 

Kokarakungh,  566 

Kom[mers']  Koll^egium'],  see  Com- 
Imers^    Coll[egium'\. 

Kompanier,   (K.A),  quoted,  163 

Kongelf,  493 

Konigsmark,  Count  Otto  Wilhelm,  654 

Koninck  Salomon,  see  ship 

Konung  David,  see  King  David 

Konung  Carl,  see  ships 

Koping,   137;  Bogaert  goes  to,   137 

Kopparberget,  239;  Kling  goes  to,  150; 
Tobacco  Company  to  have  its  own 
representatives  at,  291 

Koskinen,  Yrjo,  quoted,  31,  147 

Kola   (kdta) ,  meaning  of,  345 

Kramer,  Hans,  680;  buys  goods  for 
fourth  expedition,  151;  copies  ac- 
counts from  New  Sweden  into  the 
official  books  of  the  company,  231; 
bookkeeper  of  the  African  Company, 


49 ;  present  at  discussions  of  the 
company,  221-222;  remains  book- 
keeper of  the  Company,  231;  the 
office  of  the  Company  in  the  house 
of,  232;  helps  to  prepare  the  sixth 
expedition,  242 ;  buys  goods  for  the 
Fama,  243;  documents  sent  to,  252; 
busy  in  preparing  eighth  expedition, 
258 ;  helps  to  prepare  the  ninth  ex- 
pedition, 266;  instructed  to  report 
concerning  the  ninth  expedition,  278; 
probably  writes  to  the  chancellor 
and  the  Queen,  283 ;  ordered  to  re- 
pair Gyllene  liaj,  287 ;  pays  money 
to  returning  people  on  the  ninth  ex- 
pedition, 275-276;  makes  inventory 
of  the  goods  of  the  company,  287; 
brings  suit  against  the  Tobacco 
Company,  297;  aids  in  preparing  the 
tenth  expedition,  470;  purchases  sup- 
plies for  the  tenth  expedition,  471, 
474;  aids  in  preparing  the  eleventh 
expedition,  490;  recommends  Els- 
wick  to  the  Commercial  College,  492; 
appointed  treasurer  of  the  American 
Company,  623 ;  draws  up  proposals 
for  the  Company,  625;  retains  his 
position  as  bookkeeper  in  the  com- 
pany, 627;  reports  concerning  the 
condition  of  New  Sweden,  629; 
writes  to  Trotzig,  631 ;  manages  the 
preparations  for  the  twelfth  expedi- 
tion, 632;  warns  against  sending  too 
many  colonists  on  the  tivelfth  expe- 
dition, 633;  new  proposals  for  the 
American  Company,  made  by,  638; 
to  remain  as  manager  of  the  Amer- 
ican Tobacco  Company,  641 ;  bal- 
ances the  books  of  the  New  Sweden 
(the  American)  Company,  642-643; 
secretary  engaged  as  aid  to,  643 ; 
biography,  682;  quoted,  153,  252, 
297,  482,  490,  623,  632 

Krober,  Anders  Nilsson,  captain  on 
Kalmar  A'yckel,  in 

Kroger,  Pal,  641 

Kudrun,  361 

Kungliga  Biblioteket,  see  Royal  Library 
at  Stockholm 

Kruse,  Peter,  governor,  239 

Kullin,   referred  to,  25 

Kurk,  Countess  Brita,  contributes  to  the 
American   Company,  624 

Kvarn  Kill,  526 

Kykesycken,  437 

Kyperj  (kuiperij),  explained,  320  and 
n.   67a. 


846 


Index. 


Laconia,  grant  of,  392;  why  so  named, 

3927393 
Laconia  Company,  sends  Capt.  Neal  to 
America,     393 ;     see    also    Lyconnia 
Company 
Ladoga,  152 
Laer,   Arnold   J.   F.   van,    quoted,   172; 

see  also  Appendix  A 
Laet,  Johan  de,  676;  map  of,  112,  394; 

quoted,  167,  169-170,  191-192 
Lagerfelt,   Israel,  at  London,    12,   620- 

621 
Lamberton,  George,  member  of  the  Del- 
aware Company,  sent  to  purchase 
part  of  the  Delaware,  208 ;  purchases 
land  on  the  Delaware,  209-212; 
builds  a  block-house  at  Varkens  Kill, 
210-211;  builds  block-house  at  the 
Schuylkill,  213-214;  escapes  with  his 
vessel,  215;  continues  his  trade  at 
the  Delaware,  382  ff . ;  anchored  with 
the  ship,  the  Cock,  above  Fort  Chris- 
tina, 383;  arrested  by  Printz,  384; 
brought  into  court  and  examined, 
306,  384-387,  459-460;  decision 
against,  387,  460;  pays  duty,  388; 
complains  against  Printz,  388;  given 
commission  to  go  and  treat  with  the 
Swedish  Governor,  389 ;  Woollen  con- 
fesses that  he  had  not  been  prevailed 
upon  to  testify  falsely  against,  390 

Land-grants  in  New  Sweden,  made  to 
Printz,  317;  to  Amundsson  and 
Skute,  500,  517;  to  Rising,  524;  see 
also  New  Sweden,  Printz,  Amunds- 
son, Gyllengren,  Skute 

Lang,  Jan  Hindrickson,  762 

Langdonk,  Joost  van,  factor  in  New 
Sweden,  127;  Van  Dyck  complains 
against,  129 ;  goes  to  Spiring  at  the 
Hague,  155,  lacks  the  qualities  of  a 
commissary,  199;  quarrels  with  the 
commander,  199-200;  makes  inven- 
tory of  the  goods  at  Christina,  202 ; 
his  return  to  Europe,  205 

Language,  Swedish,  of  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, passing  through  a  transition, 
23;  foreign  influence  on,  23-24; 
special  characteristics  of,  24;  change 
of  consonants  of,   24;   vowels  of,   25 

Lanterns,   352 

Larsen,  quoted,  457 

Larsmas  (August  10),  rye  to  be  sown 
at,  313 

Larsson,  Bengt,  customs  collector  at 
Gothenburg,  109 


Larsson,   Erik    (Erik   Larsson   von   der 

Linde),  33,  78,  88-89,  221,  675 
Larsson,  J.,  sells  tobacco,  643-644 
Larsson,  Jan  (Johan),  bailiff  at  Gothen- 
burg  furnishes   cash   and   provisions 
for  second  expedition,  125 
Larsson,    Johan,    secretary    of    South- 
Ship  Company,  71 
Larsson,  Jurgen,  skipper,  brings  goods 

to  Gothenburg,  283 
Larsson,  Lars,  commander  of  Elfsborg, 

109 
Larsson,  Per,  colonist  on  the  ninth  ex- 
pedition, returns  to  Sweden,  276 
Latin,  influences  the  Swedish  language, 

23 
Laurenssen,  Laurens,  327 
Laurents,   Peter,   former  owner   of   the 

bark,  382 
Laws,     printed     in     Sweden,     21;     of 

Moses,   21 
Leach,    presents    a    description    of    the 

Delaware,  400 
Lecko,  687 

Leendertsen,  Alexander   (Sander),  pre- 
pares to  build,  434 
Leendertsen,    Cornells,    sells    goods    in 

New   Sweden,   312 
Lehigh   River,    Munsees    extending   to, 

188 
Leijonberg  (Leyonberg,  Leionberg,  Lei- 
jonbargh),      Johan      Barkman,      in- 
structed to  present  the  claims  of  the 
American    Company,    650;    655-656; 
quoted,  12,   51 
Leijonskold,  see  MSrten  Augustinsson 
Leipzig,  688 

Lejonhufvud,     Gustaf,     governor,     va- 
grant Finns  in  his  district,  148 ;  gov- 
ernment writes  to,   150 
Leksand,   district   in   Dalarne,   Sweden, 

education  in,  28 
Lemerick,  763 
Lenape,    inhabited   New   Sweden,    187 ; 

location  of,  187-188 
Leni-Lenape,  see  Lenape 
Letstigen,  see  Lytestegen(  ?) 
Lewes,  quoted,  483 
Lex  Mercatoria,  quoted,  42 
Leyden,   109,  686,  693 
Libau,  Sweden  collects  duty  at,  6 
Libraries,  see  Royal  Library,  University 

Library  of  Upsala 
Library,  belonging  to  Printz,  349 
Lidkoping,  642,  687 
Liefde,  see  ships 
Lifland,  see  Livonia 
Linde,  von  der,  see  Erik  Larsson 


Index. 


847 


Lindestrom,  Peter  Martensson,  recom- 
mendation issued  for,  477;  at  the 
University  of  Upsala,  477 ;  decides 
to  go  to  New  Sweden,  477 ;  goes 
ashore  at  Calais,  483 ;  complains  to 
the  Governor,  486 ;  visits  the  French 
Governor-General,  488 ;  salary  of, 
503 ;  ordinance  preserved  in  his 
Gcograph'ta,  504  ff. ;  brought  into 
court,  511;  commissioned  to  divide 
the  fields  into  lots,  makes  a  plan  for 
a  new  town,  518-519;  writes  the 
first  Geography  of  the  Delaiuare  Re- 
gion, 554;  map  of,  published,  Geog- 
raphia  ready,  555;  account  of  his 
Geogrnphia,  556  ff. ;  quoted,  164, 
175,  190-191,  274,  347,  353-355,  429, 
445i  472,  477,  482-489,  493,  511,  514- 
515,  5'9,  523,  530,  542,  554-560,  563- 
565,  57i>  583-585,  595,  597,  599-6oi, 
603-604,  610,  612-614,  616;  biog- 
raphy, 682 

Linen  cloth,  price  of,  352 

Lingard,  quoted,  177 

Linkbping,  693 ;  ropewalk  at,  64 

Linnestau,   Maria  von,   689 

Lisbon,  519;  Swedish  resident  at,  ii 

Lispund,  weight  of,  42,  518 

Lithuania,  62 

Litschoe,  Sergeant  Daniel,  588 

Little  Imatra,  357 

Livonia,  subscriptions  for  the  South 
Company  in,  62,  67;  trade  in,  45; 
duty  on  tobacco  at,  290 

Lloyd,  Commander,  Edward,  sent  to 
confer  with  Rising,  572;  presents 
English  rights  to  the  Delaware,  572- 
573 

Loccenius,  Johannes,  teacher  of  Rising, 
21 

Lock  (Look,  Look,  Lockenius),  Rev. 
Lars  Karlsson  (Carlson,  Carlsson), 
engaged  to  serve  in  the  colony,  260, 
373,  374;  arrives,  334,  374;  conducts 
services  on  Tinicum  after  the  depar- 
ture of  Campanius,  374;  involved  in 
disturbance,  463 ;  alone  in  the  col- 
ony from  1648  to  1654,  546;  charges 
against,  about  to  be  sent  back  to 
Sweden,  510;  remains  in  the  country, 
668  ;  wife  of,  elopes,  668  ;  trouble  with 
Meyer,  668 ;  objects  to  Setskorn,  668- 
669;  remains  alone  among  the 
Swedes  and  Finns  north  of  New 
Amstel,    669 

Lorn,  explained,   152 

Lomma,    152 

London,  166,  674,  675,  693,  696;  Swed- 


ish ambassadors  go  to,  11-12;  Bon- 
nell  arrives  at,  677 

Longfellow,   quoted,  544 

Long  Island  (Long  Isle,  Isle  of  Plow- 
den),  granted  to  Sir  Edmund  Plow- 
den,  174 

Loockermans,  Govert,  trading  on  the 
South  River,  407 

Looff,  Thomas,  677 ;  commander  of  ex- 
pedition to  Spain,  74;  endeavors  to 
sell  his  cargo,  75;  seeks  the  release 
of  his  ships,  75-76 ;  accused  by  the 
sailors  and  skippers,  brought  into 
court,  77 

Looff' s  Journal,  quoted,  74-77 

Loos,  C.  C,  Capt.,  258 

Lord,  Richard,  sells  goods  in  New  Swe- 
den, 311-312,  515,  524  ff. 

Louis  XI\^,  French  government  during 
the  infancy  of,  organized  along  the 
lines  of  the  Swedish  government,  33 

Lbvgren,  Nils,  quoted,  22 

Liibeck,  680 

Lucassen,  Andres,  on  the  Kalmar 
Nyckel,  182,  184 

Lucifer,  Cornelius,  661 ;  Captain  on  the 
Katt,  268 ;  refuses  to  comply  with  the 
requests  of  the  other  officers,  269-270 

Luckassen  (Lucassen),  Peter,  brings 
colonists  to  the  South  River,  667 

Lumber,  manufactured  in  Sweden,  36; 
Ridder  proposes  the  sawing  of,  198; 
oak  planks  bought  for  use  in  Fort 
Elfsborg,    314,    323 

Lundell,  referred  to,  25 

Lund,   369 

Lundin,  quoted,  30 

Lundstrom,  Herman,  quoted,  22 

Luther,  catechism  of,  translated  into 
Swedish,  22 

Lutheran  Church,  Swedish,  service  of, 
367  ff. 

Lutheran   Church  Revleiv,  quoted,  205 

Liitzen,  68i;   battle  of,   6 

Lijtzow,   Francis,  quoted,  27 

Lycke,  Joachimus,  685;  bookkeeper  on 
ninth  expedition,  268;  sent  to  Stock- 
holm to  report  about  the  ship-wreck, 
271 ;   reaches  Sweden,  276 

Lyell   (Level),  Jacob,  buys  tobacco,  159 

Lyconnia  Company  at  Boston,  formed 
in  1644,  members  of,  395;  see  also 
Boston  and  Aspinwall 

Lygonia,  often  confused  with  Laconia, 
392 

Lytestegen(  ?),  location  of,  632 


848 


Index. 


M 

Macklier,  Hans,  factor  of  the  New 
Sweden  Company,  333;  ordered  to 
prepare  the  Gyllene  Haj  for  the 
seventh  expedition,  255;  buys  goods 
in  Gothenburg  for  the  eighth  expedi- 
tion, 258 ;  helps  to  prepare  the  ninth 
expedition,  266  ff. ;  commission  to 
sell  tobacco  in  Gothenburg,  292; 
probably  writes  to  the  chancellor  and 
the  Queen,  283 ;  pays  Fluviander, 
371 ;  Ankarhjelm  negotiates  with,  for 
the  sale  of  a  ship,  631;  biography, 
683 

Madagascar,  649 

Madrid,  Pallibsky  sent  to,  10,  Looff 
goes  to,  76 

Magni,  Jonas,  2i 

Magnus,  Olaus,  quoted,  34,  351 

Mahomen,  Indian  chief,  sells  land  to 
Minuit,   183 

Mail-service,  see  post  office 

Maine,   province   of,   392 

Maitland,  quoted,  456 

Maize  (Indian  corn),  explained,  333; 
planted  in  the  colony,  308-309;  plan- 
tations of,  put  into  tobacco  in  1644, 
319;  bought  at  New  Amsterdam, 
333;  planted  by  Rising,  524;  see  also 
Fort  Korsholm  and  New  Sweden 

Malaga,  72 

Malbon,  Richard,  member  of  the  Dela- 
ware Company,  208 ;  sells  tobacco  in 
the  colony,  318;  sells  goods  in  New 
Sweden,  324 

Malmo,  battle  fought  near,  251 

Malmsten,  Dr.,   599 

Manaiping  (Province  Island),  English 
build  block-house  on,  213;  see  also 
Province    Island,    Druveeijland 

Manatans  (Manathans,  Manhattan, 
Manite,  Manatan,  Manattans),  see 
New  Amsterdam 

Mankell,  J.,  quoted,  30 

Mansson,   Marten,   682 

Mantas  (Minquas?),  Printz  buys  land 
from,   332 

Mantas  Creek,  Printz  buys  land  at,  337 

Mantas  (Mantaes)  Hook,  Printz  buys 
land  at,  428 

Maps,  figurative,  of  the  Delaware,  168- 
169;  map  and  plan  of  Fort  Chris- 
tina, drawn  by  Lindestrom,  518;  map 
made  of  the  South  River  by  Andrles 
Hudde,    516-517;    Lindestrom's,    555 

March,  George,  Rising  hires  two  horses 
from,  sells  an  ox  to  the  Swedes,  488 


March  (probably  John  Marshall)  sent 
to  confer  with  Rising,   572 

Mariestad,  tobacco  sold  in,  642 

Marie,  see  ships 

Mariken's  (Marikis,  Marikes,  Marit- 
ties,  Marietiens,  Marquess,  Markus, 
Marcus)  Point  (Hock,  Huuk,  Hook), 
566 

Maritime  Court,  694 

Marstrand,  493 

Marod,  Thomas,  sells  goods  to  the 
Swedes,  323 

Martin,  E.,  quoted,   361 

Maryland,  Baltimore's  grant  including 
parts  of,  173 ;  name  given  to,  173 ; 
people  in,  oifer  to  sell  cattle  to  the 
Swedes  on  the  South  River,  198; 
grant  of,  presented  as  giving  the 
English  a  right  to  the  Delaware,  572 ; 
messenger  sent  to,  from  New  Sweden, 
511,  515;  called  Upper  Virginia  or 
Severn,  572 

Maryland  Hist.  Mag.,  quoted,  170 

Mason,  Capt.  John,  given  a  patent  for 
the  discovery  of  the  Great  Lake,  392 

Mason,  J.  A.,  quoted,  209 

Massachusetts,   389-391 

Mass.  Archives,  quoted,  392 

Massachusetts  Bay,  391 

Massklader,  367 

Mathias,  Rev.,  634 

Mastmaker's  Hook,  Root  ordered  to 
build  on,  412,  425;  Hudde  complains 
against  the  damages  of  the  Swedes 
at,  426 

Mathaeus,  Andreas,  481,  761 

Matienzo,  makes  landings  at  New 
York,    165 

Matsson,  Hindrick,  480 

Matsson,  Nils,  641 

Mattahorn  (Mattehooren,  Mattehoorn, 
Mathehoorn,  Amattehoorn),  Indian 
chief,  sells  lands  to  Minuit,  183,  438; 
sells  lands  to  Lamberton  and  Turner 
at  the  Schuylkill,  211;  sells  land  to 
the    Dutch,    420,    440-441 ;    quoted, 

332.  437,  440  ff- 
Maurisen,    Cornells,    refused    payment 

by  the  Swedes,  439 
May,   Cornells  Jacobsen,  skipper,  later 
director,  sent  to  New   Holland,   167; 
sails  up  the  Delaware,  169;  explores 
the  country,  erects  Fort  Nassau,   170 
McMaster,  quoted,  457 
Md.  Archives,  quoted,  343,  668 
Mechanics,    Swedish,   study   abroad,   34 
Mechechason     (Mekekanckan)     (Tren- 
ton Falls),  Printz  buys  land  to,  332 


Index. 


849 


Mechekyralames,  chief,  sells  land  to 
Printz,  332 

Meckpott  (?),  Claes  Cornelisson,  con- 
tract made  with,   161 

Medelpad,  settlers  from,  651 

Mederablik,  115,  117-118;  repairs  made 
at,   128;  see  also  expeditions 

Medicine,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  260; 
see  also  expeditions  and  barber- 
surgeons 

Medina,  Duca  de,  74 

Mediterranean  Sea,  trade  from  New 
Sweden  to,  139 

Meekrat,  Indian  chief,  meaning  of 
name,  411 

Meil  (mile),  common  German,  length 
of,  42 

Mein,  Thomas,  480 

Mekekanckon,  Island  of,  near  Trenton 
Falls,  bought  by  Printz,  335;  good 
location  for  a  fort,  533  ;  title  to,  571 

Mekopemus,  Indian  chief,  reports  to 
the  Swedes,  20i 

Melanchthon,  prophecy  of,  28 

Memel,  Sweden  collects  duty  at,  6 

"  Memorie  voor  Willem  Usselinx," 
quoted,   62 

Mem.   of   Long  hi.   Hist.   So.,   quoted, 

305,.  354 
Memoires  pour  ser<vir,  etc.,  quoted,  165 
"  Memorial,"  quoted,  581 
Memorial  Hist,  of  New  York,  quoted, 

169 
Menius  of  Dorpat,  quoted,  28 
Mennonites,  said  to  have  settled  at  the 

Horn   Kill,   170 
Mercu.  Ger.,  see  Usselinx 
Mercurius,  see  ships 
Messenius,    Johannes,    appointed     pro- 
fessor of  law,  1609,  21 
Meteren,  Emanuel  van,  quoted,  166 
Mey,    Peter,    assistant   commissioner   of 

Fort  Nassau,  i8i;  sails  down  to  meet 

Minuit,     185;     protests    against    the 

Swedes,   186 
Mithobius,  Hector,  81 
Michaelivitsch,    Czar   Alexis,    practiced 

fraud   in   transaction   of   the   Russian 

Company,   50 
Middle  Temple,  698 
Mijne,  Jacque  de  la,  skins  sold  by,  144; 

vessel   insured  by,   145 
Mil   (mile),  Swedish,  length  of,  42 
Mill  Creek,  304 
Mill-maker,  see  raill-wright 
Mill  stones,  324 
Mills,  windmill  made  in  New  Sweden, 

203 ;    water-mill    erected    on    Cobb's 

ss 


Creek,  windmill  discarded,  328; 
grist-mill  built  in  1662,  666;  see  also 
saw-mill 

Mills,  hand,  464;  see  also  New  Sweden 

Mill-wright,   152 

Miner,  C,  quoted.  208 

Minerals,  139;  see  also  New  Sweden 

Minnesota,  357 

Minquas  Kill,  see  Christina  Kill 

Minquas  (Minguee,  Mingo,  Minquass, 
Minque,  Minquas,  Minquesser,  Myn- 
kussar,  etc.),  meaning  of  name,  188; 
name  given  to,  by  the  Dutch,  188 ; 
trade  with  the  Swedes,  191 ;  gifts 
given  to,  309 ;  trade  with  the  Swedes 
during  the  administration  of  Printz, 
309  ff. ;  to  be  brought  to  Christina, 
312;  Huygen  and  Dyck  sent  to  the 
country  of,  329;  Printz  in  communi- 
cation with,  332;  Blanck  to  wait  for, 
409;  Swedes  go  to  sell  ammunition  to, 
376;  remain  friendly,  call  them- 
selves the  special  protectors  of  the 
Swedes,  569;  tribes  of,  570;  see  also 
Black  and  White  Minquas 

Minquas  country,  situation  of,  i9:-i92; 
Swedes  sent  into  the,  329,  332; 
bounds  of,  440 

Minsi,  see   Munsee 

Minuit  (Munuyt,  Minnewit,  Munuit, 
Miniet,  Minuict,  Minuiet,  Munut), 
Peter,  meets  Blommaert,  93 ;  gover- 
nor of  New  Netherland,  93,  170;  has 
cause  for  complaint  against  the  XIX., 
94;  expresses  desire  to  present  his 
views  to  the  chancellor,  presents  proj- 
ect of  New  Sweden,  96-97 ;  promises 
to  contribute  to  the  company,  97, 
103 ;  commercial  plans  of,  presented 
in  Stockholm,  98;  called  to  Amster- 
dam to  meet  Spiring,  requested  to  go 
to  Sweden,  100;  visits  the  Hague  to 
confer  with  Spiring,  102;  presents 
charts  and  maps  of  the  Delaware, 
102-103 ;  appointed  leader  of  expe- 
dition, 103;  leaves  for  Sweden,  104; 
arrives  in  Stockholm,  105;  ill,  105; 
begins  work  anew,  105-106 ;  makes 
final  preparations  in  Holland,  no; 
prepares  the  ships  in  Gothenburg, 
in;  secret  instruction  to,  112-115; 
rules  of  conduct  for,  115;  comman- 
der of  Kalmar  Nyckel,  requested  to 
transport  goods  and  people  from  Hol- 
land to  New  Amsterdam,  116;  ar- 
rives at  the  Delaware,  117;  leaves 
New  Sweden,  is  drowned  off  the 
Island  of  St  Christopher,  177;  jour- 


850 


Index. 


nal  of,  sent  to  Fleming,  117;  sails  up 
the  Minquis  Kill,  182;  buys  lands 
from  the  Indians,  183-184;  sends  the 
Grip  to  Jamestown,  185;  in  dispute 
with  the  Dutch,  185-186;  trades  with 
the  savages,  191-192;  builds  a  fort, 
191 ;  prepares  provisions  for  the  men, 
194;  quoted,  96-97;  biography,  681; 
684.  685,  758 

Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Council, 
quoted,  191,  670 

Miod,  Hans,  481 

Mirrors,   frame,  sent  to  New   Sweden, 

255 
Mirrors,  tin,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255 
Mirrors,  gilded,  sent  to  New  Sweden, 

255 
Mister,   Indian   chief,   567 
Mitatsimint  (Metotscheming),  sells  land 

to   Minuit,   183;   dead   in   1651,   said 

to  have  given  his  land  to  Peminaka, 

438-443 
Mitchell,  Donald  G.,  quoted,  550 
Mitot  Schemingh,  see   Mitatsimint 
Mockorhuttingh,  566 
Mohawks,  168 
Molineaux,  map  of,  112 
Mollnaer,    Peter    Cornelisson,    contract 

made  with,   161,  293,  295 
Molndal,    697;     name    given    to,    and 

mill  built  at,  328;  abandoned,  339 
Montelius,   quoted,  356 
Montrose,   Marquis  of,   683 
Monumenta  polit.,  quoted,  654 
Moore,  Mr.  Edward,  382 
Moore,  Virginia  merchant,  sells  goods 

to  the  Swedes,  310 
Momma,    Abraham,    presents    proposal 

to  the  Commercial   College,  289 
Momma,    Jacob,    presents    proposal    to 

the  Commercial  College,  289 
Momma,  Willem,  skins  sold  to,  289 
Monatg[etder1  B[uf/i],  the,  quoted,  231, 

243-244,  276,  283,  306,  307,  312,  336, 

353-354>    356-357.   374.   451-453.   463 
Money,  English  £,  etc.,  530;   Swedish 

and  Dutch,  41;  Indian,  192 
Monroe  County,  175 
Montagne,  Dr.  Jean   (Johannes)   de  la, 

goes    to    the    South    River,    421-422; 

buys  land  from  the  Indians,  422 
Morley,  Henry,  quoted,  550 
Morris,  Henry  C,  quoted,  44 
Morton,  Thomas,  quoted,  391,   394 
Moses,   laws  of,   21 ;   laws  of,  used   in 

the  colony,  459 
Motley,  J.  L.,  quoted,  169 
Mugs,  tin,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255 


Munck,  quoted,  205,  549 
Mundt,  Heinrich,  762 
Munsee,  tribe  of  the  Lenape,  187;   lo- 
cation of,  187-188 
Munson,    Thomas,    member    of    Hart- 
ford Convention,   575-576 
Munthe,    A.,   quoted,   251 
Murner,  Thomas,  quoted,  361 
Murphy,  Henry  C,  quoted,  166,  550 
Myers,  Albert  Cook,  quoted,  179,  536 

N 

Naaman's  Kill,  525 

Nacka,  brass  factory  at,  89 

Namd  (nembda)  origin  of,  456  ff. ;  ex- 
plained, 457 

Narraticons  (Narratacus,  Narraticonse, 
Narratica)  Kill,  201,  209,  423,  428, 
430;   see   also  Racoon   Kill 

Narva,  trade  from,  46 ;  Tobacco  Com- 
pany have  agents  at,  292 

Nassau,  see  forts 

Nautila  By,  colonists  from,  243 

Neal,  Capt.  Walter,  goes  to  America 
to  discover  the  "  Great  Lake,"   393- 

394 

Neckatoensing  (Neckatoensingh,  Necka- 
toesing)    Kill,  443 

Nederhorst,  Lord  of,  see  Godard  van 
Reede 

Neeyeck,  a  kill,  land  bought  near,  429 

Neptunis,  see  ships 

Nerike,  148 ;  tobacco  trade  in,  641 

Nertunius  Rosenbeckius,  Rev.  Matthias, 
goes  on  ninth  expedition,  268  ;  treated 
well  by  the  Spaniards,  271 ;  sent  to 
Stockholm  to  report  the  shipwreck, 
271;  reaches  Sweden,  276;  among 
the  passengers  on  the  tenth  expedi- 
tion, 478  ;  salary  of,  502  ;  assigned  to 
serve  at  Upland,  546;  considered  to 
be  the  best  preacher  in  the  colony, 
546;  acted  too  independently,  547; 
leaves  New  Sweden,  614,  668 ;  biog- 
raphy, 685 

Netherlands,  the,  see  Holland 

New  Albion,  Plowden's  grant  called, 
174;  extent  of,  174-175;  Plowden  be- 
gins preparations  to  go  to,  215; 
people  residing  in,  written  to,  216- 
217 :  description  concerning,  pub- 
lished, 400 ;  petition  of  the  Earl  of, 
401 ;  quoted,  179.  400 

New  Amstel,  name  of  Fort  Casimir 
changed  to,  664;  see  also  Fort  Casi- 
mir 

Neiu  Amsterdam,  the,  see  ships 


Index. 


851 


New  Amsterdam  (Manhattan,  Mana- 
tans,  etc.),  114,  167,  169,  180; 
Minuit  to  deliver  goods  at,  116; 
Jan  Jansen  at,  186;  Coxwell  touches 
at,  213;  goods  bought  at,  311;  oxen 
and  rye  bought  at,  313;  De  Vries 
leaves,  315;  journeys  to,  316;  sewant 
bought  from,  322 ;  Dutch  at,  capture 
Spanish  prizes,  322;  a  new  journey 
to,  in  the  summer  of  1645,  324;  oxen 
bought  at,  324;  Printz  sends  sloop 
to,  327;  sloops  sent  to,  twice,  330; 
another  journey  made  to,  333;  Eng- 
lish arrive  at,  396;  Stuyvesant  ar- 
rives at,  416;  Indian  guides  to  be 
sent  to,  421,  588  ff. ;  see  also,  Dutch, 
Stuyvesant,  Jan  Jansen,  Hudde, 
Printz,  New  Sweden 
New  Castle,  Dutch  fort  near,  445 
New  England  (North  England),  trad- 
ing journey  from  New  Sweden  made 
to,  314;  Englishmen  from,  trading 
in  the  Delaware,  316;  Printz  pro- 
poses plans  for  buying  sewant  from, 
322;  Persson  sent  to,  for  the  purposes 
of  trade,  333;  company  of,  341; 
Svensson  sent  to,  for  the  purposes  of 
trade,  343  ;  Rivers  of  Sagadahok  and 
Merrimack,  in  the  country  of,  392 ; 
distance  of  Great  Lake  from,  392; 
Morton's  description  of,  395 ;  news 
of  the  victories  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  penetrates  into  the  settlements 
of,  398;  Captain  Clark  sent  from, 
to  arrange  for  the  settlement  of  a 
hundred  families  at  the  South  River, 
399 ;  planters  of,  probably  foil  Plow- 
den's  attempt  at  settlement,  401 ; 
merchants  of,  write  to  Winslow,  402 ; 
Swedish  sloop  sent  to,  by  Rising, 
515;  friendly  relations  with,  573  ff. 
New  England  Coast,  113 
New  Englis/i  Canaan,  quoted,  391,  394 
Neiu  Eng.  Gen.  Reg.,  quoted,  397 
Neive  und  luarhafte  Relation,  quoted, 

549 

Newfoundland  (Terra  Nova),  102; 
jurisdiction  over,  to  be  secured  by 
Swedish    government,    113;    165,    187 

New  Gothenborg,  see  forts  and  Tini- 
cura  Island 

New  Hampshire  Provincial  Papers, 
quoted,  392 

New  Haven,  company  formed  at,  208; 
general  court  at,  212;  Coxwell's  ves- 
sel leaves,  213;  people  from,  buy 
land  on  the  Delaware,  208  ff. ;  set- 
tlement of,  on  the  Delaware  success- 


ful in  trade,  212;  settlement  of,  at 
Varkens  Kill,  210-211,  at  the  Schuyl- 
kill, 212-213;  settlement  of,  at  the 
Schuylkill  destroyed  by  the  Dutch, 
probably  in  connection  with  the 
Swedes,  214-215;  letter  from  the 
King  concerning  the  settlement  at 
the  Delaware,  215,  217;  Lamberton 
still  at,  383 ;  Eaton  and  Gregson, 
commissioners  of,  present  complaints 
against  Printz  at  the  General  Court 
of  Boston,  388;  Printz  accused  of 
reviling  the  English  of,  388; 
prisoners  sent  to  Boston  by  a  bark  of, 
398;  English  of,  do  not  give  up 
their  hopes  in  the  South  River,  400; 
the  Delaware  Company  of,  urges  its 
claim  on  the  South  River,  401 ;  people 
of,  again  prepare  to  settle  on  the 
South  River,  402;  merchants  of  (New 
England)  present  their  cause  in 
London,  402-403  ;  planters  of,  propose 
to  appear  in  the  Delaware  in  force, 
403  ;  letters  from,  to  Director  Rising, 
574;  new  discussions  concerning  the 
Delaware  lands  at,  575;  agents  ap- 
pointed for,  576;  plans  formulated 
at,  for  the  founding  of  a  strong  set- 
tlement on  the  South  River,  575  ff. ; 
Goodyear  sent  by  the  people  of,  to 
treat  with  the  Swedes,  578  ff. ;  trade 
of  the  Swedes  with  the  merchants 
from,  198,  316  ff.,  515  ff.,  658  ff. ; 
Jacob  Swensson  sent  to  trade  at,  515 
Nleiii]  Hlaven]  Col[onial]  Reclords^, 
quoted,  208;   211-213,  215,   384,   388, 

399.  404,  574,  576-578 
New  Holland,  see  New  Netherland  and 

New  Amsterdam 
New  India  Company,  see  New  Sweden 

Company 
Neva    International    Encyclopedia,    the, 

quoted,  29 
New  Jersey,  New  Albion  part  of,  175 ; 

New  Sweden  part  of,  571 
Neiv  King  David,  see  ships 
Newman,  Francis,  magistrate,   576 
Newman,   Hans,   235,  262,   642 
New  Netherland,  97,  113,  116,  681,  6S4, 
696;  expedition  sent  to,  by  the  Swedes, 
310;  Huygen  in,  311;  name  of,  given 
to  New  Sweden,  415;  concerning  the 
limits    of,    427 ;     accepted    by    their 
High      Mightinesses,      432;      Swedes 
desire    to    remove    to,    448;    Swedes 
escape  to,  454;  see  also  New  Amster- 
dam and  the  Dutch 
New     Netherland     Company,     United, 


852 


Index. 


formed,  charter  granted  to,  168-169; 
Samuel  Godyn,  one  of  the  members 
of,  170 

New  Russian  Company,  50 

New  Ship  Company,  formed,  48 ;  Queen 
proposes  that  it  should  be  united 
with  the  New  Sweden  Company,  284 

New  South  Co.,  propositions  for  the 
founding  of,  memorials  concerning, 
gi;  presented  during  the  convention 
of  Heilbronn,  81 ;  at  Frankfurt-on- 
Main,  82;  comes  to  an  end,  82;  Us- 
selinx  organizing,  177 

New  South  Company  in  Holland,  83 

New  Stockholm,   114 

New  Style  (Gregorian  Calendar),  used 
by  the  Dutch,  43,  436,  439;  see  also 
old  style 

New  Sweden,  ii8,  120,  674,  678-680, 
682,  684-691,  693,  696-697;  name 
proposed,  96-97 ;  rights  of  the  Swedes 
to  settle  in,  572-573  ;  plans  for  popu- 
lating of,  121 ;  Dutch  to  be  allowed 
to  settle  in,  123 ;  strongest  rights  of 
the  English  to,  173;  fort  built  in, 
192;  name  given  to,  by  Minuit,  184; 
Indians  inhabiting,  187;  grain  to  be 
planted  in,  193-19A:  the  Grip  re- 
turns to,  194;  first  negro  slave 
brought  to,  195  '<  horses  and  cattle 
in,  198,  202;  suitable  for  agriculture, 
198;  Dutch  colonists  arrive  in,  200; 
condition  of,  under  Ridder,  197  if.; 
sickness  in,  203 ;  dwellings  in,  dur- 
ing time  of  Ridder,  204;  religious 
life  in,  during  the  time  of  Ridder. 
205-206;  lacks  skilled  workmen,  198; 
English  buy  land  in,  208  ff. ;  Lam- 
berton  and  Turner  arrive,  208 ; 
Plowden  makes  preparations  to  go  to, 
215  ff. ;  English  at  Varkens  Kill  un- 
disturbed, 217;  fifth  expedition  ar- 
rives in,  241 ;  sixth  expedition  arrives 
in,  245 ;  seventh  expedition  arrives 
in,  256;  eighth  expedition  arrives  at, 
260;  winter  of  1642-1643  in,  301; 
Printz  arrives  in,  302 ;  forts  built  by 
Printz  in,  304  ff. ;  inspection  of,  by 
Printz,  303 ;  relation  concerning,  by 
Printz,  307 ;  land  cleared  in,  308 ; 
tobacco  planted  in,  308-309 ;  beaver 
trade  in,  during  the  time  of  Printz, 
309  ff. ;  trade  of  English  and  Dutch 
in,  during  time  of  Printz,  310  ff. ; 
corn  planted  in,  308-309,  312;  grain 
sowed  in,  312  ff. ;  cattle  brought  to, 
314  ff. ;  manufactures  to  be  estab- 
lished    in,     by     Printz,     320;     whale 


fishery  to  begin  in,  320;  improve- 
ments in,  suggested  by  Printz,  321  ff. ; 
tobacco  crop  in  1644,  323;  oak 
planks  sold  in,  323;  fire  in,  326; 
conditions  in,  unfavorable,  327 ;  first 
water-mill  erected  in,  328 ;  report 
concerning,  in  1647,  330  ff. ;  dwel- 
lings erected  in,  during  the  time  of 
Printz,  308,  332;  lands  bought  in, 
332;  Christian  Indian  from  New 
France  visited,  334;  list  of  the 
people  in,  335;  troubles  with  the 
Dutch  in,  338  ff.,  408  ff. ;  vessels 
built  in,  340-341;  conditions  in  1652- 
1653  in,  341-344;  dwellings  of  the 
Finns  in,  koia,  p'ortet,  345-347;  dwel- 
lings of  Swedes  in,  347-349;  bath- 
houses in,  357-362;  store-houses  in, 
362-364;  granaries  in,  364;  manu- 
facture of  birch  bark  articles  in, 
357;  modes  of  lighting  In,  351-352; 
dress  of  the  people  in,  352-353; 
food  in,  353-354;  beer  brewed  in, 
354;  wine  made  in,  355;  brandy  in, 
355;  dishes  and  utensils  of  the 
people  in,  355-356;  religious  wor- 
ship in,  during  the  time  of  Printz, 
366  ff. ;  relations  with  the  Indians 
during  the  time  of  Printz,  375  ff. ; 
relations  with  the  English  in,  380  ff. ; 
English  bark  arrives  in,  381;  Lam- 
berton  trades  in,  383 ;  English  ar- 
rested in,  384;  court  concerning  the 
English  in,  384  ff. ;  Aspinwall  ar- 
rives in,  396;  Capt.  Clark  sent  to, 
399 ;  relations  with  the  Dutch  in, 
405  ff. ;  the  Dutch  invade  in  1651, 
435  ff. ;  government  of,  during  the 
time  of  Printz,  450  ff.;  courts  in,  dur- 
ing the  time  of  Printz,  454  ff. ;  tenth 
expedition  arrives  in,  489;  govern- 
ment and  courts  in,  during  the  time  of 
Rising,  497  ff. ;  officers  in,  in  1654,  503  ; 
ordinance  relating  to  the  Govern- 
ment of,  adopted,  504  ff. ;  popula- 
tion in  1654-1655,  514;  trade  of  the 
English  and  Dutch  in,  during  the 
time  of  Rising,  514  ff. ;  donations  of 
land  to  individuals,  517;  a  city 
founded  in,  518;  agriculture  and 
cattle  rasing  in,  during  the  time  of 
Rising,  523  ff. ;  land  cleared  in  1654- 
1655,  526-527;  peculiar  method  of 
clearing  away  forests  in,  527-529; 
shoes  made  in,  534  ff.;  capsraade 
for  the  Indians  in,  535;  making  of 
maize-bread  in,  535-536;  dwellings 
during   the   time  of   Rising   in,    537 


Index. 


853 


ff. ;  utensils  in  540;  peculiar  customs 
in,  542  ff. ;  vTitchcraft  in,  544-545; 
religious  services  in,  during  the  time 
of  Rising,  546  S.;  literature  in,  549 
ff. ;  relations  with  the  Indians  in, 
during  the  time  of  Rising,  563;  land 
in,  bought  from  the  Indians,  569  ff . ; 
relations  with  the  English  in,  dur- 
ing the  time  of  Rising,  572  ff. ;  Eng- 
lish commissioners  arrive  in,  572; 
relations  with  the  Dutch  in,  during 
the  time  of  Rising,  581  ff. ;  Stuyve- 
sant  invades  and  captures,  597  ff. 
Rising  with  his  men  leaves,  615 
twelfth  expedition  arrives  in,  635 
659;  Jacquet,  vice-director  in,  657  ff. 
Smith,  commander  over,  657  ff. 
courts  in,  during  the  administration 
of  the  Dutch,  659  ff. ;  part  of,  sur- 
rendered to  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company,  663 ;  Willem  Beeckman, 
vice-director  in,  665;  Swedish  offi- 
cers in,  during  the  administration  of 
the  Dutch,  664;  Alexander  d'  Hino- 
yossa  vice-director  in,  666  ff. ;  popu- 
lation and  extent  of  settlement  in, 
during  the  administration  of  the 
Dutch,  667;  colonists  leave  during 
the  administration  of  the  Dutch,  667- 
668  ;  religious  history  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  Dutch,  668-669; 
captured  by  the  English,  670 

New  Sweden  Bay,  see  Delaware  Bay 
and  South  River 

New  Sweden  Company,  proposals  for 
copper  trade  leads  to  the  founding 
of,  87  ff. ;  Spiring  becomes  connected 
with  plans  of,  94;  discussions  con- 
cerning the  founding  of,  91;;  Minuit 
presents  project  of,  96-97;  plans  dis- 
cussed in  the  council,  98;  Fleming 
to  correspond  about,  loi ;  Minuit's 
suggestion  of,  102-103 ;  capital  of, 
106;  members  of,  106;  director  of, 
agents  for,  107 ;  privileges  of,  107- 
108 ;  Dutch  stockholders  withdraw 
from,  131-132;  new  officers  appointed 
for,  132,  157;  trade  of,  in  Europe 
1640-1643,  157-163;  finances  of, 
163;  reorganization  of,  221  ff. ;  meet- 
ings of  the  officers  of,  221-222;  pro- 
posals for  the  increase  of  the  capital 
of,  222 ;  discussions  concerning  the 
trade  of,  223 ;  proposals  for  the  re- 
organization of,  presented  to  the 
government,  223-224;  Council  of 
State  considers,  221  ff. ;  Crown  is  a 
stockholder  in,  224-225 ;  Crown's  in- 


terest in,  225-227 ;  capital  of  the 
South-Ship  Company  used  for,  227 ; 
South-Ship  Company  permanently 
joined  with,  228 ;  private  stock- 
holders in,  228;  charter  of,  228-229; 
officers  of  the  reorganized  company, 
229-234;  finances  of  the  reorganized 
company,  234-236;  preparations  for 
the  fifth  expedition  of,  237  ff. ;  sixth 
expedition  prepared  by,  242  ff.; 
bricks  and  tiles  imported  to  Sweden 
by,  242;  seventh  expedition  pre- 
pared by,  250  ff. ;  eighth  expedition 
prepared  by,  258  ff. ;  borrows  1,500 
R.D.,  259;  finances  of,  in  1647,  261- 
263 ;  income  from  confiscated  tobacco 
of,  264-265 ;  preparations  of  the 
ninth  expedition  of,  266  ff. ;  prepara- 
tions for  other  expeditions  of,  281  ff. 
troubles  with  the  Tobacco  Company 
of,  281,  297;  copper  trade  of,  2I 
salt  trade  of,  288 ;  beaver  trade  of, 
288-289;  tobacco  trade  of,  289  ff 
contract  with  the  Tobacco  Company, 
291;  spinning  of  tobacco  of,  295- 
296;  bills  of,  to  collect  from  the  To- 
bacco Company,  297 ;  tobacco  trade 
of,  discontinued,  299;  Bonnell  severs 
his  connection  with,  shares  in  the 
Ship-Building  Company,  299,  300; 
preparations  for  the  tenth  expedi- 
tion, 469  ff. ;  sends  out  the  eleventh 
expedition,  490  ff. ;  third  reorganiza- 
tion of  the,  619  ff. ;  674,  677,  680,  682, 
683,  686,  695,  697;  see  also  American 
Company 
New  (Fourth)  Tobacco  Co.,  formed  by 
Andersson  and  Bohm,  privileges 
given  to,  645 ;  sometimes  called  the 
American  Company  as  late  as  1689, 
646 
New  Year,  315 
New  York,  Spaniards  at,  165 
Nicholson,  John  P.,  quoted,  420 
Nicolaistad,  Vasa  changed  to,  328 
Niepeisen,  Isak  (Isaac),  Peter  Spiring's 
secretary,  customs  officer,  etc.,  quoted, 
252 
Nieuw  Port  May,  mouth  of  Delaware 

so  called,    169 
Nilsson,   quoted.  345-346,    539,   541 
Nilsson,   Hans,  subscribed  to  the  South 

Company,   60 
Nilsson    Tungel,    Lars,    ambassador   of 

Sweden  to  France,  6 
Nilsson,  Nils,  member  of  the  New  Rus- 
sian Company,  50 
Nilsson,  Valentin,  incapable  as  a  direc- 


854 


Index. 


tor,  66;  warns  against  sending  ships 
to  Spain,  73-74;  blames  Cabeliau, 
77 ;  requests  money  for  the  ship 
building   plant,   78 

Nobility,  the,  one  of  the  estates  of 
Sweden,  20 

Norberg,   Otto,  quoted,  669-670 

Nordenskiold,  quoted,  560 

Nordisk  familjebok,  quoted,  9,  41,  147, 

456,  494 
Nordiska  handskrtfterna  (Nord.  Saml.) 

quoted,  59,  294,   622,  646 
Nordlingen,  battle  at,  91 
Nordmann,     Petrus,     quoted,     147-148, 

345-346,   544-545,  652 
Nordreelf,  493 

Noreen,  Adolf,  quoted,  25,  350 
Norfelt,    Israel,    president    of    Gothen- 
burg, cargo  sent  by,  to  Rising,  643 
Norlin,  quoted,  22 

Norrbotten,  Usselinx  passes  through,  62 
Norrkoping,   ropewalk   at,   64-65 ;   ship 

bought  by,    123 ;   Tobacco   Company 

has  agents  at,  292 
Norrlandskeppet,  see  ships 
Norrtalje,  678 
Norsemen,    probable    visits    of,    to    the 

Delaware,  165 
North    America,    English    pretend    to, 

177,  389,  572-573 
North  England,  see  New  England 
Northern   Company,   50 
North  River,  see  Hudson  River 
North  Sea,  117,  128 
Norton,  Frank,  member  of  the  "  Lycon- 

nia    Company"    formed    at    Boston, 

395 
Norway,    Dutch    vessels    forbidden    to 

sail  to,   142;   colonists  pass  through, 

651;  688 
Notike,  widow  of  Mitatsimint,  friendly 

to  the  Swedes,  438  ff. 
Nova  Spania,  American  Company  has 

right  to  trade  in,  628 
Niirnberg,  iron  articles  from,  259 
Nya  Goteborg,  see  New  Gothenborg 
N[ya]   S[verige],  I.-III.   (K.A.),  802 
N[ya]   S[verige],  I.-II.    (R.A.),  799 
Nya  Sverige  i  Sodra  Amerika,  quoted, 

49 
Nyen,  trade  from,  46 
Nykoping,      Tobacco      Company      has 

agents  at,  292 
Nysund,  633 

o 

O'Callaghan,  quoted,  93,  117-118,  139, 
168,  181,  i86,  213,  451,  593 


Od,  681 

Odell,  Anders  Swensson,  first  diplomat 
of  Sweden,  9 

Odemala  (Odemaldt),  tobacco  trade 
in,  642 

Odhner,  Klas  Teodor,  quoted,  4,  9,  15- 
17,  20-22,  29,  31,  39-40,  43,  45-46, 
57,  77,  83,  87,  98-99,  146,  195-196, 
204-205,  243,  304-307,  312-313,  316, 

..  321-322,  371,  377,   381,  452-453 

Odkarby,  a  district  in  Finland,  col- 
onists from,  267 

Office  of  the  Company,  location  of,  232 

Ogilby,  quoted,  488,  495 

Ohlander,  C,  quoted,  46-47 

Oland,  ships  to  America  at,  iii 

Old  King  David,  see  ships 

Old  Style  (Julian  Calendar),  used  by 
the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware,  42-43 ; 
English  way  of  counting  time,  43 ; 
former  historians  keep  the  Old  Style 
of  the  Swedes  and  the  New  Style  of 
the  Dutch  without  comment,  436, 
439;  see  also  New  Style 

Old  Swedes'  Church  (Gloria  Dei), 
said  to  be  built  from  Swedish  bricks, 

347 
Olofsmas  (July  29),  rye  to  be  sown  at, 

313 
Olofsson,  Anders,  see  Stromskold 
Olofsson  von  Saar,  Michell,  481 
Olofsson,    Per,    engaged    as    secretary, 

643 
Olofsson,  Peter,  642 
Olofsson    (Olossen),   Richard,    witness, 

382 
Ommeren,  van,  653 
Ondaaiondiont,     visits     New     Sweden, 

334 

Onrust,  see  ships 

Opitz,   Martin,   quoted,  26 

Orange,  Fort,  see  forts 

Orange,  Prince  of,  414 

Ordinances,  drawn  up  in  New  Swe- 
den, 504  ff. 

Orebro,  633;  governor  of,  148 

Oririchime,  442 

Orn,  see  ships 

Orneklo,   Gov.,  691 

Orphans'    Home,   645,   678 

Osterbotten,  rents  of,  applied  to  salary 
of  Printz,  226 

Otte,  quoted,  7 

Oxen,  Ridder  requests  some  for  work 
in   the  colony,   198 ;   bought  at  New 


Index. 


S55 


Amsterdam  in  1643,  313,  324;  Pers- 
son  sent  to  New  England  to  buy,  333 

Oxenstierna,  Axel,  complaints  sent  to, 
65 ;  directors  desire  to  know  the 
opinion  of,  67;  appoints  a  collector 
of  subscriptions  in  Sweden,  66;  sub- 
scribes to  the  South  Company,  60; 
Falkenberg's  letters  to,  88-90;  prom- 
ises of  the  King  of  England  pre- 
sented to,  91 ;  interviews  with  Blom- 
maert,  91 ;  Blommaert  corresponds 
with,  92  ff.,  116;  goes  to  France,  91; 
visits  the  Hague,  91-92;  Minuit 
willing  to  make  a  personal  call  on, 
94;  Spiring  corresponds  with,  con- 
cerning the  new  trade,  95-96 ;  re- 
turns to  Sweden,  97-98 ;  brings  the 
commercial  plans  of  Blommaert  and 
Minuit  into  Council  of  State,  98; 
StumpfF  proposes  commercial  plans 
to,  loo-ioi ;  shareholder  in  the  com- 
pany, 106;  Ridder  visits,  127;  Robert 
Smythe  has  an  interview  with,  133; 
plans  concerning  the  Dutch,  settle- 
ment presented  to,  135;  Fleming 
writes  to,  135-136,  Bogaert  lays  his 
commission  and  documents  before, 
137;  memorials  sent  to,  138;  Ridder 
writes  to,  197  ff. ;  conferences  con- 
cerning the  New  Sweden  Company, 
221  ff. ;  capital  in  the  Company,  228; 
head  of  the  company  after  Fleming's 
death,  230;  had  been  waiting  for  a 
chance  to  attack  Denmark,  250;  too 
busy  to  work  for  the  interest  of  the 
Company,  252;  Trotzig  writes  to, 
254-255,  258;  Kagg  writes  to,  259; 
Printz  writes  to,  241,  282,  285 ;  pres- 
ent at  the  discussions  concerning  the 
colony  in  the  Council,  285  ff. ;  con- 
tract with  the  Tobacco  Company  re- 
newed by,  294;  heirs  of,  written  to, 
623;  biography,  686;  quoted,  221, 
252-253,  286,  294,  334,  373;  675,  684, 
686,   695;   handwriting  of, 

[Axet]    Oxenstiernas    Skrifter,    quoted, 

39,  45,  87-90.  148,  259 

Oxenstierna,  Eric,  693;  recommends 
founding  of  the  Commercial  College, 
17;  president  of  the  Commercial  Col- 
lege, 19;  takes  over  the  management 
of  the  Commercial  College,  469;  rec- 
ommends Rising  for  an  assistantship 
to  Gov.  Printz,  475;  pays  up  his 
shares  in  the  American  Company, 
624;  in  Prussia,  627;  biography,  686; 
handwriting   of, 

Oxenstierna,    Gabriel    Bengtsson,    con- 


tributes to  company,  106;  present  at 
conferences  concerning  the  Company, 
221 ;    capital   in    the   Company,    228, 

235  . 

Oxenstierna,  Gabriel  Gustafsson,  con- 
tributes to  company,  106 ;  present  at 
conferences  concerning  the  Com- 
pany, 221 ;  capital  in  the  Company, 
228,  235,  262 

Oxenstierna,  Johan,  sent  to  England, 
91 ;  said  to  obtain  rights  for  Sweden 
on  the  Delaware,  175 ;  sent  to  Lon- 
don, 177 

Ox\_e7istiernska']  Saml[ingen\,  see 
Oxenstierna,  quoted,  and  Bibliog- 
raphy, 800 

Oxford,  698 

Oytsesing  (Oitsessingh),  title  to,  571 


Paauw,  676 

Paehahacking,  a  small  tract  at,  be- 
longs to  the  Swedes,  420 

Palbitsky,  Mathias,  goes  to  Spain,  10, 
277,  620 

Palestina,  391 

PatmsklioldskaJ  Samllingen'],  quoted, 
163,  651 

Pamark,  colonists  from,  243 

Papegoja,  Madame  Armegot,  accom- 
panies the  Orn  to  Trefaldighet,  519; 
removes  to  Tinicum,  520;  property 
of,  stolen  by  the  Dutch,  605 ;  remains 
at  New  Gothenborg,  663 ;  biography 
of,  690;  686 

Papegoja,  Bernt,  687 

Papegoja,  Goran,  687 

Papegoja,  Gustaf,  687 

Papegoja,  Johan,  317,  321,  687,  690, 
762  ;  goes  to  New  Sweden,  686 ;  pre- 
pares to  return  to  America  on  the 
sixth  expedition,  243  ;  not  put  on  the 
budget,  257,  451-452;  instructed  to 
collect  colonists  for  the  eighth  expe- 
dition, 259;  returns  to  Christina,  260; 
writes  to  Sweden,  266 ;  dispatched  to 
make  an  oral  report,  311;  returns  to 
Siveden  a  second  time,  330;  in  love 
with  Armegot  Printz  and  is  married, 
4S2;  Vice-Governor  of  New  Sweden, 
466,  497 ;  returns  to  Sweden  on  the 
tenth  expedition,  519,  620;  comman- 
der of  the  people  on  the  twelfth  expe- 
dition, 634;  arrives  in  New  Sweden, 
659;  returns  to  Europe  for  the  last 
time,  660;  quoted,  266,  315,  321,  376, 
452,    465,    546,    626,    634-635,    662; 


856 


Index. 


biography,  686-687  i  handwriting  of, 

455-456 
Paper,    manufactured   in    Sweden,    35; 

see  also  Sweden 
Papers  of  the  Am[erican']  Hist[^orical] 

Ass[ociation~\,  quoted,  77 
Papuq   (   ...   ),  riverlet,  209 
Paradise  Point  [Paradisudden) ,  Swedes 

first  land  at,  182 
Paris,    83 

Parkman,  Francis,  quoted,  164-165 
Parliament,   writes  to  Virginia  on  be- 
half    of     Plowden,      216;      patents 
granted  by,   403 
Parsnip  seed,  Ridder  requests,  198 
Parzival,  quoted,  25 
Passyunk    (Passayunk),   564,   566,  568; 
sachems  of,  sell   land   to  the  Dutch, 

419-420 
Patronat,  mentioned,  93 
Patrons,   139 

Paul,  Herman,  quoted,  456 
Paulinus,  Laurentius  Gothus,  works  for 

interest  of  Swedish  education,  27 
Paulson,  quoted,  29 
Pearl,  see  ships 
Peas,  Ridder  requests,  198 
Peasantry,  one  of  the  estates  of  Swe- 
den, 20 
Peminacka,    speech    of,    436-437 ;    pre- 
sents  lands  to  the   Dutch,  437,  440; 

confessed  that  he  had  never  sold  land 

to  the  Dutch,  441,  566 ;  signed  papers, 

566;  quoted,  441,  566 
Penington,  quoted,  400 
Penn,  William,  quoted,  320,  560 
Pennsylvania,    Lord    Baltimore's    grant 

including  parts  of,  173 ;  New  Albion 

part  of,  175 
Penn[sylvania']  Ar^chives"],  quoted,  169, 

215,  648,  653 
Penn.  Hist.  So[ciety],  83,  115,  259,  343, 

390 
Pennlsylvania"]     Mag^^azine"],     quoted, 

83,    96,    174-175.    259,    320,    326-327. 

343-344,  348,  381-382,  397.  420,  456, 

462,  537,  572,  670 
Pequod,  sachem  of,  208;  war  with  the 

English,  209 
Pernau,  captured  by  the  Swedish  fleet, 

4;   Usselinx  visits,  62 
Persia,  relation  to  Sweden,  9 
Persson,  Anders,  642 ;   sells  tobacco  in 

Skara,  644 
Persson,   Hans,   268 
Persson,    Henrick,    reports    concerning 

America  before  the  Council,  284 


Persson,  Jacob,  to  sell  tobacco  for  the 
company,  292 

Persson,  Jon,  642 

Pestocomeco,   see   Howkeshocken 

Petersson,  Jurgen,  buys  tobacco,   159 

Philadelphia,  332;  Dutch  to  locate  ten 
miles  above,  138;  land  bought  some- 
what above  West  Philadelphia,  325 ; 
see  also  Wicacoa 

Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain,  sends  Erase 
to  Sweden,  to 

Philip  III.,  King  of  Spain,  gives  orders 
for  the  arrest  of  Swedish  ships,  75- 
76;  272 

Phogegus(?),  Nils  Nilsson,  480 

Physicians,  foreign,  called  into  Sweden, 
29 ;   see  also  barber-surgeons 

Pietersen,  Lambert,   759 

Pigs,  killed  in  the  autumn,  202 ;  al- 
lowed to  run  loose,  365 

Pillau,  Sweden  collects  duty  at,  6 

Pimentelli,  Don  Anthony,  ambassador 
to  Sweden,  writes  to  the  governor  of 
Porto  Rico,  278,  280 

Pinnan  (Pinnar(?),  Pennan),  witness, 
.566,  756 

Pipes,  tobacco,  duty  on,  158 

Pirtti,  see  port 

Plagman,  salt  consigned  to,  288 

Planck  (Blanck),  Abraham,  granted 
land,  411;  did  not  settle  the  land, 
412 

Plantagenet,  quoted,  203,  400 

Plowden,  Sir  Edmund,  applies  for 
grant  of  Long  Island,  174;  sole  pro- 
prietor of  the  district,  175 ;  begins 
making  preparations  to  go  to  New 
Albion,  215;  requests  Parliament  to 
write  to  Virginia  on  his  behalf,  216 ; 
bark  of,  arrives  at  Elfsborg,  381 ; 
landed  at  Smith's  Island,  381;  res- 
cued by  an  English  bark,  382;  seems 
to  have  visited  New  Sweden  a  second 
time  in  1648,  399;  returns  to  Eng- 
land, description  of  New  Albion, 
400-401 ;  secures  colonists  for  his 
grant,  401 

Plowden,  Isle  of,  see  Long  Island 

Plymouth,  682,  in  sight  of,  261 
Plym.  C»l[ony)  Reclords'],  Acts,  quoted, 
208,  210,  214-215,  378,  384,  388-389, 
392,  395,  397,  399-400.  402-403,  561, 
575 

Plym.  Col[ony']  Reclords"],  Court 
Orders,  quoted,  169,  402 

Plym.  Collony]  Reclords],  Deeds, 
quoted,  343 

Point   Comfort,   English  from,   180 


Index. 


857 


Poland,  truce  draws  to  an  end  with, 
new  truce  made,  91;  at  war  with 
Sweden,  4  S. 

Pollock,  quoted,  456 

Pomerania,  694 

Ponta  Delgata,  495 

Pop.  Memo.  Vol.,  quoted,  392 

Port  (piriti),  meaning  of,  345;  de- 
scribed,  345-346 

Porto  Rico,  680,  685 ;  Swedes  ship- 
wrecked near,  270;  shipwrecked 
Swedes  brought  to,  271 ;  Swedes  ill- 
treated  at,  271  ff. ;  governor  of,  271; 
eleventh  expedition  proceeds  to, 
277  flf. ;  Elswick  arrives  at,  280; 
presents  damages  to  Governor  of, 
280;  Governor  of,  receives  Elswick, 
495;  Amundsson  dies  at,  495;  Els- 
wick leaves,  280,  496 

Portsmouth,  474 

Portugal,  677,  698 ;  commercial  rela- 
tions with  Sweden,  10  ff. ;  Embassy 
of,  sent  to  Stockholm,  11;  money 
coming  from,  to  be  applied  to  the 
New  Sweden  Company,  224-225 ; 
Bockhorn  goes  to,  470 

Portuguese,  probable  visits  of,  to  the 
Delaware,   165 

Posse,  Knut,  256 

Post  office,  in  Sweden,  39;  see  also  Swe- 
den 

Postmaster  General,  see  Johan  Beier 

Postryttnren,  see  ships 

Potomac  River,  394;  Baltimore's  grant 
bounded  by,  173 

Pots,  tin,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255 

Potter,  Commissioner  Joachim,  Elswick 
writes  to,  616 

Poulson,  Am.  Daily  Advert.,  quoted, 
320 

Powder,  manufactured  in  Sweden,  35; 
see  also  Sweden,  expeditions  and 
New   Sweden 

Powelsen,  Jacob  (skipper),  to  command 
the  ship  Freedenhurgh,  140 

Prague,  peace  at,  91 

Prince,  J.  Dyneley,  quoted,  190 

Prince  IFillem.  see  ships 

Printz,   Andrew,   697 

Printz,  Armegot,  689;  biography,  690; 
see   also    Madame   Papegoja 

Printz,  Catharina,  689,  691 

Printz,  Christina,  689,  691 

Printz,  Elsa,  689,  691 

Printz,  Gunilla,  689,  691 

Printz,  Gustav,  705,  689;  officer  in  New 
Sweden,  710;  returns  to  Sweden, 
probably     placed     in     command     of 


Scarborough's  ship,  342-343,  474- 
475;  oral  report  of,  478;  biography, 
687 
Printz,  Johan,  678,  681,  687,  693;  re- 
quested to  collect  colonists,  150;  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  Sweden, 
237;  instructions  for,  issued,  238; 
arrives  in  New  Sweden,  241,  301 ; 
requests  additional  colonists  and  new 
supplies,  250;  supplies  provisions  for 
the  return  of  the  seventh  expedition, 
256,  330;  prepares  a  list  of  articles 
needed  in  the  colony,  258;  additional 
request  for  colonists  and  supplies  sent 
by,  268 ;  letters  from,  concerning  the 
invasion  of  New  Sweden  read  in  the 
council,  285;  inspects  New  Sweden, 
303 ;  begins  the  erection  of  Fort  Elfs- 
borg,  304;  supplies  goods  to  the 
people,  304;  begins  the  erection  of 
Fort  New  Gothenborg,  305-306; 
erects  a  dwelling  on  Tinicum  Island, 
306,  347;  makes  his  first  relation, 
307 ;  assigns  ground  to  new  colonists, 
307-308,  334-335;  plants  corn  in 
1643,  308-309;  begins  trade  with  the 
Indians,  309 ;  buys  goods  for  an  ex- 
pedition to  New  Holland,  310;  de- 
cides to  sow  grain  in  1644,  312-313; 
entertains  De  Vries,  314-315;  re- 
ceives a  grant  of  Tinicum  Island, 
317;  obtains  a  cargo  for  the  Swan, 
317;  attempted  to  establish  manu- 
factories, 320;  requests  new  supplies, 
321 ;  suggests  improvements,  321-322  ; 
residence  of,  burned,  326;  awaits 
new  supplies,  326;  sends  his  sloop  to 
Manhattan,  327 ;  buys  goods  for  a 
draft,  327;  erects  a  mill,  328;  com- 
manded to  remain  in  New  Sweden, 
329,  334;  makes  his  third  report, 
330  ff. ;  builds  Fort  Korsholm,  331- 
332;  buys  land  from  the  Indians, 
332,  337;  sends  his  fourth  relation, 
336;  informed  of  the  shipwreck  of 
the  KatI,  338;  reports  to  Sweden, 
338;  few  colonists  on  which  he  could 
rely,  339;  had  had  no  news  from 
Sweden  for  3  years  and  9  months, 
340;  built  ships  in  New  Sweden, 
340-341 ;  ill,  341 ;  makes  provision  to 
send  tobacco  to  Sweden,  342;  de- 
cides to  return  to  Sweden,  343; 
library  of,  349;  Printz  accused  of 
enriching  himself  at  the  expense  of 
his  subjects,  349-350;  acquires  Printz 
Torp,  350;  bath-house  built  for  the 
use   of,    358;    instructed    to    decorate 


558 


Index. 


the  church,  366;  instructed  to  be  on 
friendly  terms  with  the  Indians,  275 ; 
describes  the  Indians,  375;  collects 
his  soldiers  to  avenge  murders  by 
the  Indians,  372;  feared  the  Indians 
as  soon  as  supplies  gave  out,  376; 
proposes  to  exterminate  the  In- 
dians, 377 ;  instructed  to  convert 
the  Indians  to  Christianity,  378 ;  pro- 
poses to  compel  the  Indians  to  accept 
Christianity,  379;  instructed  to  keep 
the  Swedish  title  of  Varkens  Kill 
intact,  380;  said  to  have  compelled 
the  English  at  Varkens  Kill  to  re- 
move or  swear  allegiance  to  the 
Swedish  Crown,  381;  imprisons  the 
servants  of  Plowden,  381-382;  re- 
fuses to  let  the  English  pass  Fort  Elfs- 
borg,  382;  Lamberton  sends  protests 
to,  383;  imprisons  Lamberton  and 
his  men,  383-384;  causes  a  court  to 
be  held  at  which  the  English  are 
tried,  384-388;  English  complain 
against,  388-389;  Winthrop  writes 
to,  389;  causes  a  new  court  concern- 
ing the  English  accusations  to  be 
held,  389-390;  writes  to  Governor 
Winthrop,  390;  letters  acknowledged 
by  Governor  Winthrop,  390-391; 
much  concerned  about  the  activity  of 
the  English  Puritans,  396;  requests 
the  Dutch  Commissary  to  refuse  them 
to  pass  the  fort,  396;  writes  again 
to  Governor  Winthrop,  397;  reports 
his  troubles  with  the  English  to  the 
Swedish  Government,  397 ;  showed 
his  friendship  for  the  English,  398; 
denies  the  requests  of  Capt.  Clark, 
399;  offends  Plowden,  399-400;  re- 
ports to  Sweden  that  the  English 
Puritans  trouble  him  no  more,  401; 
writes  to  the  chancellor  in  1651  that 
he  is  not  secure  from  the  North  Eng- 
lish, 404;  instructed  to  keep  peace 
with  the  Dutch,  405 ;  sought  the 
friendship  of  the  Dutch  against  the 
English,  405-406 ;  refutes  the  claim 
of  Governor  Kieft,  407 ;  writes  to 
Governor  Kieft,  407;  asks  for  more 
definite  instructions  concerning  the 
Dutch,  408-409;  informs  Blanck  that 
he  must  leave  the  Schuylkill,  409- 
410;  prevents  Hudde  through  an 
Indian  chief  from  ascending  the  Del- 
aware, 411;  builds  a  guard-house  at 
the  Schuylkill,  413  ;  protests  against 
Hudde,  413;  accused  by  Hudde  of 
disrespectful  treatment  of  the  Dutch, 


414 ;  complains  about  the  Dutch  to 
his  Government,  415-416;  monopo- 
lizes the  Indian  trade,  416;  seizes 
the  ship  Siraen,  417;  active  collect- 
ing building  material  at  the  Schuyl- 
kill, 419;  sends  Huygen  to  protest 
against  the  Dutch,  420;  complains  to 
Governor  Stuyvesant  about  Hudde, 
423 ;  gives  strict  orders  not  to  allow 
the  Dutch  to  build,  424;  buys  land 
from  the  Indians  to  prevent  the 
Dutch  from  obtaining  it,  428;  sup- 
posed by  the  Dutch  to  have  intentions 
of  fortifying  the  Hudson  River,  430- 
431;  Hudde  instructed  to  confer  with, 
about  the  English,  432 ;  reports  the 
expedition  of  Stuyvesant,  435  ff. ; 
calls  a  conference  of  the  Indian 
chiefs  to  dispute  the  Dutch  land  title, 
438 ;  sends  a  orotest  to  Governor 
Stuyvesant,  439-440;  arranges  for 
another  conference  with  the  Indians, 
441  ff. ;  tries  to  buy  land  from  an 
Indian  chief,  443 ;  conference  with 
Stuyvesant,  446 ;  opposes  the  Dutch, 
448;  given  large  powers,  450;  salary 
of,  451 ;  establishes  a  court  at  Chris- 
tina, 454;  removes  his  seat  of  Gov- 
ernment to  New  Gothenborg,  455; 
administration  of  justice  in  New 
Sweden  systematized  with  the  ar- 
rival of,  456;  judge  in  most  cases  in 
the  courts  among  the  Swedes  during 
his  administration,  456;  plaintiff 
against  Lamberton,  459-460;  judge 
in  a  court  to  examine  the  accusations 
of  the  English,  461 ;  imposes  fines  on 
settlers,  462 ;  a  revolt  rises  against, 
462-463 ;  petitions  to,  462-463 ;  an- 
swers petition,  463-464;  causes  exe- 
cution of  Anders  Jonsson,  463 ;  ac- 
cused of  ill-treating  the  colonists, 
464;  estimate  of,  as  an  official,  465; 
returns  to  Svpeden,  466;  arrives  in 
Sweden,  619;  as  an  author,  561; 
claims  for  salary  and  contributions 
paid  to  his  heirs,  647;  biography, 
688-690;  quoted,  150,  203,  283,  285, 
287,  307,  309,  311,  326,  329-330.  338- 
340-  343.  366-367.  370-371.  376,  379. 
381-382,  390,  397,  401,  404,  407,  434- 
436,  439,  443.  446-448,  455.  466,  619; 
see  also  Reports  of  Printz,  New  _Swe- 
den,  Dutch  and  English. 
Printz  Torp  (Dorp),  see  iorp 
Printz  Hall,  location  for,  305-306;  erec- 
tion of,  308,  347-348 ;  said  to  have 
been    built    of   bricks   brought    from 


Index. 


859 


Sweden,  erroneous,  347-348 ;  built 
out  of  hewn  logs,  348 ;  description  of, 
347-349;  destroyed  by  fire,  326,  349; 
rebuilt  in  1646,  326,  349 

Prison,  in  Christina,  454;  see  also 
Christina,   New   Sweden 

Prophet  Daniel,  see  ships 

Profoss,  explained,  453 

Protest  (English),  quoted,  211-212,  384 

Proud,   quoted,   191,   214 

Province  Island  {Mzna\ping,  Druiveeij- 
land/i),  Korsholm  located  on,  331; 
English  at,  213;  Dutch  at,  179 

Prussia,  686,  693,  694 

Psalm-book,  several  editions  in  Swe- 
den, 22 

Public  Record  Office,  12,  172;  present 
writer  makes  search  at,  176 

Pufendorf,   quoted,  91,  615 

Fund  (pound),  weight  of,  42 

Purchas  His  Pitgrimes,  quoted,  167,  550 

Pusey,  quoted,  172 

Putnam,  quoted,  170 

Pylfelt,  Major,  691 

Q 

Quebec,   164 

Quenieck,  442 

Quesne,  Abraham  de,  given  privileges 

by  the   king,  45 
Quistbro,  633 

R 

R.A.,  see  Royal  Archives 

Racoon  Creek,  lands  extending  to,  201, 
210;  Printz  buys  land  at,  337,  428 

Rddspr[otokoir\,  quoted,  io-i2,  16,  21, 
34,  38,  46,  47,  48,  49,  53,  58,  59,  60, 
61,  65,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71,  72-80,  98- 
99,  loi,  107,  120-121,  124,  127,  136, 
146,  156,  205,  222-228,  237-238,  240, 
243,  249,  253,  255-256,  266-267,  276, 
283,  285-2S6,  290-291,  351,  450,  649, 
654 

Rdlamb.   Saml.,  quoted,   241,    560 

Raleigh,  Walter,  supposed  to  have  dis- 
covered a  rich  gold  mine,  177 

Ramstorp,   687,    690 

Ranke,  L.  von,  quoted,  33,  652 

Raritan  Kill  (River),  Plowden's  grant 
extending  to,  175;  496,  588 

Rask,  Christer  Ludwig,  subscribed  to 
the  South  Company,  60 

R.D.,  see  Riksdaler 

Real,  see  ships 

Records  of  Gloria  Dei,  quoted,  605 

Rec.  of  Mass.,  quoted,  391,  395,  400 

Records  of  the  Virginia  Co.,  quoted,  11 


Red   Sea,   649 

Reede,  Godard  van,  seeks  to  found  a 
colony  in  New  Sweden,  135;  visits 
Spiring,  136;  withdraws  name  of, 
137-138 

Reedy  Island,  see  Vogele  Sant 

Rees,  Van,  quoted,  68 

Rees,  Jacob  de,  subscribed  to  the  South 
Company,  61 

Rees,  Lagmannen  Jacob  du,  691 

Relation  of  Sweden  to  other  Countries, 
see  Sweden 

Relation  with  the  neighbors,  see  Eng- 
lish, Dutch  and  New  Sweden 

Religious  liberty,  in  large  cities  in 
Sweden,  22 ;  granted  to  Dutch  in 
New  Sweden,  139 

Religious  worship,  during  the  time  of 
Ridder,  205  ff. ;  during  the  time  of 
Printz,  366  ff. ;  during  the  time  of 
Rising,  546;  during  the  Dutch 
Period,  668 

Renappi,  see  Lenape 

Reyneke  Fosz,  26 

Rensselaer,  Kiliaen  van,  sends  goods 
with  Minuit  to  New  Amsterdam, 
116 

Rensselaer,  Mrs.  van,  quoted,  166,  169 

Rensselaerswyck,  437 

Reorganized  New  Sweden  Company, 
see  New  Sweden  Company 

Reports  of  Printz,  quoted,  231,  245, 
256.  259,  305-307,  309,  312-316,  319- 
322,  326,  328-330,  332,  373,  376-379, 
381-382,  391,  399,  407-408,  416,  433. 
453-454,  462,^  465 

Reports  of  Rising,  quoted,  500-502, 
510-511,  513,   518-520,  523,  525,  527, 

531-533,   546,   567-570,  579 
Retzius,    Gustaf,   quoted,   361,    345-346, 

351,   357-3.58,   361-362,   364-365,    534 
Reval,   Usselinx  visits,   62 
Reynier,  Domenicus,  prepares  to  build, 

434 

Reynst,  Magaretha,  106 

Ribbing,  Per,  471 

Richardson,  quoted,  550 

Richelieu,  686;  Oxenstierna  accepts 
"  the  predominence  "  of,  91 ;  advises 
Gustavus  Adolphus  to  take  part  in 
the   Thirty  Years  War,   6 

Ridder,    Constantin,    692 

Ridder,  Peter  Hollender,  appointed 
commander  of  Christina,  126-127; 
instruction  given  to,  127;  Bogaert 
recommended  to,  141 ;  takes  com- 
mand of  Fort  Christina,  197;  reports 
to   Sweden,    198;    keeps   on   friendly 


86o 


Index. 


terms  with  the  Indians,  199;  quar- 
rels with  the  Dutch,  199  fF. ;  receives 
commissions  and  papers  from  Bo- 
gaert,  200;  buys  land  from  the  In- 
dians, 201-202 ;  erects  place  of  wor- 
ship, 205-206;  difficulties  with  the 
Dutch,  207 ;  troubles  with  the  Eng- 
lish, 208-215;  protests  made  to,  216 
£F. ;  returns  to  Sweden,  241;  biog- 
raphy, 691-692;  quoted,  127,  130, 
144,  146,  196-202,  204,  206,  210,  303; 
handwriting   of,    197-198 

Ridder,  Peter  Peterson,  692 

Ridd.  och  Adelns  Riksdagspr.,  quoted, 

Riga,  691 ;  Swedish  fleet  sails  for,  5 
Riksarkivet,  see  Royal   Archives 
Riksregistraturet,   see   Royal    Copybook 

(R.R) 
Rinckes,   Harry,   skipper,  brings  goods 

from   Holland   to  Gothenburg,  258 
Riksdaler  (R.D.),  value  of,  41 
Rikshufvudb.    (K.A.),   quoted,   163 
R[iks]  R3d[et],  quoted,  70,  72 
Ringold,  Thomas,  523 ;  advised  Rising 

to  buy  land,  569,  572 
Rising,     Johan     Classon,     brother     of 

Director  Rising,  634 
Rising,  Johan  Classon  (Klasson),  direc- 
tor, 164,  685,  687,  696,  761 ;  states  that 
King  Charles  transferred  his  rights 
on  the  Delaware  to  the  Swedes,  175  ff. ; 
states  that  the  Dutch  sold  their  rights 
on  the  Delaware  to  the  Swedes,  176; 
presents  report,  178 ;  misdirected  zeal 
of,  449 ;  appointed  as  an  assistant  to 
Printz,  475;  documents  issued  for, 
476 ;  arrives  at  Gothenburg,  478 ;  re- 
quests Oxenstierna  to  send  copy  of 
privileges,  478 ;  asks  about  the  ad- 
visability of  founding  a  colony  in 
Florida,  479 ;  engages  people  to  go  to 
the  colony,  482 ;  intends  to  sail,  483  ; 
writes  to  Oxenstierna  from  Dover, 
484;  visits  the  French  governor-gen- 
eral, 488 ;  recommends  Elswick  to 
Oxenstierna,  491;  appointed  director 
in  New  Sweden,  492,  498;  arrives  at 
Fort  Christina,  498 ;  takes  charge  of 
the  Government  of  the  colony,  499- 
500;  resume  of  the  instruction  to, 
499-500;  drafts  an  ordinance  in 
October,  1654,  502;  salary  of,  503; 
drafts  a  new  ordinance,  quoted  at 
length,  505-509;  calls  courts  in  New 
Sweden,  510  ff. ;  judge  at  the  courts, 
513;  first  concern  of,  514;  directed  to 
pay    attention    to    agriculture,    516; 


tour  of  inspection,  517;  endeavors  to 
carry  out  the  articles  of  his  instruc- 
tion, 518;  endeavors  to  secure  a 
cargo  for  the  Orn,  519;  repairs  the 
forts,  522;  land  granted  to,  524;  im- 
proves his  land,  524;  buys  goods  from 
the  English,  530;  reports  to  Europe, 
531;  selects  a  piece  of  land  for  a 
dwelling  and  erects  a  house,  542;  his 
expenses,  542 ;  writes  to  Oxenstierna 
to  send  him  a  good  wife,  545 ;  occu- 
pies a  conspicuous  place  in  Swedish 
literature,  551;  works  of,  551-554; 
conference  with  the  Indians,  563, 
565  ff.,  569  ff. ;  allows  the  savages  to 
pass  freely  in  and  out,  568 ;  desirous 
to  buy  lands  from  the  Indians,  569; 
replies  to  the  arguments  of  the  Eng- 
lish, 573,  577;  makes  arrangements 
to  refute  the  English  claims,  574; 
English  rights  to  America,  573 ;  at 
a  disadvantage  in  his  disputes  with 
the  neighbors,  579-580;  learns  the 
condition  of  the  colony,  582 ;  relates 
his  intentions  to  the  Dutch,  583; 
mistakes  of,  in  capturing  Fort  Casi- 
mir,  584;  Dutch  promise  faithful- 
ness to,  585 ;  writes  to  Stuyvesant, 
586;  visits  the  Dutch,  586;  not  in- 
clined to  go  to  New  Amsterdam,  5S9; 
calls  a  council,  595;  sends  aid  to 
Fort  Trefaldighet,  600;  makes  prep- 
arations to  receive  the  enemy,  602; 
sends  commission  to  Stuyvesant,  6oz- 
603;  collects  his  people  in  the  fort, 
605 ;  sends  reply  to  Stuyvesant,  604- 
605 ;  refutes  the  arguments  of  the 
Dutch,  605-606 ;  meets  Stuyvesant, 
607-608 ;  agrees  to  surrender,  608- 
609;  signs  the  articles,  609-610; 
Stuyvesant  offers  to  hand  over  the 
fort  to,  611-612;  refuses  the  offers 
of,  612—615;  examines  Skute,  613— 
614;  arrives  at  New  Amsterdam, 
614;  protests  against  Stuyvesant,  614- 
615;  goes  to  sea,  arrives  in  Europe, 
615-616;  relations  of,  received  by 
the  Commercial  College,  636;  com- 
pany takes  over  the  tobacco  bought 
by,  636;  letters  written  to,  636;  ap- 
plies to  the  Commercial  College  for 
his  pay,  646;  was  unsuccessful,  647; 
biography,  693  ff. ;  quoted,  13,  40, 
176,  179,  298,  320,  328,  335,  353-355, 
446-447,  453,  478-487,  489,  491,  494, 
497-498,  500-504,  508,  510-520,  522- 
527,  533,  536,  542,  546-547.  553-55+, 
5«4-S74,  573-574,  57^,  580,  582,  585- 


Index. 


86 1 


588,  590,  596,  599-600,  604-605,  609- 

613,  616,  625,  631;  handwriting  of, 
565-566,  615 

Riva,  Governor  de  la,  promises  to  set 
the  prisoners  of  Porto  Rico  free,  271 

River  Indians,  see  Lenape 

Rix   dollar,  see  Riksdaler 

Roads,  in  Sweden,  praised  by  White- 
locke,  38-39;  in  New  Sweden, 
caused  to  be  made  by  Rising,  533 

Robarch(?)  (Roxbury?),  Mr.  Lamber- 
ton  of,  460 

Roberts[on],  Robert,  Printz  buys  an 
English   bark   from,    333 

Robertson,  Doctor,  subscribed  to  the 
South  Company,   60 

Rochelle,  763;  ships  at,  155 

Roe,  Thomas,  ambassador  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus  and  of  England,  6 

Rohr,  von,  691 

Roloffsson,  Timon,  Hindricksson  to  con- 
sult, 147 

Roman  law,  influence  of,  in  Sweden,  21 

Rome,  679 

Roos,  Margreta,  683;  quoted,  555-556, 
683 

Root,  Simon,  granted  land,  411;  did 
not  settle  the  land,  412;  arranged  to 
build  at  Mastmakers  Hook,  425 ; 
affidavit  of,  425 ;  offers  to  buy  land 
from  the  Indians,  428 ;  land  pur- 
chased by,  431;  denied  payment  by 
the  Swedes,  439 

Ropewalk,  preparations  for  the  found- 
ing of,  begun,  64,  ropes  made,  65; 
first  at  Stockholm  and  Vastevik,  36 

Rosell,  Mans,  641 

Rosenberg,  C.  M.,  quoted,  64,  89,  328 

Rosengren  till  Grenzholm,  Ture  Jakobs- 
son,  21 

Rostock,  686,  688 

Roswitha,  referred  to,  165 

"  Rottnbourgh,"   604 

Rotterdam,    117,   274 

Royal  Archives  (Riksarkivet),  Sprinc- 
horn  makes  search  in,  176 ;  cf.  bibli- 
ography 

Royal  Assurance,  given  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus  19;  by  Christina,  20 

Royal  Copybook  (R.R.,  R.A.),  all  docu- 
ments not  copied  into,  629 ;  quoted, 
10-12,  16,  17,  19,  21,  29,  31,  35,  41, 
45,  47.  48-50,  54.  55.  57.  61-63.  65- 
66,  68-72,  74-75,  78,  80,  137,  141- 
142,  146-147,  149-151,  192,  240,  243- 
245,  249,  254,  256,  265,  267,  289,  299, 
317,  329,  405,  470,  476,  629,  649-652, 
655-656 


Royal  Court  at  Abo,  see  Abo 

Royal  Library  at  Stockholm  (Kungliga 
Biblteket)    founded,  27 

R.R.,  see  Royal  Copybook  (Riks  Regis- 
tratur) 

Rudbeck,  Olaus,  first  great  investigator 
in  Sweden,  29 

Rudbeckius,  Johannes,  works  for  inter- 
est of  Swedish  education,  27 

Rudberus,  Johan  Jonsson,  went  on  the 
ninth  expedition,  268;  buys  a  bark, 
273  ;  leaves  the  island,  273  ;  captured 
by  the  French,  273,  274;  illtreated 
by  the  French,  274;  sold  as  a  slave 
for  500  lbs.  tobacco,  275;  leaves  St. 
Cruz,  274-275;  criticisms  of  his 
journal,  275;  journal  of,  562;  quoted, 
269,  270-276 

Rulla,  quoted;  243,  304-307,  309,  315, 
319-321,   335,   352,  452-453 

Russia,  678;  in  war  with  Sweden,  4; 
trade  with,  63  ;  treaty  with,  63 

Russian   Company,  founded,  46 

Russian  gloves,  worn  in  colony,  cost  of, 

353 

Rutgersius,  Johan  (Janus),  in  the  diplo- 
matic service  of  Sweden,  9 

Rutherford,  Henry,  master  of  the 
Swalloiu,  brings  answer  to  Rising's 
letter,  574 

Ruttens,  Peter,  notary  in  Amsterdam, 
118 

Ruyven,  van,  615 

Rydfors,  A.,  quoted,  5-6,  177 

Rye,  Ridder  requests  some  for  seed, 
198;  when  sown,  313;  bought  at 
New  Amsterdam,  313;  sown  in  the 
colony,  314;  see  also  New  Sweden, 
Printz   and   Rising 

RjTner,  Thomas,  quoted,  179 

Ryning,  Eric,  appointed  to  meet  the 
committee  of  the  estates,  79;  dis- 
cusses journey  to  New  Sweden,  253 


St.  Christopher,  684;  tobacco  bought  at, 
247;  Swedes  at,  269,  487 

St.  Cruz,  French  bark  captures  Swedes 
near,  273  ;  governor  of,  ill-treats  the 
Swedes,  273-274;  causes  a  Swedish 
woman  to  be  murdered,  274;  Rud- 
berus sold  as  a  slave  at,  274-275;  the 
Swedes  released  from,  275 

St.  Hop,  see  ships 

St.  Klara,  678 

St.  Martin,  696;  ships  to  sail  by  way 


862 


Index. 


of,  114;  Swedes  at,  269;  take  in  salt 
at,  269 
St.  Martin,  see  ships 
St.  Michael,  495 ;  see  also  expeditions 
St.  Peer,  see  ships 
St.  Peter,  see  ships 
Saardam,  various  forms  of,  632 
Sachem,  meaning  of,  183 
Sacraments,  observed   in   the  Lutheran 

fashion,    370   ff. 
Sailor's  Narratives,  quoted,  165 
Saltberget,   Berndes,   Governor   of,   239 
Salt   Company,    founded,   47 
Salt,    trade,    63 ;    trade    of    the    Nevr 

Sweden  Company  in,  288 
Salt   works,    in    Sweden,    35;    see    also 

New  Sweden 
Samlaren,  quoted,   10,   23,   25-27 
Sanbigor    (Sambelan(  ?) ),   649 
Sand    Bay,    at   the    mouth    of   Raritan 
River,  New  Albion  extending  to,  175 
Sandelin,   Jacob  Evertssen    (Evertsen), 
on  the  Kalmar  Nyckel,  182,  184,  759 ; 
sells  goods  to  the  Swedes,  327;  sells 
French   wine,   370;   on   fourth  expe- 
dition, 759 
Sandelyn,  see  Sandelin 
Sandford,  Thomas,  531 
Sandhook,   sold   to  the  Dutch,  442   ff. ; 
sale  of,  to  the  Swedes  confirmed,  566 
Sankikan,     384,    411;     see    also    New 

Sweden 
Sankikan  Kill,  113 
San  Lucar,  74-75 
Saw-mill,  to  be  erected  by  Rising,  525; 

saw-crank  for,  saw-blades  of,  473 
Saxony,   elector   of,   makes   peace   with 

the  Emperor,  91 
Scandinavia,  trial  by  jury  in,  456 
Scarborough,    Edmund,    595;    made    a 
contract  with  Printz  to  send  80,000 
lbs.  of  tobacco  to  Gothenburg,  342; 
see  also  Printz  and  New  Sweden 
Scheiding  (Skeding,  Skeiding),  Holger, 

letter  sent  to,  67 
Scheidinck       (Schedingk,       Skeiding), 
Philip,   promised  to  subscribe  to  the 
South  Company,  61 
Schelling,  Felix,  quoted,  550 
Schinna,  sold  land  to  the  Dutch,  429 
Schlyter,  C.  J.,  quoted,  457-458 
Schmid,  Casper,  bought  tobacco,  644 
Schotting    (Schottingen),    Timon    van, 
factor  at  Gothenburg,  123-124;  pre- 
pares   Kalmar   Nyckel,    124;    money 
supplied  to,  125;  buys  provisions  for 
fourth  expedition,   151;   tobacco  sold 
by,  159,  162;  retained  as  factor,  232- 


233;  helps  to  prepare  the  fifth  expe- 
dition in  Gothenburg,  237 ;  aids  in 
preparing  the  sixth  expedition,  242; 
his  connection  with  the  company 
severed,  233;  quoted,  317;  biography, 
695;  handwriting  of,  133 

Schiick,  Henrik,  quoted,  21,  22,  25-27, 
29.  456 

Schuldt  Boeck  (1638-1648),  quoted, 
192,    194-195,   204 

Schuldt  ul^ndl  Cargl^asori]  B[uch'], 
quoted,  504,  526,  531-534,  537,  547, 
596 

Schultz,  quoted,  361 

Schuylkill,  Hendricksen  ascends  the 
Delaware  up  to,  168;  Lord  Balti- 
more's grant  beginning  at,  173 ; 
Plowden's  grant  extending  to,  175; 
lands  on,  bought  by  the  Dutch,  179; 
corn  fields  near,  193;  region  of,  212; 
English  at,  expelled,  215;  Coxwell 
sails  to,  214;  new  ground  cleared  at, 
318;  fort  built  at,  331;  English  at, 
380;  Lamberton  claims  lands  on, 
383-384;  Kling  dwells  at,  385; 
Dutch  trade  at,  407,  409 ;  Printz 
collects  building  material  at,  419; 
Fort  Beversreede  built  at,  420; 
seizure  of,  422 ;  see  also  Printz,  New 
Sweden,  the  Dutch,  the  English,  and 
the  Indians 

Schwartwout,  Thomas,  tobacco  spinner 
for     the     New     Sweden     Company, 

295  ff-  . 

Schweidnitz,  victories  at,  302 

Scotch,  probable  visits  of,  to  the  Dela- 
ware,  165 

Scotch   Dutchman,  see   ships 

Scotland,  tenth  expedition  sails  along 
the  coast  of,  483 

Scott,  quoted,  361 

Sea-horse,  see  ships 

Sedgwick,  Capt.  Robert,  member  of  the 
"  Laconnia  company "  formed  at 
Boston,   395 

Seed,  all  kinds  to  be  taken  to  the  Dela- 
ware, 193-194;  various  kinds  brought 
over  by  Printz,  312;  see  also  expedi- 
tions. New  Sweden 

Self-government,  dates  from  antiquity 
in  Sweden,  20 

Seeley,  Robert,  member  of  Hartford 
Convention,  575 

Settlers,  125-126;  lists  of,  151-153, 
699  ff. ;  alphabetic  lists  of,  716;  see 
also  expeditions,  Hindricksson,  Stake, 
New  Sweden,  Printz,  Rising,  Ridder, 
the  Dutch,  and  colonists 


Index. 


863 


Setskorn,  see  Zetskorn 

Setubal,    Swedes   on   the   way   to  fetch 

salt  from,  485 
Severn,  511,  572 
Seville,    75 

Sewant    (siwan,  wampum),  explained, 
113,    192;    bought   in    New   England, 
333;   see  also  the   Indians,   the  Eng- 
lish, New  Sweden,  the  Dutch 
Shakespeare,  quoted,  361,   549 
Shea,  quoted,  190 
Sheep,  five  landed  alive  in  1641,  202; 

number  of,  in  colony  in   1663,  667 
Shillington,   quoted,   11 
Ship-building,    78;     in    Sweden    after 
1611,    35-36;    in   New    Sweden,   320, 
340-341-  735,  736,  748-749;  Amunds- 
son  especially  instructed  to  prosecute 
in  the  colonv.  504,  735,  748;  see  also 
ships,  vessels  and  Appendix  C 
Ship    Company,    see    South-Ship    Com- 
pany 
Shipping,    in    the    hands    of    foreigners 

in  Sweden,  40 
Ships: 

A  chillis    (old    ship),    to   be    hired 

from  the  government,  133 
Arken  (old  ship),  to  be  rebuilt  and 
repaired    for   a   journey   to   New 
Sweden,    123 
Beaver,   the,   594 

Black  Dog,  the   {Svarte  Hunden), 
belonging    to    South-Ship    Com- 
pany, sold,   132,   763 
Blyde   Boolschap,   May  of   Hoorn, 

sails  up  Delaware  in,  169 
Bontekoe,  594 

Charitas     (Charitie),     being     pre- 
pared,   151;    arrives   at   Gothen- 
burg,   153;     implements    loaded 
onto,  154;  arrives  at  Fort  Chris- 
tina, 155;  takes  part  in  the  battle 
of    Fehmarn,    251;    estimate    of, 
626,    759 
Christina,  to  be  repaired  for  com- 
mercial voyages,  120;  to  be  sent 
to   Barbadoes,    40,    762 
Cock,  the,  388;  sails  to  New  Swe- 
den,  382-383 
Diemen,    name    of    Gyllene    Haj 
changed   to,  used  by  the   Dutch 
West    India    Company    for    the 
West  Indian  trade,   5Q0 
Dolphijn    {Spiegel?),  595,  604 
Dufvan    (The   Do-ve),   to  be   used 
for  expedition   to   New   Sweden, 
120 


Eindracht  (Endrdkt),  bought  by 
Printz,  342 ;  stranded  at  Sandy 
Hook,    659 

Engel  Gabriel  (Angel  Gabriel), 
Van  Vliet  goes  to  Holland  on, 
122 

Folk,  fitted  out  by  Sjohjelm  for 
an   expedition   to  Africa,   649 

Varna,  repaired  for  fifth  expedi- 
tion, 240;  returns  to  Sweden  with 
a  cargo  of  salt  from  Portugal, 
241 ;  prepared  for  the  sixth  ex- 
pedition, 242  ff.;  seized  in  Hol- 
land, 245  ff . ;  cargo  of,  sold,  248; 
takes  part  in  the  battle  of  Feh- 
marn, 251;  proposed  to  make  the 
seventh  expedition,  255;  not  in 
a  condition  to  make  eighth  expe- 
dition, 258;  estimate  of,  626, 
760 ;  see  also  seventh  expedition 

Foenix,  copper  sent  to  Holland  on, 
288 

Fbrgylda  Lejonet  ( The  Gilded 
Lion),  74,   762 

Freedenburgh  (Dutch  ship),  to 
sail  to  New  Sweden,  140;  Hol- 
landers engaged  to  bring  over, 
142 ;  arrives  in  New  Sweden  and 
returns,    144,    759 

Gasen  (the  Goose),  sails  from 
Stockholm  to  Gothenburg  with 
passengers  for  the  ninth  expedi- 
tion, 268 

Gefleskeppet,  74,  762 

Gotland,  belonged  to  the  Trading 
Company,  299 

Grip,  pass  given  for,  in;  selected 
instead  of  a  government  ship, 
hi;  Joransen  skipper  on,  112; 
to  remain  in  country,  114;  leaves 
New  Sweden,  118;  cargo  on, 
119;    drifts    upon    a    sandbank, 

125.  758 
Groote  Christoffel,  De,  591-592 
Gyllene  Haj,  bought  in  Holland, 
254;  prepared  for  the  seventh 
expedition,  255;  cargo  of,  255- 
256;  voyage,  256-257;  proposed 
to  fit  out  for  a  new  expedition, 
286;  repaired,  287;  to  be  pre- 
pared for  the  tenth  expedition, 
470;  repaired  at  Stockholm,  473- 
474;  soldiers  and  people  go  on, 
480-481;  arrives  at  Gothenburg 
leaky  and  in  bad  condition,  4S0- 
481 ;  repaired  at  Gothenburg, 
490;  delayed,  493  ff. ;  arrives  in 
New  Amsterdam,  496,  588 ;  cap- 


864 


Index. 


tured  by  the  Dutch,  588;  re- 
mained in  possession  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company, 
name  changed  to  Diemen,  590; 
681;  760-761;  see  also  eighth, 
tenth  and  eleventh  expedition 

Half  Moon,  Hudson  sails  in,  166 

Hercules,  mate  from  the  Haj 
placed  in  arrest  on,  490;  car- 
penters on,  493 

Hollandsche  Tuyn,  De,  429 ;  land 
title  signed  on,  428-429 

Hoorn,  675 

Knlmar  Nyckel,  purchased,,  78; 
mentioned,  114,  ii6,  119,  149, 
154.  152,  194.  199,  200,  202; 
arrives  at  Texel,  115;  driven 
out  of  harbor,  117;  officers  of, 
118;  to  be  sent  again  to  Amer- 
ica, 121,  124;  goods  loaded  onto, 
122;  adrift,  125;  returns  to  Svre- 
den,  146,  199;  repaired,  151; 
deeds  signed  on  board  of,  183 ; 
guns  taken  from,  193 ;  fitted  out 
for  trading  expedition  to  the 
Caribbean  Islands,  244;  seized 
in  Holland,  247;  cargo  on,  sold, 
248 ;  fights  with  the  Danish  ship, 
251;  too  old  to  perform  the  ninth 
expedition,  266-267;  estimate  of, 
626;  758-760;  see  also  expedi- 
tions 

Katt,  selected  to  make  the  ninth 
expedition,  267 ;  shipwrecked 
near  Porto  Rico,  270;  burnt  by 
the  Spaniards,  278;  damages 
claimed  for,  277-280;  680,  685, 
761 

Koninck  Salomon,  591 

Konung  Carl,  40 

Liefde,  595,  601 

Marie,  Printz  in  command  of, 
captured,  474-475 

Mercurius,  Trotzig  ordered  to  buy, 
631;  rebuilt,  632;  ready  in  Sep- 
tember, 633;  cost  of,  635;  ar- 
rives at  the  South  River,  635, 
659;  return  to  Sweden,  635,  662, 
761-762;  see  also  twelfth  expe- 
dition 

Neptunis,  expedition  made  in  by 
Sjohjelm,    649 

Neptunis,  belonged  to  the  South- 
Ship  Company,  763 

New  Amsterdam,  the,   594 

Neiii  King  David,  makes  numer- 
ous voyages  for  the  Company, 
227,  763 


Norrlandsskeppet,   74,    763 

Old  King  David,  makes  numerous 
voyages  for  the  company,  227, 
762-763 

Orn  (Eagle),  selected  instead  of 
Wismar,  470;  goods  loaded 
upon,  471 ;  leaves  Stockholm  for 
Gothenburg,  472 ;  ready  to  de- 
part, 479 ;  provisions  transferred 
to,  482 ;  leaves  the  harbor,  483  ; 
becomes  leaky,  483 ;  Capt.  Chev- 
erell  sends  his  mate  on  board, 
484;  turns  her  prow  towards 
America,  485;  sails  and  rigging 
of,  destroyed  by  the  wind,  488 ; 
mainmast  cut,  488 ;  repaired  on 
the  homeward  journey,  489;  762; 
see  also  tenth  expedition 

Onrust,  Hendricksen  in  command 
of,  visits  the  Delaware,  168 

Pearl,  fires  at  the  Orn,  484 

Postryttaren,  681 

Prince  IVillem,  Stuyvesant  intends 
to  go  to  the  South  River  with, 
421 

Prophet  Daniel,  loaded  with  slaves, 
made  a  prize  by  the  Spaniards, 
272 

Real,  ordered  to  the  South  River, 
215 

St.  Hop,  40 

St.  Martin,  ordered  to  the  South 
River,  215 

St.  Peer,  fights  a  battle  with  Kal- 
mar  Nyckel,  251 

St.  Peter,  40 

Scotch  Dutchman,  Sandelin  arrives 
at  the   South  River  with,  327 

Sea  Horse,  Blanck  arrives  with, 
409 

Siraen,  visited  by  Printz,  417-418 

Stockholms  Kronan,  74,  763 

Svarte  Hunden   (Black  Dog),  763 

Siuan,  makes  the  fifth  expedition, 
240  ff. ;  selected  for  the  eighth 
expedition,  258;  cargo  of,  259; 
journey,  260-261,  266;  took  part 
in  the  Danish  War,  251;  759- 
760 

Siaarte  A  rent  {Ziuarte  A  rend), 
592 

Turturdufvan  (Turtle  Dove),  sold 
by  Le  Thor,   130,  763 

Vliegende  Hert,  Het  (The  Flying 
Deer),    117,    684 

Waag,  De,  chartered,  Capt.  Frede- 
rick de  Coninck  in  command  of, 


Index. 


865 


593,   595.  600,  603-604,  606,  61+, 
660-662 
Walvis     (IValvisch,    the    IV hale), 
commanded      by      Capt.      Peter 
Heyes,    170 
Warwick,     Capt.     Neal     sent     to 

America   with,   393-394 
Wismar,  Admiralty  ordered   to  fit 
out,  for  a  voyage  to  New  Swe- 
den, 470 
Shirts,   530;  cost  of,  353 
Shoemaker,      Gov.      Hindricksson      re- 
quested to  obtain,  126,  357,  531-532; 
see  also  New  Sweden 
Shoes,   cost  of,   in   the  colony,   353;   of 
birch-bark     made     by     Finns,     357; 
made   by   the   Swedes,    534-535;   see 
also  expeditions  and  New  Sweden 
Sideniiis,   21 

SidolanJ,  meaning  of,   523 
Sifvertson,  Nils,  760 
Sigismund   III.,   King  of  Poland,  pre- 
tends  to   the   Swedish   throne,   5 
Signet  Office,    172 

Silfverkrona,  Peter  Spiring,  see  Spiring 
Silfvercrona  (Silbercron),  Johan  Philip, 

650 
Silk-worm    industry,    Printz    instructed 
to  begin,  320;  Rising  to  begin,  499, 

744 
Sille,  Nicasius  de,  550,  607,  662,  666 
Sillen,  quoted,  9,  22,  30,  32,  34-37,  39- 

40,  45.  47-48.  63,  148 
Silver   Fleet,   75,   194,   322 
Silver    money    (Swedish    s.m.),    value 

of,  41 
Sinexon   family,   540 
Sinques      (Sinquees,     Sinquessen,     Sin- 

quesz),    Indian    chief,    sells    land    to 

the  Dutch,  440  flf. ;  witness,  566,  756 
Siraen,  see  ships 
Siscohoka,    chief,    sells    land    to   Printz, 

332 
Sittoensaene   (Minquas),  Christina  Kill 

called,   443 ;    see  also    Christina   Kill 
Sjohjelm       (Zeehelm),      Vice-Admira! 

Hendrick     Gerritsen,     fits     out     two 

ships  for  an  expedition,  649-650 
Skagen,  483 

Skdlpund,  see  pund   (Swedish) 
Skane,  679,  688;  tobacco  trade  in,  641 
Skansen,   538;   dwelling  moved   to,   346 
Skara,  681,  697;  tobacco  sold  at,  642 
Skaraborgs  Ian,  tobacco  trade  in,  641 
Skeppa    (skeppor),  42,   524 
Skeppsepp[editioner'\,   quoted,    650 
Skeppsholm,  678 ;  see  also  Bibliography 
Skeppund,  weight  of,  42 
56 


Skepsk.  (Skeppskapaniet),  quoted,  65, 
69,  70,  72,  74,  77 

Skrlifvelserl  till  K.  Maj\_estdt'\,  quoted' 
489 

Skunck,  Nils,  member  of  the  New  Rus- 
sian  Company,   50 

Skute,  Sven,  appointed  commander  of 
Fort  Elfsborg,  305 ;  goes  on  board 
the  English  pinnace,  forcing  it  to 
fall  lower  down,  396;  sent  to  expel 
the  Dutch,  425;  returns  to  Sweden, 
2S2,  338;  arrives  in  Stockholm,  283; 
reports  concerning  the  colony,  283, 
2S4;  appointed  to  collect  soldiers  and 
colonists  for  the  tenth  and  eleventh 
expeditions,  471 ;  gathered  people  in 
Vasteras,  472 ;  returns  to  the  colony 
on  the  Orn,  477;  appointed  member 
of  the  council  in  New  Sweden,  498 ; 
commander  of  Fort  Trefaldighet, 
503;  assistant  to  Rising,  500;  com- 
mander of  Forts  and  Military  Affairs, 
502-503  ;  donations  of  land  at  Pass- 
yunk  and  Kingsessing,  500,  517; 
recommends  donation  of  land  to  Ris- 
ing; 524;  sent  to  demand  the  sur- 
render of  Fort  Casirair,  583;  goes  to 
Christina  to  confer  with  the  director 
and  receive  instructions,  596;  allows 
the  Dutch  to  pass  the  Fort  without 
hostility,  597;  Dutch  confer  with, 
598  flf.;  surrenders  the  fort  to  the 
Dutch,  600-601 ;  court-martialed  by 
Rising,  613-614;  named  as  an  unde- 
sirable citizen  by  the  Dutch,  660; 
elected    in    the   colony,    664;    quoted, 

598-599.   614 

Skyffe(?),  642 

Skytte,  300  men  of  his  regiment  remain 
at  home,  268 

Skytte  (Skytt,  Schytt,  Skittins),  Johan, 
interested  in  Swedish  education,  27 

Skytte,  Lars,  Swedish  resident  at  Lis- 
bon,  II 

Slectenhorst,  Brant  van,  not  favorably 
disposed   toward   the   Company,   431 

Sleds,  used  in  hauling  hay  and  grain, 
364-365,  464 

Sluyter's  Journal,  quoted,  305,  348,  354 

Smaland,    688 

Smith,  Captain  (also  lieutenant  and 
ensign),  Dirck,  at  the  capture  of 
New  Sweden,  597  fl. ;  appointed 
commander  at  Fort  Casimir,  657; 
accusations  against,  658;  sent  to 
the    Delaware   with    16    soldiers,    661 

Smith,  George  {Hist,  of  Del.  Co.), 
quoted,  182,  350,  669 


866 


Index. 


Smith,  Capt.  John,  writes  to  Bacon,  392 
Smith,    Robert,    buys    salt    from    com- 
pany,   288,    235,    642;    probably    the 
same    as    Smythe,    134;    see    Robert 
Smythe 
Smith,  William,  214 
Smoking  habit   among  the  students   at 

Upsala,  158 
Smythe,  Robert,  interviews  with  Oxen- 
stierna,   133;    proposals  for   an   expe- 
dition, 133-134 
Soap    works,    in    Sweden,    35;    see   also 

Sweden 
Soderby,    674 

S6derk[ompaniel~\,     quoted,     106,     109, 

125,  131,  145,  151,  154,  159,  163,  224- 

226,  228,  233,  242,  247,  259,  281,  282, 

522,  625,  630,  633,   635,   662 

Soldiers,     126 ;     see    expeditions,    New 

Sweden  and  Appendix  B 
Sonden,  Per,  quoted,  98,  101 
Soop,  Mathias,  subscriber  to  the  South 

Company,  60 
South  Company,  677';  names  of,  53; 
Usselinx  presents  views  concerning, 
to  Gustavus  Adolphus,  53;  com- 
mission for  Usselinx  to  found,  54; 
charter  of,  54-57;  brought  before  the 
diet,  58 ;  directors  appointed  for,  58- 
59;  poems  concerning,  59;  subscrip- 
tions for,  60-61 ;  King  requested  to 
pay  his  first  installment  for,  61 ; 
Usselinx  sent  to  the  Baltic  provinces, 
Finland  and  Northern  Sweden  to 
collect  subscriptions  for,  62 ;  trade 
of,  62—63;  ropewalk  of,  64;  ships  of, 
to  be  sent  to  the  West  Indies,  66; 
journey  to  the  West  Indies  dropped, 
67;  letters  concerning,  68;  commis- 
sioners to  be  sent  to  Germany, 
France  and  Venice,  68 ;  business  of 
the  company  grows  bad,  68 ;  agents 
to  be  sent  to  Finland  and  Norrland 
to  collect  money  for,  68 ;  joined 
with  the  Ship  Company,  70-71 ;  see 
also  South-Ship  Company  and  New 
Sweden  Company 
South-Ship  Company,  founded,  69 ; 
plans  concerning,  69;  raising  of 
money  for,  69-71 ;  ships  contracted 
to  be  built  for,  70;  King  proposes 
plans  for  the  increase  of  the  capital 
of,  70;  the  estates  contribute  to,  70- 
71;  officers  of,  71;  capital  of,  71-72; 
sixteen  ships  ready,  72 ;  ships  sailed 
to  Archangel,  North  Sea,  Holland 
and  Stralsund,  72;  freight  made  by, 
due   from   the   Crown,   72-73 ;   cargo 


sent    to    France,    73 ;    plans    for    the 
sending    of    ships    to    Spain,    73-74; 
ships  prepared,  74;    New   ships   pur- 
chased and  built,  77-78 ;  ships  again 
sent    to    Archangel,    78 ;    committee 
appointed  to  audit  the  books  of,  79 ; 
various  propositions  for  the  continua- 
tion   of,    79 ;    ships   carrying    freight 
for,  80;  factors  of,  71;  capital  of,  to 
be   used   for   the   New   Sweden   Com- 
pany,  121 ;    permanently  joined  with 
the  New  Sweden  Company,  227-228, 
iii;    see   also    South    Company    and 
New   Sweden   Company 
South  River  (Delaware),  93,  122,  124; 
called  the  South  River  by  the  Dutch, 
169;  cattle  to  be  taken  to,  113;  lands 
on    the    west   side    of,   to   be    bought, 
113;  land  on,  to  be  called  New  Swe- 
den,   114;    sloop   to   be   stationed   in, 
114;    Minuit    arrives    at,    117;    map 
made  of,  117,  517,  555;  forts  erected 
on,   117-118,   192;   second  expedition 
arrives    at,    130;    Dutch    to   settle    a 
colony     on,     139;     English     granted 
land  on,  143  ;  early  history  of,  164  ff. ; 
Henry  Hudson  in,  166;  English  and 
Dutch   at,    167;    discoveries   at,    168; 
Cornells  May  sails  up,   169;   French 
in,   169;   Fort  Nassau  built  on,   170; 
Swanendael  colony  on,  170-171 ;   De 
Vries    at,    171,    314;    grant   to   Lord 
Baltimore     of,     172-173 ;     grant     to 
Plowden  of,  174-175;  King  Charles  I. 
grants  to  the  Swedes,  175,  178 ;  Fort 
Nassau  reoccupied,  178-179;  English 
visits   at,    179-180;    garrison   at   Fort 
Nassau  maintained,  x8i ;  the  arrival 
of  the  Swedes  at,  182;  lands  bought 
on,    183,    184;    the    Dutch   claim    of, 
186;     Indians     on,     187-188;     New 
Swedish  fort  proposed  to  be  built  on, 
197;  second  expedition  sails  up,  202; 
English  buy  land  at,  208-210;  Eng- 
lish built  block  house  on,  210;  Eng- 
lish trade  successfully  in,  212 ;  Eng- 
lish   colony   to   be    planted    in,    213; 
English    expelled    from,    215;    Plow- 
den  makes  new  pretentions  to,   216- 
217;     fifth     expedition     receives     in- 
juries in  the  bay  of,  240;  climate  of, 
undecided    in,    301 ;     a    fort    to    be 
erected  which  would  be  the  key  to, 
303-304 ;  Swedish  fort  located  on  the 
east    side    of,    304-305 ;    Fort    New 
Gothenborg    commands,     306 ;     busy 
life  on  the  western  side  of,  in   1643, 
308 ;    Virginian   merchants   trade   in. 


Index. 


867 


310  ff. ;  Indians  of,  poor,  322,  377; 
freezes  over,  326;  Sandelin  arrives 
in,  327;  Dutch  obstruct  the  free 
traffic  on,  338;  English  merchants 
from  Barbadoes  sail  to,  339;  Eng- 
lish traders  in,  harshly  treated  by 
the  Dutch,  339-3+0;  Adams  endeav- 
ors to  establish  trade  in  the  bay  of, 
342;  Jansen  trading  on,  343;  dwel- 
lings erected  by  the  Finns  on,  345  ff. ; 
first  dwellings  of  the  Swedes  erected 
on,  203-204,  347  ff.,  537  ff. ;  Printz 
Hall  erected  on  the  banks  of,  347; 
bricks  from  Sweden  brought  to, 
347  ff. ;  description  of  the  Indians 
on,  187,  188,  375;  English  settle- 
ments on,  during  the  time  of  Printz, 
380  ff.;  Lamberton,  fits  out  his  pi7t- 
nace  for  trade  on,  282-283;  Lam- 
berton trades  in,  283;  English  trade 
in,  311  ff.,  316  ff. ;  English  claims  to 
land  at,  disputed,  384  ff. ;  Lamberton 
forbidden  to  trade  in,  387-388; 
Printz  promises  the  English  to  be 
allowed  to  go  on  with  their  planta- 
tion at,  391;  English  suppose  that 
the  source  of,  is  the  Great  Lake, 
394;  English  merchants  of  Boston 
send  a  pinnace  to  ascend  the,  395 ; 
the  English  not  allowed  to  pass  up, 
396;  Boston  bark  trades  in,  398; 
English  of  New  Haven  do  not  give 
up  their  hopes  of  settling  on,  400; 
Plowden  finds  settlers  willing  to  go 
to,  400-401 ;  Plowden's  expedition 
did  not  reach  the  Delaware,  401 ; 
trouble  with  the  English  on,  New- 
Haven  Delaware  Co.  does  not  re- 
linquish its  rights  at,  401 ;  English 
about  to  improve  their  "just  rights" 
at,  402  ff. ;  a  witch  accused  of  being 
able  to  say  something  about,  404; 
Printz  instructed  not  to  disturb  the 
Dutch  in  their  possessions  on,  405 ; 
intrusion  of  the  English  tended  to 
obstruct  the  Dutch  territory  at,  406 ; 
Kieft  accused  of  allowing  the  Swedes 
to  usurp  the,  408  ;  Kieft  shows  more 
concern  about  the  trading-post  on  the, 
409 ;  Dutch  commissary  at,  ordered 
to  buy  land  on  the  west  shore,  412; 
Stuyvesant  not  to  allow  the  Swedes 
to  usurp  the,  without  a  protest,  416; 
Hudde  reappointed  as  a  commiss  at, 
417;  Geraet  (Gerardy)  in,  for  the 
purpose  of  trade,  417,  418;  a  Swed- 
ish bark  sails  up  the,  418-419;  Stuy- 
vesant desirous  to  go  to,  420  ff. ;  two 


Dutch  officers  sent  to  transact  busi- 
ness at,  421  ff.;  Hudde  departs  for 
the,  425;  Dutch  rights  to,  examined, 
427,  444  ff.;  Stuyvesant  unable  to 
give  proper  assistance  to  his  com- 
miss at,  427 ;  Dutch  buy  lands  on 
the  east  side  of,  428-429 ;  Printz 
suspected  of  desiring  to  control  the 
entire  beaver  trade  of,  430-431; 
Dutch  erect  new  houses  on,  431; 
Dutch  and  Swedes  unite  and  plan 
to  keep  the  English  out  of,  432 ; 
hopes  of  settling  the,  from  Holland, 
432;  Dutch  freemen  unwilling  to 
settle  on,  433;  boundaries  between 
the  colonies  at,  to  be  settled  by 
treaty,  434;  Stuyvesant  tired  of  the 
complaints  that  came  from,  434; 
Stuyvesant  sends  a  vessel  to,  435; 
large  expedition  prepared  for,  435; 
Dutch  fleet  arrives  in,  436;  Indians 
present  lands  to  the  Dutch  on  the 
west  side  of,  437 ;  protest  from 
Stu>"vesant  because  of  the  injuries 
received  from  the  Swedes  on,  439 ; 
acts  of  Stuyvesant  during  his  stay 
at,  445-446 ;  Fort  Casimir  commands 
the,  446;  all  traders  in,  compelled  to 
pay  duty  to  the  Dutch,  446 ;  the 
Dutch  now  masters  in,  446  ff.;  ex- 
pedition of  Stuyvesant  to  the,  not  ap- 
proved by  the  directors  in  Holland, 
447 ;  few  ships  visit  the,  448 ;  Dutch 
again  active  at,  in  1653,  448;  Stuy- 
vesant admonished  to  be  careful  in 
his  intercourse  with  the  Swedes  at, 
448  ;  courts  upon  the  shores  of,  454  ff., 
509  ff. ;  first  judge  on  the  shores  of, 
455;  tenth  expedition  reaches  the  bay 
of,  489 ;  the  eleventh  expedition  by 
mistake  passes  the  bav  of,  496 ;  a 
map  of,  516;  land  given  to  Rising 
at,  524;  English  merchants  trade  in, 
during  the  time  of  Rising,  525; 
value  of  improved  and  unimproved 
lands  in  1653,  526-527;  peculiar 
methods  of  clearing  employed  by  the 
Swedes  and  Finns  at,  527-529; 
freezes  over  in  1655,  529;  supersti- 
tions among  the  Swedes  and  Finns 
at,  545  ;  a  poet  who  intended  to  go  to 
New  Sweden  never  arrived  at,  550; 
Campanius  the  most  noted  of  the 
Swedish  ministers  at,  560;  English 
commissioners  arrive  at,  572  ff. ; 
English  present  claims  to  lands  at, 
574  ff. ;  agent  sent  to  view,  577-578  ; 
reports  concerning,   presented   to  the 


868 


Index. 


English  Court,  578 ;  rumors  about 
the  New  Haven  people  were  about 
to  send  3,400  men  to,  578-579;  Eng- 
lish make  new  plans  at  settlements 
on,  581;  the  Orn  sails  up,  582; 
directors  decide  to  capture  the,  587, 
591 ;  Stuyvesant  advised  to  proceed 
to,  592 ;  preparations  to  proceed  to, 
593  ff. ;  Scarborough  gives  bail  not 
to  enter  the,  595 ;  Hook  sent  down 
the,  to  look  for  the  Dutch,  596; 
Stuyvesant  with  his  fleet  proceeds 
up  the,  597;  the  Dutch  land  on  the 
shores  of,  598 ;  Swedish  freemen  go 
down  the,  to  help  against  the  Dutch, 
603 ;  proposes  that  the  Swedes  should 
remain  along  the,  north  of  Chris- 
tina, 6x1-612;  the  Mercurius  sails 
uPi  635;  rumors  that  Sjohjelm  was 
to  proceed  to,  649;  Finns  sent  to 
America  at  the  expense  of  those 
interested  in  the  colony  on,  651;  re- 
ported that  the  Finns  were  to  pro- 
ceed to,  within  14  days,  652;  Swed- 
ish claims  concerning  the  colony  on, 
652-653 ;  Jacquet  sets  out  for  the, 
658;  Jews  to  trade  at,  658-659;  de- 
cision to  send  soldiers  to  the,  660; 
rumors  that  difficulties  with  the  In- 
dians had  arisen,  660-661 ;  Papegoja 
sails  the  Mercurius  up  the,  661 ;  the 
fVaag  arrives  at,  662;  Stuyvesant 
goes  to  arrange  matters  at  the,  664; 
colonists  brought  to,  667 ;  entire  dis- 
trict of,  transferred  to  the  city  of 
Amsterdam,  669;  English  capture  of, 
670;  see  also  New  Sweden,  the 
Dutch,  the  English,  Printz,  Rising 
and  Stuyvesant 
Spain,  trade  to,  63-74;  Swedish  ships 
arrested  in,  75-76;  enemy  of  Swe- 
den, 9,  276  ff. ;  trade  of,  with  Swe- 
den, 9-10;  Palbitsky  sent  to,  10, 
276-277 ;  Rising  to  institute  trade 
from   the    colony   to,   499,    675,    698, 

731.   745 
Spaniards,    76    ff.,    270    ff.;    see    also 

Spain,    Sweden,    Palbitsky    and    Pi- 

mentelli 
Spanish  prizes,  to  be  captured,  116 
Spaniola,  Minuit  to  sail  near,  113,  114 
Spanish  Sea,  Swedes  pass  through,  269 
Sparre,  Johan,  subscribed   to  the   South 

Company,    60;    agreement   with   Per 

Andersson,   63 
Speckt,    Cornelius,   70 
Spens    (Spence),  Jacob    (James)    d.   a. 


(Jr.),  ambassador  of  Sweden  and  of 
England,  6,   11 

Spiegel,  the,  see  Dolphijn 

Spiring  (Spierinck,  Spiering,  Spieringk, 
Spieringh),  Peter,  674,  684;  instructs 
Blommaert  to  send  letters  to  him,  94; 
sent  to  Holland  to  raise  the  Dutch 
subsidies,  94-95 ;  confers  with  Blom- 
maert and  writes  to  the  chancellor 
about  the  proposed  trade,  95-96 ;  in- 
terviews with  Minuit,  96;  goes  to 
Amsterdam,  99-100;  report  of,  re- 
ceived by  the  chancellor,  loi ;  con- 
fers with  Blommaert  and  Minuit 
about  the  West  Indian  trade,  102; 
takes  shares  in  the  company,  103- 
106;  reports  to  the  chancellor,  103- 
104;  visits  Sweden,  98;  his  proposi- 
tions read  in  the  council,  98  ;  returns  to 
Holland,  99;  inspects  Kalmar  Nyckel, 
128 ;  removes  the  captain  from  the 
ship,  129;  ordered  to  pay  the  shares 
of  the  Dutch  members,  132;  plan  for 
the  Utrecht  colony  presented  to, 
136;  charter  presented  to,  137; 
writes  to  Beier  about  the  proposed 
Dutch  settlement,  137;  presents  Ge- 
genbedencken,  138;  written  to,  about 
the  Dutch  settlement,  141 ;  applies 
to  the  States  General  for  permission 
to  equip  a  ship  in  Holland,  142; 
proceeds  of  the  sale  of  skins  turned 
over  to,  144;  money  furnished  by, 
145;  reports  made  to,  155;  causes  a 
statement  to  be  made  concerning  the 
first  expedition,  118;  present  in  the 
council,  222 ;  proposes  that  a  tobacco 
company  should  be  founded,  223 ; 
thinks  that  the  peltries  from  New 
Sweden  should  be  sold  in  Sweden, 
223 ;  Spiring  turns  over  money  to 
Trotzig,  224-225 ;  does  much  busi- 
ness for  the  company  without  pay, 
225-226 ;  handles  money  for  the 
members  of  the  Company,  228 ; 
papers  from  New  Sweden  sent  to, 
229 ;  looks  after  the  diplomatic  busi- 
ness of  the  company  in  Holland,  234; 
buys  provisions  for  the  fifth  expedi- 
tion, 237  ;  instruction  for  Printz  made 
along  the  line  suggested  by,  238 ; 
assists  in  preparing  the  sixth  expedi- 
tion, 242 ;  sends  protests  to  the  States 
General,  245  ff.;  secures  release  of 
ships,  248 ;  to  send  an  expedition 
from  Holland  to  New  Sweden,  252; 
letter  from,  concerning  New  Sweden 
read    in    the    council,    253;    to    give 


Index. 


869 


Governor  Printz  good  advice,  254; 
capital  in  Nevp  Sweden  Company, 
262,  626;  heirs  of,  retain  capital  in 
the  Company,  626;  quoted,  45,  95- 
96,  98-100,  103,  122-124,  131.  136, 
156;  biography,  695-696;  handwrit- 
ing of,   155 

Sprinchorn,  Dr.  Carl,  681 ;  makes  search 
in  the  Royal  Archives  for  evidence 
of  the  English  transfer  of  the  Dela- 
ware, 176;  quoted,  238,  260-261,  265, 
304,  338,  381,  384,  436,  440,  466, 
518,  523,  559,  563-564,  629.  634.  649> 
654,  656 

Staats,  Abraham,  437 

Stake,  bricks  exported  from,  35 

Stake,  Olof,  governor,  instructed  to 
collect  colonists,  126;  successful,  127; 
ordered  to  restore  property  to  Finns, 
149;  letter  sent  to,  150,  239 

Stang,  length  of,   507 

Starback,  C.  Georg.  quoted.  10,  11,  5° 

Slate  Papers  (Pub.  Rec.  Office),  quoted, 
12,  14,  40,  46,  51,  474 

Staten   Island,  496 

States  General,  no,  695;  see  Spiring, 
Appelbom,   expeditions 

Steam-bath,  see  bath-houses 

Steel,  Ridder  requests,  198;  see  also 
expeditions  and  New  Sweden 

Steendam,  Jacob,  quoted,  550 

Steiner,    quoted,    173 

Steinkamp,  Ulrick,  appointed  factor  in 
Gothenburg,   630 

Stettin,   81 

Stidden,  Timon,  see  colonists 

Stiernhjelm,  Georg,  23;  foreshadows 
Grimm's  law,   25 

Stiernhook,  Johannes  (Johan)  Olai 
Dalecarlus,  21;  quoted.  456  9. 

Stiernman,  A.  A.  von,  said  by  Acrelius 
to  confirm  the  purchase  from  the 
Dutch  "  out  of  the  documents,"  176 ; 
quoted,  16.  19.  "7.  4°,  45,  47-5°,  66, 
71,  80,  148,  158,  160,  291,  29^-294, 
296,  298,  622-623,  640,  644-645 

Still,  brought  to  the  colony  on  the  tenth 
expedition,  473;  see  also  expeditions 
and  New  Sweden 

Stockings,  cost  of,   353 

Stockhnlms  Slads  tdnhehok.  quoted,  70 

Stockholm,  67-68,  70,  105,  108,  120, 
130,  436,  673-677,  678-682,  683,  688, 
697;  see  also  Bonnell,  Kramer,  Flem- 
ing   and    expeditions 

Stockholms  Kronan  (Crown  of  Stock- 
holm),  see  ships 

Stolbova,  peace  at,  4 


Stolt,  Jonas,  quoted,  352,  356,  365,  528, 

541 

Stone,  quoted.  457 

Stop,  size  of,  42 

Store-houses,  built  in  New  Sweden, 
362;   described,   363   fit. 

Strachey,  quoted,  167 

Stralsund,  72,  81,  95-96 

Strandviken,   526 

Strangnas,   bricks   exported   from,   35 

Strindberg,  August,  quoted,  30 

Stromskold,  Anders  Olofsson,  secretary 
of  the  Commercial  College,  18;  ap- 
pointed to  draw  up  proposals,  625; 
subscribes  to  the  Company,  625-626; 
appointed  director,  627 ;  works  for 
the  Company,  629 ;  goes  to  Prussia, 
638 ;  withdraws  from  the  Company, 
643 ;  sued  by  Rising,  646 ;  quoted, 
625,   631,   643 

Stroudsburg,   175 

Stubbs,  William,  quoted.  456 

Stud,   tilleg.   Se/iiUk,   quoted,   25 

Stuiver.  value  of,  41 

Stumpff,  Joachim,  presents  plans  for 
West   Indian   trade,    loo-ioi 

Stuyvesant,  Governor  Peter,  appointed 
director  in  the  place  of  Kieft,  416; 
character  of,  416;  letter  of  congratu- 
lation to,  399;  protests  against 
Printz,  417;  news  sent  to,  418; 
ordered  Hudde  to  settle  down  beside 
the  Swedes,  419;  resolves  to  go  to 
the  South  River,  420-421 ;  journey 
abandoned,  421;  Printz  writes  to, 
complaining  of  Hudde,  423 ;  report 
sent  to,  424;  complains  to  the  direc- 
tors in  Holland,  427;  gives  permis- 
sion to  Dutch  freemen  to  live  at 
Mantashook,  428 ;  date  of  his  letter, 
April  9(19),  1649,  determined,  429- 
430;  admonishes  his  commander  at 
Fort  Nassau  to  oppose  the  Swedes, 
431;  letter  from  directors  to,  432; 
informs  Printz  about  the  disaster  of 
the  Katt.  433;  prepares  to  go  to  the 
South  River  with  a  large  expedition, 
435;  marches  across  the  country 
with  120  men,  436;  called  Indian 
chiefs  to  a  conference,  436;  answers 
Printz,  439;  buys  lands  from  the  In- 
dians, 440-441,  443-444-445 ;  builds 
Fort  Casimir,  445 ;  obstructs  the 
trade  in  the  river,  445-446 ;  leaves 
the  Delaware,  445-446;  said  to  have 
had  conferences  with  Printz,  442, 
446 ;  hopes  to  appear  in  the  river 
with    greater    force,    447 ;    directors 


870 


Index. 


not  pleased  with  the  expedition  of, 
447 ;  Swedes  apply  for  permission 
from,  448 ;  writes  to  the  directors 
in  behalf  of  Printz,  466;  everything 
blamed  on  him,  585;  Rising  writes 
to,  writes  to  Rising,  586 ;  reports  the 
capture  of  Fort  Casimir,  587 ;  cap- 
tures the  Gyllene  Haj,  588  ;  protests 
of,  and  to,  588-589,  590;  advised  to 
capture  the  South  River,  592 ;  in 
Barbadoes,  593;  reports  of  the  prep- 
arations of,  reach  the  Swedes,  595- 
596;  arrives  in  the  Bay  with  his 
fleet,  597;  lands  his  artillery,  598; 
demands  the  surrender  of  the  strong- 
hold, 599-600;  agrees  to  the  capitu- 
lation of  Trefaldighet,  600;  Elswick 
sent  to,  602 ;  remains  at  Fort  Casi- 
mir, 603 ;  demands  the  surrender  of 
Fort  Christina,  605-606;  reply  sent 
to,  607 ;  meets  Rising,  607 ;  agrees  to 
the  articles  of  surrender,  608-609 ; 
again  meets  Rising,  609-610;  reports 
his  success  to  New  Amsterdam,  610; 
council  writes  to,  611;  proposes  to 
return  Fort  Christina  to  the  Swedes, 
611-612;  Rising  visits,  614-615;  col- 
ony to  be  governed  under  the  direc- 
tion of,  657;  Papegoja  writes  to,  659; 
visits  the  Delaware  in  1658,  664; 
biography,  696;  quoted,  401,  419. 
429,  430-431.  434.  598.  662;  hand- 
writing, 433 

Styffe,  quoted,  39 

Suffering  and  Resurrection  of  our  Lord 
Jesus   Christ,   The,   26 

Sugar  factories,   in   Sweden,   35 

Sundbiirg,    Gustav,    quoted,    351,    457, 

541 

Sunden,  D.  A.,  quoted,  351 

Sundsocken,    Finns   from,    149 

Suppeckongh  (Supeskongh),  West 
point  of  Minquas  (Christina)  Kill, 
440 

Surveyors,  German,  employed  in  Swe- 
den, 15 

Susquehannas,  same  as  White  Min- 
quas, 188 

Susquehanoer,   see  Susquehannas 

Susquehannocks,  see  Susquehannas 

Svarta,  633 

Svarte  Hunden,  see  Black  Dog 

S'vecia,  see   Sweden 

S<v.  Hist,  och  Polit.  Visor,  quoted,  251 

Svensson,  Johan,  sailor,  758 

Svensson,   Nils,  760 

Swan,  see  ships 

Swanendael,   676;   dilapidated   fort   at. 


143 ;  Dutch  colony  on  Horn  Kill 
called,  170-171 ;  colony  not  a  suc- 
cess, 180;  sold  to  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company,  181 
Swanendael  Company,  not  a  success, 
i8o;  differences  arise  with  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company,  181 
Sivarle  Arent,  see  ships 
Swartling,  Birger,  quoted,  25 
Sweden,  673,  674,  675,  679-681,  684- 
686,  688-691,  693,  695,  697,  698; 
Reformation  saved  by,  3 ;  Gustavus 
Adolphus  ascends  the  throne  of,  3 ; 
in  war  with  Russia,  4;  Poland,  4-5; 
takes  part  in  the  Thirty  Years  War, 
6;  in  war  with  Denmark,  7,  250  ff., 
641 ;  comes  in  contact  with  the  out- 
side world,  9;  relation  of,  to  Spain, 
9-10,  270  ff.,  276-280;  relation  of,  to 
Portugal,  lo-n ;  relation  of,  to 
France,  11;  relation  of,  to  England, 
11-12,  299;  treaty  with  England,  11, 
621;  relation  of,  to  Holland,  12-14, 
591;  government  of,  15  ff.;  highly 
organized  military  system  of,  15; 
departments  of  State  of,  15;  Com- 
mercial College  of,  15-19;  govern- 
ment of,  Constitutional,  19 ;  self- 
government  of  people  in,  20;  Coun- 
cil of  State  of,  20-21;  judicial  sys- 
tem of,  21;  professor  of  law  in,  21; 
Reformation  in,  22;  religious  liberty 
in,  language  of,  in  the  17th  century, 
23-25 ;  poets  and  authors  in,  25-26 ; 
literature  of,  26  ;  education  in,  26-28  ; 
natural  sciences  in,  during  the  first 
half  of  the  17th  century,  29;  class 
distinctions,  characteristics  of  the 
Swedish  peasants,  29-30;  patriotism 
of  the  people  in,  30-31;  population 
0^1  3i~32;  reasons  for  migrating 
from,  32 ;  military  system  of,  in  ad- 
vance of  the  age,  33 ;  systems  of 
government  imitated  by  other  coun- 
tries, 33;  wealthy  Dutchmen  settle 
'f|  33~34>  52;  iron  works  in,  become 
famous,  34;  copper  mining  in,  34; 
textile  and  clothing  industries  in, 
34;  shoe  and  glove  factories  in,  34; 
kettles  and  utensils  manufactured  in, 
glass  factories  in,  34-35;  brickyards 
in,  35;  paper  manufactured  in,  35; 
various  industries  in,  35-36;  agricul- 
ture in,  36-37;  cities  favored  in,  37; 
country  roads  in,  38-39;  canals  in, 
39;  communication  of,  with  foreign 
countries,  39;  post  office  of,  1620- 
1654.   39-40;   domestic  trade   in,  40; 


Index. 


871 


export  trade  of,  40;  money  of,  41; 
weights  and  measures  of,  41-42 ; 
calendar  used  in,  42—43 ;  societies 
and  guilds  of,  43 ;  Christian  II.  of 
Denmark  proposes  to  found  a  trad- 
ing company  in,  44;  company  char- 
tered at  Gothenburg,  1607,  45;  Gen- 
eral Trading  Company,  1615, 
founded  in,  45;  other  companies 
founded  in,  45-48 ;  a  New  Ship  Com- 
pany founded  in,  48  ;  Swedish  Afri- 
can company  founded  in,  49;  minor 
companies,  50;  English-Swedish 
Company  to  be  founded  in,  50-51; 
South  Company  founded  in,  52  ff.; 
Usselinx  goes  to,  52-53;  subscrip- 
tions for  the  South  Company  raised 
in,  58-62 ;  United  Ships  Company 
founded  in,  69  if.;  importance  of 
copper  trade  in,  87,  88;  trade  to  the 
West  Indies  of,  proposed,  90;  Finns 
in,  147  ff. ;  beaver  trade  in,  157; 
tobacco  trade  in,  158-163;  New  Swe- 
den Company  reorganized  in,  221  ff.; 
fifth  expedition  prepared  in,  237  ff. ; 
sixth  expedition  prepared  in,  242  ff. ; 
colonists  return  to,  on  the  sixth  ex- 
pedition, 248 ;  heavy  toll  in  the  Sound 
a  heavy  burden  to,  250;  Denmark  a 
false  friend  in  the  peace  negotiations 
of,  250;  industries  in,  badly  damaged, 
251 ;  could  spare  ships  for  commer- 
cial journeys,  252;  preparations  for 
the  seventh  expedition  from,  254; 
goods  secured  in,  for  seventh  expedi- 
tion, 255;  tobacco  shipped  to,  on  the 
Haj,  256;  goods  shipped  to,  for  the 
eighth  expedition,  258;  books  from 
America  brought  to,  colonists  return 
to,  on  the  eighth  expedition,  261, 
336;  Papegoja  requests  to  be  allowed 
to  return  to,  266;  colonists  on  the 
ninth  expedition  endeavor  to  return 
to,  273;  survivors  of  the  ninth  expe- 
dition return  to,  275-276;  plans  for 
new  expedition  from,  in  1660,  281; 
Skute  returns  to,  282;  colonists  sup- 
ported the  people  without  aid  from, 
283 ;  salt  brought  to,  288 ;  peltries 
sold  in,  289 ;  use  of  tobacco  had 
enormously  increased  in,  1643,  289; 
large  quantities  of  tobacco  illegally 
brought  into,  289-290;  Tobacco 
Company  to  be  organized  in,  290  ff. ; 
sole  right  of  the  Tobacco  Company 
to  sell  tobacco  in,  291 ;  tobacco  press 
and  other  instruments  shipped  to, 
295;   ship   on   her  way   to,  captured. 


299 ;  news  from,  desired  by  settlers, 
302;  Printz  instructed  to  plant  to- 
bacco which  could  be  shipped  direct 
to,  308 ;  colonists  adhered  to  the  cus- 
toms in,  312  ff. ;  method  of  sowing 
rye  in,  313;  300  skins  bought  in  the 
Schuylkill  for  the  Sivan,  shipped  to, 
317;  draft  arrives  in,  327;  Molndal 
in,  328;  Swan  returns  to,  335;  big 
sums  of  money  paid  to  the  returning 
colonists  in,  336;  neither  news  nor 
supplies  came  from,  in  1650,  338; 
Printz  writes  to,  in  1652,  341 ;  lack 
of  tobacco  in,  342 ;  Printz  decides  to 
go  to,  343  ;  forms  of  houses  in  olden 
times  in,  345  ff. ;  bricks  sent  to  New 
Sweden  from,  348;  crofters  in,  351; 
snuff-boxes  of  birch-bark  common 
among  peasants  in,  peasants  in,  know 
how  to  prepare  various  kinds  of 
skins,  357;  Finnish  form  of  bathing 
common  in  Sweden,  361 ;  storehouses 
built  in,  363;  chickens  in  the  dwel- 
ling-houses in,  365;  style  of  churches 
in,  366;  festivities  in,  369;  authori- 
ties in,  endeavor  to  supply  the  re- 
ligious wants,  373 ;  Campanius  re- 
turns to,  373-374;  2  Indians  to  be 
sent  to,  378 ;  English  forced  to  swear 
allegiance  to  the  crown  of,  381; 
Lamberton  protests  against  the  crown 
of,  385  ;  success  of  the  king  of,  known 
in  New  England,  398;  Kieft  informs 
Gov.  Printz  of  news  from,  407 ; 
Printz  receives  no  further  orders 
from,  concerning  the  Dutch,  409 ; 
their  High  Mightinesses  are  unwil- 
ling to  come  into  conflict  with,  413; 
Olofsson  seems  to  have  returned  to, 
453 ;  documents  sent  to,  by  Printz, 
455;  Regner,  king  of,  456;  jury  said 
by  some  to  be  foreign  to,  457 ;  prepa- 
rations for  the  tenth  expedition  in, 
469  ff. ;  regulations  concerning  col- 
onists from,  506;  cargo  expected 
from,  530;  Rising  sends  reports  to, 
531;  buildings  of  two  stories  in,  541- 
542;  times  for  meals  in,  543;  cus- 
toms at  Christmas  in,  543-544;  Finns 
looked  upon  as  masters  of  witchcraft 
in,  544;  soldiers  leave  their  wives 
behind  in,  545 ;  early  voyages  gave 
rise  to  no  literature  in,  549;  popu- 
lar historian  of,  quoted  551;  friend- 
ship between  England  and,  has 
powerful  influence  upon  Rising,  574; 
Printz  had  carried  most  of  the  orig- 
inal documents  to,  579;   friendly  re- 


872 


Index. 


lations  between  Holland  and,  have 
largely  disappeared,  591 ;  treaty  of, 
with  England  concerning  the  trade, 
621 ;  tobacco  sent  to,  637 ;  tobacco 
trade  of,  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
Company  in  1648,  641;  provinces 
ceded  to,  641 ;  preparations  made  in, 
concern  the  Dutch,  649;  Finnish 
families  from,  to  go  to  America  in 
1664,  650;  fugitives  to  be  returned 
to,  652 ;  not  to  be  expected  that  Eng- 
land would  turn  over  the  colony  to, 
654;  British  representative  in,  655; 
colony  forever  lost  to,  656;  further 
orders  to  be  received  from,  659; 
Swedes  desire  not  to  take  sides  with 
the  Dutch,  should  trouble  arise  be- 
tween Holland  and,  664;  several 
settlers  from,  arrive  in  New  Sweden, 
1663,  667;  see  also  expeditions,  New 
Sweden  Companj',  South  Company, 
South-Ship  Company,  Usselinx 
Swedes,  the,  681;  things  become 
brighter  for,  7 ;  illiteracy  of,  28 ; 
patriotism  of,  30;  large  company  to 
consist  of  Englishmen  and,  50;  com- 
ing of,  182;  two  ships  of,  182;  the 
Indians  with  whom  they  came  in 
contact,  187;  Indians  trade  with, 
188;  Minquas  country  called  by,  191; 
undersell  the  Dutch,  195;  resolve  to 
move  to  Manhattan,  195-196;  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  begin  trade  with, 
at  an  early  date,  198;  Dutch  settling 
among,  203 ;  Dutch  vessels  trade 
with,  207  ff.,  314  ff. ;  English  trade 
with,  198,  311  fl. ;  525  ff. ;  houses  of, 
204,  345  ff. ;  relation  of,  with  the 
neighbors  during  the  administration 
of  Ridder,  207  ff. ;  Lamberton  sends 
protests  to,  209;  Berkeley  protests 
against,  216;  shipwreck  of,  270; 
Spanish  ship  sent  to,  270;  pumping 
done  by,  271 ;  ill-treated  by  the 
Spaniards,  271-272;  conversion  of,  to 
Catholicism,  272-273;  submitted  to 
ill-treatment  by  the  French,  273 ; 
understood  the  value  of  bathing,  357; 
storehouses  of,  362  ff. ;  granaries  of, 
364;  religious  worship  of,  during  the 
time  of  Printz,  366  ff. ;  relations  of, 
with  the  Indians,  375  ff.,  563  ff. ; 
murdered  by  Indians,  376  ff. ;  relations 
of,  with  the  English  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Printz,  380  ff.;  Lam- 
berton accused  of  planning  to  kill, 
383,  386-387;  Printz  accused  of  try- 
ing to  make  Woollen  testify  falsely, 


388-389-390;  Gov.  Winthrop  has 
high  opinions  of,  398;  Collicott  com- 
plains against,  399;  English  sell  their 
property  to,  399 ;  the  New  Haven 
people  to  receive  aid  against,  403 ; 
rights  of,  to  be  guarded,  405 ;  on 
good  terms  with  the  Dutch,  406; 
Jan  Jansen  on  good  terms  with,  407; 
allowed  to  usurp  the  Delaware  by 
Kieft,  408 ;  Dutch  trade  of  disad- 
vantage to,  409;  Swedes  had  ac- 
quired title  to  certain  territory,  412; 
diligence  of  Printz  gives  a  decided 
advantage  to,  prudence  of,  saves  them 
from  attack,  415;  reports  of,  not  to 
be  taken  too  literally,  416;  Stuyve- 
sant  to  use  more  power  against,  416- 
417;  could  not  expect  succor,  418; 
Dutch  to  settle  down  by  the  side  of, 
419;  Indians  accuse,  419-420;  In- 
dians ill-disposed  towards,  420; 
Hudde  is  accused  of  using  vile  lan- 
guage against,  423 ;  Dutch  partici- 
pate in  the  purchase  of  land,  423; 
do  whatever  they  please  in  the  river, 
title  acquired  by,  armaments  of, 
forces  of,  proceedings  of,  426 ;  Stuy- 
vesant  cautioned  to  have  patience 
with,  427  ;  Broen  asks  the  assistance 
of,  428 ;  would  have  gained  a  foot- 
hold on  the  eastern  bank,  but  for  the 
watchfulness  of  Hudde,  430;  sup- 
posed to  have  intentions  of  closing 
up  the  North  River,  431;  Dutch  plan 
concerted  action  with,  432 ;  attacks 
to  be  resisted,  432 ;  boundary  of  the 
Schuylkill  to  be  recovered  from,  433; 
complications  of,  with  the  Dutch  ap- 
proaching a  crisis,  434;  insolence 
of,  to  be  checked,  435;  the  Dutch 
forces  to  impress,  436;  Indian  ref- 
erences to,  436-437;  Indians  report 
of  land-sales  to,  438  ff. ;  land-par- 
chase  of,  said  to  be  legal,  441  n.; 
Mitatsimint  said  to  have  sold  land 
to,  and  to  no  one  else,  442 ;  relations 
with  Dutch,  winter  1651-1652,  447; 
prohibited  from  trading  with  the 
Dutch,  462;  conceived  an  unmerited 
hatred  of  the  Governor,  made  slaves 
by  Printz,  465 ;  well  received  by  the 
English,  at  Dover,  484;  monks  and 
nuns  at  the  Canary  Islands  visit, 
receive  injuries  from  the  inhabitants, 
486 ;  Turks  reported  to  have  at- 
tacked, 487 ;  said  to  have  left  St. 
Cruz,  488 ;  Huygen  said  to  have  -' 
played    false   to,   497 ;    trade    of   the 


Index. 


873 


river  to  be  drawn  into  the  hands  of, 
499;  reported  to  be  all  dead,  510; 
a  certain  old  man  promises  to  lead 
the,  to  Virginia  or  Maryland,  513; 
Indians  avoid  all  communication 
with,  514-515;  accustomed  to  a  orim- 
itive  form  of  agriculture  by  burning, 
527  ff. ;  customs,  habits  and  dress  of, 
534  ff. ;  possess  a  sort  of  paddle  for 
steering,  534;  make  their  own  shoes, 
534;  in  sore  need,  530;  dwellings 
0^1  5371  description  of  the  coast  occu- 
pied by  555;  pies  made  from  the 
flesh  of  human  beings  sold  to,  lives 
of,  like  that  of  the  Indians,  557;  in- 
terpreter for  the,  on  the  point  of 
murdering  Lindestrom,  558;  rela- 
tions of,  with  the  Indians  during  the 
time  of  Rising,  563  ff. ;  disease  of, 
spreads  to  the  Indians,  565;  Indians 
well  satisfied  with,  and  to  keep  peace 
with,  565;  confirmation  of  sale  of 
land  to,  567  ;  Minquas,  the  protectors 
of,  present  land  to,  1655,  569-571 ; 
relations  of,  with  the  English,  1654- 
'655,  572;  a  perfect  right  to  occupy 
and  settle  the  Delaware,  572-573; 
principles  recognized  as  giving  right 
to  a  territory  adhered  to  by  the 
Swedes,  573 ;  Goodyear  sent  to  treat 
with,  578 ;  Allerton  has  large  bills  to 
collect  from,  579;  power  of,  too 
weak  to  attack  Fort  Casimir,  581; 
Fort  Casimir  in  the  hands  of,  583- 
584;  injuries  done  by  the  Dutch  to 
be  forgotten,  584-585;  congratula- 
tions on  the  arrival  of,  in  1654,  586; 
about  to  send  a  sloop  to  New  Eng- 
land, 587;  every  means  taken  to  pre- 
vent knowledge  of  the  expedition 
from  reaching,  595;  must  leave  or 
come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Dutch,  604;  no  occasion  for  action 
to  be  given  by,  605  ;  to  have  liberty 
to  leave  the  country  or  remain,  608- 
609 ;  Stuyvesant  made  lenient  de- 
mands of,  said  to  have  bribed  the 
savages  to  attack  the  Dutch,  610; 
proposal  to  give  the  land  above  Fort 
Christina  to,  611;  savages  friendly 
to,  613;  Dutch  do  their  best  in  per- 
suading the,  to  remain,  615;  new 
period  of,  657 ;  to  be  looked  well 
after  by  the  Dutch,  65S ;  to  prevent 
uprising  of,  660;  demand  that  the 
Mercurius  be  brought  up  the  river, 
661 ;  required  to  swear  new  oath  of 
allegiance,     664;     gradually    acquire 


the  confidence  of  the  Dutch,  664-665; 
tax  of,  called  upon  to  do  military 
duty,  665;  successful  in  cultivating 
the  land,  666 ;  number  of,  who  could 
bear  arms,  666;  property  of  in  1663, 
667;  continue  to  have  their  own 
officers,  667 ;  religious  history  of, 
during  the  Dutch  period,  668 ;  Rev. 
Lock  remains  alone  among,  669 

Swedish  books,  burnt  by  Spaniards,  271 

Swedish  Crown,  see  Crown 

Swedish  Finns,  Finns  living  in  Sweden, 
634 

Swedish  members  of  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany, 106,  T19;  buy  out  the  Dutch, 
I3rff. 

Swedish  South  Company,  698;  see  South 
Company 

Swedland,  see  Sweden 

Sweerlngen,  van,  quoted,  171 

Swensson,  Anders,  see  Odell 

Sybels  Hist.  Zeitschrlfl,  quoted,  93 

Symonssen  (Symonsz,  Simons,  Simonsz>, 
Michel  (Mickel),  mate,  no,  112,  758 

T 

Tacitus,  quoted,  361 

Tailors,  go  to  New  Sweden,  152;  see 
also  expeditions  and   New   Sweden 

Tamecongh  (Tamicongh,  Cameconck), 
position  of,  sold  by  the  Indians,  situ- 
ation of,  440,  443 

Tar,  made  by  Swedes,  11;  see  also 
New  Sweden  and  expeditions 

Tar  Company,   the,  48 

Tar   Company   in    Gothland,   48 

Tarn,  explained,  333 

Tariv,  see  Taru 

Tarvce,  see  Taru 

Taylor,  quoted,  550 

Tennekonck,  see  Tinicura  and  Tinne- 
konck 

Tenth  Expedition,  see  expeditions 

Tentor,   Michell,   530 

Terra  Nova,  see  Newfoundland 

Terreau,  Pierre,  member  of  the  New 
Russian   Company,   50 

Terserus,  quoted,  28,  31 

Texel,  675 ;  Kalmar  Nyckel  arrives  at, 
115,  128,  129;  see  also  expeditions 

Textile  factories  in  Sweden,  34;  see 
also  Sweden 

Theiussen,  Jan,  skipper,  brings  goods 
to  Gothenburg,  266 

Thiens,  Gerard,  shares  in  a  brass  fac- 
tory at  Nacka,  89 

Thil  Ulspegel,  26 


874 


Index. 


Thimbles,  sent  to  New  Sweden,  255 

Thirty  Years'  War,  689 ;  comes  to  an 
end,  7;  Finns  leave  their  native 
country  during,  148 ;  King  Christian 
takes  part  in,  5 ;  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  enters,  6;  see  also  Sweden 

Thompson,  Sieter  (Sieton),  trading  at 
Christina,    315 

Thompson,   quoted,   572 

Thor,  Johan  le,  Fleming  to  correspond 
with,  120;  draft  from,  130;  quoted, 
89,  122,  145 

Throckmorton,  Mr.,  former  owner  of 
a  bark,  382 

Thurloe,  J.,  quoted,  I2,   648 

Thwaites,  quoted,  172,  190,  334 

Tidningar,  quoted,  243,  267 

Tido  (castle),  Ridder  sent  to,  127 

Tienhoven,  Andrian  (Andriaen)  van, 
requests  Skute  to  desist  from  using 
violence,  425 ;  writes  to  Stuyvesant, 
426;  on  board  the  Orn,  582;  sent  on 
board  the  Orn  by  Bicker  to  request 
a  delay,  583 ;  appears  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 587;  quoted,  425,  583 

Tienhoven,  Cornells  (Cornelius)  van, 
382,  587,  589;  to  examine  Hudde's 
accounts,  424;  copies  letter  from  the 
South  River,  426;  sent  to  the  South 
River,  663 

Tilly,  Count,  defeats  the  Danish  King, 
5-6 

Timber  Island,   526 

Tinge,  Mr.  William,  member  of  the 
Company  formed  at  Boston,  395 

Tinicum  Island  (New  Gothenborg), 
690;  Printz  locates  his  residence  at, 
305-306;  description  of,  305;  New 
Gothenborg  built  at,  304-306 ;  fire  at, 
326;  church  built  on,  366;  services 
at,  369;  Campanius  performs  services 
at,  372;  Rev.  Lock  conducts  services 
on,  374,  668 ;  seat  of  Government  of 
New  Sweden  removed  to,  455;  courts 
held  at,  461  if.,  510  ff. ;  Printz  de- 
parts from,  466;  Mme.  Papegoja  re- 
moves to,  520-521;  value  of,  527; 
settlers  collected  at,  to  defend  settle- 
ment against  the  Dutch,  602;  Dutch 
rob  property  at,  605;  Papegoja  stays 
at,  on  the  twelfth  expedition,  66i; 
passengers  from  twelfth  expedition 
landed  at,  661;  Mme.  Papegoja  al- 
lowed to  retain,  663 ;  fort  at,  to  be 
garrisoned  by  8  or  lo  soldiers  of  the 
Dutch,  664 


Tinnekonck  (Tenakongh),  501;  land 
bought  at,  429 

Tobacco,  brought  over  on  first  expedi- 
tion, 131;  storehouse  for,  rented,  157; 
introduced  into  Sweden  by  Dutch 
sailors,  158;  first  large  cargo  brought 
into  Sweden,  159;  ordinance  con- 
cerning, published,  159  ff. ;  company 
founded,  159;  amount  sold,  162; 
profits  on,  162-163;  books  concern- 
ing, 158;  discussions  concerning  the 
trade  of,  in  the  council,  222-223  i  trade 
of,  in  Sweden,  1643-1653,  289  ff. ;  spin- 
ning of,  295-296;  sale  and  importa- 
tion of,  made  free,  296,  297,  298 ; 
shipped  from  New  Sweden,  256 ;  to 
be  planted  in  New  Sweden,  308; 
raised  in  New  Sweden,  312,  322- 
323;  bought  in  New  Sweden,  318, 
330,  516;  Printz  makes  arrangement 
for  sending  80,000  lbs.  to  Gothen- 
burg, 342;  bought  by  most  of  the 
settlers,  356;  land  cleared  in  New 
Sweden  to  be  planted  with  tobacco, 
526 ;  brought  to  Sweden  on  the  Mer- 
curius,  635,  662;  advantages  to  be 
derived  from  a  monopoly  of  the 
trade  in,  632 ;  sole  right  of  the  im- 
portation of,  given  to  the  American 
Company,  622-623 ;  trade  of,  by  the 
American  Co.,  637  ff. ;  brought  to 
Holland  by  Printz,  sold  at  a  loss, 
637 ;  importation  of,  from  Hamburg 
and  Amsterdam,  637 ;  smugsling  of, 
638;  amount  sold  in  1656,  639; 
amount  imported  from  1655-1658, 
639;  placard  concerning  the  im- 
portation of,  published,  640;  entire 
trade  of,  in  Sweden  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  American  Tobacco  Co., 
641 ;  inspectors  over  the  trade  of, 
641 ;  privileges  to  sell,  granted  to 
individuals,  642;  distributed  at 
Gothenburg,  643 ;  placed  on  the 
excise  list,  644;  importation  of,  in 
the  year  1659-1660,  644;  wholesale 
trade  of,  assigned  to  Andersson  and 
Bohm,  645 ;  excise  received  from  the 
duty  on,  to  be  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, 645 ;  see  also  New  Sweden, 
Printz,  Rising,  expeditions,  trade  of 
the  company  and  Tobacco  Com- 
panies 

Tobacco  Company,  first  formed,  16 1 

Tobacco  Company,  the  Second,  discus- 
sions concerning  the  founding  of, 
290;  founded,  291;  members  of,  291; 


Index. 


875 


officers  of,  292 ;  new  contract  made 
by  Oxenstierna  dissolved,  296 

Tobacco  Company,  Third,  organized, 
298 ;  owes  the  New  Sweden  Com- 
pany, 281 

Tobacco  planters,  to  be  taken  to  the 
Delaware,  193;  see  also  expeditions 
and  New  Sweden 

Tobacco  trade,  see  tobacco 

Tohaksk\_ompaniet],  quoted,  162-163, 
289,  290,   637-639,  641-644 

Tomquncke,   riverlet,   209 

Torkillus,  Reorus  ("Rev.),  goes  on  sec- 
ond expedition,  127;  ill,  129;  arrives 
in  New  Sweden,  205 ;  abused  by  the 
Dutch,  205;  ill,  dies,  315,  371;  biog- 
raphy, 697 

Torp  (Printz),  474,  690;  meaning  of, 
350;    taken   by  Printz,   350 

Torshalla,  tobacco  to  be  sold  at,  292 

Torstensson,  Lennart,  7 

Torwig,    Torsten,   481 

Tott,  Count  (whose  brother  was  in 
New  Sweden),  693 

Trade,  in  Sweden,  38  ff . ;  see  also 
Sweden 

Trade,  with  Indians,  113,  114;  see  also 
Indians,  New  Sweden,  Minuit,  Rid- 
der,   Printz,   Rising 

Trading  Company  (Handelscorapag- 
niet),  Bonnell  sent  to  England  by, 
299 

Trading  Company  at  Riga,  45 

Trading  voyage  to  the  Caribbean 
Islands,  Katmnr  Nyckel  prepared  for, 
244;  buys  tobacco  at  St.  Christopher, 
247;  ship  seized  in  Holland,  247; 
cargo  of  ship   sold,  248 

Translations,  of  foreign  works  into 
Swedish,  23 

A  Treatise  on  Trade,  694 

"Treaty  Papers"  (Pub.  Rec.  Office), 
quoted,  12,  51,  653-656;  see  also 
State  Papers 

Trenton,  see  Asinpinck  Falls 

Treyden,  Usselinx  at,  62 

Tripp  &  Co.,  87 

Troili,   G.  K.,  quoted,  11 

Trost  (Trosth),  Mattias,  member  of 
the  Tobacco  Company,  291,  294 

Trotzig,  Jacob,  687;  member  of  First 
Tobacco  Company,  161;  member  of 
the  Tobacco  Company,  291 ;  made 
director  of  the  Tobacco  Company, 
292;  denied  that  he  was  a  director 
of  the  Company,   292 

Trotzig,  Peter,  to  be  employed  in  place 
of  Blommaert,   156;  buys  tobacco  in 


Holland,  161;  works  for  the  Com- 
pany without  pay,  226 ;  acts  as  the 
Company's  factor  in  Holland,  233; 
buys  goods  for  the  sixth  expedition, 
242;  purchases  brandy  and  wine  for 
the  tobacco  trade,  244;  pays  return- 
ing colonists  and  soldiers,  248 ;  re- 
ceives money  from  Andersson,  253; 
prepares  a  ship  for  New  Sweden, 
254;  orders  cloth  to  be  made  in 
Kampen,  258;  helps  to  prepare  the 
ninth  expedition,  266;  aids  colonists 
returning  from  the  ninth  expedition, 
276 ;  buys  large  quantities  of  goods 
for  a  new  expedition,  283 ;  hires 
tobacco  spinner,  295;  Printz  writes 
to,  338;  report  made  to,  6i6;  buys  a 
ship,  631-632;  reports  to  the  Govern- 
ment about  Finnish  families,  650- 
651 ;  reports  that  the  English  have 
captured  the  colony,  653  ;  biography, 
697;  quoted,  49,  254,  255,  258,  281, 
285,  290,  338,  399,  651-652;  hand- 
writing of,   285-286 

Trumbull,  quoted,  215 

Tunna,   Swedish    (barrel),   42   n. 

Tunna  gutd  (barrel  of  gold),  value 
of,  41  n.  18 

Tunnland,  Swedish,  land  measure,  size 
of,  42,  507 

Turko,  see  Abo 

Turks,  the,  Lindestrom  reports  three 
ships  of,  approach,  487 ;  a  great  scare 
of,  at  the  time,  493 

Tu[rner],  J[oh]n(?),  member  of  the 
Delaware  Company,  208 

Turner,  Captain  Nathaniel,  member  of 
the  Delaware  Company,  sent  to  pur- 
chase part  of  the  Delaware,  208 ; 
sails  up  the  Delaware,  208;  pur- 
chases land  from  the  Indians,  209; 
Van  Dyck  sent  to,  210;  builds  a 
block-house  and  makes  other  arrange- 
ments for  settling,  210-21 1;  buys 
land  at  the  Schuylkill,  returns  to 
New  Haven  in  the  late  summer  of 
1641,  again  sets  sail  for  the  Dela- 
ware in  the  spring  of  1642,  212; 
sells  goods  at  Christina,  316;  the 
testimony  of,  produced  by  Lamber- 
ton,  385;  arrives  at  Christina,  389; 
member  of  the  Court  in  January, 
1644,  4^' 

Turnips,    Ridder    requests,    198 

Turtle  Kill,  a  grist  mill  at  the  falls 
of,    666 

Turturdufva  (The  Turtle  Dove),  see 
ships 


876 


Index. 


Tweedie,  Mrs.,  quoted,  358,  361,  362 
Twelfth   Expedition,   see   expeditions 
Twiiler,  van,  4.27 
Tyreso,  factory  at,  34 

u 

Ulfsby  Socken,  colonists  from,  243 
Unalachtigo,  a  tribe  of  the  Lenape,  187 
Unami,  a  tribe  of  the  Lenape,  187 
Ungdomsviinnen,   quoted,   647 
United  New  Netherland  Company,  see 

New  Netherland  Company 
University  of  Abo,  founded,  27 
University    of    Upsala,    678,    682,    686, 
693 ;    professors   at,    recommended   to 
present  the  learning  of  the  world  in 
Swedish,    23;    reorganized,    27;    Li- 
brary  of,   founded,   27 
University  Library  at  Upsala,  founded, 

27 
University  of  Dorpat,  founded,  27 
Upland,   686;   colonist  from    (in   Swe- 
den), 24;   blockhouse  at,  307;   name 
given   to,   307;    Christer   Boije   given 
command  of  blockhouse  at,  307 ;  im- 
portant  plantation    at,    319;   see  also 
New  Sweden 
Uppmark,  quoted,  263 
Upsala,    division    of    South-Ship    Com- 
pany, directors  of,  70;  tobacco  trade 
in,   642 ;  see  also  expeditions 
Usquata,    Sachem   of   Narratacus,   sells 

land  to  the  English,  209 
"  Usselinx    and    the    South    Company," 

quoted,  54 
Usselinx  (Usselincx,  Uselincxs,  Uisse- 
lincx,  Urselincx,  Ussling,  Usling, 
Wsselinx,  Wsselincx,  Vsselinx),  Wil- 
lem,  complains  to  Oxenstierna,  65; 
called  into  council  chamber,  66; 
presents  his  views  to  the  council,  67; 
not  pleased  with  the  management  of 
the  company,  68 ;  recommends  An- 
tony Monnier  as  director  at  Gothen- 
burg, 68  ;  severs  his  connections  with 
the  South  Company,  leaves  Sweden, 
68 ;  plans  for  a  new  South  Company, 
81;  appointed  General  Director,  81; 
publishes  Argonaut'ica  Giistamana, 
81-82;  distributes  his  book,  82;  goes 
to  Paris,  83  ;  proposals  for  the  found- 
ing of  a  new  South  Company  in 
Holland,  83 ;  project  for  a  General 
Commercial  Company ;  his  Argo- 
nautica  quoted,  82;  fails  in  his  en- 
deavors, 87;  Fleming  writes  to,  120; 
requested  to  suggest  a  successor  for 


Minuit,  123 ;  organizer  of  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company,  169;  probably 
made  suggestions  to  Oxenstierna,  177  ; 
biography,  698;  quoted,  31,  54,  59, 
60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  68,  78,  loi, 
123,  365,  624;  handwriting  of, 
Usselinx  Manuscripts,  quoted,  53,  54 
Utrecht,  people  in,  to  found   a  colony, 

135 
Utrecht  Colony,  plans  for  the  permis- 
sion of,  135  ff. ;  Fleming  in  favor  of, 
136;  charter  concerning,  137; 
changes  in  charter,  137-138;  loca- 
tion of  colony,  138-139;  memorials 
concerning,  138-139;  charter  of,  is- 
sued, 139-140;  arrival  of  colonists  in 
New  Sweden,  144,  200;  disappear- 
ance of  the  colony,  203 

V 

Valkyrian,  quoted,  562 

Van  Rensselaer  B.  Mss.,  quoted,  106, 
116,  135.  172 

Varkens  Kill,  English  colony  at,  210  flF.; 
settlement  undisturbed  at,  217  ;  Printz 
ordered  to  keep  the  title  to  the  dis- 
trict of,  intact,  303 ;  English  settled 
at,  sell  tobacco,  312;  English  settle- 
ments at,  swear  allegiance  to  the 
Swedish  Crown,  381;  English  settlers 
had  intimated  that  Indians  and  Eng- 
lish would  kill  the  Swedes,  386-387; 
settlers  at,  confess  that  they  had  not 
been  driven  off,  or  urged  to  become 
Swedish  subjects,  390;  a  bark  from 
Boston  remains  near  the  English 
plantation  at,  398 ;  English  at,  prob- 
ably remove  before   1647,  399 

Varmland  (Varralands  Ian),  Stake 
governor  of,  126;  location  of,  126; 
tobacco  trade  in,   641 

Vasa  (Wasa),  a  blockhouse  erected  at, 
place   in   Finland,   328 

Vasteras,  colonists  to  be  collected  at, 
471-472,    553 

Vastergotland,  tobacco  trade  in,  641 

Vasterick,  Gerritt,  ship  of,  418,  430 

Vastervik  (Wasterwik),  ropewalk  at, 
36;  ship  to  be  built  at,  123;  tobacco 
company  has  agents  at,  292 ;  tobacco 
trade  at,   641 

Vastmanland,  tobacco  trade  in,  641 

Vattel,  quoted,  573 

Venedig,  Gustav  Adolf  und  Rohan, 
quoted,  9 

Venice,     relation     with     Sweden,     9 ; 


Index. 


877 


agents  to  be  sent  to,  concerning  the 
South  Company,  68 
Verbruggen,    Peter    (Pieter),    spies    the 
Silver   Fleet,    194 

Verrazzano,  sails  by  the  Delaware,  165 
Vertoogh  van  N.  N.,  quoted,  400,  408 

Vessels,  80;  captured  by  the  English, 
II  ff.,  299-300;  captured  by  Spain, 
75-76;  built  at  New  Elfsborg,  one 
of  about  200  tons  burden,  built  at 
Christina,  340-341;  sloop  built,  340; 
boats  built,  320;  see  also  shipbuild- 
ing and  ships 

Vesterviksskeppskompani,   48 

Viborg,  692;  Usselinx  visits,  62;  sub- 
scribes to  the  American  Company, 
624-626;   see  also  tobacco  trade 

Vigfusson,  quoted,  351 

Vignois,   Cornelius,   118 

Vikings,  probable  visits  of,  to  the  Dela- 
ware,  165 

Villa    Franca,   495 

Vinland  Coast,  Norsemen  at,  165 

Virginia,  97;  Lord  Delaware  visits, 
172;  eight  men  from,  sent  to  explore 
the  Delaware,  179;  Thomas  Young 
at,  179-180;  prisoners  sent  to,  180; 
the  Grip  arrives  at,  185;  people  in, 
offer  to  sell  cattle  to  the  Swedes  on 
the  South  River,  198;  name  vaguely 
used,  245 ;  merchants  from,  visit  the 
South  River  during  the  time  of 
Printz,  309,  525  ff. ;  messengers  sent 
from  New  Sweden  to,  515;  see  also 
New  Sweden,  the  English 

"  Virginien  "  (New  Sweden),  see  New 
Sweden 

Virginia  Bay,  Swedes  experience  acci- 
dent in,  488 

Virginia  Britannia,  quoted,  167 
Virginia    Company,    Baltimore's    grant 

carved  from,  173 
Virginia  River,  569;  see  fl/io  Elk  River 
Vischer,  G.,  to  hire  laborers  in  Sweden, 

II  . 

Vischer,  Michel,  supplies  money  for 
second  expedition,  125 

Visnum,   633 

Vlie  (in  Holland),  Kalmar  Nyckel  at, 
117 

Vliet,  Cornelis  van,  captain  on  Stock- 
holm's Croicn,  74;  commander  of 
second  expedition,  121  ff. ;  goes  to 
Holland,  122;  arrives  at  Stockholm, 
124;  Ridder  to  follow  instructions  of, 
127;  did  not  do  his  duty,  128;  re- 
moved   from   service,    129,    759 

Vlissingen,  673 


I'ogele  Sant,  location  of,  411 

V'olckmar,  S.,  642 

Volger,  Melcher,  member  of  the  To- 
bacco Company,  291 

Voss,  contract  for  ships  made  with,  by 
Nykoping,  70 

Vowels,   Swedish,  change  of,   25 

Vries,  Petersen  de,  arrives  at  Swanen- 
dael,  171;  visits  Fort  Nassau,  172; 
carries  English  prisoners  to  Virginia, 
180;  compelled  to  strike  his  colors  be- 
fore Fort  Elfsborg,  305 ;  visits  New 
Sweden  and  is  cordially  received  by 
Prince,  314-315;  quoted,  135,  171- 
172,  180,  207,  304-305,  315 

w 

Ifaag,  de,  see  ships 

Wachtmeister,  quoted,  49 

Wadmal,   meaning   of,    352;    price   of, 

352  .     ^, 

Waeter,  Isaac  von  dem,  shares  in  New 

Sweden  Company,  106 
Wahlbeck,  made  proposals  about  tobacco 

trade   from   America,   622 
Wales,  681 
Wall,  John,  sells  goods  to  the  Swedes, 

323 
Walpurgis    night,     Fmns    must    leave 

Sweden   before,    148 
Walter,  Hans,  482 
Ifahis,  the,  see  ships 
Wampum,  113;  see  sewant 
Wankijff,    Nicolaum,    553 
Wappanghzewan,    sells    lands    to    the 

Dutch,  445 
Warburg,  Karl,  quoted,  22,  25-26 
Ward,  quoted,  5,  7-8 
JVariuick,  see  ships 
Wasa,  see  V'asa 
Wasteras,  see  Vasteras 
Wasterwik,   see  Vastervik 
Water    (Waeter),   van   der    (van   de), 

758;   see  Hindrickson 
Watermelons,  found  in  the  colony,  353 
Watkin's  Point,  Lord  Baltimore's  grant 

bounded  by,   172-173 
Watson's  Annals,  quoted,  171 
Wattsesinge,   209,   see  Wehenset 
Waxholm   (Vaxholm),  641 
Wedhijx,  683 
Wehenset,  sachem  of  Wattsesinge,  sells 

lands  to  the  English,   209 
Weinhold,  quoted,  361 
Weinschenck,     Frans,     Minuit     lodged 

with,   105 


8/8 


Index. 


Weis,   Hans,  engaged  to  help  prepare 

expeditions,     124,     quoted,    124.— 125; 

handwriting,  123 
ff^eizeti,  see   Taru 
Welshuisen     (Welshuysen),    Christian, 

director  of   the  South   Company,  62, 

70 
Wends,  Christina,  Queen  of,  184 
Werner,  Mickel,  subscribed  to  the  South 

Company,  60 
Wesel,   684,   685 
Westerwik    (Wasterwik),    see    Vaster- 

vik 
Westewiks  Company,  the  Large,  48 
Westewiks  Company,  the  Little,  48 
West  Indian  Company,  in  Gothenburg, 

47 
West  India  Co.,  Dutch,  675-676,  698; 
advanced  prices  of  copper,  88,  118; 
organized  by  Usselinx,  169;  neces- 
sary that  the,  is  not  informed  about 
Utrecht  colony,  102,  143 ;  Minuit  and 
Blommaert  dissatisfied  with  the  man- 
agement of,  94;  endeavors  to  frus- 
trate the  Utrecht  plan,  142 ;  rumors 
that  the  Swedes  in  the  colony  were 
to  be  transported  to  Europe  on  the 
ships  of,  143  ;  register  of  Bloramaert's 
colony  by,  170;  difficulties  with  the 
Swanendael  Company  arise,  i8i; 
Jan  Jansen  claims  the  whole  river 
for  the,  207  ;  Printz  instructed  about 
his  relations  to  the  agents  and  stock- 
holders of,  404-405 ;  the  private 
traders  having  commission  from,  to 
trade  in  the  Delaware,  407;  Printz 
jokes  with  the  possessions  of,  416; 
Stuyvesant  complains  to  the  directors 
of,  427 ;  Schlechtenhorst  reported  to 
be  unfavorably  inclined  toward  the 
Company,  431;  Stuyvesant  inquires 
what  hope  there  is  to  maintain  the 
rights  of,  433;  Dutch  colonists  re- 
ported by  Printz  to  have  no  aid  from, 
447 ;  Stuyvesant  writes  to  directors 
of,  448-450;  Stuyvesant  reports  the 
capture  of  Fort  Casimir  to  the  direc- 
tors of  the,  587;  goods  on  the  Haj 
to  be  sold  or  placed  in  the  warehouse 
of  the,  589 ;  the  Haj  remains  in  the 
possession  of,  590;  the  directors  of, 
said  to  have  in  mind  to  send  200 
soldiers  to  the  South  River,  591 ;  the 
directors  of,  determine  to  re-capture 
Fort  Casimir  and  the  whole  South 
River,  591-592;  directors  of,  receive 
information  of  the  preparation  for 
the  twelfth  expedition,  593  ;  materials 


at  Fort  Casimir  belonging  to  the, 
601 ;  matter  concerning  the  damages 
demanded  by  Sweden,  referred  to 
the,  648,  652 ;  compelled  to  surrender 
part  of  the  South  River  to  the  city  of 
Amsterdam,  663 ;  directors  of,  do  not 
approve  of  appointing  Swedish  offi- 
cers, 665 

IVest    India    Company,    quoted,    214 

West  Indies,  copper  trade  to,  87-88  ff. ; 
ships  to  be  sent  to,  iii;  trade  from 
New  Sweden  to,  139 

Westling,  quoted,  29,  31 

Westman,  Herman,  subscribed  to  the 
South  Company,   61 

Westrin,  Dr.  Theodor,  quoted,  53,  75 

Westphalian  Treaty,  20 

West-  und  Ost-Indische  Lustgart, 
quoted,  549 

Weymouth,  Swedes  at,  485 

Whale  fishery,  Printz  instructed  to  be- 
gin, 320 

Whitelocke,  embassy  of,  to  Sweden,  12, 
621;  "  Depery,"  inquiries  concerning 
the  Embassy  of,  485  ;  concludes  treaty 
of  friendship  with  Sweden,  621; 
quoted,  n,  12,  30,  32,  34,  39,  40,  107, 
371,  621 ;  biography,  698  ;  handwrit- 
ing of,  623 

White  Minquas,  identification  of,  188 ; 
name  given  to,  by  the  Swedes,  188; 
fur  trade  comes  from,  342;  killing  of 
the  river  Indians  would  give  an  un- 
molested trade  to,  377 

White,  Philip,  Plowden  buys  bark 
from,  381 

Whiting,  William,  sells  goods  in  New 
Sweden,  318;  spelling  of  name  of, 
318,  323,  324;  sells  rye,  327,  333 

Whitschut(  ?),  Jurian,  sells  goods  in 
New  Sweden,  324 

Wicacoa  (Wicaco,  Wychquahoyngh, 
Wichquacoingh,  Wigquakoing), 
Printz  buys  land  from,  332;  Dutch 
buy  land  at,  412;  English  buy  land 
at,  211 
Wickusi  (Wichusi,  Wickusy,  Wischusi), 
Indian  chief,  sells  lands  to  the 
Swedes,  201 ;  sends  messenger  to  the 
Swedes,  210,   385 

W[ieselgren],  H[arald],  quoted,  555 

Wighco,  River,  near  the  Chesapeake, 
173 

Wieselgren,  Per,  see  De  la  Gar.  Arch. 
Wilcox,    John,    comes    from    Virginia 
with   a  cargo,   309,   310;   brings  new 
cargo  to  the  settlement,  325,  333 
Willemsen,  Herman,  mate,  759 


Index. 


879 


Willemsen,   Steffen,  760 

Willemsen,  Theunis,  "  left  over  from 
the  Swanendael,"  171 

VVillet,  610 

VVillet,   David,    118 

Window-panes,  made  at  Bergkvarna, 
34;  Ridder  requests,  198;  sent  to  Nev? 
Sweden,  259,  348 

Wine,  made  in  the  colony  from  grapes, 
355;  Spanish,  supplied  to  the  ill 
people,  315;  French,  brought  to  the 
colony,  317;  see  also  expeditions  and 
New  Sweden 

Winslow,  E.,  Eaton  writes  to,  402-403 ; 
Court  of  Massachusetts  writes  to,  403 

Winsor,  Justin,  quoted,  96,  112,  117, 
135,  139,  165,  174-175,  179,  212,  305, 
382,  392,   394,  400,  608,  629 

Winthrop,  John,  governor,  writes  to 
Gov.  Printz,  3S9 ;  acknowledges  re- 
ceipt of,  390;  corrections  made  to 
letters  of,  391 ;  opinions  of  the 
Swedes,  397-398 ;  copies  of  letters 
and  documents  sent  to,  461 ;  quoted, 
203,  208-211,  326,  381,  384,  388-391, 
393-401,  573 

Wisbeck,  Johan,  see  Fischbeck 

Wismar,  see  ships 

Wismar,  75,  682 

Wissemenetto,  sells  land  to  the  Dutch, 
420 

Wissman,  Baltzar,  289;  member  of  the 
Tobacco  Company,  291 ;  writes  to 
Fleming,  290;  remains  member  of 
the  company  in  1647,  buys  large 
quantities  of  tobacco,  296;  quoted, 
290 

Wischusi,  see  Wickusi 


Witchcraft,  "  Lasse  the  Finn,"  accused 
of,  belief  in,  prevalent  among  the 
colonists,  544;  formulas  of,  545; 
plays  its  role  in  the  settlement  in  the 
last  period,  667 

Witkowski,  quoted,  26 

Witt,  de,  quoted,  648 

Wittenberg,  686,  688 

Wittstock,  victory  of  Baner  at,  6-7 

Wivalllus,  first  great  poet  in  Sweden, 
26 ;  poems  of,  edited,  26 

Wood,  letters  from,   12 

Woodcarving,  highly  developed  in  pre- 
historic times  in  the  Scandinavian 
countries,  356 

Wrangel,  Gustaf,  683 

Wychquohoyngh,  see  Wicacoa  (Wic- 
aco) 

Y 

Young,  J.  R.,  quoted,  420 

Young,  Thomas,  London  merchant  ar- 
rives at  the  Delaware,  179;  returns 
to  Virginia,  180;  tried  to  reach  a 
Great  Lake,  394;  quoted,  179,  191 

Yssel,  River,  258 

z 

Zeehelm,  see  Sjohjelm 

Zetskorn   (Setskorn),  Abelius,  called  as 

minister,  668 
Zettersten,  Axel,  quoted,  15,  29,  35,  36, 

48,  78,  107,  109,  133,  151,  182,  251 
Zewant    (zewand),  see  sewant 
Zuyder    (Zuider)    Zee,    258 ;    see    also 

expeditions 
Zwarte  Arend,  see  Sivarte  Areni 
Ziveed.  Arch,  see  Kernkamp 
Zivolfte  Schiffart,  quoted,  549 


THE  SWEDISH  COLONIAL  SOCIETY. 
CONSTITUTION. 

Article    I. 

This  association  shall  be  called  "The  Swedish  Colonial 
Society." 

Article   II. 

The  object  of  the  Society  shall  be  to  collect,  preserve,  and 
publish  records,  documents,  and  other  material,  printed  or  in 
manuscript,  and  to  commemorate  events  relating  to  the  history 
of  Swedes  in  America. 

Article    III. 

Any  male  person  over  twenty-one  years  of  age,  of  good  char- 
acter, shall  be  eligible  to  membership.  All  members  shall  be 
elected  by  the  Council,  who  shall  have  power  to  suspend  or 
expel  any  member  who  in  their  judgment  may  have  conducted 
himself  in  an  improper  manner. 

Article   IV. 

The  entire  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  Society,  includ- 
ing the  selection  of  its  officers  and  the  adoption  of  by-laws,  shall 
be  committed  to  the  Council.  The  Council  shall  consist  of 
twenty-five  Councillors.  Officers  of  the  Society  who  may  not  be 
Councillors  shall  be  ex  officio  members  of  the  Council.  The 
Councillors  shall  be  elected  by  the  Society  at  its  annual  meeting 
for  a  term  of  five  years,  five  each  year,  except  that,  at  the  first 
annual  meeting,  five  shall  be  elected  for  one  year,  five  for  two 
years,  five  for  three  years,  five  for  four  years,  and  five  for  five 
years.  The  Founders  of  the  Society  shall  constitute  the  Council 
57 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 

until  the  first  annual  meeting  of  the  Society.  In  case  of  a  va- 
cancy in  the  Council  from  any  cause,  it  may  be  filled  by  the 
Council  until  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  Society.  Five 
members  of  the  Council  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  trans- 
action of  business. 

Article   V. 

Amendments  to  this  Constitution  may  be  made  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Society,  provided  such  proposed  amendments  be 
produced  in  writing,  signed  by  at  least  ten  members  of  the 
Society,  and  notice  of  the  same  be  filed  with  the  Secretary,  and 
mailed  to  the  members  thirty  days  prior  to  said  meeting.  A 
three-quarters  vote  of  the  members  present  at  the  meeting  shall 
be  required  for  the  adoption  of  all  amendments. 

High  Patron, 
His  Majesty  Gustaf  V.,  King  of  Sweden. 

Honorary  President, 
HisExCELLENCY  CoUNT  JOHAN  JakOB  AlBERT  EhRENSVARD, 

Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
OF  Sweden  to  the  United  States. 

President, 

Chevalier  Marcel  A.  Viti, 

Royal  Vice-Consul  of  Sweden  at  Philadelphia. 

First  Fice-President  and  Treasurer.  Gregory  B.  Keen,  LL.D. 

Second  Vice-President Axel  Petre. 

Third  Vice-President John  W.  Jordan,  LL.D. 

Fourth  Vice-President Baltzar  E.  L.  de  Mare. 

Fifth  Vice-President Hon.  Henry  A.  DU  Pont. 

Sixth  Vice-President Richard  M.  Cadwalader. 

Secretary ,.  .  .  .  Amandus  Johnson,  Ph.D. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 

Councillors: 

Henry  Graham  Ashmead, 

Thomas  Willing  Balch, 

Thomas  Francis  Bayard, 

Richard  M.  Cadwalader, 

Hon.  Magnus  Clarholm, 

Henry  Darrach, 

Baltzar  E.  L.  de  Mare, 

Hon.  Henry  A.  du  Pont, 

Hon.  W.  a.  F.  Ekengren, 

Captain  Alfred  J.  Erickson, 

Prof.  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 

William  Macpherson  Hornor, 

Amandus  Johnson,  Ph.D., 

John  W.  Jordan,  LL.D., 

Gregory  B.  Keen,  LL.D., 

Prof.  Marion  D.  Learned,  Ph.D.,  L.H.D., 

Prof.  John  Bach  McMaster,  Litt.D.,  LL.D., 

Thomas  L.  Montgomery, 

Hon.  Samuel  W.  Pennypacker,  LL.D., 

William  A.  Peterson, 

Axel  Petre, 

Hon.  Birger  Gustaf  Adolf  Rosentwist, 

Francis  J.  Roth,  Ph.G.,  D.D.S., 

Hon.  Charles  Axel  Smith, 

Chev.  Marcel  A.  Viti. 

Honorary  Members. 

His  Excellency  Herman  Ludvig  Fabian  de  Lagercrantz,  Late 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Swe- 
den to  the  LInited  States,  First  Honorary  President  of  the 
Society,  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Professor  Gustaf  Oscar  Augustin  Montelius,  Royal  Antiquary 
of  Sweden,  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Carl  K.  S.  Sprinchorn,  Ph.D.,  Malmo,  Sweden. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


Active  Members. 

Members  and  Associates  who  are  descendants  of  early  Swedish 

settlers  on  the  Delaware  River  and  in  its  vicinity  are 

designated  by  an  asterisk. 

*  Henry  Eckert  Alexander, 
Louis  S.  Amonson, 


Hon.  Carl  G.  G.  Anderberg, 

*  Joseph  Ashbrook, 

*  Louis  Ashbrook, 

*  Frank  M.  Ashmead, 
Henry  Graham  Ashmead, 

*  Thomas  G.  Ashton,  M.D., 

*  William  E.  Ashton,  M.D., 

*  Thomas  Willing  Balch, 
John  Bancroft, 
Samuel  Bancroft,  Jr., 
William  P.  Bancroft, 

*  John  P.  Bankson, 

*  John  Sellers  Barnes, 

Hon.  Norris  S.  Barratt,  LL.D., 

*  Thomas  Francis  Bayard, 
Alden  R.  Benson. 

*  Edwin  N.  Benson,  Jr., 

*  Hugh  Stockdell  Bird, 
*John  B.  Bird, 

*  Robert  Montgomery  Bird, 

*  Samuel  Ashton  Bonnaffon,  M.D. 

*  Jasper  Yeates  Brinton, 
Hon.  William  B.  Broomall, 

*  Rev.  Edwin  Brown, 

*  John  Douglass  Brown, 

*  Edward  S.  Buckley,  Jr., 
*John  Bird  Burnham, 

John  Cadwalader, 

*  Richard  M.  Cadwalader, 


Trenton,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Dover,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Williamsburg,  Va. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Frederick,    Oklahoma. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Essex,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


James  A.  G.  Campbell, 

Hon.  Hampton  L.  Carson,  LL.D., 

*  Thomas  Stryker  Chambers, 
Hon.  Magnus  Clarholm, 

*  John  L.  Clawson, 

James  Harwood  Closson,  M.D., 

T.  Edward  Clyde, 

C.  Howard  Colket  (Life  Member), 

Hon.  Henry  C.  Conrad, 

Charles  A.  Converse, 

Porter  Farquharson  Cope, 

Hon.  Alexander  Peterson  Corbit, 

*  Justice  Cox,  Jr., 

*  Edmund  J.  D.  Coxe, 
George  Linden  Cutler, 
Henry  Darrach, 

*  Brig.-Gen.  Charles  L.  Davis,  U.S.A. 

(Retired), 

*  H.  Kent  Day, 
BaltzarE.  L.  de  Mare, 
Alfred  O.  Deschong, 
O.  B.  Dickinson, 
Alexis  L  du  Pont, 

*  Hon.  Henry  A.  du  Pont, 
Pierre  S.  du  Pont, 

T.  Coleman  du  Pont, 
William  Ashmead  Dyer, 
Howard  Edwards, 
Count  Johan  J.  A.  Ehrensvard, 
Hon.  W.  A.  F.  Ekengren, 

*  Alfred  Stidham  Elliott, 

*  George  A.  Elliott, 

*  John  Watson  Ellmaker, 
Capt.  Alfred  J.  Erickson, 

*  George  Harrison  Fisher, 

*  Henry  M.  Fisher,  M.D., 


Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Trenton,  N.  J. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Georgetown,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Odessa,  Del. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Lancaster,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


Stephen  B.  Fotterall, 

*  Robert  Frazer,  Jr., 

*  John  Morton  Fultz, 

*  John  W.  Garrett, 
Samuel  Garrett, 

*  Harry  T.  Gause, 

*  Albert  Pepper  Gerhard, 

*  George  S.  Gerhard,  M.D., 

*  William  Gerhard, 
George  C.  Gillespie, 
William  Goodrich, 

*  Foster  C.  Griffith, 

*  Edward  Burd  Grubb, 

*  Barker  Gummere, 
William  Penn-Gaskell  Hall, 

*  Henry  J.  Hand, 

*  William  Henry  Harper, 

*  William  Hall  Harris, 

*  Prof.  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Ph.D., 

LL.D., 
Le  Roy  Harvey, 

*  Benjamin  C.  Hatfield, 

*  W.  Horace  Hepburn,  Jr., 
T.  Allen  Hilles, 
William  S.  Hilles, 

*  Arthur  Hillman, 

*  George  M.  Holstein, 

*  William  Macpherson  Hornor   (Life 

Member), 

*  Hon.  James  H.  Huling, 

*  Hon.  Willis  J.  Hulings, 

*  Francis  Nash  Iglehart, 

*  Rev.  Melancthon  W.  Jacobus,  D.D., 
Amandus  Johnson,  Ph.D., 

Hon.  David  Marshall  Johnson, 
Charles  Henry  Jones, 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Rome,  Italy. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Overbrook,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Moorestown,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Trenton,  N.  J. 
Edgewater  Park,  N.  J. 
Trenton,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wayne,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Baltimore,  Md. 

Cambridge,  Mass. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Lancaster,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Charleston,  W.  Va. 
Oil  City,  Pa. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Hartford,  Conn. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Rydal,  Pa. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


*  George  M.  Jones, 

*  Augustus  W.  Jordan, 

*  Ewing  Jordan,  M.D., 
*John  W.Jordan,  LL.D., 

*  Rev.  Walter  Jordan, 

*  Alfred  R.  Justice, 

*  Barton  L.  Keen, 

*  Charles  Barton  Keen, 

*  Edwin  F.  Keen, 

*  Frederick  L.  Keen, 

*  Gregory  B.  Keen,  LL.D., 

*  Harold  Perot  Keen, 

*  Harry  Highlands  Keen, 

*  Harry  R.  Keen, 

*  James  Stiles  Keen, 

*  James  Watt  Keen,  M.D., 

*  Joseph  S.  Keen, 

*  Joseph  S.  Keen,  Jr., 

*  Kennard  G.  Keen, 

*  Hon.  Oscar  Keen, 

*  Weaker  L.  Keen, 

*  William    W.    Keen,    M.D.,    LL.D., 

Ph.D.  (Upsal.), 

*  Edward  W.  Keene, 

*  George  Frederick  Keene, 
Charles  P.  Keith, 
Charles  Albert  Kindberg, 

*  Ernest  Law, 
William  H.  Lambert, 
J.  Granville  Leach, 

Prof.    Marion    D.    Learned,    Ph.D., 
L.H.D., 

*  George  M.  Lehman, 
Charles  Ramsay  Long, 

*  James  Barton  Longacre, 
*John  M.  Longacre, 


Reading,  Pa. 
Merchantville,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
St.  Davids,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Bellevue,  Del. 
Ridley  Park,  Pa. 
Lansdowne,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Bellevue,  Del. 
Ardmore,  Pa. 
Newark,  N.  J. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
St.  Davids,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


Henrik  V.  von  Zemicow  Loss, 

*  J.  Gibson  McCall, 

*  Andrew  H.  McCIintock, 

*  Jacob  Y.  McConnell, 

Prof.  John  Bach  McMaster,  Litt.D., 

LL.D., 
Josiah  Marvel, 
Philip  Marvel,  M.D., 
*E.  Thomas  Massey, 

*  Levi  Mattson, 

W.  Nelson  Mayhew, 

*  Dudley  Tyng  Mervine, 

*  William  M.  Mervine, 

Caleb  J.  Milne    (Life  Member), 

*  Henry  Eglinton  Montgomery, 

*  Thomas  L.  Montgomery, 

John  T.  Morris  (Life  Member), 
David  W.  Myhrman,  Ph.D., 

*  Arthur  E.  Newbold, 

*  Clement  B.  Newbold, 

*  Thomas  Earp  Newbold, 


*  Hugh  M.  North,  Jr., 
Josef  B.  Nylin,  M.D., 
S.  Davis  Page, 

*  David  W.  Patterson, 
Garnett  Pendleton, 

*  Hon.  Samuel  W.  Pennypacker,  LL.D., 

*  Charles  Penrose  Perkins, 

*  Penrose  R.  Perkins, 

*  Arthur  Peterson, 

*  George  Peterson, 
William  A.  Peterson, 
Axel  Petre, 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 
Darby,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Wilmington,  Del. 

Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

Massey,  Md. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Edgewater  Park,  N.  J. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Upsala,  Sweden. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Jenkintown,  Pa. 

"Brookdale,"  Chester- 
field Tp.,  Burling- 
ton Co.,  N.  J. 

Columbia,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Charleston,  W.  Va. 

Chester  ,  Pa. 

Pennypacker's  Mills, 
Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Overbrook,  Pa. 

Ardmore,  Pa. 

Chicago,  111. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


Hon.  William  Potter, 
S.  H.  Pousette, 
Howard  Pyle, 
*Ormond  Rambo, 

*  Nathan  Rambo, 

*  Wayne  P.  Rambo, 

William  Brooke  Rawle  (Life  Mem- 
ber), 
John  Reilly,  Jr., 

*  Albert  L.  Richardson, 
Hon.  Harry  A.  Richardson, 
Joseph  G.  Rosengarten,  LL.D.,- 
Hon.  Birger  G.  A.   Rosentwist, 
Francis  J.  Roth,  Ph.G.,  D.D.S., 

*  Henry  P.  Rumford, 

*  Henry  Martyn  Rumsey, 
Julius  F.  Sachse,  Litt.D., 
Edward  S.  Sayres, 
William  I.  Schaffer, 

*  Edwin  Jaquett  Sellers, 

*  Howard  Sellers, 
Rev.  Snyder  B.  Simes, 

*  John  Henry  Sinex, 

*  Justus  Sinexon,  M.D., 

*  Charles  Sinnicl<son, 

*  Hon.  Clement  Hall  Sinnickson, 

*  George  R.  Sinnickson, 
A.  Lewis  Smith, 
Benjamin  H.  Smith, 
Hon.  Charles  Axel  Smith, 

*  Edmund  A.  Souder, 

*  Ralph  Souder, 

*  S.  Ashton  Souder, 
*Willard  Springer,  M.D., 

Hon.  William  C.  Sproul, 

*  William  Corbit  Spruance,  Jr., 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Bridgeport,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Salem,  N.  J. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Dover,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Salem,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Millbourne,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
EdgewaterPark,  N.J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Rosemont,  Pa. 
Salem,  N.  J. 
Paoli,  Pa. 
Media,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Overbrook,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


Hon.  William  H.  Staake, 
George  Steinman, 

*  Joseph  A.  Steinmetz, 

*  Ewing  Stille, 
Edward  A.  Stockton, 

*  Thomas  P.  Stokes, 
Adam  J.  Strohm, 

*  Samuel  S.  Sti7ker,  M.D., 

*  Adam  A.  Stull, 
James  M.  Swank, 
Frank  Gould  Sweeney, 
Emil  Swensson, 

*  Joseph  Swift, 

*  William  Henry  Swift, 

*  William  H.  Taylor, 

*  Hon.  Douglas  H.  Thomas, 
Hon.  Charlemagne  Tower,  LL.D., 
Rev.  C.  H.  B.  Turner, 

*  William  Fitzhugh  Turner, 
Elwood  Tyson, 

Count  Ludvig  af  Ugglas, 

Alexander  Van  Rensselaer, 

Charles  Harrod  Vinton,  M.  D.  (Life 

Member) , 
Chev.  Marcel  A.  Viti, 

*  Francis  King  Wainwright, 
John  Warner, 

Eben  Boyd  Weitzel, 
William  R.  Wenstrom, 

*  Richard  Wetherill, 

*  Andrew  Wheeler, 

*  Arthur  L.  Wheeler, 

*  Charles  Wheeler, 

*  Walter  S.  Wheeler, 

*  Kingston  G.  Whelen, 

*  William  Baker  Whelen, 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Lancaster,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Trenton,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Ardmore,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Somerville,  N.  J. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Lewes,  Del. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Camp  Hill  Pa. 


Atlantic  City, 

Philadelphia, 

Philadelphia, 

Wilmington, 

Ridley  Park, 

Philadelphia, 

Chester,  Pa. 

Philadelphia, 

Philadelphia, 

Bryn  Mawr, 

Philadelphia, 

Philadelphia, 

Devon,  Pa. 


N.J. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Del. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 
Pa. 
Pa. 
Pa. 
Pa. 


The  Swr.nisii   Colonial  Sociltv. 


Rev.   Hans  Luther  Wilson, 

*  Howard  Sellers  Worrell, 

*  Goodloe  H.  Yancey, 

*  Prof.  Albert  Duncan  Yocum,  Ph.D., 

*  Howard  H.  Yocum, 

*  Isaac  C.  Yocum, 

*  Thomas  Jones  Yorke,  Jr., 

*  Jacob  Stanley  Ziegler, 

*  Thomas  Marshall  Ziegler, 

*  Walter  M.  L.  Ziegler,  M.D., 


Greensburg,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 
Chester,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Swarthmore,  Pa. 
Salem,  N.  J. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Richmond,  Va. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


ASSOCLATES. 

*  Clara  Augusta  Alexander, 

*  Mildred  Sellers  Almy, 

*  Margaret  Ross  Bell, 

*  Ellen  D.  C.  Bennett, 

*  Mar}'  J.  B.  Chew, 
Martha  B.  Clark, 
Anne  H.  Cresson, 
Mary  McCalla  Evans, 

*  Julia  V.  Finney, 

*  Daisy  Elizabeth  Brooke  Grubb, 
Charles  Hallberg, 

Samuel  Hammond, 

*  Ethel  Hand, 

*  Ulande  F.  Hersperger, 

*  Caleb  Wright  Hornor, 

*  James  Crawford  Hornor, 

*  Julia  Maria  Washington  Hornor, 

*  Peter  Townsend  Hornor, 

*  William  Macpherson  Hornor,  Jr., 

*  Lucy  K.  Johnston, 

*  Caroline  Tyler  Lea, 

*  Mary  Elizabeth  Libbey, 

*  Mary  Elizabeth  Libby, 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Goldfield,  Nevada. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Lancaster,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Caldwell,  Idaho. 
Lancaster,  Pa. 
Ottumwa,  Iowa. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Sewickley,  Pa. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Princeton,  N.  J. 
Summit,  N.  J. 


The  Swedish  Colonial  Society. 


Frances  S.  Locke, 

*  Mary  C.  Marts, 

*  Josephine  de  Teisseire  Monges, 
Clementine  Gould  Newbold, 


*  Harriet  Hendrickson  O'Brien, 

*  Ella  Parsons, 

*  Mary  Yancey  Phinizy, 

*  Hester  Dorsey  Richardson, 

*  Frances  K.  Roach, 
C.  L.  Seaquist, 

*  Saida  Bird  Smith, 

*  Mary  V.  Hawthorne  Steinmetz, 

*  Virginia  M.  Struthers, 

*  Sara  Burnside  Valentine, 


Chester,  Pa. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

"Brookdale,"  Chester- 
field Tp.,  Burling- 
ton Co.,  N.  J. 

Clarksboro,  N.  J. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Augusta,  Ga. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Evansville,  Ind. 

Portland,  Oregon. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Lancaster,  Pa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Bellefonte,  Pa. 


Deceased  Members. 


*  Edward  S.  Buckley,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

*  Philip  S.  P.  Conner  (Life  Member),    Rowlandsville,  Md. 


*John  S.  Gerhard, 
Israel  W.  Morris, 

*  Joseph  H.  Springer, 
Hon.  J.  N.  Wallem, 

*  S.  Bowman  Wheeler, 

*  Charles  S.  Whelen, 


Overbrook,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.